Annotated List of the Birds of South Australia

Home , Afroaves, Australaves, Australian boobook, Australian brushturkey, Australian tern, Banded lapwing

Maps Annotated List of Distribution maps have been scrutinised in order to correct errors of identification or of data entry, such as the Birds of South incorrect geographical coordinates, and are posted on the Birds SA website at: https://birdssa.asn.au/birding-info/distribution-maps/ This work has largely been undertaken by members of Australia the Birds SA Vetting Subcommittee of Andrew Black, chair, Graham Carpenter and Lynn Pedler, with Colin Rogers and John Hatch for seabirds and shorebirds, 2020. Fifth edition, Version 5.1 and for museum records by Philippa Horton and Brian Blaylock. Sight records from beyond the usual range of a species are shown on the map if adequate corroborative evidence has been obtained; if not they Philippa Horton, Honorary Research are retained as unconfirmed. In other instances Associate, South Australian difficulties arising from field identification, such as the crows and ravens (Corvus spp.) and Brown vs Inland Museum; Collection Manager, Thornbills (Acanthiza pusilla and A. apicalis), have Birds, SA Museum 1984-2019 meant that in regions where these species abut or overlap some relatively arbitrary decisions have been made to include certain records but not others. Other Brian Blaylock, South Australian species show seasonal or irregular dispersive Museum; Secretary, Birds SA 2000- movements that are not yet reliably established and are not depicted on the maps. Finally, while the maps 2018 are reasonably comprehensive, they include only records from the databases accessed for this list. There Andrew Black, Honorary Research are others for which necessary details are still sought.

Associate, South Australian The maps give a good indication of where a species Museum might be encountered but on rare occasions any bird may appear well outside its known range as depicted.

In such instances the observer is encouraged to

contact Birds SA, SAMA or DEW and to supply a The following list includes all species of birds reliably description, with a photograph if possible, so that the recorded from free-living populations within South record can be assessed for possible inclusion in the Australia during the period of European settlement. BDBSA. Use of Birds SA’s Rarities Committee Record There are 317 non-passerines (of which seven are Report Form or BirdLife Australia’s Unusual Record introduced) and 183 passerines (six introduced), Report Form (URRF) is encouraged. An indication of totalling 500 species for the state. Appendix 1 at the the likelihood of encountering any species in a end of this chapter includes a) species for which particular region of the state will be found in A Field List records are unconfirmed or rejected and b) of the Birds of South Australia 5th edition (version 5.2) introduced species for which there are no current feral (Blaylock et al. 2020). Currently the previous version populations. We have extended our earlier list (Horton, (5.1) is available on the Birds SA website at: Blaylock and Black 2013) for this fifth edition by naming https://birdssa.asn.au/wp- all subspecies for the first time. content/uploads/FieldList_5.1.pdf

Taxonomy and Nomenclature Distribution Since the third edition (Robinson et al. 2000), a large As in the first (Aslin 1985), second (Watts 1990), third volume of research, principally DNA-based, has (Robinson et al. 2000) and fourth (Horton et al. 2013) contributed to numerous changes in the taxonomy of editions of this list the distributional information has Australian birds. The landmark work of Christidis and been compiled from several sources. They include Boles (2008) summarised this research up to the time of specimen data from the South Australian Museum its publication and was used as the basis for our 2013 (SAMA) and other Australian public collections through list, but the flow of newly published phylogenetic and the Atlas of Living Australia, and sight records from related studies continues. We have assessed those BirdLife Australia, Birds SA (South Australian relevant to the SA avifauna and have made Ornithological Association), and the Department of taxonomic and nomenclatural changes accordingly. Environment and Water (DEW) that collectively We have used web-based resources extensively in contribute to the Biological Database of South making our decisions, including Zoonomen – Birds of Australia (BDBSA). the World (Peterson 2019), Avibase (Lepage 2020), and the IOC World Bird List version 10.2 (Gill et al. 2020). We have found the IOC List particularly valuable

1 because it is frequently amended on the basis of They suggested that the question might be truly published research and provides pertinent references irresolvable. Reddy et al. (2017) showed that the and links to further information. We follow the species different findings of the Jarvis and Prum studies resulted and genus names of the IOC List closely and provide not from inadequate taxon sampling in the former or explanations where they differ. inadequate genetic data in the latter but from their use of different genomic data types, chiefly introns in Within each family we have arranged genera and the former and exons in the latter. species in alphabetical order. Because the placement of genera within many subfamilies is uncertain, we Jarvis et al. (2014) found it likely but uncertain that the have omitted the latter with one exception, naming earliest separation from all others was by a group that only the two (gulls and terns) within family Laridae. included pigeons [plus an old-world sister clade of sand-grouse and mesites] as well as the now familiar grebe-flamingo pairing. Then followed the nightjar- Higher-level Classification swift-hummingbird clade and its sister clade of cuckoos and bustards. They found that the

charadriiform order of shorebirds, gulls and terns is sister It is well established that modern birds (Aves, subclass to the gruiform order of cranes and rails, and Neornithes) fall into two groups: the Palaeognathae tropicbirds are sister to the kagu and sunbittern. (ratites and tinamous) and the Neognathae (all remaining groups), and that within the latter there is a Prum et al. (2015) proposed successive major sister major early division between the Galloanseres clades, with basal pair (first to separate) the nightjar- (landfowl and waterfowl) and all other birds, the frogmouth and swift- hummingbird groups. Next came Neoaves (nomenclature follows Cracraft 2013). bustards and cuckoos, coupled with the pigeon-sand- grouse group. [Suh et al. (2015) placed cuckoos closer Within the Neoaves, classification at the order and to pigeons than bustards but between the two.] Third family levels has been advanced by three extensive was the gruiform order of cranes and rails. The grebe- multi-author genomic studies, those of Jarvis et al. flamingo clade was next, included within the larger (2014), Prum et al. (2015) and Suh et al. (2015). While waterbird assemblage as sister successively to the their findings differ in some details, all agree on a core charadriiform order, to the tropicbird-sunbittern group landbird clade and a core waterbird clade. The and to the remaining waterbirds, as above. [Suh et al. landbird clade includes the passerines and their sister (2015) found the gruifom, grebe-flamingo, group the parrots, and falcons as sister to that pair (in charadriiform and tropicbird groups among the Australaves), as well as the other diurnal raptors, owls unresolved network and not with core waterbirds.] Last and the kingfishers and allies (in Afroaves). Among the was the landbird assemblage with accipitriform raptors waterbird clade are penguins, tubenoses, storks, the sister to all others in the group. gannet-cormorant group and the herons, ibis and spoonbills, now allied with pelicans. While resolution may remain incomplete for some time,

the IOC List (Gill et al. 2020) has provisionally aligned Among the remaining orders there is uncertainty about itself with Prum et al. (2015) in its draft Orders of Birds relationships at the base of the neoavian radiation, i.e. (28 June 2019), as it works towards improved alignment among the earliest evolutionary divergences, a super with other international authorities. We now follow this radiation that occurred around the Cretaceous- sequence of orders and families, departing Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary 66 million years ago. considerably from the sequence used in our 2013 Radiation in the above landbird and waterbird groups edition. The newly published work of Kuhl et al. (2020) came later, and their phylogeny is clearer as a establishes a well-resolved avian tree of life, with the consequence. Each of the three major studies novel use of transcriptomes (sets of RNA sequences examined different components of the genome. They both coding and non-coding), together with the agreed on the individual components of most groups inclusion of all non-passerine families in their analysis. but differed in their order of placement. Once their results are assessed, further changes in the sequence of orders may be anticipated. The Jarvis group’s whole genome (ca 42 million base pairs) approach accessed chiefly non-coding introns, but also exons and ultraconserved elements, for 48 species representing all neoavian orders. The Prum group employed a method of ‘anchored hybrid Changes at family, genus and species enrichment’ with a smaller genomic dataset (ca levels 400,000 base pairs) of chiefly coding exons but a larger sample of 198 species, and expressed greater A vast quantity of local and international research has confidence in resolving the super radiation puzzle. Suh led to the splitting of old and/or recognition of new and colleagues reanalysed the Jarvis dataset, families, genera and species. While such proposals are employing a rare component of the genome known sometimes based on the length of time since sister as retrotransposons. They argued that the super taxa are estimated to have diverged as separate radiation involved so many divisions so close in relative evolutionary lineages, many are rendered necessary time that incomplete lineage sorting was carried because the pertinent pair, combined as “best fit” on across several successive separations; and that the previously available evidence, are shown not to be base of the neoavian tree was most likely a network each other’s closest relative. They may look similar, but rather than a branchlike sequence of bifurcations. each has closer relatives of a different form.

Within this list, we note the following changes among Threatened species categories numerous others: Storm Petrels are now divided among two separate families Fregatidae and Threatened species and subspecies status codes have Oceanitidae. The Crested Shriketit now has its own been included in the list. family Falcunculidae. Our three crakes are in two separate genera, as are the three Black cockatoos. Those preceded by AU: are the Australian status codes The Purple-crowned and Little Lorikeets are in genus as listed in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Parvipsitta, the Mulga Parrot in genus Psephotellus. Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) at: Heathwrens are again Hylacola. White-browed and https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- Spotted Scrubwrens are separate species. The bin/sprat/public/publicthreatenedlist.pl?wante Copperback Quailthrush and Chestnut Quailthrush are d=fauna likewise separate. The golden whistler of southwest WA, EPBC Act status codes are: which probably reaches SA, is the Western Whistler P. Ex = Extinct occidentalis. Finally, the Tawny Grassbird is in the CR = Critically Endangered genus of the songlarks Cincloramphus, while the Little EN = Endangered Grassbird and Spinifexbird move into Poodytes. VU = Vulnerable

Codes preceded by SA: are the South Australian status codes used in Schedules 7, 8 and 9 (revised 2019) in English Names the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 at: https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/NATIONAL%2 English names of birds follow those used in the IOC List 0PARKS%20AND%20WILDLIFE%20ACT%201972/CURRENT (Gill et al. 2020) with only two exceptions; where we /1972.56.AUTH.PDF have used an alternative name the IOC name follows SA status codes are: immediately after (enclosed in brackets). A significant E = Endangered departure from past common name usage is that most V = Vulnerable hyphens have been dropped from compound bird R = Rare group names, such as Storm-Petrel, Sea-Eagle and Quail-thrush. We avoid them in accordance with the sound arguments of Gill et al. (2009). Hyphens are Regional boundaries and definitions retained nonetheless for descriptive epithets as in Long-tailed Jaeger or Buff-rumped Thornbill. Rules for spelling of compound bird group names are detailed Presented here are the currently recognised Regions in Gill and Wright (2006) and are reiterated in the IOC within South Australia that are used in this Census list (refer to map, Figure 1), given in the order in which website (Gill et al. 2020) at they are listed in subspecies distributions. They are www.worldbirdnames.org/english-names/spelling- adapted from Blaylock et al. 2020). rules/

North West (NW): This is bounded on the east by the The rules can be summarised thus: compound names of two words are spelled as single, unhyphenated Flinders Ranges and North East and on the south by words if the second word is not a group name that the Spencer Gulf and Eyre Peninsula. This vast region incorporates a number of bio-geographical entities, applies to the species taxonomically; examples are including the Musgrave and Everard Ranges, northern Tropicbird, Moorhen, Nativehen, Buttonquail, rivers, Stuart Shelf, Great Victoria Desert (including its Greenshank, Flycatcher, Fairywren, Grasswren, south-easterly extension the Yellabinna), Nullarbor Quailthrush. A compound name may only be Plain, Gairdner–Torrens Basin, Gawler Ranges and the hyphenated if it would appear odd spelled as one word. For South Australian birds we make four such surrounds of upper Spencer Gulf. exceptions: Bee-eater, because of the repeated Eyre Peninsula (EP): This region’s northern boundary vowel, Owlet-nightjar and Plains-wanderer, because abuts the North West along a line running from Whyalla as one word they are rather unwieldy, and Painted- through the northern tip of Lake Gilles CP, then goes snipe because it appears odd as one word. west along the northern boundary of Pinkawillinie CP,

Only if the second name is a group name that applies north-west through small salt lagoons bordering the to the species taxonomically are two words used, western Gawler Ranges, reaching and following west along the Dog Fence (the southern limits of the unhyphenated and each capitalised, for example Yellabinna wilderness area) to the point east of Yalata Storm Petrel, Sea Eagle, Golden Plover, Black (on the southern fringe of the Nullarbor Plain) where Cockatoo, Bronze Cuckoo, Reed Warbler. If the first the fence turns south to the Great Australian Bight name is also a bird group name, then a hyphen should coast. EP includes numerous offshore islands. be used but there is no example of this in the SA list. Long established English names such as Skylark, Yorke Peninsula (YP): This region’s north-eastern Goldfinch and Sparrowhawk, each of which should be boundary is the Mid North along a line from the head two words, and Magpie Goose, which might be a of Gulf St Vincent approximately north through Bute single word or hyphenated, depending on one’s and Port Broughton to Spencer Gulf. perspective, are exceptions.

Flinders Ranges (FR): Its lower eastern boundary abuts the Lower North East; its upper eastern boundary is

3 from Martin’s Well Station, north to Balcanoona and Northern Territory border. Its southern boundary is the Moolawatana Stations. Its northern boundary is the Flinders Ranges and Lower North East. This region North East and follows a westerly line through Mt includes the eastern Lake Eyre drainage basin, and the Hopeless, Mt Lyndhurst Station and Lyndhurst. Its Simpson, Strzelecki and Sturt Stony Deserts. western boundary is the North West, running south through Lyndhurst, Leigh Creek, Parachilna and the Lower North East (LNE): Its lower western boundary railway line to Stirling North and Port Germein. We abuts the Mid North; its upper western boundary abuts distinguish northern , central and southern Flinders the Flinders Ranges from Oodla Wirra north along the Ranges, with boundaries at around the latitude of eastern slopes of the Northern Flinders Ranges. Its north Parachilna and Blinman, and a little north of Quorn, borders the North East along the Dog Fence from the the latter reflecting the northern limit of Sugar Gum New South Wales border west to the southern margin woodland at the Dutchman’s Stern. of Lake Frome.

Mid North (MN): In the south the Mid North borders the Murray Mallee (MM): In the west this borders the Mount Adelaide Plains and Mount Lofty Ranges through Port Lofty Ranges and Mid North along a line Wakefield, Balaklava, Riverton and Eudunda. Its approximately north through Middleton, Strathalbyn, eastern limits border the Murray Mallee and Lower Woodchester, Callington, Monarto, Tepko, Palmer, North East, running north through Robertstown and the Sanderston, Truro, Eudunda and Robertstown. Its eastern slopes of the North Mount Lofty Ranges east of northern limit borders the Lower North East along a line Burra and Terowie to Oodla Wirra. It is separated in the between Robertstown and the northern boundary of north from the Flinders Ranges along the railway Gluepot Reserve and through the southern boundary through Peterborough, Jamestown, Gladstone, Crystal of Danggali Conservation Park. The River Murray, Lakes Brook and Port Germein. Its western boundary is the Alexandrina and Albert, and the northern Coorong are Yorke Peninsula and Spencer Gulf. part of this region.

Adelaide Plains (AP): In the east it borders the Mount South East (SE): This extends north to border the Murray Lofty Ranges, its west borders Gulf St Vincent and its Mallee at Latitude 36° S just north of an east–west line north borders the Mid North. through Keith and Salt Creek. The southern Coorong is part of this region. The Upper and Lower SE are Mount Lofty Ranges (MLR): In the west this borders the separated by a line through Kingston and Naracoorte. Adelaide Plains along a line approximately north through Sellicks Beach, Willunga, Happy Valley, and Kangaroo Island (KI) along the metropolitan foothills, Gawler, Freeling, Tarlee and Riverton. In the east it borders the Murray Marine Offshore (MO): This region includes all coastal Mallee and in the north it borders the Mid North. inshore waters from the low tideline to the continental shelf. Not used in this list. North East (NE): The western boundary is the North Oceanic (O): This region includes all offshore waters West and follows the route of the old ‘Ghan’ railway from the continental shelf to the 200 nautical mile limit through Lyndhurst, Marree and Oodnadatta to the of Australian territorial waters. Not used in this list.

Figure 1. Map showing the approximate boundaries of the regions, with key to abbreviations below.

Identification of regions AP Adelaide Plains MN Mid North EP Eyre Peninsula MO Marine Offshore FR Flinders Ranges NE North East KI Kangaroo Island NW North West LNE Lower North East O Oceanic MLR Mount Lofty Ranges SE South East MM Murray Mallee YP Yorke Peninsula

Other abbreviations NSW = New South Wales WA = Western Australia

CLASS AVES – Birds

ORDER STRUTHIONIFORMES - Ostriches

FAMILY STRUTHIONIDAE – Ostriches

*Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758 Common Ostrich *S. c. australis Gurney Sr, 1868

ORDER CASUARIIFORMES – Emus and cassowaries

FAMILY CASUARIIDAE - Emus and cassowaries

Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) Emu D. n. baudinianus S.A. Parker, 1984 Kangaroo Island Emu AU: EX, SA: E Worthy et al. (2014) found no significant qualitative skeletal differences between baudinianus and novaehollandiae, and considered the former to be better regarded as an island dwarf subspecies of the latter. This was supported by the study of Thomson et al. (2018) who found no genetic divergence between the two populations. D. n. novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) Introduced to Kangaroo and Wedge Islands.

ORDER GALLIFORMES - Megapodes, pheasants, quails and allies

FAMILY MEGAPODIIDAE – Megapodes

*Alectura lathami J.E. Gray, 1831 Australian Brushturkey *A. l. lathami J.E. Gray, 1831 Leipoa ocellata Gould, 1840 Malleefowl AU: VU, SA: V

FAMILY PHASIANIDAE - Pheasants, quails and allies

Coturnix pectoralis Gould, 1837 Stubble Quail Coturnix ypsilophora Bosc, 1792 Brown Quail C. y. australis (Latham, 1801) SA: V Excalfactoria chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) King Quail E. c. australis Gould, 1865 SA: E Should Coturnix and Excalfactoria be merged E. c. australis would become C. c. victoriae Mathews, 1912 as australis is preoccupied by C. ypsilophora australis (Latham, 1801). *Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 Indian Peafowl

ORDER ANSERIFORMES - Geese, ducks and allies

FAMILY ANSERANATIDAE - Magpie Goose

Anseranas semipalmata (Latham, 1798) Magpie Goose SA: E Current population at Bool Lagoon re-introduced from the Northern Territory.

FAMILY ANATIDAE - Geese, swans and ducks

Anas castanea (Eyton, 1838) Chestnut Teal Anas gracilis Buller, 1869 Grey Teal A. g. gracilis Buller, 1869 *Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 Mallard A. p. platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 Anas superciliosa J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Pacific Black Duck A. s. superciliosa J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Hybrids between Mallard and Pacific Black Ducks are found in the wild. Aythya australis (Eyton, 1838) Hardhead Biziura lobata (Shaw, 1796) Musk Duck B. l. menziesi Mathews, 1914 SA: R

Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham, 1801 Cape Barren Goose C. n. novaehollandiae Latham, 1801 SA: R Chenonetta jubata (Latham, 1801) Maned Duck Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) Black Swan Dendrocygna arcuata (Horsfield, 1824) Wandering Whistling Duck. D. a. australis Reichenbach, 1850 Dendrocygna eytoni (Eyton, 1838) Plumed Whistling Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus (Latham, 1801) Pink-eared Duck Nettapus pulchellus Gould, 1842 Green Pygmy Goose One vagrant bird photographed at Dalhousie Springs, northern SA, Oct. 2006, by D. Borchardt (A. Silcocks, BirdLife Australia, pers. comm.) Oxyura australis Gould, 1837 Blue-billed Duck SA: R Radjah radjah (Garnot & R. Lesson, 1828) Raja Shelduck R. r. rufitergum Hartert, 1905 Burdekin Duck Worthy (2009), in his morphological study based largely on osteological characters, found that radjah is more closely related to Alopochen than to other Tadorna species. In the mitochondrial DNA study of Gonzalez et al. (2009) this species was found to be sister to Alopochen and all other species of Tadorna. Accordingly, it is now regarded in the separate genus Radjah. Early SA records have been rejected on the basis of insufficient evidence, but Rogers (2002) in the Bird Report for 2000 listed this species, although as ‘awaiting confirmation’. He gave details of two sightings in the SE, at least one of which appeared to be of a wary bird, suggesting it was wild and not an escapee. He noted that if these were wild and different birds, they would be the first and second confirmed records for SA. Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) Northern Shoveler The mitochondrial DNA study of Gonzalez et al. (2009) confirmed that the large genus Anas was paraphyletic. Shovelers and related species are therefore moved to a separate genus, Spatula F. Boie, 1822. Spatula querquedula (Linnaeus, 1758) Garganey Spatula rhynchotis (Latham, 1801) Australasian Shoveler SA: R Stictonetta naevosa (Gould, 1841) Freckled Duck SA: V Tadorna tadornoides (Jardine & Selby, 1828) Australian Shelduck

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES – Frogmouths and nightjars

FAMILY PODARGIDAE – Frogmouths

Podargus strigoides (Latham, 1801) Tawny Frogmouth P. s. brachypterus Gould, 1841 (SA except SE) P. s. strigoides (Latham, 1801) (SE)

FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE – Nightjars

Eurostopodus argus Hartert, 1892 Spotted Nightjar Eurostopodus mystacalis (Temminck, 1826) White-throated Nightjar

ORDER APODIFORMES – Swifts and owlet-nightjars

FAMILY AEGOTHELIDAE – Owlet-nightjars

Aegotheles cristatus (Shaw, 1790) Australian Owlet-nightjar A. c. cristatus (Shaw, 1790)

FAMILY APODIDAE – Swifts

Apus pacificus (Latham, 1801) Pacific Swift A. p. pacificus (Latham, 1801) Hirundapus caudacutus (Latham, 1801) White-throated Needletail AU: VU H. c. caudacutus (Latham, 1801) SA: V

ORDER OTIDIFORMES – Bustards

FAMILY OTIDIDAE – Bustards

Ardeotis australis (J.E. Gray, 1829) Australian Bustard SA: V

ORDER CUCULIFORMES – Cuckoos

FAMILY CUCULIDAE – Cuckoos

Cacomantis flabelliformis (Latham, 1801) Fan-tailed Cuckoo C. f. flabelliformis (Latham, 1801) Cacomantis pallidus (Latham, 1801) Pallid Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brush Cuckoo C. v. variolosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Chalcites basalis (Horsfield, 1821) Horsfield's Bronze Cuckoo Among bronze cuckoos, formerly all lumped within Chrysococcyx, the duller Australo-Papuan species are distinct morphologically and genetically from the brighter, more sexually dimorphic Afro-Asian species. Christidis and Boles (2008) and Dickinson and Remsen (2013) separate the Australo-Papuan species into Chalcites and are followed here. Clements et al. (2019) and Gill et al. (2020), however, continue to retain them in Chrysococcyx. Chalcites lucidus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Shining Bronze Cuckoo C. l. plagosus (Latham, 1801) Chalcites osculans Gould, 1847 Black-eared Cuckoo Cuculus optatus Gould, 1845 Oriental Cuckoo Eudynamys orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766) Pacific Koel E. o. cyanocephalus (Latham, 1801) Scythrops novaehollandiae Latham, 1790 Channel-billed Cuckoo S. n. novaehollandiae Latham, 1790

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES - Pigeons and doves

FAMILY COLUMBIDAE - Pigeons and doves

*Columba livia J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Feral Pigeon Australian populations are derived from domesticated forms of the Rock Dove that have become wild, and so are best named Feral Pigeon. Geopelia cuneata (Latham, 1801) Diamond Dove Geopelia placida Gould, 1844 Peaceful Dove G. p. placida Gould, 1844 Geophaps plumifera Gould, 1842 Spinifex Pigeon G. p. leucogaster (Gould, 1867) SA: R Ocyphaps lophotes (Temminck, 1822) Crested Pigeon O. l. lophotes (Temminck, 1822) Phaps chalcoptera (Latham, 1790) Common Bronzewing Phaps elegans (Temminck, 1809) Brush Bronzewing P. e. elegans (Temminck, 1809) Phaps histrionica (Gould, 1841) Flock Bronzewing SA: R Ptilinopus regina Swainson, 1825 Rose-crowned Fruit Dove P. r. regina Swainson, 1825 The single SA specimen in SAMA (B47031), an immature female, appears to be of the larger nominate subspecies from coastal eastern Australia. *Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) Spotted Dove SA birds are intergrades between: *S. c. chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) and *S. c. tigrina (Temminck, 1809). *Streptopelia risoria (Linnaeus, 1758) Barbary Dove This is a long-domesticated form of African Collared Dove. An application (Case 3380) was put to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the name Streptopelia roseogrisea (Sundevall, 1857) for the wild African Collared Dove, against its senior synonym S. risoria, which has been in use for the domesticated form. However, the ICZN has ruled that priority is maintained for S. risoria (Opinion 2215, The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 65(4), 2008). Further evidence in support of this decision is given by Van Grouw (2018). Gill et al. (2020), however, following Dickinson and Remsen (2013), consider that S. roseogrisea should be reinstated.

ORDER GRUIFORMES - Cranes, rails and allies

FAMILY RALLIDAE - Rails, crakes and allies

Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 Eurasian Coot F. a. australis Gould, 1845 Gallinula tenebrosa Gould, 1846 Dusky Moorhen G. t. tenebrosa Gould, 1846 Hypotaenidia philippensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Buff-banded Rail H. p. mellori (Mathews, 1912)

Previously Gallirallus philippensis. Kirchman (2012) and Garcia-R et al. (2014, 2020) showed that Gallirallus was not monophyletic; accordingly, Hypotaenidia is resurrected for the clade containing philippensis and other species. Lewinia pectoralis (Temminck, 1831) Lewin's Rail L. p. pectoralis (Temminck, 1831) SA: V Porphyrio melanotus Temminck, 1820 Australasian Swamphen P. m. melanotus Temminck, 1820 In their phylogenetic study of purple swamphens, Garcia-R and Trewick (2014) found that P. porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) is not monophyletic, and several of its subspecies and subspecies groups may represent species-level lineages. Although the resulting elevation of several to species status is not universally accepted, we follow Gill et al. (2020) and Clements et al. (2019) in regarding P. melanotus as a distinct species, itself with several subspecies. Porzana fluminea Gould, 1843 Australian Crake Tribonyx ventralis (Gould, 1837) Black-tailed Nativehen Zapornia pusilla (Pallas, 1776) Baillon's Crake Z. p. palustris (Gould, 1843) Zapornia tabuensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Spotless Crake SA: R Recent genetic studies have shown that Porzana sensu lato is polyphyletic (Slikas et al. 2002, Garcia-R et al. 2014). Most authorities now separate the above species into Zapornia, following the recommendations of Sangster et al. (2016).

FAMILY GRUIDAE – Cranes

Antigone rubicunda (Perry, 1810) Brolga SA: V Following the phylogenetic study of the crane family by Krajewski et al. (2010) in which the Grus antigone species group of Asia and Australia (including Grus rubicundus) was found to form a distinct lineage, all authorities have regarded this group as a separate genus, Antigone.

ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES – Grebes

FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE – Grebes

Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Great Crested Grebe P. c. australis Gould, 1844 SA: R Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Jardine & Selby, 1827) Hoary-headed Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Australasian Grebe T. n. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826)

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES - Plains-wanderer, sandpipers, plovers and other waders, buttonquails, gulls and allies

FAMILY TURNICIDAE - Buttonquails

Turnix pyrrhothorax (Gould, 1841) Red-chested Buttonquail SA: R Turnix varius (Latham, 1801) Painted Buttonquail T. v. varius (Latham, 1801) SA: R Turnix velox (Gould, 1841) Little Buttonquail

FAMILY BURHINIDAE - Stonecurlews

Esacus magnirostris (Vieillot, 1818) Beach Stonecurlew One bird observed at Point Douglas (SE) March-April 2015. Burhinus grallarius (Latham, 1801) Bush Stonecurlew SA: R

FAMILY HAEMATOPODIDAE – Oystercatchers

Haematopus fuliginosus Gould, 1845 Sooty Oystercatcher H. f. fuliginosus Gould, 1845 SA: R Haematopus longirostris Vieillot, 1817 Pied Oystercatcher SA: R

FAMILY RECURVIROSTRIDAE - Avocets and stilts

Cladorhynchus leucocephalus (Vieillot, 1816) Banded Stilt SA: V Himantopus leucocephalus Gould, 1837 Pied Stilt Name recommended by English Names Committee, BirdLife Australia, instead of White-headed Stilt. Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Vieillot, 1816 Red-necked Avocet

FAMILY CHARADRIIDAE - Plovers and dotterels

Charadrius bicinctus Jardine & Selby, 1827 Double-banded Plover C. b. bicinctus Jardine & Selby, 1827 Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 Little Ringed Plover C. d. dubius Scopoli, 1786 Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758 Common Ringed Plover C. h. tundrae (Lowe, 1915) Charadrius leschenaultii R. Lesson, 1826 Greater Sand Plover AU: VU C. l. leschenaultii R. Lesson, 1826 SA: R Charadrius mongolus Pallas, 1776 Lesser Sand Plover AU: EN, SA: E C. m. mongolus Pallas, 1776 Most birds that visit Australia are of the nominate subspecies, with C. m. stegmanni Portenko, 1939 having been recorded in Queensland (Rogers 2002). Charadrius ruficapillus Temminck, 1821 Red-capped Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825 Semipalmated Plover One bird observed at Carpenter Rocks (SE), November 2014 by M. Christie and H. Vaughan and subsequently by various observers from Livingstone Bay to Pelican Point (SE) until early December 2014. Charadrius veredus Gould, 1848 Oriental Plover Elseyornis melanops (Vieillot, 1818) Black-fronted Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus Gould, 1838 Red-kneed Dotterel Peltohyas australis (Gould, 1841) Inland Dotterel Pluvialis dominica (P.L.S. Müller, 1776) American Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) Grey Plover P. s. squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) Thinornis cucullatus (Vieillot, 1818) Hooded Plover (Hooded Dotterel) T. c. cucullatus (Vieillot, 1818) AU: VU, SA: V Name reverted to T. cucullatus (previously T. rubricollis) following the nomenclatural arguments of Olson (1998). None of the major world checklists recognises subspecies, nor did Marchant and Higgins (1993) although the latter noted significantly longer bills in WA birds. Menkhorst et al. (2019) noted behavioural differences between eastern (nominate) and western (T. c. tregellasi (Mathews, 1912)) birds, with the latter exhibiting a greater extent of black on the mantle and back, and their treatment is followed in recognising subspecies. Vanellus cinereus (Blyth, 1842) Grey-headed Lapwing One bird observed at Amata sewage ponds (NW) March 2014 by David Hartland. Vanellus miles (Boddaert, 1783) Masked Lapwing V. m. miles (Boddaert, 1783) (northern SA) V. m. novaehollandiae Stephens, 1819 Spur-winged Plover (southern SA) The subspecies overlap in a broad intergradient zone. In SA, intermediate individuals mostly occur north of the latitude of Port Augusta (32° 30’ S) and are the predominant form in northern regions of the State, where relatively few individuals are typical of the nominate subspecies in appearance. Vanellus tricolor (Vieillot, 1818) Banded Lapwing

FAMILY ROSTRATULIDAE – Painted-snipes

Rostratula australis (Gould, 1838) Australian Painted-snipe AU: EN, SA: E

FAMILY JACANIDAE – Jacanas

Irediparra gallinacea (Temminck, 1828) Comb-crested Jacana

FAMILY PEDIONOMIDAE – Plains-wanderer

Pedionomus torquatus Gould, 1840 Plains-wanderer AU: CR, SA: E

FAMILY SCOLOPACIDAE – Sandpipers and allies

Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Sandpiper SA: R Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruddy Turnstone A. i. interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) SA: R Calidris acuminata (Horsfield, 1821) Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) Sanderling C. a. alba (Pallas, 1764) SA: R Calidris bairdii (Coues, 1861) Baird's Sandpiper Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Knot AU: EN C. c. rogersi (Mathews, 1913) SA: E

C. c. piersmai Tomkovich, 2001 The presence of C. c. piersmai in SA has been confirmed with photographic evidence (C. Purnell, C. Hassell and M. Christie, pers. comm.). In addition, one SAMA skin (B30777, Price Saltfields) appears to be of this subspecies. Calidris falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Broad-billed Sandpiper C. f. sibirica (Dresser, 1876) Using multiple gene sequences, Gibson and Baker (2012) investigated the phylogeny of the shorebird suborder Scolopaci and found that Limicola falcinellus was nested within Calidris, to which genus it is now transferred. Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) Curlew Sandpiper AU: CR, SA: E Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819) White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819) Pectoral Sandpiper SA: R Cox’s Sandpiper (C. paramelanotos Parker, 1982) has been confirmed genetically by Christidis et al. (1996) to be a hybrid between this species and C. ferruginea. Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812) Little Stint Calidris pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruff SA: R Using multiple gene sequences, Gibson and Baker (2012) investigated the phylogeny of the shorebird suborder Scolopaci and found that Philomachus pugnax was nested within Calidris, to which genus it is now transferred. Calidris ruficollis (Pallas, 1776) Red-necked Stint Calidris subminuta (Middendorff, 1853) Long-toed Stint SA: R Calidris subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) Buff-breasted Sandpiper Using multiple gene sequences, Gibson and Baker (2012) investigated the phylogeny of the shorebird suborder Scolopaci and found that Tryngites subruficollis was nested within Calidris, to which genus it is now transferred. Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield, 1821) Great Knot AU: CR, SA: E Gallinago hardwickii (J.E. Gray, 1831) Latham's Snipe SA: R Limnodromus griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Short-billed Dowitcher Subspecies in SA not determined. Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758) Hudsonian Godwit Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758) Bar-tailed Godwit L. l. baueri J.F. Naumann, 1836 AU: VU, SA: R L. l. menzbieri Portenko, 1936 AU: CR Recent photographic evidence confirms the presence of L. l. menzbieri in SA (M. Christie, pers. comm.). In addition, three of four SAMA skins collected at Smoky Bay, EP, in 1977 are now reidentified as L. l. menzbieri; the fourth skin is L. l. baueri. Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-tailed Godwit L. l. melanuroides Gould, 1846. SA: R Numenius madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Far Eastern Curlew AU: CR, SA: E Numenius minutus Gould, 1841 Little Curlew Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Whimbrel N. p. variegatus (Scopoli, 1786) SA: R Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-necked Phalarope Tringa brevipes (Vieillot, 1816) Grey-tailed Tattler SA: R Tringa flavipes (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 Wood Sandpiper SA: R Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) Common Greenshank Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) Marsh Sandpiper Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Redshank Subspecies in SA not determined. Xenus cinereus (Güldenstädt, 1775) Terek Sandpiper SA: R

FAMILY GLAREOLIDAE - Pratincoles and coursers

Glareola maldivarum J.R. Forster, 1795 Oriental Pratincole Stiltia isabella (Vieillot, 1816) Australian Pratincole

FAMILY LARIDAE - Gulls, terns and noddies

SUBFAMILY LARINAE - Gulls Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Silver Gull C. n. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Larus dominicanus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Kelp Gull L. d. dominicanus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) SA: R Larus pacificus Latham, 1801 Pacific Gull L. p. georgii P.P. King, 1826 Leucophaeus atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Laughing Gull Subspecies in SA not determined. One bird observed at Venus Bay in July 2016 by many observers. Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831) Franklin's Gull Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Sabine's Gull

SUBFAMILY STERNINAE – Terns and noddies Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811) Whiskered Tern C. h. javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck, 1815) White-winged Tern Gelochelidon macrotarsa (Gould, 1837) Australian Tern Rogers et al. (2005) found significant morphological and ecological differences between the dispersive Australian populations (often found inland) and the migratory, coastal population of Gull-billed Tern. Accordingly, the Australian birds are separated at species level. Gelochelidon nilotica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Gull-billed Tern G. n. affinis (Horsfield, 1821) Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770) Caspian Tern Onychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) Bridled Tern O. a. anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) Onychoprion fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Sooty Tern O. f. serratus (Wagler, 1830) Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 Common Tern S. h. longipennis Nordmann, 1835 SA: R Condon (1975) cited a specimen of the subspecies S. h. minussensis Sushkin, 1925 as having been found near Goolwa on 1 July 1967. This specimen is not held in the SAMA collection and is not listed by the Atlas of Living Australia ( https://www.ala.org.au/ ) so the identification cannot be corroborated. Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 Arctic Tern Sterna striata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 White-fronted Tern Sterna vittata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Antarctic Tern Subspecies in SA not determined. The SA Museum holds the only specimen from SA (B36933) and from the descriptions given in Higgins and Davies (1996) it fits best with either S. v. vittata (AU: VU) or S. v. bethunei Buller, 1896 (AU: EN). Birds observed off the SW coast of KI in 2006 fitted best with S. v. tristanensis Murphy, 1938 (Baxter 2010). Sternula albifrons (Pallas, 1764) Little Tern S. a. sinensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SA: E Sternula nereis Gould, 1843 Fairy Tern S. n. nereis Gould, 1843 AU: VU, SA: E Thalasseus bergii (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Greater Crested Tern T. b. cristatus (Stephens, 1826)

FAMILY STERCORARIIDAE - Skuas and jaegers

Stercorarius antarcticus (R. Lesson, 1831) Brown Skua S. a. lonnbergi (Mathews, 1912) SA: V Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819 Long-tailed Jaeger Subspecies in SA not determined. Stercorarius maccormicki H. Saunders, 1893 South Polar Skua Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) Pomarine Jaeger

ORDER PHAETHONTIFORMES – Tropicbirds

FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE – Tropicbirds

Phaethon rubricauda Boddaert, 1783 Red-tailed Tropicbird P. r. westralis Mathews, 1912

ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES – Penguins

FAMILY SPHENISCIDAE – Penguins

Aptenodytes patagonicus J.F. Miller, 1778 King Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi Mathews & Iredale, 1921 Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus G.R. Gray, 1845 Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes robustus Oliver, 1953 Snares Penguin Eudyptes schlegeli Finsch, 1876 Royal Penguin Until recently, this has usually been regarded as a subspecies of Macaroni Penguin E. chrysolophus. Individuals of schlegeli (which breeds on Macquarie Island) mostly have white or grey faces whereas the faces are usually black in chrysolophus (which breeds on subantarctic islands of the South Indian, South Atlantic and Southern Oceans). But both taxa are polymorphic, with white-faced individuals in black-faced colonies and vice versa, and intermediate forms, as well as mixed breeding pairs. There are some differences in measurements but the calls and diets are similar (Marchant and Higgins 1990).

The genetic results of Baker et al. (2006) indicate that this pair is the most recently divergent of all the penguin taxa they examined. Nonetheless, most authorities (except for Dickinson and Remsen 2013) now regard them as separate species. All beach-washed specimens in SA have been identified as schlegeli, and Menkhorst et al. (2019) noted that to date there have been no confirmed records of chrysolophus on mainland Australia. Eudyptes sclateri Buller, 1888 Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptula minor (J.R. Forster, 1781) Little Penguin E. m. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826)

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES – Tubenoses

FAMILY OCEANITIDAE – Southern storm petrels

Fregetta tropica (Gould, 1844) Black-bellied Storm Petrel F. t. tropica (Gould, 1844) Garrodia nereis (Gould, 1841) Grey-backed Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) Wilson's Storm Petrel O. o. exasperatus Mathews, 1912 Pelagodroma marina (Latham, 1790) White-faced Storm Petrel P. m. dulciae Mathews, 1912

FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE – Albatrosses There is widespread agreement among checklist authorities regarding the taxonomic entities of albatrosses, but not at which level they should be recognised. For example, the Clements Checklist (Clements et al. 2019) recognises 15 species (four with two subspecies each and one with five subspecies), while the IOC list (Gill et al. 2020) recognises 21 species (three with two subspecies each). The IOC list is followed here.

Diomedea amsterdamensis Roux, Jouventin, Mougin, Stahl &Weimerskirch, 1983 Amsterdam Albatross AU: EN Not directly observed but known to forage in SA waters from satellite tracking data (Thiebot et al. 2014). This species is a member of the Wandering Albatross complex, among the members of which Rains et al. (2011) demonstrated significant genetic divergence in their mitochondrial DNA control region sequence analysis. Diomedea antipodensis C.J.R. Robertson & Warham, 1992 Antipodean Albatross AU: VU Subspecies in SA not determined. This species is a member of the Wandering Albatross complex. Diomedea epomophora R. Lesson, 1825 Southern Royal Albatross AU: VU, SA: V Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, 1758 Wandering Albatross AU: VU, SA: V Diomedea sanfordi Murphy, 1917 Northern Royal Albatross AU: EN, SA: E Previously regarded as a subspecies of D. epomophora. Phoebetria fusca (Hilsenberg, 1822) Sooty Albatross AU: VU, SA: E Phoebetria palpebrata (J.R. Forster, 1785) Light-mantled Albatross SA: V Thalassarche bulleri (Rothschild, 1893) Buller's Albatross AU: VU, SA: V T. b. bulleri (Rothschild, 1893) The white forehead and narrow bill of the single SAMA specimen (B59245, Nene Valley Beach, SE, April 2016, R. Todd) indicate that it is of the nominate subspecies. Thalassarche carteri (Rothschild, 1903) Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross AU: VU, SA: E Previously regarded as a subspecies of T. chlororhynchos. Thalassarche cauta (Gould, 1841) Shy Albatross T. c. cauta (Gould, 1841) AU: VU, SA: V T. c. steadi Falla, 1933 White-capped Albatross AU: VU The presence of T. c. steadi in SA waters is indicated by the BirdLife International Seabird Tracking Database www.seabirdtracking.org/ and confirmed by observations during pelagic seabirding trips off the coast of SE SA.. Thalassarche chlororhynchos (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross SA: E Thalassarche chrysostoma (J.R. Forster, 1785) Grey-headed Albatross AU: EN, SA: V Thalassarche impavida Mathews, 1912 Campbell Albatross AU: VU, SA: V Previously regarded as a subspecies of T. melanophris. Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828) Black-browed Albatross AU: VU Thalassarche salvini (Rothschild, 1893) Salvin’s Albatross AU: VU, SA: V

FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE – Northern storm petrels

Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818) Leach's Storm Petrel O. l. leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818)

FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE – Shearwaters, petrels and diving petrels

Aphrodroma brevirostris (R. Lesson, 1831) Kerguelen Petrel Ardenna carneipes (Gould, 1844) Flesh-footed Shearwater SA: R

Using cytochrome-b data, Penhallurick and Wink (2004) demonstrated that a clade containing the large shearwater species is sister to both the small shearwaters and Calonectris; this finding was corroborated by Pyle et al. (2011). Separation of the large shearwaters into Ardenna is now widely accepted. Ardenna gravis (O’Reilly, 1818) Great Shearwater Ardenna grisea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Sooty Shearwater Ardenna pacifica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Wedge-tailed Shearwater Observed by J.A.F. Jenkins in 1971 (Hatch and Cheshire 2000; N. Cheshire pers. comm.). Ardenna tenuirostris (Temminck, 1836) Short-tailed Shearwater Daption capense (Linnaeus, 1758) Cape Petrel D. c. australe Mathews, 1913 D. c. capense (Linnaeus, 1758) According to Menkhorst et al. (2019), both subspecies occur in SA waters, as confirmed by observations during pelagic seabirding trips off the coast of SE SA. Fulmarus glacialoides (A. Smith, 1840) Southern Fulmar Halobaena caerulea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Blue Petrel AU: VU Macronectes giganteus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Southern Giant Petrel AU: EN, SA: V Macronectes halli Mathews, 1912 Northern Giant Petrel AU: VU Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews, 1912) Slender-billed Prion Pachyptila crassirostris (Mathews, 1912) Fulmar Prion Subspecies in SA not determined. Rogers (2014)) provided photographic evidence of this species in SA waters. Pachyptila desolata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Antarctic Prion Pachyptila salvini (Mathews, 1912) Salvin's Prion Subspecies in SA not determined. Pachyptila turtur (Kuhl, 1820) Fairy Prion Subspecies in SA not determined. Pachyptila vittata (G. Forster, 1777) Broad-billed Prion Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy & Harper, 1916 South Georgia Diving Petrel P. g. georgicus Murphy & Harper, 1916 In their DNA analysis, Prum et al. (2015) found that Pelecanoides, formerly in its own family, is nested within the Procellariidae. The single SA specimen of P. georgicus in SAMA (B39696) appears to be of the nominate subspecies, not the New Zealand form P. g. whenouahouensis recently described by Fischer et al. (2018). Pelecanoides urinatrix (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Common Diving Petrel The subspecies in SA waters is presumed to be P. u. urinatrix (J.F. Gmelin, 1789). Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1758 White-chinned Petrel Procellaria cinerea J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Grey Petrel Pterodroma cookii (G.R. Gray, 1843) Cook’s Petrel Pterodroma gouldi (F.W. Hutton, 1869) Grey-faced Petrel Wood et al. (2016) analysed behavioural, morphological and genetic evidence to demonstrate that this species should be regarded as separate from the Great-winged Petrel (P. macroptera). Pterodroma inexpectata (J.R. Forster, 1844) Mottled Petrel Pterodroma lessonii (Garnot, 1826) White-headed Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera (Gould, 1844) Gould's Petrel AU: EN Previously two subspecies recognised; now treated as monotypic (Portelli 2016). Given the English name White-winged Petrel by Gould (1865), the species was known as such in Australia until Hindwood and Serventy (1941) advocated the use of Gould’s Petrel, because the descriptor “white-winged” does not distinguish it from closely related species. The latter name has been in common usage for at least 50 years and is widely known in the public domain because of efforts to conserve the species at its breeding site on Cabbage Tree Island, NSW. However, confusion can occur with Grey-faced Petrel P. gouldi, and since 2014 BirdLife International has resurrected the name White-winged Petrel; we support such a name change. Pterodroma macroptera (A. Smith, 1840) Great-winged Petrel Wood et al. (2016) analysed behavioural, morphological and genetic evidence to demonstrate that this species should be regarded as separate from the Grey-faced Petrel (P. gouldi). Pterodroma mollis (Gould, 1844) Soft-plumaged Petrel AU: VU Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel, 1863) Kermadec Petrel AU: VU Observed off the coast of SE SA, March 2020 (D. Harper et al., pers. comm.). Subspecies unknown but more likely to be the nominate subspecies. Puffinus assimilis Gould, 1838 Little Shearwater The subspecies occurring in SA waters has been assumed to be P. a. tunneyi Mathews, 1912 as its breeding grounds on the WA south coast are closer to SA than those of the nominate subspecies, but this is not confirmed. In addition, dark-faced individuals observed in SA (C. Rogers, pers. comm.) could be Subantarctic Shearwater P. elegans Giglioli & Salvadori, 1869 with identification at sea near impossible. Facial pattern traditionally used to separate the two species, is variable and unreliable. Puffinus gavia (J.R. Forster, 1844) Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus huttoni Mathews, 1912 Hutton's Shearwater Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764) Manx Shearwater Thalassoica antarctica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Antarctic Petrel

ORDER CICONIIFORMES – Storks

FAMILY CICONIIDAE – Storks

Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Latham, 1790) Black-necked Stork E. a. australis (Shaw, 1800)

ORDER SULIFORMES - Gannets, darters, cormorants and frigatebirds

FAMILY FREGATIDAE – Frigatebirds

Fregata ariel (G.R. Gray, 1845) Lesser Frigatebird Subspecies in SA not determined.

FAMILY SULIDAE - Gannets and allies

Morus serrator (G.R. Gray, 1843) Australasian Gannet

FAMILY ANHINGIDAE – Darters

Anhinga novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) Australasian Darter A. n. novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) SA: R

FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE – Cormorants

Microcarbo melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) Little Pied Cormorant M. m. melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) Great Cormorant P. c. novaehollandiae Stephens, 1826 Phalacrocorax fuscescens (Vieillot, 1817) Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (J.F. von Brandt, 1837) Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Pied Cormorant (Australian Pied Cormorant) P. v. hypoleucos (J.F. von Brandt, 1837)

ORDER PELECANIFORMES – Ibises, herons, bitterns, pelicans

FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE - Ibises and spoonbills

Platalea flavipes Gould, 1838 Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea regia Gould, 1838 Royal Spoonbill Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) Glossy Ibis SA: R Threskiornis molucca (Cuvier, 1829) Australian White Ibis T. m. molucca (Cuvier, 1829) Species name spelling is restored to molucca because it is a noun in apposition and invariable (Schodde and Bock 2016). Threskiornis spinicollis (Jameson, 1835) Straw-necked Ibis

FAMILY ARDEIDAE - Herons and bitterns

Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 Great Egret A. a. modesta J.E. Gray, 1831 Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829 Intermediate Egret A. i. plumifera (Gould, 1848) Plumed Egret SA: R Ardea pacifica Latham, 1801 White-necked Heron Botaurus poiciloptilus (Wagler, 1827) Australasian Bittern AU: EN, SA: E Bubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle Egret B. i. coromandus (Boddaert, 1783) Eastern Cattle Egret SA: R The generic placement of this species has been unstable and it has been included in Bubulcus, Ardeola, Egretta and Ardea (Christidis and Boles 2008); most authorities now place it in Bubulcus. Gill et al. (2020) raise the Eastern Cattle Egret to species level; most other authorities do not. In the absence of recent evidence for the split, it is here regarded as a subspecies. Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) Little Egret E. g. nigripes (Temminck, 1840) SA: R Egretta novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) White-faced Heron Egretta picata (Gould, 1845) Pied Heron Egretta sacra (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Pacific Reef Heron

E. s. sacra (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SA: R Ixobrychus dubius Mathews, 1912 Black-backed Bittern SA: E Australian Little Bittern in 2013 edition. Nycticorax caledonicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Nankeen Night Heron N. c. australasiae (Vieillot, 1823)

FAMILY PELECANIDAE – Pelicans

Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824 Australian Pelican

ORDER ACCIPITRIFORMES - Osprey, hawks, eagles and allies

FAMILY PANDIONIDAE – Osprey

Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Osprey P. h. cristatus (Vieillot, 1816) Eastern Osprey SA: E The Eastern Osprey is elevated to species level by Gill et al. (2020), with the nominate subspecies being the Western Osprey, following the cytochrome-b study of Wink et al. (2004). Monti et al. (2015) found in their phylogeographic study of osprey populations that the Indo-Australasian group (corresponding with cristatus) and three other groups are genetically distinct but with relatively small genetic distances between them. They recommend that in considering the species status of cristatus any decision should be made in conjunction with further evidence. Other authorities retain them as subspecies.

FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE - Hawks, eagles and allies

Accipiter cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1817) Collared Sparrowhawk A. c. cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1817) Accipiter fasciatus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brown Goshawk A. f. fasciatus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Accipiter novaehollandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Grey Goshawk SA: E The separation of A. novaehollandiae and A. hiogaster (S. Müller, 1841) is now widely accepted; the former is therefore monotypic. Aquila audax (Latham, 1801) Wedge-tailed Eagle A. a. audax (Latham, 1801) Circus approximans Peale, 1849 Swamp Harrier Circus assimilis Jardine & Selby, 1828 Spotted Harrier Elanus axillaris (Latham, 1801) Black-shouldered Kite Elanus scriptus Gould, 1842 Letter-winged Kite SA: V Haliaeetus leucogaster (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) White-bellied Sea Eagle SA: E Haliastur sphenurus (Vieillot, 1818) Whistling Kite Hamirostra melanosternon (Gould, 1841) Black-breasted Buzzard SA: R Hieraaetus morphnoides (Gould, 1841) Little Eagle SA: V Lophoictinia isura (Gould, 1838) Square-tailed Kite SA: E Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) Black Kite M. m. affinis Gould, 1838

ORDER STRIGIFORMES – Owls

FAMILY TYTONIDAE - Barn owls

Tyto javanica (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Eastern Barn Owl T. j. delicatula (Gould, 1837) The recent name change follows a revision of barn owls by Aliabadian et al. (2016) and priority of javanica over delicatula. Tyto longimembris (Jerdon, 1839) Eastern Grass Owl T. l. longimembris (Jerdon, 1839) SA: R Tyto novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Australian Masked Owl T. n. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) SA: E

FAMILY STRIGIDAE - Typical owls

Ninox boobook (Latham, 1801) Australian Boobook N. b. boobook (Latham, 1801) (eastern SA) N. b. halmaturina Mathews, 1912 (KI) N. b. ocellata (Bonaparte, 1850) (western SA) Southern Boobook in 2013 edition.

Ninox connivens (Latham, 1801) Barking Owl N. c. connivens (Latham, 1801) SA: R Ninox strenua (Gould, 1838) Powerful Owl SA: E

ORDER CORACIIFORMES - Kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers

FAMILY CORACIIDAE – Rollers

Eurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766) Oriental Dollarbird E. o. pacificus (Latham, 1801)

FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE - Kingfishers

Ceyx azureus (Latham, 1801) Azure Kingfisher C. a. azureus (Latham, 1801) SA: E Dacelo novaeguineae (Hermann, 1783) Laughing Kookaburra D. n. novaeguineae (Hermann, 1783) Todiramphus pyrrhopygius (Gould, 1841) Red-backed Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Sacred Kingfisher T. s. sanctus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)

FAMILY MEROPIDAE - Bee-eaters

Merops ornatus Latham, 1801 Rainbow Bee-eater

ORDER FALCONIFORMES - Falcons

FAMILY FALCONIDAE – Falcons

Falco berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Brown Falcon F. b. berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Falco cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Nankeen Kestrel F. c. cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Falco hypoleucos Gould, 1841 Grey Falcon SA: V Falco longipennis Swainson, 1838 Australian Hobby F. l. murchisonianus Mathews, 1912 All SA skins in the SAMA collection, including those from southerly regions, are of the paler subspecies F. l. murchisonianus. There is one exception: an extremely dark immature bird with broad ventral streaking, collected at Goolwa in May 1996 (B48580). This is presumed to be of the darker nominate subspecies (as diagnosed by Condon and Amadon 1954), which occurs mainly in south-eastern Australia east and south of the Great Dividing Range, as well as in Tasmania and south-western WA (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Most first-year birds from south-eastern Australia disperse in late summer or early autumn and apparently to more northerly regions (Marchant and Higgins 1993), so B48580 was probably undergoing post-fledging dispersal but became disoriented. Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 Peregrine Falcon F. p. macropus Swainson, 1838 SA: R Falco subniger G.R. Gray, 1843 Black Falcon SA: R

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES - Cockatoos and parrots

FAMILY CACATUIDAE – Cockatoos

Cacatua galerita (Latham, 1790) Sulphur-crested Cockatoo C. g. galerita (Latham, 1790) Cacatua sanguinea Gould, 1843 Little Corella C. s. gymnopis P.L. Sclater, 1871 Cacatua tenuirostris (Kuhl, 1820) Long-billed Corella Callocephalon fimbriatum (J. Grant, 1803) Gang-gang Cockatoo KI population introduced in 1940 and 1956. Calyptorhynchus banksii (Latham, 1790) Red-tailed Black Cockatoo C. b. graptogyne Schodde, D.A. Saunders & Homberger, 1989 (SE) AU: EN, SA: E C. b. samueli Mathews, 1917 (far northern SA) Calyptorhynchus lathami (Temminck, 1807) Glossy Black Cockatoo C. l. halmaturinus Mathews, 1912 AU: EN, SA: E Eolophus roseicapilla (Vieillot, 1817) Galah

E. r. albiceps Schodde, 1989 (most of SA) E. r. roseicapilla (Vieillot, 1817) (NW and far western SA) Lophochroa leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831) Major Mitchell's Cockatoo SA: R L. l. leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831) (LNE, MM; occasional records in other eastern regions of SA) L. l. mollis (Mathews, 1912) (NW, EP) White et al. (2011) found that leadbeateri is sister to the remaining species of Cacatua and they supported its separation into Lophochroa, as advocated by Christidis and Boles (2008). Current checklists are equivocal; Gill et al. (2020) are now followed in placing this species in Lophochroa. Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr, 1792) Cockatiel Zanda funerea (Shaw, 1794) Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo Z. f. whiteae (Mathews, 1912) SA: V White et al. (2011) found that divergence within Calyptorhynchus (sensu lato) is notably older that that within other cockatoo genera, with red-tailed species in one lineage and yellow- and white-tailed species in the other. We follow Dickinson and Remsen (2013) and most other authorities in recognising Zanda Mathews, 1913 at genus level, for the latter lineage.

FAMILY PSITTACULIDAE – Old World Parrots Joseph et al. (2012) provided a revised classification for the Psittaciformes and restricted the family Psittacidae to Neotropical parrots and two genera of African parrots, with all Australian parrots placed in the family Psittaculidae. Their arrangement is followed here.

Aprosmictus erythropterus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Red-winged Parrot A. e. erythropterus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) SA: R Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805) Australian Ringneck B. z. barnardi (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Mallee Ringneck (E of FR) B. z. parkeri Forshaw & Joseph, 2016 Innamincka Ringneck (NE) B. z. zonarius (Shaw, 1805) Port Lincoln Parrot (W of FR) Subspecies zonarius and barnardi are intergradient in FR. Glossopsitta concinna (Shaw, 1791) Musk Lorikeet G. c. concinna (Shaw, 1791) Lathamus discolor (Shaw, 1790) Swift Parrot AU: CR, SA: E Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw, 1805) Budgerigar Neophema chrysogaster (Latham, 1790) Orange-bellied Parrot AU: CR, SA: E Neophema chrysostoma (Kuhl, 1820) Blue-winged Parrot SA: V Neophema elegans (Gould, 1837) Elegant Parrot N. e. elegans (Gould, 1837) SA: R Neophema petrophila (Gould, 1841) Rock Parrot N. p. zietzi (Mathews, 1912) SA: R Neophema pulchella (Shaw, 1792) Turquoise Parrot Neophema splendida (Gould, 1841) Scarlet-chested Parrot SA: R Neopsephotus bourkii (Gould, 1841) Bourke's Parrot Northiella haematogaster (Gould, 1838) Eastern Bluebonnet N. h. haematogaster (Gould, 1838) (eastern and central SA) N. h. pallescens (Salvadori, 1891) (far NE) Northiella narethae (H.L. White, 1921) Naretha Bluebonnet SA: R Dolman and Joseph (2015) demonstrated that narethae and haematogaster show significant genetic divergence and that their geographical isolation is maintained by the Yellabinna region. They are therefore now recognised as distinct species. Parvipsitta porphyrocephala (Dietrichsen, 1837) Purple-crowned Lorikeet The phylogenetic study of Schweizer et al. (2015) found that the three members of Glossopsitta fell into two distinct clades, with concinna (the type species of the genus) in one and porphyrocephala and pusilla in the other. Accordingly, the latter two species are placed in a separate genus Parvipsitta Mathews. 1916. Parvipsitta pusilla (Shaw, 1790) Little Lorikeet SA: E Pezoporus occidentalis (Gould, 1861) Night Parrot AU: EN, SA: E Pezoporus wallicus (Kerr, 1792) Eastern Ground Parrot P. w. wallicus (Kerr, 1792) SA: E May still occur in lower SE; extinct in MLR-AP region. Platycercus elegans (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Crimson Rosella P. e. elegans (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Crimson Rosella (SE) P. e. flaveolus Gould, 1837 Yellow Rosella (River Murray) P. e. fleurieuensis Ashby, 1917 Adelaide Rosella (southern MLR) P. e. melanopterus North, 1906 Crimson Rosella (KI) P. e. subadelaidae Mathews, 1912 Adelaide Rosella (southern FR) Intergradients between P. e. fleurieuensis and P. e. subadelaidae (Adelaide Rosella) occur in MN, AP, MLR. Platycercus eximius (Shaw, 1792) Eastern Rosella P. e. eximius (Shaw, 1792)) Polytelis alexandrae Gould, 1863 Princess Parrot AU: VU, SA: V Polytelis anthopeplus (Lear, 1831) Regent Parrot P. a. monarchoides Schodde, 1993 AU: VU, SA: V

Psephotus haematonotus (Gould, 1838) Red-rumped Parrot P. h. caeruleus Condon, 1941 (far NE) P. h. haematonotus (Gould, 1838) (eastern SA except NE) Psephotellus varius (A.H. Clark, 1910) Mulga Parrot The phylogenetic analysis of Joseph et al. (2011) demonstrated that the genus Psephotus (of which haematonotus is the type species) is not monophyletic. Accordingly, other species including varius are placed in the separate genus Psephotellus Mathews, 1913. Psitteuteles versicolor (Lear, 1831) Varied Lorikeet Trichoglossus moluccanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Rainbow Lorikeet T. m. moluccanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Most current checklist authorities separate the Rainbow Lorikeet T. moluccanus from the Coconut Lorikeet T. haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771) of New Guinea and islands eastwards to New Caledonia. Braun et al. (2017) also advocated this split in their phylogenetic analysis of the T. haematodus complex, but their study was based on only one gene, they sampled only about 60% of all possible taxa in the complex (and did not include the nominate subspecies) and their observed genetic distances were small. More recently, Smith et al (2020) investigated further, sampling DNA from more taxa including the nominate subspecies of T. haematodus, and Joseph et al. (2020) in their study of lorikeet genera provided further analysis. These studies all demonstrate that the phylogeny of Trichoglossus is far from resolved, but moluccanus appears to fall in a clade separate from that containing T. h. haematodus and other subspecies, so it may be that if further resolution is achieved, moluccanus will be considered as a separate species. Accordingly, we tentatively separate it here. Menkhorst et al. (2019) recognised subspecies eyrei Mathews, 1912 of SA and western Victoria, distinguished by less extensive blue on the abdomen. However, none of the current checklist authorities recognise it and Higgins (1999) did not consider it. Examination of SAMA skins indicates that the extent of blue on the abdomen is variable even within a given geographical region; accordingly, eyrei is here considered as a synonym of moluccanus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES – Songbirds

FAMILY PTILONORHYNCHIDAE - Bowerbirds

Chlamydera guttata Gould, 1862 Western Bowerbird C. g. guttata Gould, 1862 SA: R Chlamydera maculata (Gould, 1837) Spotted Bowerbird SA: E

FAMILY CLIMACTERIDAE – Australo-Papuan treecreepers

Climacteris affinis Blyth, 1863 White-browed Treecreeper SA: R C. a. affinis Blyth, 1863 (NW) C. a. superciliosus North, 1895 (FR, LNE, MM) Climacteris picumnus Temminck, 1824 Brown Treecreeper C. p. picumnus Temminck, 1824 Climacteris rufus Gould, 1841 Rufous Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaea (Latham, 1801) White-throated Treecreeper C. l. grisescens (Mathews, 1912) (MLR) C. l. leucophaea (Latham, 1801) (SE)

FAMILY MALURIDAE - Fairywrens, emuwrens and grasswrens

Amytornis barbatus Favalaro & McEvey, 1968 Grey Grasswren A. b. diamantina Schodde & Christidis, 1987 SA: R Amytornis goyderi (Gould, 1875) Eyrean Grasswren Amytornis merrotsyi Mellor, 1913 Short-tailed Grasswren A. m. merrotsyi Mellor, 1913 Flinders Ranges Short-tailed Grasswren AU: VU, SA: V A. m. pedleri Christidis, Horton & Norman, 2008 Gawler Ranges Short-tailed Grasswren AU: EN, SA: E Amytornis modestus (North, 1902) Thick-billed Grasswren AU: VU A. m. cowarie Black, 2016 (NE) A. m. curnamona Black, 2011 (LNE) A. m. indulkanna (Mathews, 1916) (NW) A. m. raglessi Black, 2011 (northern FR) Amytornis purnelli (Mathews, 1914) Dusky Grasswren Amytornis striatus (Gould, 1840) Striated Grasswren SA: R A. s. howei (Mathews, 1911) Black and Gower (2017) detailed the unsettled taxonomy of the A. striatus complex, now clarified by Black et al. (2020a) and Black et al. (2020b). In SA, eastern populations in MM are retained in A. striatus, while populations further west are transferred to A. whitei. Amytornis textilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Western Grasswren A. t. myall (Mathews, 1916) (eastern Gawler Ranges, north-eastern EP) AU: VU, SA: V Amytornis whitei Mathews, 1910 Rufous Grasswren

A. w. aenigma Black, 2020 Yellabinna Rufous Grasswren A. w. oweni Mathews, 1911 Sandhill Rufous Grasswren Malurus assimilis North, 1901 Purple-backed Fairywren M. a. assimilis North, 1901 McLean et al. (2017) confirmed that the taxa previously recognised as M. lamberti lamberti Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Variegated Fairywren of coastal eastern Australia) and M. l. assimilis (west of the Great Dividing Range and over much of the Australian continent) have highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages. They examined specimens from a narrow zone of interaction between the two taxa in south-eastern Queensland and found only weak evidence of intergradation of plumage, and limited genetic introgression, localised to this zone. They therefore favoured recognition of the taxa as separate species. Malurus cyaneus (Ellis, 1782) Superb Fairywren M. c. ashbyi Mathews, 1912 (KI) M. c. leggei Mathews, 1912 (mainland SA) Malurus leucopterus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 White-winged Fairywren M. l. leuconotus Gould, 1865 Malurus pulcherrimus Gould, 1844 Blue-breasted Fairywren Malurus splendens (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Splendid Fairywren M. s. melanotus Gould, 1841 Black-backed Fairywren (MM) M. s. callainus Gould, 1867 Turquoise Fairywren (NW, northern EP) The two subspecies are considered sparsely intergradient, for example through the northern FR. The nomenclature of M. s. callainus has been unsettled but now has broad acceptance. As its type specimen (collected west of northern Spencer Gulf by Samuel White in 1865) was thought to have been from an intergrade zone between callainus and melanotus and was understood to be intergradient in plumage, Schodde and Mason (1999) applied the name M. s. musgravi Mathews, 1922 to the Turquoise Fairywren (an action supported by Article 1.3.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). Mees (2003) argued that Article 17.2 of the ICZN states that the availability of a name is not affected even if it is applied to a taxon [i.e. population] known, or later found, to be of hybrid origin. More pertinent, however is the identity of the type specimen, whether it represents either parent taxon or shows hybrid traits. Reassessment of the holotype at The Natural History Museum, Tring (NHMUK) found it largely typical of the Turquoise Fairywren, with almost no hybrid features (R Schodde pers. comm.). The long-established name callainus is therefore restored and musgravi is returned to synonymy. Stipiturus malachurus (Shaw, 1798) Southern Emuwren S. m. halmaturinus Parsons, 1920 (KI) SA: R S. m. intermedius Ashby, 1920 (MLR) AU: EN, SA: E S. m. parimeda Schodde & Weatherly, 1981 (southern EP) AU: VU, SA: E S. m. polionotum Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (SE) SA: R Stipiturus mallee A.J. Campbell, 1908 Mallee Emuwren AU: EN, SA: E Stipiturus ruficeps A.J. Campbell, 1899 Rufous-crowned Emuwren SA: R

FAMILY MELIPHAGIDAE - Honeyeaters and Australian chats

Acanthagenys rufogularis Gould, 1838 Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (Latham, 1801) Eastern Spinebill A. t. halmaturinus A.G. Campbell, 1906 (KI, MLR, southern FR) A. t. tenuirostris (Latham, 1801) (SE) The disjunct population in the southern FR has calls that are noticeably different from those of other A. t. halmaturinus (L. P. Pedler, pers. comm.); its taxonomic status will require investigation. Anthochaera carunculata (Shaw, 1790) Red Wattlebird A. c. clelandi (Mathews, 1923) (KI) A. c. woodwardi Mathews, 1912 (far west, Yellabinna, EP, YP, AP, MLR) An intergrade between the nominate subspecies and A. c. woodwardi occurs east of the MLR and FR. Anthochaera chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) Little Wattlebird A. c. chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) (mainland SA) A.c. halmaturina (Mathews, 1912) (KI) Anthochaera phrygia (Shaw, 1794) Regent Honeyeater AU: CR, SA: E Ashbyia lovensis (Ashby, 1911) Gibberbird Caligavis chrysops (Latham, 1801) Yellow-faced Honeyeater C. c. chrysops (SE) C. c. samueli (Mathews, 1912) (southern FR, MLR) Certhionyx variegatus R. Lesson, 1830 Pied Honeyeater Conopophila whitei (North, 1910) Grey Honeyeater SA: R Entomyzon cyanotis (Latham, 1801) Blue-faced Honeyeater E. c. cyanotis (Latham, 1801) SA: R Epthianura albifrons (Jardine & Selby, 1828) White-fronted Chat Epthianura aurifrons Gould, 1838 Orange Chat Epthianura crocea Castelnau & E.P. Ramsay, 1877 Yellow Chat E. c. crocea Castelnau & E.P. Ramsay, 1877 Epthianura tricolor Gould, 1841 Crimson Chat Gavicalis virescens (Vieillot, 1817) Singing Honeyeater G. v. forresti (W. Ingram, 1906) (northern SA)

G. v. sonorus (Gould, 1841) (EP, YP, FR, MN, AP, MM, coastal SE) G. v. virescens (Vieillot, 1817) (far south-western SA) Gliciphila melanops (Latham, 1801) Tawny-crowned Honeyeater G. m. melanops (Latham, 1801) Grantiella picta (Gould, 1838) Painted Honeyeater AU: VU, SA: R Lichenostomus cratitius (Gould, 1841) Purple-gaped Honeyeater L. c. occidentalis Cabanis, 1851 (mainland) SA: R L. c. cratitius (Gould, 1841) (KI) Lichenostomus melanops (Latham, 1801) Yellow-tufted Honeyeater L. m. meltoni (Mathews, 1912) Lichmera indistincta (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brown Honeyeater L. i. indistincta (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (NW) SA: R There have been three records of Brown Honeyeater in or near eastern SA: Reid (2000) observed several parties around Innamincka (NE) in October 1998; in April 2016 Ian McAllan (pers. comm.) observed Brown Honeyeaters about 330 km south of Innamincka but just east of the SA/NSW border (opposite the southern-most part of the NE region); and a single Brown Honeyeater was photographed at Gluepot Reserve (MM) in May 2018 by Alan Sharkey (Eremaea Birdlines SA). The darker subspecies L. i. ocularis (Gould, 1838) of north-eastern Australia is closer in distribution to these three locations but the subspecies identity has not been determined for any of these records. The photograph of the Gluepot bird suggests the pale plumage of the nominate subspecies, but a definitive identification cannot be made. Manorina flavigula (Gould, 1840) Yellow-throated Miner M. f. flavigula (Gould, 1840) (YP, FR, MN, AP, northern MLR, LNE, MM) M. f. melanotis (F.E. Wilson, 1911) Black-eared Miner (MM) AU: EN, SA: E M. f. wayensis (Mathews, 1912) (northern and western SA) Manorina flavigula melanotis (F.E. Wilson, 1911) Black-eared Miner AU: EN, SA: E For a discussion of the taxonomic status of the Black-eared Miner, see Horton et al. (2013). Dickinson and Remsen (2013) retain melanotis as a subspecies of M. flavigula, but other checklist authorities consider it as a separate species. Manorina melanocephala (Latham, 1801) Noisy Miner M. m. melanocephala (Latham, 1801) (lower SE) An intergrade between the nominate subspecies and M. m. lepidota (of eastern NSW and Qld) occurs in upper SE, MLR and River Murray. Melithreptus brevirostris (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brown-headed Honeyeater M. b. brevirostris (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (lower SE) M. b. leucogenys Milligan, 1903 (EP) M. b. magnirostris North, 1905 (KI) M. b. pallidiceps Mathews, 1912 (MN, MLR, MM) Intergrades occur between M. b. leucogenys and M. b. pallidiceps (YP, FR) and between M. b. brevirostris and M. b. pallidiceps (upper SE and Coorong) Melithreptus gularis (Gould, 1837) Black-chinned Honeyeater M. g. gularis (Gould, 1837) (MLR, SE) SA: V M. g. laetior Gould, 1875 Golden-backed Honeyeater (far NE) SA: R Melithreptus lunatus (Vieillot, 1802) White-naped Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta (Latham, 1801) Scarlet Myzomela Seen and photographed by multiple observers at Arid Lands Botanic Gardens, Port Augusta, November 2018. Also known as Scarlet Honeyeater. Nesoptilotis leucotis (Latham, 1801) White-eared Honeyeater N. l. depauperata (Mathews, 1912) (FR, MN, LNE, MM) N. l. leucotis (Latham, 1801) (SE) N. l. novaenorciae (Milligan, 1904) (far south-west of NW) N. l. schoddei Black, 2019 (Yellabinna, Gawler Ranges, EP) N. l. thomasi (Mathews, 1912) (KI) Dolman and Joseph (2015) demonstrated significant genetic divergence east and west of the Eyrean Barrier in this species. Black (2019) reviewed plumage and morphometrics and demonstrated that the eastern clade consists of three subspecies and the western clade two subspecies. Philemon citreogularis (Gould, 1837) Little Friarbird P. c. citreogularis (Gould, 1837) SA: R Philemon corniculatus (Latham, 1790) Noisy Friarbird P. c. monachus (Latham, 1801) Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) New Holland Honeyeater P. n. campbelli (Mathews, 1923) (KI) P. n. novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) (mainland SA) Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus (Latham, 1801) Crescent Honeyeater P. p. halmaturinus (A.G. Campbell, 1906) (MLR, KI) P. p. pyrrhopterus (Latham, 1801) (lower SE) Plectorhyncha lanceolata Gould, 1838 Striped Honeyeater SA: R Ptilotula fusca (Gould, 1837) Fuscous Honeyeater P. f. fusca (Gould, 1837) Ptilotula keartlandi (North, 1895) Grey-headed Honeyeater

Ptilotula ornata (Gould, 1838) Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Ptilotula penicillata (Gould, 1837) White-plumed Honeyeater P. p. carteri (A.J. Campbell, 1899) (far NW) P. p. leilavalensis (North, 1899) (NW, northern EP, NE) P. p. penicillata (Gould, 1837) (northern YP, MN, AP, MLR, LNE, MM, SE) Intergrades occur between P. p. carteri and P. p. leilavalensis (NW) and between P. p. leilavalensis and P. p. penicillatus (FR, LNE) Ptilotula plumula (Gould, 1841) Grey-fronted Honeyeater P. p. graingeri (Mathews, 1912) (FR, MN, LNE, MM) P. p. plumula (Gould, 1841) (NW) Intergrades may occur west of the FR if the subspecies meet there. Purnella albifrons (Gould, 1841) White-fronted Honeyeater Sugomel niger (Gould, 1838) Black Honeyeater

FAMILY DASYORNITHIDAE – Bristlebirds

Dasyornis broadbenti (McCoy, 1867) Rufous Bristlebird D. b. broadbenti (McCoy, 1867) SA: R

FAMILY PARDALOTIDAE – Pardalotes

Pardalotus punctatus Shaw, 1792 Spotted Pardalote P. p. punctatus Shaw, 1792 (SE) P. p. xanthopyge McCoy, 1866 Yellow-rumped Pardalote (EP, YP, MM) Intergrades between the two subspecies occur in southern FR, MLR, upper SE and KI. Pardalotus rubricatus Gould, 1838 Red-browed Pardalote P. r. rubricatus Gould, 1838 Pardalotus striatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Striated Pardalote P. s. striatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (one record only, mist netted at Culburra, southern MM, in 1963) P. s. substriatus Mathews, 1912

FAMILY ACANTHIZIDAE - Thornbills, scrubwrens and allies

Acanthiza apicalis Gould, 1847 Inland Thornbill A. a. apicalis Gould, 1847 (Nullarbor, EP, YP, MN, upper SE) A. a. albiventris North, 1904 (MM) A. a. whitlocki North, 1909 (NW) Intergrades occur between all subspecies where their ranges meet, eg. in FR. Black et al. (2015) have shown that a hybrid swarm involving Inland and Brown Thornbill occupies coastal shrublands and mangroves of eastern Gulf St Vincent. Individual hybrid phenotypes are intermediate between that of A. a. apicalis and the MLR subspecies A. pusilla samueli or the SE subspecies A. p. pusilla. Acanthiza chrysorrhoa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Yellow-rumped Thornbill A. c. leighi Ogilvie-Grant, 1909 (eastern SA) A. c. normantoni (Mathews, 1913) (NW) Intergrades occur between the two subspecies in western SA. Acanthiza iredalei Mathews, 1911 Slender-billed Thornbill A. i. hedleyi Mathews, 1912 Dark Thornbill (upper SE) SA: R A. i. iredalei Mathews, 1911 Slender-billed Thornbill (NW, FR, LNE) AU: VU, SA: R A. i. rosinae Mathews, 1913 Samphire Thornbill (Gulf St Vincent) SA: V Acanthiza lineata Gould, 1838 Striated Thornbill A. l. clelandi Mathews, 1912 (MLR, SE) A. l. whitei Mathews, 1912 (KI) Acanthiza nana Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Yellow Thornbill A. n. modesta De Vis, 1905 Acanthiza pusilla (Shaw, 1790) Brown Thornbill A. p. pusilla (Shaw, 1790) (SE, Coorong) A. p. samueli Mathews, 1913 (MLR) A. p. zietzi North, 1904 (KI) See remarks under Inland Thornbill concerning a hybrid swarm involving these two species. Acanthiza reguloides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Buff-rumped Thornbill A. r. australis (North, 1904) Acanthiza robustirostris Milligan, 1903 Slaty-backed Thornbill Acanthiza uropygialis Gould, 1838 Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Aphelocephala leucopsis (Gould, 1841) Southern Whiteface A. l. leucopsis (Gould, 1841) Aphelocephala nigricincta (North, 1895) Banded Whiteface

Aphelocephala pectoralis (Gould, 1871) Chestnut-breasted Whiteface SA: R Calamanthus campestris (Gould, 1841) Rufous Fieldwren C. c. campestris (Gould, 1841) (Nullarbor, Gawler Ranges, EP, southern YP, southern FR, (MLR), LNE) C. c. isabellinus North, 1896 (NW, northern FR, NE, LNE) C. c. winiam A.J. & A.G. Campbell, 1927 (upper SE) The nominate subspecies is extinct in the MLR. In their mitochondrial DNA analysis of fieldwrens, Burbidge et al. (2018) found that specimens of C. campestris from the Nullarbor region were in a clade sister to that containing all other SA specimens of C. c. campestris. The taxonomy of the species in southern Australia will probably require revision. Calamanthus fuliginosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Striated Fieldwren C. f. bourneorum Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 Gerygone olivacea (Gould, 1838) White-throated Gerygone G. o. olivacea (Gould, 1838) (MLR, SE) SA: R Gerygone fusca (Gould, 1838) Western Gerygone SA: R G. f. fusca (Gould, 1838) (EP) G. f. mungi Mathews, 1912 (NW) The subspecific identity of birds occasionally observed in eastern SA is not known. Hylacola cauta Gould, 1843 Shy Heathwren H. c. cauta Gould, 1843 (NW, EP, YP, FR, MM, upper SE) SA: R H. c. halmaturina (Mathews, 1912) (KI) SA: R Norman et al. (2018) demonstrated a deep division between heathwrens and fieldwrens in their revision of the subfamily Sericornithinae, supporting their treatment again as separate genera. Hylacola pyrrhopygia (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Chestnut-rumped Heathwren H. p. parkeri (Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999) (MLR) AU: EN, SA: E H. p. pedleri (Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999) (southern FR) SA: V H. p. pyrrhopygia (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (SE) SA: V Pyrrholaemus brunneus Gould, 1841 Redthroat Sericornis frontalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) White-browed Scrubwren S. f. frontalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (SE) S. f. rosinae Mathews, 1912 (MLR) Sericornis maculatus Gould, 1847 Spotted Scrubwren S. m. ashbyi Mathews, 1912 (KI) S. m. mellori Mathews, 1912 (south-western SA, EP, YP, upper Gulf St Vincent) Norman et al. (2018) found that maculatus is sister to a clade containing frontalis and two other species and so should be separated at species level. They also presented evidence that ashbyi, the KI form with heavily spotted breast, was sister to frontalis, but retained it nonetheless in maculatus. Further investigation is required into this population, and also that of the SA gulfs region, where intermediate specimens occur (Schodde and Mason 1999). Smicrornis brevirostris (Gould, 1838) Weebill S. b. brevirostris (Gould, 1838) (lower SE) S. b. flavescens Gould, 1843 (northern SA) S. b. occidentalis Bonarparte, 1850 (Yellabinna, Gawler Ranges, EP, YP, southern FR, MN, MLR, MM) Intergrades occur between S. b. brevirostris and S. b. occidentalis (upper SE); S. b. brevirostris, S. b. occidentalis and S. b. flavescens (east of Lakes Torrens and Eyre); and S. b. occidentalis, S. b. ochrogaster Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (of WA) and S. b. flavescens (NW).

FAMILY POMATOSTOMIDAE – Australo-Papuan babblers

Pomatostomus ruficeps (Hartlaub, 1852) Chestnut-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus superciliosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) White-browed Babbler P. s. centralis Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (NW) P. s. superciliosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (southern SA) Intergrades occur between the subspecies over a wide zone in SA. Pomatostomus temporalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Grey-crowned Babbler P. t. rubeculus (Gould, 1840) Red-breasted Babbler (NW) SA: R P. t. temporalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (SE) SA: E

FAMILY PSOPHODIDAE - Whipbirds and allies

Psophodes cristatus (Gould, 1838) Chirruping Wedgebill Psophodes leucogaster Howe & J.A. Ross, 1933 White-bellied Whipbird P. l. lashmari Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1991 (KI) SA: R P. l. leucogaster Howe & J.A. Ross, 1933 (southern EP, southern YP, MM) AU: VU, SA: E Burbidge et al. (2017) found that SA and Victorian populations of Western Whipbird are strongly divergent genetically from WA populations (P. nigrogularis), warranting separation at species level. P. leucogaster is also known as Mallee Whipbird. Psophodes occidentalis (Mathews, 1912) Chiming Wedgebill

FAMILY CINCLOSOMATIDAE – Quailthrushes and allies

Cinclosoma alisteri Mathews, 1910 Nullarbor Quailthrush Cinclosoma castanotum Gould, 1840 Chestnut Quailthrush SA: R Chestnut-backed Quailthrush in 2013 edition. Cinclosoma cinnamomeum Gould, 1846 Cinnamon Quailthrush C. c. cinnamomeum Gould, 1846 (central and eastern SA) C. c. tirariense Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (NE) Intergrades occur where the subspecies meet in NE. Cinclosoma clarum Morgan, 1926 Copperback Quailthrush C. c. clarum Morgan, 1926 (NW) C. c. fordianum Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (southern fringes of Nullarbor) C. c. morgani Condon, 1951 (Gawler Ranges, EP) Dolman and Joseph (2015) demonstrated that eastern castanotum and western clarum show significant genetic divergence across the Eyrean Barrier. They are therefore now recognised as distinct species. Intergrades between the three subspecies of C. clarum occur in a broad zone through the Yellabinna (Black et al. 2019). Cinclosoma marginatum Sharpe, 1883 Western Quailthrush Cinclosoma punctatum (Shaw, 1795) Spotted Quailthrush C. p. anachoreta Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (MLR) AU: CR, SA: E C. p. punctatum (Shaw, 1794) (SE) SA: E The MLR subspecies is probably extinct. A September 2015 observation of the nominate subspecies south-east of Mount Gambier by R. Green has been accepted by the SA Rarities Committee of Birds SA, and indicates that the SE population is still extant.

FAMILY ARTAMIDAE - Woodswallows, butcherbirds and allies

Artamus cinereus Vieillot, 1817 Black-faced Woodswallow A. c. cinereus Vieillot, 1817 (Nullarbor) A. c. melanops Gould, 1865 (northern and eastern SA) Intergrades occur in western SA north of the Nullarbor Plain. Artamus cyanopterus (Latham, 1801) Dusky Woodswallow A. c. cyanopterus (Latham, 1801) (eastern SA) A. c. perthi (Mathews, 1915) (Yellabinna, Gawler Ranges, western EP) Intergrades occur in eastern EP, YP to FR, KI. Artamus leucorynchus (Linnaeus, 1771) White-breasted Woodswallow A. l. leucopygialis Gould, 1842 Artamus minor Vieillot, 1817 Little Woodswallow A. m. minor Vieillot, 1817 Artamus personatus (Gould, 1841) Masked Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus (Gould, 1837) White-browed Woodswallow Cracticus nigrogularis (Gould, 1837) Pied Butcherbird C. n. nigrogularis (Gould, 1837) (MM) C. n. picatus Gould, 1848 (NW) Cracticus torquatus (Latham, 1801) Grey Butcherbird C. t. leucopterus Gould, 1848 Gymnorhina tibicen (Latham, 1801) Australian Magpie C. t. telonocua Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 White-backed Magpie (EP, YP) C. t. tibicen (Latham, 1801) Black-backed Magpie (NE, LNE) C. t. tyrannica Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 White-backed Magpie (SE) Intergrades occur in other areas of SA. The phylogeographic study of Toon et al. (2007) found significant divergence in mitochondrial DNA only between eastern and western Australian populations of magpie, separated in the south by the Nullarbor barrier. This pattern of divergence contrasts with the striking north-south plumage variation in this species, on which current subspecies recognition is partly based. Both eastern and western groups contain northern black-backed forms and southern white-backed forms, so the complex taxonomy of the magpie may require revision. Strepera graculina (Shaw, 1790) Pied Currawong SA: E One subspecies in SA (SE) but its taxonomic affinities are uncertain; it may represent a hybrid population between S. g. ashbyi Mathews, 1913 and S. g. riordani (Mathews, 1913) (see Menkhorst and Morley 2017a, 2017b). Strepera versicolor (Latham, 1801) Grey Currawong S. v. halmaturina Mathews, 1912 Black-winged Currawong (KI) S. v. intermedia Sharpe, 1877 Brown Currawong (Yellabinna, Gawler Ranges, EP, YP) S. v. melanoptera Gould, 1846 Black-winged Currawong (MLR, MM, SE) S. v. plumbea Gould, 1846 (far NW and far south-western SA) SA: E.

FAMILY CAMPEPHAGIDAE - Cuckooshrikes and allies

Coracina maxima (Rüppell, 1839) Ground Cuckooshrike Coracina novaehollandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Black-faced Cuckooshrike

C. n. melanops (Latham, 1801) Coracina papuensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) White-bellied Cuckooshrike C. p. robusta (Latham, 1801) SA: R Edolisoma tenuirostre (Jardine, 1831) Common Cicadabird E. t. tenuirostre (Jardine, 1831) Jønsson et al. (2010) found that Coracina was not monophyletic and fell into three major clades, now considered as Coracina, Lalage and Edolisoma. Lalage tricolor (Swainson, 1825) White-winged Triller

FAMILY NEOSITTIDAE – Sittellas

Daphoenositta chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) Varied Sittella D. c. pileata (Gould, 1838) Black-capped Sittella

FAMILY OREOICIDAE – Crested Bellbird and allies

Oreoica gutturalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Crested Bellbird O. g. gutturalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (southern SA) O. g. pallescens Mathews, 1912 (northern SA) Intergrades occur where the subspecies meet across central SA.

FAMILY FALCUNCULIDAE – Shriketit

Falcunculus frontatus (Latham, 1801) Crested Shriketit F. f. frontatus (Latham, 1801) Eastern Shriketit SA: R Zuccon and Ericson (2012) and Oliveros et al. (2019) demonstrated that the shriketit and Crested Bellbird belong to lineages that lie outside the clade containing Pachycephalidae and other families.

FAMILY PACHYCEPHALIDAE - Whistlers and allies

Colluricincla harmonica (Latham, 1801) Grey Shrikethrush C. h. harmonica (Latham, 1801) (eastern SA) C. h. rufiventris Gould, 1841 Western Shrikethrush (western SA) Pachycephala inornata Gould, 1841 Gilbert's Whistler SA: R Pachycephala occidentalis E.P. Ramsay, 1878 Western Whistler In their phylogenetic analysis of the Golden Whistler complex, Joseph et al. (2014) confirmed that the south-western Australian population formerly ascribed to P. pectoralis fuliginosa is sister to P. melanura rather than to any population of P. pectoralis. It should therefore be regarded as a separate species, P. occidentalis being the senior available name. Golden Whistlers recently observed in the far south-west of SA, near the WA border, are assumed to be of this species because of the narrow continuous strip of suitable habitat that extends from south-western WA, south of the southern edge of the Nullarbor as far east as the WA-SA border. It is feasible that individuals of P. p. fuliginosa could cross the large distance of unsuitable habitat from the extreme west of their range near the Head of the Bight, but this seems unlikely. Pachycephala olivacea Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Olive Whistler P. o. hesperus Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 SA: E Pachycephala pectoralis (Latham, 1801) Australian Golden Whistler P. p. fuliginosa Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (southern regions of SA except lower SE) P. p. youngi Mathews, 1912 (SE and disperses further north and west in SA during autumn-winter) Specimen B31418 in SAMA, collected 12 June 1977 at Beetaloo Reservoir (southern FR), appears to be of the nominate subspecies, normally distributed in eastern Queensland and north-eastern NSW. Pachycephala rufiventris (Latham, 1801) Rufous Whistler P. r. rufiventris (Latham, 1801) Pachycephala rufogularis Gould, 1841 Red-lored Whistler AU: VU, SA: R

FAMILY ORIOLIDAE – Orioles

Oriolus sagittatus (Latham, 1801) Olive-backed Oriole O. s. sagittatus (Latham, 1801) SA: R

FAMILY DICRURIDAE – Drongos

Dicrurus bracteatus Gould, 1843 Spangled Drongo Subspecies of the vagrants to SA not determined.

FAMILY RHIPIDURIDAE - Fantails

Rhipidura albiscapa Gould, 1840 Grey Fantail R. a. albicauda North, 1895 (far NW) R. a. alisteri Mathews, 1911 (southern SA) Rhipidura leucophrys (Latham, 1801) Willie Wagtail R. l. leucophrys (Latham, 1801) Rhipidura rufifrons (Latham, 1801) Rufous Fantail R. r. rufifrons (Latham, 1801)

FAMILY MONARCHIDAE - Monarch flycatchers and magpielarks

Grallina cyanoleuca (Latham, 1801) Magpielark G. c. cyanoleuca (Latham, 1801) Monarcha melanopsis (Vieillot, 1818) Black-faced Monarch Myiagra cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1818) Satin Flycatcher SA: E Myiagra inquieta (Latham, 1801) Restless Flycatcher SA: R Myiagra rubecula (Latham, 1801) Leaden Flycatcher M. r. rubecula (Latham, 1801)

FAMILY CORVIDAE – Crows

Corvus bennetti North, 1901 Little Crow Corvus coronoides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Australian Raven C. c. coronoides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (YP, eastern SA, KI) C. c. perplexus Mathews, 1912 (extreme south-western SA) Intergrades occur west of Spencer Gulf. Corvus mellori Mathews, 1912 Little Raven Corvus orru Bonaparte, 1850 Torresian Crow C. o. cecilae Mathews, 1912 Corvus tasmanicus Mathews, 1912 Forest Raven C. t. tasmanicus Mathews, 1912

FAMILY CORCORACIDAE - Australian mudnesters

Corcorax melanorhamphos (Vieillot, 1817) White-winged Chough SA: R C. m. melanorhamphos (Vieillot, 1817) (MM, SE) C. m. whiteae Mathews, 1912 (Gawler Ranges, EP, southern FR, MLR) Intergrades occur east of MLR and southern FR. Struthidea cinerea Gould, 1837 Apostlebird S. c. cinerea Gould, 1837

FAMILY PETROICIDAE – Australo-Papuan robins and allies

Drymodes brunneopygia Gould, 1841 Southern Scrub Robin Eopsaltria australis (Shaw, 1790) Eastern Yellow Robin E. a. australis (Shaw, 1790) Eopsaltria griseogularis Gould, 1838 Western Yellow Robin E. g. rosinae (Mathews, 1912) Melanodryas cucullata (Latham, 1801) Hooded Robin M. c. cucullata (Latham, 1801) (YP, MN, AP, MLR, MM, SE) SA: R M. c. picata Gould, 1865 (sightings from far NE presumed to be of this subspecies) M. c. westralensis (Mathews, 1912) (NW, EP) All three subspecies may form an intergradient zone in the Olary Spur and FR. Microeca fascinans (Latham, 1801) Jacky Winter SA M. f. assimilis Gould, 1841 (NW, EP. FR, LNE, MM) M. f. fascinans (Latham, 1801) (MLR, SE) SA: R M. f. pallida De Vis, 1885 (far NE). Populations across YP, MN and AP are largely intergradient between M. f. assimilis and M. f. fascinans. Petroica boodang (R. Lesson, 1837) Scarlet Robin P. b. boodang (R. Lesson, 1837) SA: R The population on EP was believed to be P. b. campbelli Sharpe, 1898 but has been shown to be genetically indistinguishable from the nominate subspecies (Dolman and Joseph 2015). Petroica goodenovii (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Red-capped Robin Petroica phoenicea Gould, 1837 Flame Robin SA: V Petroica rodinogaster (Drapiez, 1819) Pink Robin P. r. inexpectata Mathews, 1912 Petroica rosea Gould, 1840 Rose Robin

FAMILY ALAUDIDAE – Larks

*Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 Eurasian Skylark A. a. arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 Mirafra javanica Horsfield, 1821 Horsfield's Bush Lark M. j. horsfieldii Gould, 1847 (SE) M. j. rufescens W. Ingram, 1906 (NE) M. j. secunda Sharpe, 1890 (Gawler Ranges, EP, YP, FR, MLR, KI)

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE - Swallows and martins

Cheramoeca leucosterna (Gould, 1841) White-backed Swallow Hirundo neoxena Gould, 1842 Welcome Swallow H. n. neoxena Gould, 1842 An intergrade with H. n. carteri (Mathews, 1912) may occur in the extreme south-west of SA. Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 Barn Swallow Presumed to be H. r. gutturalis Scopoli, 1786 Petrochelidon ariel (Gould, 1842) Fairy Martin Petrochelidon nigricans (Vieillot, 1817) Tree Martin P. n. neglecta Mathews, 1912 (all of SA) P. n. nigricans (Vieillot, 1817) (East of Lake Eyre, Lake Torrens and Spencer Gulf, non-breeding season only)

FAMILY ACROCEPHALIDAE – Reed warblers

Acrocephalus australis (Gould, 1838) Australian Reed Warbler A. a. australis (Gould, 1838)

FAMILY LOCUSTELLIDAE – Grassbirds and allies

Cincloramphus cruralis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brown Songlark Cincloramphus mathewsi Iredale, 1911 Rufous Songlark Cincloramphus timoriensis (Wallace, 1864) Tawny Grassbird C. t. alisteri (Mathews, 1912) Observed in NE, June 2013, by Reid (2016). In their molecular phylogeny of the family Locustellidae, Alström et al. (2018) demonstrated extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera including Megalurus. Accordingly, the Tawny Grassbird, which is in a clade with Australia’s two songlarks, is placed with them in Cincloramphus. Poodytes carteri (North, 1900) Spinifexbird SA: E Poodytes gramineus (Gould, 1845) Little Grassbird P. g. goulburni (Mathews, 1912) Alström et al. (2018) found that the above two species were together in a separate clade that is sister to Cincloramphus and requires a separate genus name; for this Poodytes Cabanis, 1850 is available.

FAMILY CISTICOLIDAE – Cisticolas

Cisticola exilis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Golden-headed Cisticola C. e. exilis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)

FAMILY ZOSTEROPIDAE – White-eyes Phylogenetic relationships among the babblers, a large and diverse group of passerines (including white-eyes) occurring mainly in south-east Asia and the Afro-tropics, have been unsettled. The white-eyes have usually been assigned their own family Zosteropidae, but more recently some authors have combined them within Timaliidae (Gelang et al. 2009). However, the phylogenetic study of almost all babbler species by Cai et al. (2019) demonstrates solid support for the separation of white-eyes as a distinct family, sister to the Timaliidae and other families.

Zosterops lateralis (Latham, 1801) Silvereye Z. l. chloronotus Gould, 1841 (Nullarbor) Z. l. pinarochrous Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (EP, YP, FR, MLR, MM, SE) Intergrades between Z. l. chloronotus and Z. l. pinarochrous on KI and western EP, and between Z. l. westernensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) (of Victoria and NSW) and Z. l. pinarochrous in lower SE.

FAMILY STURNIDAE – Starlings

*Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 Common Starling *S. v. vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758

FAMILY TURDIDAE - Thrushes

*Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758 Common Blackbird *T. m. merula Linnaeus, 1758 Zoothera lunulata (Latham, 1801) Bassian Thrush SA: R Z. l. halmaturina (A.G. Campbell, 1906) (southern FR, MLR, KI) AU: VU Those in the SE are not yet identified but may be intergrades between halmaturina and the nominate subspecies (Schodde and Mason 1999).

FAMILY DICAEIDAE – Flowerpeckers

Dicaeum hirundinaceum (Shaw, 1792) Mistletoebird D. h. hirundinaceum (Shaw, 1792)

FAMILY PASSERIDAE - Old World sparrows

*Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) House Sparrow *P. d. domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAMILY ESTRILDIDAE - Waxbills (grass finches) and allies

Aidemosyne modesta (Gould, 1837) Plum-headed Finch In their molecular study Olsson and Alström (2020) found that Neochmia (including N. modesta) is not monophyletic. The Plum-headed Finch is accordingly returned to monotypic genus Aidemosyne Reichenbach, 1862. Emblema pictum Gould, 1842 Painted Finch SA: R Neochmia temporalis (Latham, 1801) Red-browed Finch N. t. temporalis (Latham, 1801) Stagonopleura bella (Latham, 1801) Beautiful Firetail SA: R S. b. interposita Schodde & I.J. Mason, 1999 (SE) S. b. samueli (Mathews, 1912) (MLR, KI) Stagonopleura guttata (Shaw, 1796) Diamond Firetail SA: V Taeniopygia guttata (Vieillot, 1817) Zebra Finch T. g. castanotis (Gould, 1837)

FAMILY MOTACILLIDAE - Wagtails and pipits

Anthus australis Vieillot, 1818 Australian Pipit A. a. australis Vieillot, 1818 (most of SA) A. a. bilbali Mathews, 1912 (western and southern EP, southern YP, KI) Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 Grey Wagtail Presumed to be M. c. cinerea Tunstall, 1771 Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776 Citrine Wagtail Subspecies in SA not determined. Motacilla tschutschensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Eastern Yellow Wagtail M. t. tschutschensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789

FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE – Finches

*Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758) European Goldfinch *C. c. britannica (Hartert, 1903) *Chloris chloris (Linnaeus, 1758) European Greenfinch Subspecies in SA not determined.

Appendix 1 These are species that are not included in the main list for the following reasons (as indicated in brackets after the family name): 1. Either they have not established a feral population in South Australia, or they appear to have died out or have been exterminated in this state, or the status of the feral population is uncertain. 2. Records are unconfirmed or have been rejected. Further details for some of these species may be found in Blaylock et al. (2020).

*Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758) Helmeted Guineafowl (NUMIDIDAE) (1) Subspecies in SA not determined. Not established in the wild but recent records of apparently feral birds suggest the species has the potential to establish breeding populations. *Callipepla californica (Shaw, 1798) California Quail (ODONTOPHORIDAE) (1) Not established in the wild but has been deliberately introduced in the past, and occasional recent records (KI, MLR) suggest the species still has the potential to establish breeding populations. *Alectoris chukar (J.E. Gray, 1830) Chukar Partridge (PHASIANIDAE) (1) Not established in the wild but recent records of apparently feral birds suggest the species has the potential to establish breeding populations. *Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 Wild Turkey (PHASIANIDAE) (1) *Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 Common Pheasant (PHASIANIDAE) (1) Not established in the wild but occasional records of apparently feral birds (MLR, KI) suggest the species has the potential to establish breeding populations. *Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) Greylag Goose, domestic variety (ANATIDAE) (1). Reported to have been breeding on western shore of Lake Alexandrina for more than 20 years and has been culled but not eliminated (J. Eckert pers. comm. 2006). *Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Muscovy Duck (ANATIDAE) (1) *Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) Ruddy Shelduck (ANATIDAE) (1) Apus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837) House Swift (APODIDAE) (2) *Tribonyx mortierii Du Bus de Gisignies, 1840 Tasmanian Nativehen (RALLIDAE) (1) Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) Dunlin (SCOLOPACIDAE) (2) Sterna dougallii Montagu, 1813 Roseate Tern (LARIDAE) (2) Pagodroma nivea (G. Forster, 1777) Snow Petrel (PROCELLARIIDAE) (2) Procellaria westlandica Falla, 1946 Westland Petrel (PROCELLARIIDAE) (2) Sula dactylatra R. Lesson, 1831 Masked Booby (SULIDAE) (2) Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) Brown Booby (SULIDAE) (2) An immature bird was photographed at Foul Bay (YP) on 27 October 2012 by Trudy Jacques who submitted a report to SARC in 2018, but distinction from Red-footed Booby Sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766) could not be determined with complete confidence (SARC 102). Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 Grey Heron (ARDEIDAE) (2) *Agapornis roseicollis (Vieillot, 1818) Rosy-faced Lovebird (PSITTACULIDAE) (1) Also known as Peach-faced Lovebird. Pyrrholaemus sagittatus (Latham, 1801) Speckled Warbler (ACANTHIZIDAE) (2) *Pycnonotus jocusus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-whiskered Bulbul (PYCNONOTIDAE) (1) Presumed to be P. j. jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Not established in the wild but has the potential to do so, and is still occasionally seen in the Adelaide-MLR region (believed to have been deliberately released). Any sighting should be reported to Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA). *Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) Common Myna (STURNIDAE) (1) A. t. tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) Not established in the wild but has the potential to do so, and is seen occasionally in the Adelaide region and elsewhere in SA. Any sighting should be reported to Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA). *Turdus philomelos C.L. Brehm, 1831 Song Thrush (TURDIDAE) (1) *Euplectes orix (Linnaeus, 1758) Southern Red Bishop (PLOCEIDAE) (1) *Lonchura castaneothorax (Gould, 1837) Chestnut-breasted Mannikin (ESTRILDIDAE) (1) Not established in the wild, but occasional records of feral individuals in the MLR include an adult pair, observed at Cudlee Creek summer-autumn 2017, that produced young in May 2017. It is assumed that these birds are aviary escapees, but the possibility that they are wild birds from eastern Australia cannot be ruled out, however unlikely. *Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Scaly-breasted Munia (ESTRILDIDAE) (1) Also known as Nutmeg Mannikin.

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Index Bronzewing 8 Corvus 26 Brushturkey 6 Coturnix 6 Bubulcus 5 Cracticus 24 Acanthagenys 20 Budgerigar 18 Crake 9 Acanthiza 22 Bulbul 29 Crow 26 ACANTHIZIDAE 22, 29 BURHINIDAE 9 Cuckoo 8 Acanthorhynchus 20 Burhinus 9 Bronze Cuckoo 8 Accipiter 16 Bustard 7 Cuckooshrike 24, 25 ACCIPITRIDAE 16 Butcherbird 24 CUCULIDAE 8 Acridotheres 29 Buttonquail 9 Cuculus 8 ACROCEPHALIDAE 27 Buzzard 16 Curlew 11 Acrocephalus 27 Cacatua 17, 18 Currawong 24 Actitis 10 CACATUIDAE 17 Cygnus 7 Aegotheles 7 Cacomantis 8 Dacelo 17 AEGOTHELIDAE 7 Cairina 29 Daphoenositta 25 Agapornis 29 Calamanthus 23 Daption 14 Aidemosyne 28 Calidris 10, 11, 29 Darter 15 Alauda 27 Caligavis 20 Dasyornis 22 ALAUDIDAE 27 Callipepla 29 DASYORNITHIDAE 22 Albatross 13 Callocephalon 17 Dendrocygna 7 ALCEDINIDAE 17 Calyptorhynchus 17, 18 DICAEIDAE 28 Alectoris 29 CAMPEPHAGIDAE 24 Dicaeum 28 Alectura 6 CAPRIMULGIDAE 7 DICRURIDAE 25 Amytornis 19 Carduelis 28 Dicrurus 25 Anas 6 CASUARIIDAE 6 Diomedea 13 ANATIDAE 6, 29 Cereopsis 6 DIOMEDEIDAE 13 Anhinga 15 Certhionyx 20 Dollarbird 17 ANHINGIDAE 15 Ceyx 17 Dotterel 10 Anser 29 Chalcites 8 Dove 8 Anseranas 6 CHARADRIIDAE 9 Fruit Dove 8 ANSERANATIDAE 6 Charadrius 10 Dowitcher 11 Anthochaera 20 Chat 20 Dromaius 6 Anthus 28 Chenonetta 7 Drongo 25 Antigone 9 Cheramoeca 27 Drymodes 26 Aphelocephala 22 Chlamydera 19 Duck 6, 29 Aphrodroma 13 Chlidonias 12 Whistling Duck 7 APODIDAE 7, 29 Chloris 28 Dunlin 29 Apostlebird 26 Chough 26 Eagle 16 Aprosmictus 18 Chroicocephalus 11 Sea Eagle 16 Aptenodytes 12 Chrysococcyx 8 Edolisoma 25 Apus 7, 29 Cicadabird 25 Egret 15 Aquila 16 CICONIIDAE 15 Egretta 15 Ardea 15, 29 Cincloramphus 27 Elanus 16 ARDEIDAE 15, 29 Cinclosoma 24 Elseyornis 10 Ardenna 13, 14 CINCLOSOMATIDAE 23 Emblema 28 Ardeotis 7 Circus 16 Emu 6 Arenaria 10 Cisticola 27 Emuwren 20 ARTAMIDAE 24 CISTICOLIDAE 27 Entomyzon 20 Artamus 24 Cladorhynchus 9 Eolophus 17 Ashbyia 20 CLIMACTERIDAE 19 Eopsaltria 26 Avocet 9 Climacteris 19 Ephippiorhynchus 15 Aythya 6 Cockatiel 18 Epthianura 20 Babbler 23 Cockatoo 17, 18 Erythrogonys 10 Barnardius 18 Black Cockatoo 17, 18 Esacus 9 Bee-eater 17 Colluricincla 25 ESTRILDIDAE 28, 29 Bellbird 25 Columba 8 Eudynamys 8 Bishop 29 COLUMBIDAE 8 Eudyptes 12, 13 Bittern 15, 16 Conopophila 20 Eudyptula 13 Biziura 6 Coot 8 Euplectes 29 Blackbird 28 CORACIIDAE 17 Eurostopodus 7 Bluebonnet 18 Coracina 24, 25 Eurystomus 17 Boobook 16 CORCORACIDAE 26 Excalfactoria 6 Booby 29 Corcorax 26 Fairywren 20 Botaurus 15 Corella 17 Falco 17 Bowerbird 19 Cormobates 19 Falcon 17 Bristlebird 22 Cormorant 15 FALCONIDAE 17 Brolga 9 CORVIDAE 26 FALCUNCULIDAE 25

Falcunculus 25 Hobby 17 MONARCHIDAE 26 Fantail 26 Honeyeater 20, 21, 22 Moorhen 8 Fieldwren 23 HYDROBATIDAE 13 Morus 15 Finch 28 Hydroprogne 12 Motacilla 28 Firetail 28 Hylacola 23 MOTACILLIDAE 28 Flycatcher 26 Hypotaenidia 8 Munia 29 Fregata 15 Ibis 15 Myiagra 26 FREGATIDAE 15 Irediparra 10 Myna 29 Fregetta 13 Ixobrychus 16 Myzomela 21 Friarbird 21 Jacana 10 Nativehen 9, 29 Frigatebird 15 JACANIDAE 10 Needletail 7 FRINGILLIDAE 28 Jacky Winter 26 Neochmia 28 Frogmouth 7 Jaeger 12 Neophema 18 Fulica 8 Kestrel 17 Neopsephotus 18 Fulmar 14 Kingfisher 17 NEOSITTIDAE 25 Fulmarus 14 Kite 16 Nesoptilotis 21 Galah 17 Knot 10, 11 Nettapus 7 Gallinago 11 Koel 8 Nightjar 7 Gallinula 8 Kookaburra 17 Ninox 16, 17 Gallirallus 8 Lalage 25 Northiella 18 Gannet 15 Lapwing 10 Numenius 11 Garganey 7 LARIDAE 11, 21 Numida 29 Garrodia 13 Lark 27 NUMIDIDAE 29 Gavicalis 20 Bush Lark 27 Nycticorax 16 Gelochelidon 12 Larus 11 Nymphicus 18 Geopelia 8 Lathamus 18 Oceanites 13 Geophaps 8 Leipoa 6 OCEANITIDAE 13 Gerygone 23 Leucophaeus 11 Oceanodroma 13 Gibberbird 20 Lewinia 9 Ocyphaps 8 Glareola 11 Lichenostomus 21 ODONTOPHORIDAE 29 GLAREOLIDAE 11 Lichmera 21 Onychoprion 12 Gliciphila 21 Limnodromus 11 Oreoica 25 Glossopsitta 18 Limosa 11 OREOICIDAE 25 Godwit 11 LOCUSTELLIDAE 27 Oriole 25 Goldfinch 28 Lonchura 29 ORIOLIDAE 25 Goose 6, 7, 29 Lophochroa 18 Oriolus 25 Magpie Goose 6 Lophoictinia 16 Osprey 16 Pygmy Goose 7 Lorikeet 18, 19 Ostrich 6 Goshawk 16 Lovebird 29 OTIDIDAE 7 Grallina 26 Macronectes 14 Owl 16, 17 Grantiella 21 Magpie 24 Owlet-nightjar 7 Grassbird 27 Magpielark 26 Oxyura 7 Grasswren 19 Malacorhynchus 7 Oystercatcher 9 Grebe 9 Mallard 6 Pachycephala 25 Greenfinch 28 Malleefowl 6 PACHYCEPHALIDAE 25 Greenshank 11 MALURIDAE 19 Pachyptila 14 GRUIDAE 9 Malurus 20 Pagodroma 29 Grus 9 Mannikin 29 Painted-snipe 10 Guineafowl 29 Manorina 21 Pandion 16 Gull 11 Martin 27 PANDIONIDAE 16 Gymnorhina 24 Megalurus 27 Pardalote 22 HAEMATOPODIDAE 9 MEGAPODIIDAE 6 PARDALOTIDAE 22 Haematopus 9 Melanodryas 26 Pardalotus 22 Haliaeetus 16 Meleagris 29 Parrot 18, 19 Haliastur 16 MELIPHAGIDAE 20 Partridge 29 Halobaena 14 Melithreptus 21 Parvipsitta 18 Hamirostra 16 Melopsittacus 18 Passer 28 Hardhead 6 MEROPIDAE 17 PASSERIDAE 28 Harrier 16 Merops 17 Pavo 6 Heathwren 23 Microcarbo 15 Peafowl 6 Heron 15, 29 Microeca 26 PEDIONOMIDAE 10 Night Heron 16 Milvus 16 Pedionomus 10 Hieraaetus 16 Miner 21 Pelagodroma 13 Himantopus 9 Mirafra 27 PELECANIDAE 16 Hirundapus 7 Mistletoebird 28 Pelecanoides 14 HIRUNDINIDAE 27 Monarch 26 Pelecanus 16 Hirundo 27 Monarcha 26 Pelican 16

Peltohyas 10 Quail 6, 29 Struthio 6 Penguin 12, 13 Quailthrush 24 STRUTHIONIDAE 6 Petrel 13, 14, 29 Radjah 7 STURNIDAE 27, 29 Diving Petrel 14 Rail 8, 9 Sturnus 27 Giant Petrel 14 RALLIDAE 8, 29 Sugomel 22 Petrochelidon 27 Raven 26 Sula 29 Petroica 26 Recurvirostra 9 SULIDAE 15, 29 PETROICIDAE 26 RECURVIROSTRIDAE 9 Swallow 27 Pezoporus 18 Redshank 11 Swamphen 9 Phaethon 12 Redthroat 23 Swan 7 PHAETHONTIDAE 12 Rhipidura 25, 26 Swift 7, 29 PHALACROCORACIDAE RHIPIDURIDAE 25 Tachybaptus 9 15 Ringneck 18 Tadorna 7, 29 Phalacrocorax 15 Robin 26 Taeniopygia 28 Phalarope 11 Scrub Robin 26 Tattler 11 Phalaropus 11 Yellow Robin 26 Teal 6 Phaps 8 Rosella 18 Tern 12, 29 PHASIANIDAE 6, 29 Rostratula 10 Thalassarche 13 Phasianus 29 ROSTRATULIDAE 10 Thalasseus 12 Pheasant 29 Ruff 11 Thalassoica 14 Philemon 21 Sanderling 10 Thinornis 10 Phoebetria 13 Sandpiper 10, 11 Thornbill 22 Phylidonyris 21 SCOLOPACIDAE 10, 29 Threskiornis 15 Pigeon 8 Scrubwren 23 THRESKIORNITHIDAE 15 Pipit 28 Scythrops 8 Thrush 28, 29 Plains-wanderer 10 Sericornis 23 Todiramphus 17 Platalea 15 Shearwater 13, 14 Treecreeper 19 Platycercus 18 Shelduck 7, 29 Tribonyx 9, 29 Plectorhyncha 21 Shoveler 7 Trichoglossus 19 Plegadis 15 Shrikethrush 25 Triller 25 PLOCEIDAE 29 Shriketit 25 Tringa 11 Plover 10 Silvereye 27 Tropicbird 12 Pluvialis 10 Sittella 25 TURDIDAE 28, 29 PODARGIDAE 7 Skua 12 Turdus 28, 29 Podargus 7 Skylark 27 Turkey 29 Podiceps 9 Smicrornis 23 TURNICIDAE 9 PODICIPEDIDAE 9 Snipe 11 Turnix 9 Poliocephalus 9 Songlark 27 Turnstone 10 Polytelis 18 Sparrow 28 Tyto 16 POMATOSTOMIDAE 23 Sparrowhawk 16 TYTONIDAE 16 Pomatostomus 23 Spatula 7 Vanellus 10 Poodytes 27 SPHENISCIDAE 12 Wagtail 28 Porphyrio 9 Spilopelia 8 Willie Wagtail 26 Porzana 9 Spinebill 20 Warbler 27, 29 Pratincole 11 Spinifexbird 27 Reed Warbler 27 Prion 14 Spoonbill 15 Wattlebird 20 Procellaria 14, 29 Stagonopleura 28 Wedgebill 23 PROCELLARIIDAE 13, 29 Starling 27 Weebill 23 Psephotellus 19 STERCORARIIDAE 12 Whimbrel 11 Psephotus 18 Stercorarius 12 Whipbird 23 PSITTACULIDAE 18, 29 Sterna 12, 29 Whistler 25 Psitteuteles 19 Sternula 12 Whiteface 22 Psophodes 23 Stictonetta 7 Willie Wagtail 26 PSOPHODIDAE 23 Stilt 9 Woodswallow 24 Pterodroma 14 Stiltia 11 Xema 11 Ptilinopus 8 Stint 11 Xenus 11 PTILONORHYNCHIDAE Stipiturus 20 Yellowlegs 11 19 Stonecurlew 9 Zanda 18 Ptilotula 21, 22 Stork 15 Zapornia 9 Puffinus 14 Storm Petrel 13 Zoothera 28 Purnella 22 Strepera 24 ZOSTEROPIDAE 27 PYCNONOTIDAE 29 Streptopelia 8 Zosterops 27 Pycnonotus 29 STRIGIDAE 16 Pyrrholaemus 23, 29 Struthidea 26