Land Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture Along the Fitzroy River

DNRQ00027

LandLand ResourcesResources BulletinBulletin

Land Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture along the Fitzroy River

B A Forster M A Sugars

Central West Region, Queensland Rockhampton 2000 276 Land Resources Bulletin

Land Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture along the Fitzroy River

B.A. Forster and M.A. Sugars

Department of Natural Resources, Central West Region, Queensland Rockhampton 2000

DNRQ00027 ISSN 1327-5763 ISBN 0 7345 1652 5

This publication was prepared by officers of the Resource Management Group, Central West Region to assist with the planned development of the Fitzroy River for irrigation. It may be distributed to other individuals and organisations. The Regional Infrastructure Development Group provided financial support for this study which is gratefully acknowledged.

While every care has been taken in the preparation of this report, neither the Department of Natural Resources and Mines nor its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result in any inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein.

 The State of Queensland, Department of Natural Resources 2000

Department of Natural Resources Locked Bag 40 Coorparoo Qld 4151

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of Tables iv List of Figures v List of Maps vi Acknowledgements vi Summary vii

1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of the Study 1 1.2 Description of the Study Area 1 1.2.1 Location 1 1.2.2 Existing land resource information 2 1.2.3 Climate 3 1.2.4 Landform and geology 5 1.2.5 Agricultural land use 7 2.0 Study Methodology 9 2.1 Soil Survey and Mapping 9 2.2 Laboratory Analysis 10 2.3 Land Suitability Assessment 10 2.3.1 Crops and irrigation methods 10 2.3.2 Suitability classification scheme 11 3.0 Soils 13 3.1 Soil Landscapes 13 3.2 Description of the Soils 14 3.2.1 Soils overlying Recent Alluvium 14 3.2.2 Soils overlying Local Alluvium and Colluvium 27 3.2.3 Soils overlying Older Alluvium 28 3.2.4 Soils overlying Unconsolidated Cainozoic Sediments 30 3.2.5 Soils overlying Deeply Weathered, Flat Lying Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks 33 3.2.6 Soils overlying Basalt 35 3.2.7 Soils overlying Intermediate Volcanic Rocks 35 3.2.8 Soils overlying Granitic Rocks 37 3.2.9 Soils overlying Mixed Acid and Intermediate Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks 38 3.2.10 Soils overlying Steeply Dipping and Folded Sedimentary Rocks 39 3.2.11 Soils overlying Ultramafic Rocks 40 3.3 Soil Chemistry 47 3.3.1 pH 48 3.3.2 Electrical conductivity 51 3.3.3 Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity 52 3.3.4 Surface fertility 56 3.4 Correlation with Adjoining Land Systems Surveys 59 3.4.1 Capricorn Coast land systems 59 3.4.2 Dawson-Fitzroy area land systems 59 4.0 Vegetation 61 4.1 Scrub Communities 61 4.2 Eucalypt Woodlands 61 4.3 Acacia Communities 62 4.4 Teatree Communities 62

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5.0 Land Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture 63 5.1 Limitations to Irrigated Agriculture 63 5.2 Crop Suitability 63 5.2.1 Furrow irrigation of cotton 63 5.2.2 Furrow irrigation of sorghum 65 5.2.3 Furrow irrigation of wheat 65 5.2.4 Overhead spray irrigation of wheat 66 5.2.5 Overhead spray irrigation of soybean 66 5.2.6 Overhead spray irrigation of navy bean 67 5.2.7 Overhead spray irrigation of peanuts 67 5.2.8 Trickle and microspray irrigation of citrus 68 5.2.9 Trickle and microspray irrigation of macadamia 68 5.2.10 Trickle and microspray irrigation of grapes 68 5.2.11 Trickle and microspray irrigation of vegetables 69 5.3 Overall Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture 69 6.0 Development Potential 77 6.1 Soil Distribution and Complexity 77 6.2 Production Area 77 6.3 Access 77 7.0 Environmental Constraints 79 7.1 Flooding 79 7.2 Salinity 79 7.3 Water Erosion 80 8.0 Conclusions 81 9.0 References 83

Appendices 1. Nomenclature used for soil code 85 2. Morphological and analytical data for representative profiles 87 3. Vegetation species list 157 4. Attributes and features recorded for each UMA 161 5. Land suitability classification scheme for irrigated cropping 163 6. Land suitability class for irrigated crops for each UMA 183

List of Tables 1. Monthly mean and median rainfall for Yaamba and Rockhampton 3 2. Mean minimum and maximum daily temperatures 5 3. Lithology of the main geological formations 6 4. Land use within the 5 kilometre buffer along the Fitzroy River (1998-1999) 8 5. Soil landscapes of the Fitzroy River study area 13 6. Brief description and classification of soils 16 7. CEC and Ca:Mg and clay activity ratios for subsoils of selected representative soils 55 8. Surface fertility data for representative soils (0-0.1 m depth) 58 9. Correlation between the soil mapping and land system mapping 60 10. Area of each suitability class for each land use 63 11. Relative importance of different limitations to specific land uses 64 12. Suitable crops, irrigation method and area of land categories 71 13. Area of suitable land for different irrigation methods with either one or more crops 72

List of Figures 1. Locality map of the Fitzroy River study area. 2 2. Rainfall probability distribution for Yaamba. 4 3. Monthly moisture deficit between rainfall and evaporation for Rockhampton. 4 4. Cropping land use 1999 8a 5. Extensively cleared bottle tree softwood scrub growing on deep sands (1ATE1) overlying 41 recent alluvium. 6. Cultivation prior to overhead spray irrigation of peanuts on a deep sandy gradational soil 41 (1AKA1) overlying recent alluvium. 7. Gradational soil (1ADE1) overlying recent alluvium being prepared for rainfed navy beans. 41 8. Macadamia orchard growing on texture contrast soil (1ACH1) overlying recent alluvium. 42 9. Cultivated cracking clays (1AVE1) and flood prone lands (1AVE6) at the junction of the 42 Mackenzie and Dawson Rivers, forming the Fitzroy River 10. Self-mulching, black cracking clay (1AVE1) overlying recent alluvium, in preparation for 42 rainfed cereals. 11. Black teatree lining a saline and sheet eroded drainage line with a sodic texture contrast soil 43 (2ASO1) in granodiorite terrain 12. Narrow-leaved ironbark growing on older alluvium (3ASO1), elevated above recent 43 alluvium in the background. 13. Buffel grass pasture growing on red non-cracking clay (CDE3) overlying Cainozoic 43 unconsolidated sediments, extending towards the Fitzroy River. 14. Preparation for furrow irrigation of cotton on a black cracking clay (CVE3) on a level plain. 44 15. Narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood growing on red gradational soils (TKA1) overlying 44 deeply weathered Tertiary sandstone. 16. Cultivated surface of a black cracking clay (BVE1) overlying basalt on a gently undulating 44 rise extending to recent alluvium on the right. 17. Silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood woodland on a red non-cracking clay 45 (IDE1) overlying intermediate volcanic rocks. 18. Extensively cleared, gently undulating rise with a texture contrast soil (GCH1) overlying 45 granodiorite. 19. Silver-leaved ironbark growing on a red gradational soil (MDE1) overlying mixed acid and 45 intermediate volcanic rocks. 20. Narrow-leaved ironbark woodland growing on a gradational soil (SDE4) overlying steeply 46 dipping and folded shales and sandstones. 21. Serpentine ironbark and serpentine bloodwood growing on a shallow stony soil (UDE1) on a 46 steep hillslope in ultramafic terrain 22. Mean pH for soils 1ATE1, 1ATE2, 1AKA1 and 1ATE2, 1ADE1 and 1ADE2, 1ACH1, 49 1ACH2 and 1ASO1 23. Mean pH for soils 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 , 1AVE3 and 1AVE4, and 1AVE5 49 24. Mean pH for soils 2ASO1, 2ASO2, 2AVE1 and 2AVE2 49 25. Mean pH for soils 3ASO1, 3ASO2, 3ASO3, 3AVE1 and 3AVE2 49 26. Mean pH for soils CDE1, CDE2, CDE3 and CDE4 49 27. Mean pH for soils CCH1, CSO1 and CSO2 49 28. Mean pH for soils CVE1, CVE2, CVE3, CVE4 and CVE5 50 29. Mean pH for soils TDE1, TKA1, TTE1, TKU1 and TDE2 50 30. Mean pH for soils BFE1, BVE1 and BVE2 50 31. Mean pH for soils IDE1, IDV1, IVE1 and IDE2 50 32. Mean pH for soils GDE1, GCH1 and GSO1 50 33. Mean pH for soils MDE1, MSO1 and MDE2 50 34. Mean pH for soils SDE1, SDE2, SDE3, SSO1 and SVE1 51 35. Mean pH for soils UDE1 and UFE1 51 36. Mean EC for soils 1ATE1 and 1AKA1, 1ADE1, 1ACH1 and 1ASO1 53 37. Mean EC for soils 1AVE1, 1AVE2, 1AVE4 and 1AVE5 53 38. Mean EC for soils 2ASO1 and 2AVE2 53 39. Mean EC for soils 3ASO1, 3ASO2, 3ASO3, 3AVE1 and 3AVE2 53

List of Figures (continued) 40. Mean EC for soils CDE1, CDE2, CDE3 and CDE4 53 41. Mean EC for soils CCH1, CSO1 and CSO2 53 42. Mean EC for soils CVE1, CVE2, CVE3, CVE4 and CVE5 54 43. Mean EC for soils BFE1, BVE1 and UFE1 54 44. Mean EC for soils IDE1, IDV1 and IVE1 54 45. Mean EC for soils GCH1 and GSO1 54 46. Mean EC for soils TKA1, MDE1 and MSO1 54 47. Mean EC for soils SDE2, SDE3, SSO1 and SVE1 54 48. ESP for soils 1AKA1, 1ADE1 and 1ACH1 57 49. ESP for soi1s 1AVE1, 1AVE2 and 1AVE4 57 50. ESP for soils 3ASO2 and 3ASO3 57 51. ESP for soils CDE2 and CCH1 57 52. ESP for soils CVE1, CVE4 and CVE5 57 53. ESP for soils GCH1, GSO1, IDE1 and IVE1 57

List of Maps

1. Soils, Fitzroy River DNR Ref No. 99-LFZ-R-A0-4152 2. Suitability for Furrow Irrigated Crops, Fitzroy River DNR Ref No. 99-LFZ-R-A0-4153 3. Suitability for Overhead Spray Irrigated Crops, Fitzroy River DNR Ref No. 99-LFZ-R-A0-4154 4. Suitability for Trickle or Microspray Irrigated Crops, Fitzroy River DNR Ref No. 99-LFZ-R-A0-4155 5. Irrigated Land Suitability, Fitzroy River DNR Ref No. 99-LFZ-R-A0-41

Acknowledgements

The Regional Infrastructure Development Group, Central West Region of the Department of Natural Resources provided funding for the study. Their financial and operational support is gratefully acknowledged.

The authors also thank the various people who provided assistance during the study, in particular: • The landholders for allowing access to their properties and for providing information on land use, crop performance, flooding, etc; • Mr Michael Kooistra for his valuable contribution to the field work, vegetation recording, data entry, GIS, cartography and plotting of the Soil and Land Suitability maps; • Messrs John Lowry, Alan McDonaugh and Tony Vize for GIS support; • Mr Ian Grant and laboratory staff of the DNR Soil and Plant Analytical Centre, Indooroopilly for laboratory analysis of soil samples; • Geological Survey of Queensland, Department of Mines and Energy for the provision of preliminary geological maps; • Messrs John Ross, Peter Muller and Scott Irvine for technical advice and comment for the land suitability assessment; • Mrs Deb Ashby for report layout and formatting of text; and • Mrs Dianne Bray for cover design and publication.

Summary

As part of a study to investigate the feasibility of a weir on the Fitzroy River near Riverslea Crossing, north of Gogango and the raising of the existing Eden Bann weir, upstream of Yaamba, the Regional Infrastructure Development Group of the Department of Natural Resources funded a land evaluation project along the Fitzroy River. The purpose of this project was to delineate the areas of potential irrigable land along the river to provide information for making informed decisions for water infrastructure planning and possible construction.

The scope of the study was to: • undertake land evaluation of riparian lands within a five km strip both sides of the Fitzroy River; • map the extent of current irrigated and dryland cropping along the river; • identify and record the physical and chemical characteristics of the major soil types; • map the distribution of the soil types at 1:100 000 scale; and • assess the suitability of the mapped soils for a range of agricultural crops.

The study area of 201 500 ha consists of a five km wide, 250 km long strip either side of the Fitzroy River, from the junction of the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers, east of Duaringa, downstream to the Rockhampton City boundary. The five km width was considered to be the maximum distance that individual irrigators would economically pump water from the river.

The climate is sub-tropical with moist, hot summers and cool, dry winters. The floodplain and higher terraces are dominant landform features as the river cuts through hills and ranges and meanders through undulating plains in an easterly, then northerly, then easterly again, and finally a southerly direction. Much of the original vegetation of brigalow scrub, softwood scrub and eucalypt woodland has been cleared on the alluvial plains and gently sloping land, but clearing on the steeper slopes has been less extensive.

The dominant agricultural land use is beef cattle grazing of native and introduced pastures, and ponded pastures, with some dairying on irrigated pasture and fodder crops. Other agricultural land uses include dryland cropping of cereals, fodder crops, navy beans and cotton, and irrigated cropping of cereals, peanuts, navy beans, fodder crops and cotton, along with tree and vine crops such as macadamia, mangoes and grapes, and vegetables. Peanuts and navy beans are the dominant irrigated crop along the river and 933 ha were grown during the 1998-99 season, mainly on well drained, lighter textured alluvial soils using centre pivot irrigation.

Initial field investigations were based on 35 transects which were selected to intersect examples of all geological types and landforms from the river to the five km limit. This geomorphic approach allowed the identification of eleven soil landscapes, based on lithology of the soil parent material and landform. Areas between the transects were then surveyed with more emphasis on the alluvial plains and rises, than the hilly to mountainous terrain. Representative profiles were sampled for laboratory analysis. Using GIS, a 1:100 000 scale soil map was prepared.

Sixty-eight different soils were identified and described within the soil landscapes. A range of deep soils occur on the recent alluvium including uniform sands and loams, gradational soils and non- cracking clays on the levees and terraces, while black cracking clays are more common on the backplains. Texture contrast soils dominate the terraces of older alluvium. Deep cracking clays, often with gilgai or melonhole, are most widespread on the unconsolidated Cainozoic sediments, with smaller areas of texture contrast soil also present. Deep, red loamy gradational soils and non-cracking clays are the predominant soil on the summits of deeply weathered, flat lying Tertiary sandstone. Self- mulching black cracking clays are the main soil associated with basalt landscapes, while texture contrast soils are the dominant soil in the granitic landscape. Red and brown gradational soils and non- cracking clays are the dominant soil on the intermediate volcanics and summits of the ultramafic rocks. Texture contrast soils are most widespread on the steeply dipping and folded sedimentary rocks. Shallow, gravely gradational soils and non-cracking clays occur with rock outcrop and surface stone on the steep slopes of most lithologies.

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Site data and soil and land resource data specific to each unique mapped area (UMA) in the soils map were entered into a database. Each UMA was evaluated for its potential for the following irrigation methods and crops: • furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum and wheat; • overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean and peanuts; and • trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grapes and vegetables.

The following five class land suitability classification was used with suitability decreasing from class 1 to class 5 due to limitations which cause land to have less than optimum conditions for a particular crop-irrigation method:

Class 1 Suitable land with negligible limitations; Class 2 Suitable land with minor limitations; Class 3 Suitable land with moderate limitations; Class 4 Marginal land which is presently unsuitable due to severe limitations; and Class 5 Unsuitable land with extreme limitations.

Assessments were made for sustainable agriculture, not maximum production. Eighteen limitations that may affect the suitability of a particular UMA for each land use were considered. Maps showing the distribution of the suitability classes 1 to 5 for the individual crops were prepared. The areas of suitable land (classes 1, 2 and 3) for each land use are shown in Table (i). There are addition areas of marginal land (class 4), which could be used providing severe limitations are modified or removed through appropriate management or inputs.

Table (i). Areas of suitable land for each land use

Crop Area of Suitable Land (ha) Furrow Irrigation Cotton 15 386 Sorghum 10 994 Wheat 15 162 Overhead Spray Irrigation Wheat 35 699 Soybeans 30 658 Navy Beans 21 211 Peanuts 17 960 Trickle or Microspray Irrigation Citrus 23 770 Macadamia 23 653 Grapes 23 871 Vegetables 52 360

Because of the relatively narrow and dissected nature of the Fitzroy River valley and the presence of hilly to mountainous terrain, the areas suitable for irrigated cropping are scattered throughout the study area, rather than clustered in a few large areas. Most of these areas are adjacent or close to the river, however some potential irrigation areas extend out to the five km limit.

The UMA’s were grouped into twenty land categories that are suitable or marginal for a combination of crops, and a map of the distribution of these land categories was prepared. The area of land suitable for each irrigation method with one or more crop is shown in Table (ii), obtained by summing the area of the appropriate land categories. The total area of suitable land for one or more irrigation methods with one or more crops (i.e. land categories 1 to 19) is 59 238 ha or 29.3 % of the study area.

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Table (ii). Area of suitable land for different irrigation methods with one or more crops, derived from the area of land categories Irrigation Method Crop Area (ha) Furrow irrigation Cotton, sorghum, wheat 19 507 Overhead spray irrigation Wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut 36 382 Trickle or microspray irrigation Citrus, macadamia, grape 23 770 Vegetable 54 794 Total suitable land 59 238

Potential development issues and a number of environmental constraints have been identified and discussed. These include soil distribution and complexity, production areas, access, flooding, salinity and water erosion. The potential salinity hazard from increased irrigation along the river has been investigated in a separate study and is reported elsewhere.

ix 1.0 Introduction

The Fitzroy River was selected as a Category One project in the Water Infrastructure Planning and Development Implementation Plan 1997-98 to 2001-02 adopted by the Queensland Government in 1997. The report identified the need for a study to investigate the feasibility of a weir on the Fitzroy River near Riverslea Crossing, north of Gogango and the raising of the existing Eden Bann weir, upstream of Yaamba.

As part of this feasibility study, the Regional Infrastructure Development (RID) Group of the Department of Natural Resources funded a land evaluation project along the Fitzroy River. The purpose of this study was to delineate the areas of potential irrigable land along the river so that this information could be used in making a more informed decision for water infrastructure planning and possible construction.

The land evaluation study is comprised of two components. The first includes a soil survey to identify and map the soils. The second is an assessment of the suitability of each of the mapping units identified in the soil survey for irrigation of a number of different crops.

In conjunction with this study, a separate salinity hazard study was undertaken by the Salinity and Contaminant Hydrology Group (SalCon), Resource Sciences Centre, Indooroopilly, utilising soil data and mapping from this study. The salinity study is reported separately (Moss et al, 1999). The results of the land evaluation study will also be used in a separate study to be undertaken by the Department of Primary Industries of the economic viability for a range of irrigated crops and marketing potential for produce.

1.1 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study was to: • undertake land evaluation of riparian lands within a five kilometre strip both sides of the Fitzroy River; • map the extent of current irrigated and dryland cropping along the river; • identify and record the physical and chemical characteristics of the major soil types; • map the distribution of the soil types at 1:100 000 scale; and • assess the suitability of the mapped soils for a range of agricultural crops.

Three irrigation methods which are commonly used and ten crops, which are commonly grown within the Fitzroy catchment, were selected for evaluation, namely: • furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum and wheat; • overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean and peanuts; and • trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grapes and vegetables.

The study area is contained within a five kilometre wide strip either side of the Fitzroy River. The 5 km width was considered to be the maximum distance that individual irrigators would economically pump water from the river.

1.2 Description of the Study Area

1.2.1 Location

The location of the study area is shown in Figure 1. The area investigated consists of a five kilometre strip either side of the Fitzroy River, from the junction of the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers, east of Duaringa, downstream to the Rockhampton City boundary. The study area follows the river for approximately 250 km of its length, and is approximately 201 500 ha in area. Around Yaamba, the Bruce Highway formed the northern boundary of the study area, resulting in the study area width reducing to approximately 1 km for a short section. The lands north of the highway around Yaamba were not

1 considered suitable for irrigation, based on earlier reconnaissance land system mapping. In addition, it is unlikely that individual irrigators could afford the construction costs to bring water under the Bruce Highway.

Figure 1. Locality map of the Fitzroy River study area

All lands along the left bank of the river, looking downstream, are located within Livingstone Shire. The majority of the study area along the right bank falls within Fitzroy Shire, except for a small area upstream of Gogango which lies within Duaringa Shire.

1.2.2 Existing land resource information

Only reconnaissance land resource information is available for most of the river. This includes 1:500 000 land system mapping along both sides of the river undertaken by CSIRO (Perry, 1968) and 1:250 000 land system mapping along the left bank, below Glenroy Crossing (Forster, in preparation). Reconnaissance mapping of potential irrigation lands is also available from a land evaluation study of the lower Dawson River (McCarroll and Forster, 1999) and the Mackenzie River (McCarroll, 1998).

There are three sources of moderately detailed soils mapping over small areas which have been used during this study, namely: • 1:60 000 scale soils mapping of the CSIRO Belmont Research Station, west of The Caves (Coventry and Murtha, 1976); • 1:100 000 scale soils and suitability mapping for the Alton Downs area, north-west of Rockhampton; and • 1: 50 000 scale soils mapping for the Proposed Marlborough Nickel Mining Lease at “Coorumburra”, in the north-west of the study area.

2 1.2.3 Climate

The climate of the study area is sub-tropical with moist, hot summers and cool, dry winters. In summer, south-easterly winds blowing across the warm Coral Sea bring moist air over the catchment, and in winter, the monsoon trough and the sub-tropical ridge move northwards which results in drier SSW/SE winds (Davies and Willcocks, 1992).

Rainfall

Rainfall is predominantly a summer occurrence, with nearly 70% of the annual total falling in the 5 month period from November to March. August and September are the driest months. The mean and median monthly rainfall for five centres within or around the study area is shown in Table 1. The median values are appropriate for this region as high intensity rainfall events may skew the mean rainfall figures. There is a gradual decrease in annual rainfall from Rockhampton, west to Duaringa.

Table 1. Monthly mean and median rainfall for Yaamba and Rockhampton (Clewett, 1999; Bureau of Meteorology, 1999)

Mean and median monthly rainfall (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Ann Rockhampton (over 97 years) Mean 179 189 109 58 41 57 41 21 29 45 61 112 946 Median 121 111 82 38 27 32 21 13 16 34 58 92 864 Westwood (over 113 years ) Mean 122 109 71 45 35 40 33 24 26 42 65 92 703 Median 96 82 52 29 20 24 21 15 16 32 54 76 683 Duaringa ( over 112 years ) Mean 120 116 76 44 36 38 28 25 27 46 66 100 722 Median 102 85 55 24 19 27 15 16 17 35 57 78 665 Yaamba (over 99 years) Mean 153 150 105 61 46 43 35 22 23 43 62 112 859 Median 107 107 75 33 25 23 14 13 13 32 56 89 812 Marlborough (over 128 years ) Mean 169 162 110 46 44 46 32 23 25 44 66 112 880 Median 117 126 79 29 30 27 14 12 15 34 51 94 862

Most summer rain is produced by thunderstorms, cyclones and the occasional southward drift of the monsoon trough. This results in a high degree of variability in rainfall from year to year. The rainfall probability distribution for Yaamba, shown in Figure 2, indicates the amount of rainfall received or exceeded in 90%, 50% and 10% of the time (Clewett, 1999). This illustrates the variability of and difficulty in predicting rainfall in a given year. The small amount of winter rainfall is mostly from showers associated with moist onshore south-easterly winds, and “easterly dips” in the pressure pattern, and consequently, more prevalent in hilly coastal areas.

Drought

Prolonged major droughts have occurred on at least five occasions over the past 100 years. Two recent periods of drought with prolonged rainfall deficit occurred from April 1979 until February 1983 and again from March 1991 until February 1998. These prolonged droughts usually coincide with a marked El Nino episode. In contrast, recent periods of higher than average rainfall with good seasons occurred from December 1973 to December 1978 and again from March 1988 to February 1991.

3 350 10% 300 ) 50% 250 90%

200

150

100 Monthly Rainfall (mm Monthly 50

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 2. Rainfall probability distribution for Yaamba

Evaporation

Evaporation exceeds rainfall in all months of the year and increases from the coast to inland locations. The moisture deficit between rainfall and evaporation for Rockhampton, shown in Figure 3, increases from August through to November and highlights the benefits of irrigation for cropping in this environment.

250 ) 200 Evaporation

150

100 Moisture deficit Rainfall 50

Rainfall / Evaporation (mm 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 3. Monthly moisture deficit between rainfall and evaporation for Rockhampton

Temperature

Mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures for Rockhampton and Westwood are shown in Table 2. Extreme temperatures vary considerably from the mean; e.g. Rockhampton’s highest temperature is 45.3 °C, recorded in November 1990, and it’s lowest is - 1.0 °C, in June 1949. Prolonged heatwave conditions occur every few summers, with five consecutive days above 40 degrees being recorded at Rockhampton in January 1994. Temperatures at Rockhampton during summer may be moderated by south-easterly breezes blowing up the Fitzroy River. Inland areas such as Westwood have similar maximum temperatures to Rockhampton, but distinctly lower minimum temperatures, particularly during winter.

4 Table 2. Mean minimum and maximum daily temperatures (Bureau of Meteorology, 1999) Mean Daily Temperature (°C) Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Rockhampton Min 22.5 22.3 21.2 18.3 14.8 12.0 10.5 11.6 14.7 17.7 20.0 21.6 Max 32.1 31.4 30.6 28.9 26.2 23.4 23.1 25.0 27.5 30.0 31.5 32.5

Westwood Min 20.2 19.8 18.0 14.0 10.2 8.1 6.6 7.3 11.0 14.6 17.3 19.0 Max 32.5 30.9 30.2 28.3 25.5 22.4 22.1 24.3 26.9 29.6 31.2 32.3

Frost

Frosts are a rare occurrence close to the river near Rockhampton. Further inland, light frosts are likely at least once each winter. Some lower lying areas of the region, particularly around Ridgelands and Westwood, experience severe frosts every few years, which can damage or kill frost sensitive plants, such as vegetables and young fruit trees.

Wind

The predominant surface wind regime for the whole region is south-easterly. An afternoon sea breeze effect can penetrate more than 60 km inland, but its arrival is later and duration shorter, the further inland you go. At night, winds tend to be light and variable, with local topography setting up differing katabatic or drainage effects.

Sustained gale force winds are very rare, and are usually associated with tropical cyclones. However, severe wind gusts in excess of 100 km/h do occur in conjunction with thunderstorms and have caused major damage on occasions.

Thunderstorms, Hail

While thunderstorms provide much of the region’s rainfall, extreme wind gusts, lightning, and hail associated with severe thunderstorms cause significant property and crop damage. Afternoon and evening thunderstorms can occur throughout the year, but are most frequent from October to January and rare from May to August. The average annual number of thunder days at Rockhampton is 22.

1.2.4 Landform and geology

The study area falls predominantly within the New England Fold Belt geological province, with the upper reaches of the river occurring in the Duaringa Basin province. The floodplain and higher terraces are dominant features as the river cuts through hills and ranges and meanders through undulating plains in an easterly direction from Duaringa to Riverslea Crossing, then northerly to Glenroy Crossing, then easterly again to Yaamba, and finally south-easterly to Rockhampton.

The geology of the area has been described as part of the 1:250 000 scale geology mapping of the Duaringa sheet (SF55-16) (Kirkegaard, 1970) and the Rockhampton sheet (SF56-13) (Kirkegaard et.al., 1970). More recently, the section of the study area close to Rockhampton has been mapped as part of the Rockhampton Region 1:100 000 map (9051, part 8951) (Willmott et.al., 1986).

During this study, recent 1:100 000 scale geological mapping for the Yarrol Project and the South Connors - Auburn - Gogango Project were made available as preliminary compilation maps by the Department of Minerals and Energy. This mapping included the Duaringa (8850), Rookwood (8851, part), Mount Morgan (8950) and Ridgelands (8951) sheets. The major geological formations and lithologies of the study area are shown in Table 3.

5 Table 3. Lithology of the main geological formations

Formation Age Lithology Associated Landform

Recent Alluvium Quaternary Clay, silt, sand, gravel River terraces, levees, floodplains Older Alluvium Quaternary Clay, silt, sand, gravel Elevated alluvial Plains Older Alluvium Cainozoic Clay, silt, sand, gravel Gently undulating plains Unnamed Tertiary Sandstone, siltstone Remnant plateaus and hillslopes Alton Down Basalt Cretaceous Basalt Undulating plains and rises Mount Salmon Cretaceous Rhyolite, trachyte Low hills Volcanics Ridgelands Permian- Granodiorite Undulating rises Granodiorite Triassic Unnamed intrusive Permian- Granite, granodiorite, Undulating rises and low hills Triassic diorite Back Creek Group Permian Mudstone, siltstone Steep hills and mountains (combines Boomer Formation and Rannes Beds) Rookwood Volcanics Permian Andesite, pillow lava Undulating rises and steep hills Rockhampton Group Carboniferous Mudstone, siltstone Undulating rises and steep hills Mount Alma Devonian- Sandstone, siltstone, Undulating rises and steep hills Formation Carboniferous interbedded volcanics Craiglee Beds Silurian- Sandstone, siltstone, Undulating rises and steep hills Devonian interbedded andesite

Unnamed Palaeozoic Serpentinite Steep mountains and hills

The Fitzroy River commences at the confluence of the Mackenzie River flowing from the north and the Dawson River flowing from the south. At the confluence, the river has a broad level floodplain, 5-7km wide on the western side and 2-3 km wide on the eastern side. As the Fitzroy River flows north-east, then east, the floodplain constricts to thin narrow terraces through a dissection in the Gogango Range.

The Gogango Range contains a sequence of north-west trending, strongly folded sedimentary rocks and metasediments of the Back Creek Group (formerly comprised of the Boomer Formation and the Rannes beds. East of the range, the floodplain spreads out to a width of 1-2km. Flanking the recent alluvial deposits are older Cainozoic deposits of unconsolidated clay, sand and silt on gently undulating plains. There are also examples of remnants of lateritised Tertiary sandstone plateaus on both sides of the river.

The river drainage pattern over the next 100 km is controlled by the strike of resistant formations which pose barriers to downcutting, incision and meandering of the stream. There are numerous short sections with a general south-east to north-west trend aligned with the strike of the dominant formations. The river continues in a sharp south-easterly, then northerly loop controlled by undulating terrain of the Rookwood Volcanics dominated by andesite and lavas.

A wide sequence of strongly folded sedimentary rocks of the Back Creek group within the Boomer Range form the eastern margin of the Gogango Overfolded Zone. Between Riverslea Crossing and “Commanche”, the westward meandering of the river is deflected north then east by these resistant sedimentary rocks on the western side, while the easterly meanders are deflected westward by the Rookwood Volcanics, and the mudstones and siltstones of the Moah Creek Beds.

A sequence of old sandstone, siltstone and mudstone with interbedded limestone and volcanoclastic sediments and volcanic rocks of the Craigelee Beds flank the river on the eastern side, north and south of Craigelee Crossing and Glenroy Crossing. A line of Tertiary sandstone plateau remnants occur west of

6 Glenroy Crossing. North of Glenroy Crossing, the river heads eastwards and loops through rugged terrain dominated by serpentinite and volcanics of the Marlborough Block. Further east, around “Eden Bann”, the river dissects the gently undulating terrain of the Ridgelands Granodiorite both sides of the river, before entering the gently undulating alluvial land of the Yaamba Basin. The river then turns south and meanders past gently undulating rises of Cretaceous basalt along the western side and folded mudstones and siltstones of the Rockhampton Group along the eastern side.

Three broad groupings of alluvium can be distinguished along the river valley: - older Cainozoic, older Quaternary and Recent Quaternary alluvium. There is soil related and geomorphic evidence that the Fitzroy River previously flowed through a much broader valley than at present. Older Cainozoic sand, silt, clay and gravel has been deposited in the past in broad tracts down the valley under a significantly different stream flow and depositional environment to the present, as softer Tertiary and Permian rocks weathered, eroded and were transported, then deposited as extensive clay sheets interspersed with coarser material. These sheets of unconsolidated Cainozoic sediments have also been eroded with subsequent downcutting by the parent streams, and remain as gently undulating to undulating plains with elevations up to 20 metres above the current floodplain.

Deep layers of clay are the most common material in these unconsolidated Cainozoic sediments and have distinguishing features such as smooth siliceous gravels and cobbles on the surface and through the profile, cracking clay surface, tough saline and sodic clay subsoil, grading to an acid deeper subsoil, melonholes and brigalow vegetation. Red coloured non-cracking clay and clay loamy gradational soils, generally with remnant softwood scrub, indicate relict levees, stream infill channels and point bars.

Older Quaternary alluvium is restricted to elevated areas above the current floodplain near Yaamba, South Yaamba, Eden Bann and Alton Downs and other minor occurrences. This geological unit was probably more extensive throughout the valley in the past, but has been extensively dissected and eroded, to remnant level alluvial plains. The soils are distinctly more weathered, bleached and sodic than those on the Recent Alluvium, and generally support a eucalypt woodland.

The Recent Alluvium occurs in the active floodplain of the river and is most wide spread in the upper reaches around the Dawson and Mackenzie River junction. Other narrower occurrences are around Glenroy Crossing, Yaamba, Belmont and Alton Downs. Fine textured alluvium predominates on the flooded backplains. Thick layers of coarse textured alluvium have been deposited on the terrace flats and levees on the inside of sharp bends in areas which are rarely flooded. Active levees are generally not very wide or are non-existent.

1.2.5 Agricultural land use

The dominant agricultural land use in the study area is beef cattle grazing of native and introduced pastures, and ponded pastures. Buffel grass, Rhodes grass, and green panic are the dominant pasture species introduced after clearing of brigalow and softwood scrub communities. The majority of the eucalypt woodland has native pastures such as black speargrass, forest bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass and kangaroo grass, however there are some improved pastures on the more fertile soils.

Dairying is restricted to the Etna Creek, Garnant and Alton Downs areas, and relies on irrigation of pasture and fodder crops, including lucence.

There is a significant area of ponded pasture utilising water collected from runoff from adjacent slopes and plains. This is distinct from areas of pasture watered by flood or spray irrigation. The main ponded pasture species are hymenachne, aleman grass and para grass. Ponded pastures are used primarily for fattening beef cattle.

Apart from grazing, there are a number of other agricultural land uses scattered throughout the study area. These land uses were mapped off recent (1998) air photos upstream of Eden Bann, and older (1995) air photographs downstream of Eden Bann. Limited field checking was undertaken during the soil survey to

7 verify the land use mapping. The distribution of the dryland and irrigated cropping areas is shown in Figure 1.

These land uses include dryland cropping of cereals, fodder crops, navy beans and cotton, irrigated cropping of cereals, peanuts, navy beans, fodder crops such as forage sorghum and lucerne, pastures and cotton, along with tree and vine crops such as macadamia, mangoes and grapes, and vegetables. The area of these dryland and irrigated land uses is shown in Table 4.

The major concentration of dryland cereal cropping occurs on black cracking clays, near the junction of the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers. Wheat is the preferred crop, grown in winter when there is less chance of flooding, however summer crops, principally sorghum, are also grown. There are smaller plantings of dryland cereals around Riverslea Crossing, “Commanche”, Ridgelands and Etna Creek.

There is one extensive planting of leucaena in the Morinish area and smaller plantings around Alton Downs. Dryland navy beans are grown on small areas of black cracking clay on basalt in the Alton Downs and Etna Creek areas and may be rotated with wheat. Dryland cotton is restricted to one small area at Alton Downs.

Peanuts and navy beans are the dominant irrigated crop along the river and are grown on well drained, lighter textured alluvial soils, generally under centre pivot irrigation or, less frequently, under lateral move irrigation. Peanuts and navy beans have become the preferred cash crop along the river. Wheat may be grown under spray irrigation on the lighter soils between summer pulse crops. Smaller areas of irrigated grain sorghum are also grown around Riverslea Crossing and Alton Downs. There is only one small area of irrigated cotton at Alton Downs.

The largest area of irrigated tree crops is a macadamia plantation at South Yaamba, with a smaller table grape vineyard at Belmont, and mangoes and other tropical fruit trees at Alton Downs. Vegetable production is restricted to one small area of lettuce at Belmont, and minor areas of pumpkins and melons.

Table 4. Land use within the 5 kilometre buffer along the Fitzroy River (1998-99)

Land Use Area (ha) Dryland Cropping Cereals 6083 Fodder crops, including lucerne 536 Leucaena 158 Navy beans 82 Cotton 48 Total 6859

Irrigated Cropping Cereals 457 Peanuts, navy beans 933 Fodder crops, including lucerne 548 Leucaena 49 Cotton 74 Pastures 246 Macadamia, other fruit trees, grapes 213 Vegetables 27 Total 2595

Ponded Pastures 965

8 2.0 Study Methodology

2.1 Soil Survey and Mapping

The study methodology was designed to provide an evaluation of the suitability of land for irrigation at a scale that is adequate for water infrastructure planning and decision making, in addition to providing adequate land resource information for future investigations..

Existing geological, topographic and land system mapping, mentioned in Section 1.0, formed the basis for airphoto interpretation. Recent 1:20 000 scale colour air photography flown from March to June 1998 was available for the upper section of the river down to Eden Bann Weir. Older 1:25 000 scale colour air photography flown in March 1994 was used for the lower section of the river below Eden Bann.

Initial field investigations were based on 35 transects which were selected to intersect examples of all geological types and landforms from the river to the 5 km limit. Soils were sampled using an hydraulic corer to 1.5 m depth or to rock or other hard barriers, and described according to the Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook (McDonald et al, 1990). Field pH was recorded at standard depths of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 m. Electrical conductivity (EC 1:5 soil/water) and dispersion (Emerson aggregate test) were also recorded in the field at the standard depths if the soil was considered to be either saline or sodic in any horizon.

Where appropriate, soils were sampled in the subsoil horizons and the samples forwarded to the DNR laboratory for analysis to determine diagnostic chemical characteristics of the subsoil. The soils were classified according to the Australian Soil Classification (ASC) (Isbell, 1996). Other features recorded at each site were location (using a GPS), slope, landform, remnant vegetation, drainage, microrelief, and soil surface characteristics.

A geomorphic approach allowed the identification of eleven soil landscapes, based on lithology of the soil parent material and landform, within which sixty- seven soils were identified. Areas between the transects were then surveyed with emphasis on the alluvial plains and rises, as the hilly terrain was expected to be less suitable for irrigation. 570 sites were fully described during the survey, along with another 100 check sites where limited data were recorded or soil boundaries were checked. In addition, some 50 site descriptions and laboratory data were available from earlier soil and land system studies (Section 1.2.2).

Survey intensity ranged from one site per 80 — 200 ha (median 120 ha) for the alluvial plains and rises, to one site per 200 - 500 ha for the hilly terrain. This site intensity is acceptable for a mapping scale of 1:100 000 and is illustrated in the Reliability Diagram on the accompanying soils map.

Site data was entered into the SaliField Access database. Soil boundaries were marked on airphotos, transferred to a stable base map, and then digitised into an ArcInfo Geographic Information System (GIS). Each soil map unit or polygon in the GIS was allocated a unique identifier referred to as a Unique Map Area (UMA) number. Land resource data specific to each UMA was entered into the SaliUMA Access database. This land resource data included landform, dominant and subdominant land use, dominant and one or two subdominant soils, microrelief, drainage, surface condition and other soil or land characteristics which are required for suitability assessment of the UMA. A list of attributes recorded in the SaliUMA database is shown in Appendix 4.

A 1:100 000 scale soils map, based on the eleven soil landscapes, was produced from the GIS. Each UMA was given the mapping code of the dominant soil. Where adjoining UMA’s have the same code (i.e. the same dominant soil), there is a significant difference in landform or other land characteristic (eg. slope, microrelief, etc.) between the UMA’s to warrant separating them.

9 2.2 Laboratory Analysis

During the course of the soil survey, 160 diagnostic samples were collected from the subsoil of profiles and sent to the NATA registered Soil and Plant Analytical Laboratory, Resource Sciences Centre, Indooroopilly for laboratory analysis for a limited range of chemical parameters, namely pH, EC, chloride, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Diagnostic sampling was primarily undertaken to confirm moderate to high levels of subsoil salinity or sodicity which may affect rooting depth and plant growth. The results from the diagnostic sampling assisted in the selection of thirty representative profiles of the major soil types for full profile laboratory analysis. Analyses for another ten profile were available from previous studies (Section 1.2.2).

Sampling of full profiles was undertaken at standard depth increments of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 m, or was adjusted in any horizons which did not correspond to the standard sampling depths. Analyses were undertaken for pH, EC, chloride, particle size, exchangeable cations, CEC, total P, K and S and 15 bar moisture. Bulk surface samples (0-0.1 m) were also taken for assessment of general surface fertility including organic carbon, total N, extractable P, replaceable K, SO4-S and trace elements. Morphological descriptions and laboratory data of representative profiles are shown in Appendix 2. Analytical methods are described in Rayment and Higginson (1992).

2.3 Land Suitability Assessment

2.3.1 Crops and irrigation methods

Each UMA was evaluated for its potential for irrigated agriculture. A range of crops are being grown under irrigation within the Fitzroy River Catchment, principally in the Emerald Irrigation Area (EIA), but also along the Dawson and Don Rivers and the Callide Valley. The climate along the Fitzroy River upstream of Rockhampton does not differ greatly in terms of irrigation requirement from these other established irrigation areas. The landform, soil, land management and irrigation requirements for optimal growth for each crop differ. Therefore, a land suitability assessment was undertaken for three irrigation methods and a range of crops considered to be adapted to the study area, to provide an accurate and realistic evaluation of the overall potential for irrigated agriculture along the Fitzroy River.

Furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum and wheat

Furrow irrigation is the most common irrigation method on the clay soils, but it has specific soil permeability and slope requirements. The three crops selected for evaluation under furrow irrigation were cotton, sorghum and wheat. Cotton was selected as it is the most widely grown high value crop grown under furrow irrigation in the catchment. DPI agronomists (K McCosker and R Sequeira, pers. comm.) have indicated that there are no major agronomic or pest management limitations to growing cotton close to the coast near Rockhampton. While Rockhampton has lower solar radiation, more cloud cover and higher humidity than the EIA or the Callide Valley, it is still possible to grow a successful cotton crop with appropriate management. Trickle tape is being used for irrigation of cotton in the EIA, but is not the preferred method at this stage, so it was not considered in this study.

Sorghum and wheat were selected as examples of a summer and winter cereal respectively. There is some debate about the profitability of growing cereals under furrow irrigation, but they remain an easily managed alternative or rotation crop. Winter crops such as wheat are less susceptible to flood damage on the floodplain than crops grown in summer, the period of highest flood risk.

Spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean and peanuts

For this study, overhead spray irrigation includes centre pivot irrigation systems, lateral move irrigation systems and water cannons which are the preferred systems for moderate to large scale plantings. Hand shift systems, which are more appropriate for small areas, were not considered.

10 Wheat has been selected as it may be sown as a winter crop between summer crops such as peanuts and navy beans on the lighter soils. Peanuts and navy beans have been selected for evaluation under overhead spray irrigation as they are the preferred high value crops along the Fitzroy River. These two crops are generally grown on the lighter sandy and loamy alluvial soils, which are ideal for pegging and harvesting of peanuts and sufficiently well drained for navy beans. Soybean was selected as an alternative legume for overhead spray irrigation on clay soils, where peanuts and navy beans may not be suitable.

Trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grapes and vegetables

Trickle and microspray irrigation methods are the preferred method for horticultural tree, vine and vegetable crops. Fixed overhead spray irrigation (eg. for citrus) and hand shift spray systems (eg. for vegetables) may also be used, but were not considered. Citrus and grapes were selected because of the large successful plantings in the EIA and they represent temperate tree crops and deciduous vine crops respectively. Macadamia has been successfully grown in the South Yaamba area and represents a sub- tropical tree crop. Tropical tree crops, such as mango, lychee, or carambola, were not selected for assessment as these crops are traditionally grown in the milder climate along the coast. Frosts along the river inland from Rockhampton may severely limit establishment of young tropical fruit trees.

Vegetables grown in the study area include lettuce, pumpkins and watermelons. In this study, vegetables refers principally to cucurbits, melons and lettuce, and other vegetables with similar requirements, but excludes root vegetables such as potatoes, onions and carrots which are not suited to clay soils.

2.3.2 Suitability classification scheme

A five class land suitability classification (Land Resources Branch staff, 1990) was used with suitability decreasing from class 1 to class 5. A short definition of the classes is as follows:

Land resource and crop performance information gathered during discussions with landholders, agronomists, soil conservationists, irrigation specialists, etc., during soil surveys, as well as the results of laboratory analyses on diagnostic samples and on representative soil profiles, was used in preparing a suitability framework.

The suitability framework shown in Appendix 5 was developed by modifying existing systems used at Emerald (McDonald and Baker, 1986), the Dawson River (McCarroll and Forster, 1999), the Burdekin River Irrigation Area (Day, 1993), and the Auburn River (Wilson and Sorby, 1991), and modified for local crop and land use requirements.

Soil and land characteristics which cause land to have less than optimum conditions for a particular crop- irrigation method were recognised as limitations. Assessments were made for sustainable agriculture, not maximum production. Local soil and land attributes that provide a measure or an estimate of the effects of each limitation were then selected. The degree of severity imposed by each limitation on a particular irrigated land use was ranked as a limitation subclass, from subclass 1 to 5, allowing an overall assessment of suitability for that land use.

The limitations may be grouped into four categories depending on their effects as follows: • crop productivity factors — frost, salinity, water availability, wetness; • water management factors —furrow infiltration, soil complexity; • land surface management factors — surface adhesiveness, soil depth, narrow moisture range, surface condition, rockiness, microrelief, slope, topographic complexity; and • degradational factors — water erosion, flooding, intake potential, outflow potential

11 A brief description of the effect of each limitation on sustainable land use and the means of assessing the limitation is given in Appendix 5. A more detailed description of each limitation is given in “Guidelines for Agricultural Evaluation in Queensland” (Land Resources Branch staff, 1990).

As described in Section 2.2.1, the land attributes required to assess each limitation were recorded for each UMA in the SaliField database. The suitability framework sets out the decision rules in the SaliField database for determining the limitation subclass (i.e. the degree of severity imposed by each limitation) of a particular land use using the recorded land attributes for each UMA. The suitability of the UMA for a particular land use was then determined from the subclass of the most severe limitation. In some cases, the combination of two or more limitations may have been sufficient to downgrade the suitability of the UMA for that land use. Generally, where there were a number of subclass 4’s, the suitability was downgraded from class 4 to class 5, recognising that sustainable land use may not be achievable with a number of severe limitations.

The overall framework of the land suitability classification for each irrigation method and crop, and the details of limitation subclasses are given in Appendix 5. Maps showing the distribution of the suitability classes 1 to 5 for the individual crops have been prepared. In addition, the UMA’s have been grouped into twenty land categories that are suitable or marginal for a combination of crops, and a map showing the distribution of the land categories prepared.

The flooding limitation has not been assessed in any quantitative way and should be the subject of further investigation. The flood limit for a 1 in 14 year flood which occurred in March 1988 has been digitised into the GIS from satellite imagery, and this data has been used in assessing the flooding limitation. In addition, an investigation into potential development of landscape waterlogging and salinity is being conducted separately to this study by the SalCon Unit, Resource Sciences Centre, Indooroopilly.

The soil and land attributes and the land suitability assessment for each UMA for the different land uses have been included as Appendix 6. The individual limitation subclasses for each UMA for each land use are not included in the report, but are available from the DNR Resource Management Group, Rockhampton.

12 3.0 Soils

Sixty-eight soils were recognised and described within broad soil landscapes. The soils were further separated within the soil landscapes on the basis of landform. Soils range from deep sands, cracking clays and texture contrast soils on the alluvial plains, to shallow gravely loams and clay loams on the hilly terrain.

3.1 Soil Landscapes

Eleven soil landscapes based on different soil parent material have been identified within the study area and are listed in Table 5. Soil landscapes represent areas of different geology and lithology and are ranked in order of geological time from youngest to oldest. These landscapes are divided on the basis of different landforms which vary in slope, elevation, drainage and flooding. The different soils identified and described in the study have been allocated to a particular soil landscape.

Table 5. Soil landscapes of the Fitzroy River study area

Code Soil Landscape Landform Area % Description (ha) 1A Soils overlying Recent Level to gently undulating plains, terraces, 53 061 26 Alluvium active levees and backplains Dissected floodplains with scrolls, swales, channel benches, billabongs and floodways 2A Soils overlying Local Alluvium Valley flats, drainage depressions and fans 7 237 4 and Colluvium 3A Soils overlying Older Alluvium Level to gently undulating plains and relict 5 338 3 levees C Soils overlying Unconsolidated Level to undulating plains 29 603 15 Cainozoic Sediments T Soils overlying Deeply Flat to gently inclined summit surfaces and 4 310 2 Weathered, Flat Lying Tertiary gently undulating rises Sedimentary Rocks Steep slopes and escarpments B Soils overlying Basalt Gently undulating plains to undulating rises 4 085 2 I Soils overlying Intermediate Gently undulating plains to undulating rises 18 731 9 Volcanic Rocks Undulating to rolling low hills G Soils overlying Granitic Rocks Gently undulating rises 4 227 2 M Soils overlying Mixed Acid Undulating rises 15 020 7 and Intermediate Volcanic and Undulating to steep low hills Sedimentary Rocks S Soils overlying Steeply Gently undulating plains to undulating rises 45 469 23 Dipping and Folded Undulating to steep low hills Sedimentary Rocks U Soils overlying Ultramafic Gently undulating undulating rises 12 717 6 Rocks Undulating low hills to steep hills and mountains SWP - Swamps 1 701 1 Total 201 500

13 3.2 Description of the Soils

Soil profiles were examined and described at 570 sites according to the Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. Soil profiles were classified into sixty-eight soil types based on field descriptions, diagnostic sampling, lithology of the parent material and position in the landscape. A soil type, as defined in this study, is a group of profiles on similar parent material and with similar morphological and chemical characteristics such as horizon differentiation, colour, texture, structure and drainage. The soil types include those with uniform sandy, loamy or clayey profiles, gradational textured profiles and texture contrast soils.

A brief description of each soil type, the soil code, the Australian Soil Classification (ASC), the Factual Key (Northcote, 1979), and the dominant vegetation associated with the soil type are given in Table 6. The total area of each soil type is also provided, based on the area of each UMA in which the particular soil type is dominant. These areas have not been adjusted for the area within the UMA’s occupied by subdominant soils.

The nomenclature of the soil code is based on the soil landscape in which it occurs, the order of the ASC and the sequence of similar soils. For example, a particular soil on recent alluvium is named ‘1AVE1’. The first letter, or first number and letter for alluvial landscapes as in the case ‘1A’, represents the Recent Alluvium soil landscape. The second and third letter, in this case ‘VE’, represent the order Vertosol (cracking clays) of the ASC. The last number, in this case ‘1’, represents the first Vertosol on Recent Alluvium. As a second example, ‘SDE2’ represents the second ‘2’ Dermosol ‘DE’ on the Sedimentary Rocks ‘S’ soil landscape. A brief description of the Soil Orders of the ASC recorded in this study is presented in Appendix 1.

The area and the dominant soil type of each UMA are shown in Appendix 6.

3.2.1 Soils overlying Recent Alluvium

Soils overlying Recent Alluvium comprise 26% of the study area. They are split into two groups based on landform. The first group occurs on level to gently undulating plains, terraces, active levees and backplains which are occasionally flooded, whereas the soils of the second group are found on dissected floodplains with scrolls, swales, channel benches billabongs and floodways and are regularly flooded. This hydrological difference plays a major role in soil deposition, erosion and transport, which is reflected in the characteristics of the soils found on these landforms.

Level to gently undulating plains, terraces, active levees and backplains Uniform sands and loams 1ATE1 is a deep, sandy or loamy soil commonly found on slightly elevated terrace plains on the inside bend of the river or on broad levees where heavier coarse sandy sediments have settled because of decreased floodwater flows. It also occurs on broad levees immediately upstream or downstream of river bends. The soils are only flooded in extreme floods, usually less than once every 10 years.

The largest expanse of this soil occurs less than five km downstream of Glenroy Crossing on the right bank. The typical remnant vegetation on these soils is blue gum, Moreton Bay ash, pink bloodwood and narrow-leaved ironbark woodland or bottle tree softwood scrub (Figure 5).

The soil is a deep (>1.5 m), pale to brown alluvial sand or sandy loam with little horizon differentiation. The colour of the surface horizon to 0.6 m depth is brown with a diffuse change to a dark yellowish brown subsoil. The surface has medium sized sand grains and an earthy fabric, with coarser sized grains dominating the subsoil. The soil is porous and rapidly drained.

Soil reaction trend is neutral. Cation exchange capacity, soluble salts and exchangeable sodium are all very low throughout the profile because of the porous, well drained nature of the soil, however the surface fertility is moderate.

14 1ARU1 soil generally occurs on levees or plains adjacent to the river. It differs from 1ATE1 as it has a heavier textured surface and overlies buried soil layers. The typical remnant vegetation on this soil is softwood scrub or Moreton Bay ash and coolibah.

This soil has a thick loamy or clay loamy surface overlying buried loamy and sandy soils. The textural change between the heavier surface and lighter sandy or loamy buried soils generally occurs at 0.5 m depth. The surface colour is dark brown over brown to yellowish brown buried layers. The profile is massive, porous and well drained.

The reaction trend is neutral and cation exchange capacity is 10-15 me%. Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium are very low throughout the profile. Surface fertility is high.

Gradational soils and non-cracking clays 1AKA1 is a gradational loamy soil that is formed on terrace plains or broad levees and in many instances is being used for spray irrigation of navy beans and peanuts (Figure 6). Two of the largest areas of this soil occur at ‘The Pocket’ about 3 km south-west of Riverslea Crossing and ‘Commanche’ 20 km south of Glenroy Crossing. The remnant vegetation on the soil type is generally blue gum, narrow-leaved bottle tree, fig tree and cocky apple woodland.

The surface horizon is a brown sand with a gradual change occurring at 0.4 m to a brown sandy loam to sandy clay loam. The profile is massive and earthy throughout. Buried soils can occur at 1.3 m depth and may be sandy or clayey. The profile is porous and well drained.

The soil reaction trend is neutral and cation exchange capacity ranges from 3-10 me% descending down the profile. Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium are low throughout the profile. Surface fertility is high.

1ADE1 soil is usually found on a number of landforms including alluvial plains, terrace plains, levees and scrolls (Figure 6). It differs from 1AKA1 soil, being structured and usually heavier textured at the surface and throughout the profile. Mixed eucalypt woodland and softwood scrub communities are usually found on this soil.

This soil is a deep uniform or gradational clay loam or uniform non-cracking clay (Figure 7). The surface ranges from a dark or brown clay loam to a light clay grading to a black or brown clay subsoil. The profile is well structured with a dark, moderately organic surface horizon. This soil usually overlies buried soils of lighter texture than the subsoil.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline and cation exchange capacity is moderate (<15 me%) at 0.2-0.5 m depth. There is little soluble salt, but exchangeable sodium may reach 5-6% at 0.1m. Surface fertility if high because of the alluvial influence.

Texture Contrast Soils 1ACH1 is a texture contrast soil and usually occurs on plains (Figure 8). It is generally associated with 1ADE1, 1AVE1, 1AVE2 or 1AVE3 soils. The vegetation found on this soil is coolibah and blue gum woodlands and sometimes softwood scrub species.

This texture contrast soil has a loamy or clay loamy surface, 0.2-0.3 m thick, often with a 0.1-0.15 m thick bleached layer above the clay subsoil. The weakly structured surface horizon overlies a brown or black clay subsoil which is well structured. The bleach indicates that the profile is only moderately well to imperfectly drained, in contrast to the well drained soils described earlier. Other indicators of reduced drainage such as mottling, manganese and exchangeable sodium are not present, indicating that the bleach is due to the reduced permeability of the clay subsoil.

Table 6. Brief description and classification of soils

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha)

SOILS OVERLYING RECENT ALLUVIUM Level to Gently Undulating Plains, Terraces, Active Levees and Backplains Uniform Sands and Loams 1ATE1 Deep, pale to brown sands Orthic Tenosol Uc1.23 Blue gum, coolibah, narrow-leaved ironbark 4 045 and pink bloodwood, or softwood scrub 1ARU1 Loamy or clay loamy surface over buried loamy and sandy soils Stratic Rudosol Um1.23 Coolibah or softwood scrub 516

Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays 1AKA1 Sandy surface grading to a massive brown loamy or clay loamy Brown Kandosol Gn2.42 Blue gum, narrow-leaved bottle tree, Ficus 640 subsoil; over buried soils spp., and cocky apple 1ADE1 Clay loamy or clay surface grading to a black or brown alkaline Black or Brown Gn3.26; Mixed eucalypt woodland with bottle tree 4 465 clay subsoil; occasionally over buried soils Dermosol Um6.31; and Ficus spp. 16 Uf6.31, .32

Texture Contrast Soils 1ACH1 Medium thick bleached loamy or clay loamy surface over a brown Brown or Black Db1.43, 2.43; Poplar box, coolibah and blue gum 2 088 or black alkaline clay subsoil Chromosol Dd1.43, 2.43 1ACH2 Thick to very thick bleached sandy surface over a brown or grey Brown or Grey Db3.43; Blue gum, Moreton Bay ash, poplar box, 2 066 clay subsoil Chromosol Dy5.42 coolibah and pink bloodwood 1ASO1 Thick sandy or medium thick loamy bleached surface over a Brown or Grey Db4.42; Poplar box and narrow-leaved ironbark, or 3 320 mottled brown or grey sodic clay subsoil; rarely over buried soils Sodosol Dy5.42 poplar box and coolibah;

Cracking Clays 1AVE1 Deep, self-mulching black cracking clay Black Vertosol Ug5.1 Coolibah and/or brigalow scrub 4 205 1AVE2 Deep, pedal black or grey cracking clay Black or Grey Ug5.1, .15, .25 Coolibah and/or brigalow scrub 3 150 Vertosol 1AVE3 Pedal black cracking clay overlying buried soils Black Vertosol Ug5.17 Coolibah and blue gum woodland. 321 1AVE4 Deep, black or grey cracking clay; sodic in the upper subsoil and Black or Grey Ug5.1, .25 Coolibah and belah; coolibah and/or brigalow 1 903 often saline in the upper subsoil Vertosol scrub 1AVE5 Deep, black cracking clay; saline and sodic in the upper subsoil; Black Vertosol Ug5.1, .15 Coolibah and/or brigalow scrub 1 551 moderate gilgai or melonhole

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha) Dissected Floodplains with Scrolls, Swales, Channel Benches Billabongs and Floodways Uniform Sands and Loams 1ATE2 Deep, pale to brown sands Orthic Tenosol Uc1.23 Bluegum, Moreton Bay ash, and coolibah; or 2 307 softwood scrub 1ATE3 Loamy or clay loamy surface over buried loamy and sandy soils Orthic Tenosol; Gn2.45; Um1.23 Coolibah, blue gum, bauhinia and yellowwood 1 456 Stratic Rudosol

Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays 1AKA2 Sandy or loamy surface grading to a brown massive loamy or clay Brown Kandosol Gn2.42, .45 Blue gum, Moreton Bay ash, and coolibah 387 loamy subsoil; over buried soils Um1.23 woodland 1ADE2 Clay loamy or clay surface grading to a black or brown clay subsoil; Black or Brown Gn3.42, .22; Coolibah, blue gum and Ficus spp. Woodland 5 606 often over buried soils Dermosol Um5.42; Uf6.31, .32

Texture Contrast Soils 17 1ACH3 Very thick bleached sandy surface over a mottled brown or grey Brown or Grey Db4.22; Dy5.22 Coolibah and blue gum woodland. 479 clay subsoil Chromosol

Cracking Clays 1AVE6 Black or brown cracking clays; rarely sodic in the upper subsoil and Black or Brown Ug5.1, .15, .17; Cooilbah and/or brigalow scrub 14 397 occasionally saline in the lower subsoil Vertosol .34

SOILS OF LOCAL ALLUVIUM AND COLLUVIUM Valley Flats, Drainage Depressions and Fans Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays 2ADE1 Clay loamy or clay surface grading to a black or brown clay subsoil Black or Brown Gn3.26, .46; Softwood scrub 526 Dermosol Uf6.31, .32

Texture Contrast Soils 2ASO1 Saline, bleached loamy surface over a grey sodic clay subsoil Grey Sodosol Dy2.42, .43 Black teatree with poplar box 777 2ASO2 Medium thick bleached clay loamy surface over a black or brown Black or Brown Dd1.12; Db1.12, Poplar box and narrow-leaved ironbark 1412 sodic clay subsoil; saline in the lower subsoil Sodosol .42; Dy3.43

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha) Cracking Clays 2AVE1 Moderately deep to deep, self-mulching black cracking clays; Black Vertosol Ug5.1, .13, .15 Coolibah 1 858 occasionally gravelly 2AVE2 Moderately deep to deep, self-mulching black cracking clays; Black or Brown Ug5.1, .11, .37 Coolibah and blue gum 2 664 overlying magnesite, or magnesium carbonate nodules throughout Vertosol

SOILS OVERLYING OLDER ALLUVIUM Level to Gently Undulating Plains and Relict Levees Texture Contrast Soils 3ASO1 Thin bleached loamy or silty surface over a brown sodic clay Brown Sodosol Dd1.33, 43; Poplar box, narrow-leaved ironbark or gum- 1 016 subsoil; occasionally mottled Dy2.42 topped box 3ASO2 Medium thick clay loamy surface over a black or grey sodic clay Black or Grey Db3.43 Poplar box, narrow-leaved ironbark and blue 2 174 subsoil; occasionally over buried soils Sodosol gum 3ASO3 Medium thick to thick bleached sandy or loamy surface over a Grey or Brown Dd1.23, .33 Narrow-leaved ironbark and blue gum 802 mottled grey or brown sodic clay subsoil Sodosol; Grey Dy3.41, 5.42 18 Kurosol

Cracking Clays 3AVE1 Deep, self-mulching black cracking clay; alkaline Black Vertosol Ug5.1, .15 Coolibah and blue gum 112 3AVE2 Deep, brown or grey cracking clay; sodic in the upper subsoil; Brown or Grey Ug5.35, .25 Coolibah, or poplar box and brigalow scrub 1395 occasionally minor to moderate gilgai or melonhole Vertosol

SOILS OVERLYING UNCONSOLIDATED CAINOZOIC SEDIMENTS Level to Undulating Plains Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays CDE1 Loamy or clay loamy surface grading to a red clay subsoil Red Dermosol Gn3.12 Silver-leaved ironbark with softwood species; 1 261 or softwood scrub CDE2 Clay loamy surface grading to a black or brown sodic clay subsoil Black or Brown Gn3.43, .12 Dawson gum and narrow-leaved bottle tree 493 Dermosol CDE3 Black, brown or red clays Black, Brown or Uf6.31, .32 Softwood scrub; or coolibah and poplar box 1 329 Red Dermosol CDE4 Black or brown sodic clays Black or Brown Uf6.31, .32 Softwood scrub; or coolibah, Dawson gum and 424 Dermosol brigalow scrub

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha) Texture Contrast Soils CCH1 Medium thick to thick bleached sandy or loamy surface over a Brown or Grey Db4.42; Dy3.13 Cooilibah and belah; or softwood scrub. 349 mottled brown or grey clay subsoil Chromosol CSO1 Thin to medium thick bleached sandy or loamy surface over a Black or Grey Dd1.33; Dy3.43 Poplar box, narrow-leaved ironbark and pink 1 790 mottled black or grey sodic clay subsoil Sodosol bloodwood CSO2 Thin to medium thick clay loamy surface over a black or brown Black or Brown Db1.43; Dd1.13 Poplar box and narrow-leaved ironbark 3 168 sodic clay subsoil; occasionally bleached subsurface and saline in Sodosol the lower subsoil

Cracking Clays CVE1 Deep, fine to medium self-mulching black or brown cracking clay; Black or Brown Ug5.1, .15, .31 Coolibah and/or brigalow scrub 598 may be sodic in the lower subsoil Vertosol CVE2 Deep, coarse self-mulching black or brown cracking clay; saline and Black or Brown Ug5.15, .34, .33 Coolibah and/or brigalow scrub 6 338 sodic in lower subsoil; occasional gilgai Vertosol CVE3 Deep, medium to coarse self-mulching black or brown cracking Black or Brown Ug5.15, .16, .34 Brigalow scrub 2 541 clay; sodic in the upper subsoil and saline in the lower subsoil Vertosol

19 CVE4 Deep, pedal or weak crusting grey cracking clay; sodic in the upper Grey Vertosol Ug5.21, .24, .25 Brigalow scrub 5 993 subsoil and saline in lower subsoil; normal gilgai CVE5 Deep, grey, brown or black cracking clay; sodic and saline in the Grey, Brown or Ug5.2, .1, .35 Brigalow scrub. 5 321 upper subsoil; moderate to severe melonhole Black Vertosol

SOILS OVERLYING DEEPLY WEATHERED, FLAT LYING TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Flat to Gently Inclined Summit Surfaces and Gently Undulating Rises Uniform Sands TTE1 Very thick bleached sandy surface over a yellow sandy subsoil Bleached-Orthic Uc1.21 Narrow-leaved teatree 31 Tenosol

Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays TKA1 Deep, loamy or clay loamy surface grading to a red massive clay Red Kandosol Gn2.12, .11 Narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood 705 subsoil; generally acidic TDE1 Gravelly clay loamy or clay surface grading to a red or brown clay Brown or Red Gn3.11; Uf6.31 Narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood 1 241 subsoil; occasionally acidic Dermosol

Texture Contrast Soils TKU1 Very thick bleached sandy surface over a yellow or brown mottled Yellow or Brown Dy5.41 Narrow-leaved ironbark and pink bloodwood 163 sodic acidic clay subsoil Kurosol

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha)

Steep Slopes and Escarpments Gradational Soils TDE2 Shallow, cobbly clay loamy surface grading to a gravelly brown or Brown or Grey Gn3.11, 2.81 Narrow-leaved ironbark, lancewood and 2 171 grey clay subsoil; acid throughout Dermosol; Grey rosewood Kandosol

SOILS OVERLYING BASALT Gently Undulating Plains to Undulating Rises Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays BFE1 Deeply weathered, clay loamy or clay surface grading to a red Red Ferrosol Uf6.31 Softwood scrub 146 acidic clay subsoil

Cracking Clays

20 BVE1 Deep, self-mulching black cracking clay Black Vertosol Ug5.1, .12 Softwood scrub; or silver-leaved ironbark 3 855 BVE2 Shallow, self-mulching black cracking clay; occasionally cobbly Black Vertosol Ug5.12 Softwood scrub; or silver-leaved ironbark 85

SOILS OVERLYING INTERMEDIATE VOLCANIC ROCKS Gently Undulating plains to Undulating Rises Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays IDE1 Moderately deep, slightly to moderately gravelly clay loamy or clay Red, Brown or Gn3.12, .22, .42; Silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped 6 289 surface grading a red, brown or black clay subsoil; occasionally red Black Dermosol; Uf6.31; Ug5.37 bloodwood cracking clay Red Vertosol IDV1 Complex of red non-cracking clay and black or red cracking clay Red Dermosol and Uf6.31; Ug5.12, Silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped 1 314 Black or Red .37 bloodwood Vertosol

Cracking Clays IVE1 Moderately deep, self-mulching or pedal black cracking clay; Black Vertosol Ug5.12 Silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped 827 occasionally gravelly bloodwood; or coolibah and brigalow scrub

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha) Undulating to Rolling Low Hills Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays IDE2 Shallow, gravelly clay loamy or clay surface grading to a red or Red or Brown Gn3.42; Uf6.31; Silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped 10 301 brown clay subsoil; occasional rock outcrop Dermosol; Leptic bloodwood Tenosol

SOILS OVERLYING GRANITIC ROCKS Gently Undulating Rises Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays GDE1 Shallow to moderately deep, clay loamy or clay surface grading to a Brown or Red Gn3.22, .12; Silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped 1 298 brown or red clay subsoil; occasionally gravelly Dermosol Uf6.31 bloodwood

Texture Contrast Soils GCH1 Sandy or loamy surface over a brown or red clay subsoil Brown or Red Db4.12; Dr4.12, Narrow-leaved ironbark, silver-leaved 1 745 Chromosol .22 ironbark, poplar box and gum-topped 21 bloodwood GSO1 Sandy or loamy surface over a brown sodic clay subsoil; Brown Sodosol Db2.13, .23, .43 Poplar box, narrow-leaved ironbark, and ghost 1 184 occasionally bleached subsurface gum

SOILS OVERLYING MIXED ACID AND INTERMEDIATE VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Undulating Rises Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays MDE1 Shallow to moderately deep, clay loamy or clay surface grading to a Brown or Red Gn3.12, .22 Narrow-leaved ironbark, silver-leaved 6 199 slightly gravelly brown or red clay subsoil; occasionally sodic Dermosol ironbark, gum-topped bloodwood, ghost gum

Texture Contrast Soils MSO1 Moderately deep, gravelly loamy or clay loamy surface over a Brown or Black Db1.12, .13; Poplar box and/or narrow-leaved ironbark 1 798 brown or black sodic clay subsoil; occasionally bleached subsurface Sodosol Dd1.43

Undulating to Steep Low Hills Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays MDE2 Shallow, clay loamy or clay surface grading to a brown or red very Brown or Red Gn3.12, .22; Narrow-leaved ironbark, silver-leaved ironbark, 7 022 gravelly clay loam or clay subsoil; occasional rock outcrop Dermosol Um5.41; Uf6.31 gum-topped bloodwood and ghost gum

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha)

SOILS OVERLYING STEEPLY DIPPING AND FOLDED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Gently Undulating Plains to Undulating Rises Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays SDE1 Gravelly clay loamy or clay surface grading to a slightly gravelly Brown Dermosol Gn3.22; Uf6.31 Narrow-leaved ironbark, silver-leaved 2 651 brown clay subsoil ironbark, gum-topped bloodwood SDE2 Gravelly clay loamy or clay surface grading to a slightly to Brown or Grey Gn3.21; Uf6.31 Narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood; or 5 923 moderately gravelly brown or grey sodic clay subsoil; occasionally Dermosol softwood scrub mottled SDE3 Slightly to moderately gravelly, red non-cracking clay Red Dermosol Uf6.31 Silver-leaved ironbark, gum-topped 973 bloodwood; or softwood scrub

Texture Contrast Soils SSO1 Bleached, loamy or clay loamy surface grading to a slightly gravelly Brown, Black or Db1.13, .33, .43; Narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood; or 12 201 brown, black or grey sodic clay subsoil Grey Sodosol Dy2.23; Dd1.43 poplar box and narrow-leaved ironbark 22 Cracking Clays SVE1 Moderately deep, gravelly black cracking clay Black Vertosol Ug5.13 Brigalow scrub; or brigalow scrub and 853 coolibah; or brigalow scrub with bottle tree

Undulating to Steep Low Hills Gradational Soils SDE4 Shallow gravelly sandy or loamy surface grading to a grey or brown Grey or Brown Gn2.41, 3.21; Narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood 22 868 clay loamy or clay subsoil Dermosol; Brown Um5.41 woodland Kandosol

Soil Features of the Dominant Soil Australian Soil Factual Key Vegetation Area Code Classification (ha)

SOILS OVERLYING ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS Gently Undulating Plains to Undulating Rises Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays UDE1 Shallow to moderately deep, gravelly clay loamy or clay surface Red or Brown Uf6.31; Gn3.23 Serpentine ironbark and serpentine bloodwood; 4 866 grading to a red or brown clay subsoil Dermosol or softwood scrub.

Undulating Low Hills to Steep Hills and Mountains Gradational Soils and Non-Cracking Clays UFE1 Shallow to moderately deep, gravelly clay loamy or clay surface Red Ferrosol Uf6.31; Gn3.12 Softwood scrub; or serpentine ironbark, 1 518 grading to a red clay subsoil narrow-leaf ironbark and serpentine bloodwood UDE2 Shallow, very gravelly red or black clay loam or clay; abundant Red or Black Gn3.42, 12; Serpentine ironbark and serpentine bloodwood 6 333 rock outcrop Dermosol; Uf6.31 Leptic Tenosol 23

Soil reaction trend is alkaline, and neutral to alkaline in buried soil layers. Cation exchange capacity for this soil is 20 me% at 0.3 m depth. Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium are quite low down the profile, although exchangeable sodium increases in the lower subsoil to 11%.

1ACH2 soil occurs adjacent to the river usually on very broad levees or plains. Similarly to 1ATE1, this soil can be found along the inside of a bend in the river and is usually associated with 1ATE1 or 1ATE2 soil. Examples are found on ‘Aeroview’ 25 km south-south-east of Glenroy Crossing and ‘Bunavon’ 14 km north-north-east of Riverslea Crossing. Remnant vegetation recorded on this soil includes blue gum, Moreton Bay ash, narrow-leaved ironbark and pink bloodwood.

The soil is texture contrast with a thick to very thick sandy surface, including a thick bleached horizon at around 0.3 to 0.7 m depth. The brown or grey clay subsoil is well structured and has minor mottling deep in the profile. The profile is only moderately well drained due to the abrupt change in the clay subsoil.

Soil reaction trend is neutral. Exchangeable sodium and soluble salts are low throughout the profile. Cation exchange capacity is 15 me% in the clay subsoil at 0.6-0.7 m depth. Similarly to other soils on recent alluvium, surface fertility is high.

1ASO1 is a sodic texture contrast soil and occurs on similar landforms as 1ACH2. No single large areas containing 1ASO1 soil were identified along the river, but rather many smaller patches are evident. This soil is different to 1ACH2 as the surface horizon is thinner and the level of exchangeable sodium is greater in the subsoil. Vegetation communities growing on this soil include poplar box, narrow-leaved ironbark, blue gum and coolibah woodlands.

The surface horizon is a brown sand with an abrupt change occurring at 0.3-0.6 m depth. The sandy surface is massive and has a bleach horizon 0.1-0.2 m thick above the clay subsoil. The subsoil is a well structured, brown or grey clay with mottling throughout and manganese segregations in the lower subsoil. The profile tends to be imperfectly to poorly drained because of the texture contrast and the high levels of exchangeable sodium in the upper subsoil.

The dominant chemical feature of this soil is the high exchangeable sodium percentage in the subsoil. At 0.4 m depth, exchangeable sodium percentage is 30%. Soil reaction trend is neutral to slightly alkaline, and soluble salts are low to moderate in the subsoil.

Cracking Clays 1AVE1 soil represents the deep, dark cracking clays found on backplains normally abutting levees or scroll plains. Only a few locations within the survey area have large tracts of this soil, around the Dawson River and Mackenzie River junction at “Duaringa Station”, “Wallbury” and “Foley Vale”, north-east of Duaringa township, and “Mourangie” and “Slatey Creek”, 15 km north-east of Duaringa township on the right bank of the river (Figure 9). The remnant vegetation usually found on these soils includes coolibah, blue gum woodland and/or brigalow scrub.

This uniform cracking clay has a fine to medium self-mulching surface (Figures 10). The profile is a black well structured, medium to medium heavy clay, with calcium carbonate nodules in the lower subsoil. The soil is moderately well drained and slowly permeable because of the high clay content (65-73%).

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. Cation exchange capacity and surface fertility are both high for this alluvial soil with CEC values of 40-50 me%, dominated by calcium. Exchangeable sodium is low in the upper subsoil, but the level reaches 8% at 1.0 m depth, increasing to 9% at 1.5 m. High EC (1:5

H2O) values greater than 2 dS/m with low to moderate levels of chloride indicate the presence of gypsum in the profile.

1AVE2 is a similar deep, well structured cracking clay to 1AVE1 but has a pedal to coarse self- mulching surface, less prominent cracking and a black or grey subsoil. It occurs on backplains similar to 1AVE1 soils (Figure 9). A large tract of this country occurs at Yaamba. The vegetation is similar to that of 1AVE1 soil.

This uniform cracking clay has a black or brown, well structured, pedal or coarse self-mulching surface. The well structured, medium to medium heavy clay subsoil is black or grey. The soil is moderately well drained and slowly permeable because of the high clay content.

In comparison to 1AVE1, CEC and extractable phosphorus are lower, and the exchangeable calcium to magnesium ratio has a much narrower range throughout the profile.

1AVE3 is found on similar backplains to 1AVE1 and 1AVE2. It consists of one large unit at Alton Downs and one other small unit. This soil differs from other 1AVE soils because the cracking clay profile overlies buried soils of lighter texture. The vegetation is similar to that of 1AVE1 soil.

This uniform cracking clay has a pedal surface similar to 1AVE2. The surface, like the rest of the profile is a black, well structured medium to medium heavy clay. Buried soils occur at 0.6 to 0.8 m depth and are brown in colour with a substantial component of medium grained sand. The profile tends to be moderately well drained and moderately permeable because of the increased porosity of the underlying buried soils.

The soil reaction trend is neutral to slightly alkaline. No diagnostic chemical data is available for this soil, however soil chemistry is expected to be similar to 1AVE2 soil.

1AVE4 soils are often found on backplains similar to other 1AVE cracking clays. Their location within the plain tends to be further back from the river, or slightly elevated. A large expanse of this soil can be found on the right bank, opposite Belmont Research Station and another at Alton Downs. This soil varies from other soils in this group because of its chemical properties. The remnant vegetation likely to be found on this soil includes coolibah, belah, blue gum woodland and/or brigalow scrub.

1AVE4 soil has a black, strongly structured, self-mulching or pedal surface. It overlies a black or grey, strongly structured, medium heavy clay subsoil. Lower in the subsoil, calcium carbonate and manganese segregations are present. This soil has imperfect drainage, evident from mottling and manganese in the lower profile and the high exchangeable sodium. Site drainage on the level plains is imperfect to poor.

Soil reaction trend is neutral to slightly alkaline. Cation exchange capacity is high with values ranging from 40-50 me% down the soil profile. Exchangeable magnesium and sodium are the dominant cations. The exchangeable sodium percentage reaches 22 % at 0.6 m depth. Soluble salts are also evident in the soil with mean EC values of 0.8 dS/m at 0.6 m depth, increasing to 1.1 dS/m at 1.2 m depth. Surface fertility is also high.

1AVE5 occurs on plains which are further away from the river than for other alluvial clays. Minor gilgai and melonholes are a characteristic soil feature resulting in decreased site drainage. The vegetation communities found on this soil are coolibah woodland and/or brigalow scrub. The physical properties of this soil are similar to the 1AVE4 soil except that the colour of the subsoil is predominantly black.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. Diagnostic chemical data is available for only one site. Cation exchange capacity is moderate (23 me% at 0.3 m depth). Exchangeable magnesium and sodium are the dominant cations. Exchangeable sodium percentage is 25 % at 0.3 m depth. Soluble salt levels are high in the subsoil (mean EC 1.8 dS/m at 0.9 m depth).

Dissected floodplains with scrolls, swales, channel benches, billabongs and floodways Uniform sands and loams 1ATE2 soil is found on floodplains, scroll plains, bar plains and levees. They are frequently flooded because of their low elevation in the landscape and their proximity to the river. Most of these soils occur in narrow strips which run parallel to the river, while others form on the inside bend and are eroded or aggraded. Remnant vegetation found on this soil includes blue gum, Moreton Bay ash, coolibah and bottle tree softwood scrub.

This soil is similar to the 1ATE1 soils on the less flood prone plains, terraces and active levees.

1ATE3 soil occurs on gently undulating scroll plains. They are regularly flooded and can be aggraded or degraded depending on the type and size of flow down the Fitzroy River. The difference between this soil and the 1ARU1 described previously is that 1ATE3 is flooded frequently. The dominant vegetation communities on these soils consist of coolibah, blue gum and Moreton Bay ash woodland.

This soil has a loamy or clay loamy textured surface overlying buried loamy and sandy soils. The textural change between the heavier surface and lighter sandy or loamy buried soil generally occurs at 0.5 m depth. The profile is massive and whole coloured with a dark brown to black surface over a brown to dark yellowish brown subsoil. The profile is porous and well drained.

Soil reaction trend is neutral and cation exchange capacity is moderate at 10-15 me% at depth. This soil has very little soluble salts. Surface fertility is high due to regular sediment deposits during floods.

Gradational soils and non-cracking clays 1AKA2 is a gradational loamy soil and occurs on similar landforms to 1ATE2. The feature which separates this soil from 1AKA1 is the flooding frequency and landform position. No single large area of this soil occurs along the river because it is restricted to the low lying, flooded channel benches close to the rivers edge. Blue gum, Moreton Bay ash, narrow-leaved ironbark, coolibah woodland and sometimes softwood scrub are the dominant remnant vegetation on this soil.

This soil is very similar in both physical and chemical properties to the 1AKA1 soil discussed earlier, with the main difference being buried sandy and loamy layers occurring closer to the surface. As for 1AKA2, 1ADE2 is found on frequently flooded scroll plains. The remnant vegetation on this soil is usually coolibah, blue gum, and sometimes Moreton Bay ash.

The soil is a gradational clay loam or non-cracking clay, similar to 1ADE1, and generally overlies buried sandy or loamy layers. The profile is well structured with a dark, moderately organic surface horizon.

Soil reaction trend is neutral to alkaline. Soluble salt levels are low. Fertility is moderate to high because of the alluvial influence. The cracking clays have higher CEC and surface fertility than the gradational soils, and may also be sodic in the lower profile.

Texture contrast soils 1ACH3 is a texture contrast soil and occurs on a number of landforms including scroll plains, banks and stream channels. Similar to the other soils on dissected floodplains with scrolls, swales, channel benches, billabongs and floodways, 1ACH3 soils are on frequently flooded, low lying landforms which are narrow and very close to the river. The remnant vegetation is coolibah and blue gum.

The soil characteristics are very similar to the 1ACH2 soil described previously.

Cracking clays The distribution of the cracking clay 1AVE6 is very extensive throughout the floodplain. It occurs in stream channels, scroll plains, channel benches and drainage depressions. It is similar morphologically to the cracking clays 1AVE1 and 1AVE2, but because of its occurrence along the river and at the mouth and lower reaches of tributary streams, it is subject to erosive flooding, and the landscape is generally dissected and channelled to varying degrees. The remnant vegetation on this soil is mainly coolibah and blue gum, and sometimes brigalow.

This uniform cracking clay has a black, well structured, self-mulching or pedal surface. The strongly structured medium to medium heavy clay subsoil is black or brown in colour throughout. The soil is moderately well drained and slowly permeable because of the high clay content.

The soil reaction trend is alkaline. Cation exchange capacity is 29-38 me% down the profile. Exchangeable sodium percentage is typically low at the surface, increasing to 15% at 0.6 m depth. Soluble salt levels are moderate. EC values occasionally reach 0.9 dS/m by 0.6 m and increase with depth. As with other regularly flooded alluvial soils, surface fertility is high.

3.2.2 Soils overlying Local Alluvium and Colluvium

Soils of local alluvium and colluvium are associated with three landforms, mainly valley flats, drainage depressions and fans. The soils on this landscape make up 4% of the study area. The soils in valley flats and drainage depressions are frequently cracking clays and non-cracking clays, but sodic texture contrast soils are also found. The fans have a mixture of soils, but dominantly sodic texture contrast soils.

Valley flats, drainage depressions and fans Gradational soils and non-cracking clays 2ADE1 is a deep gradational or uniform non-cracking clay found in drainage depressions, valley flats, and fans. It occurs infrequently as small units throughout the study area, and in valley flats or drainage depressions within hilly country. Remnant vegetation includes blue gum, Moreton Bay ash, pink bloodwood and coolibah.

The surface is a dark or brown clay loamy or light clay which grades into a black or brown well structured clay subsoil. The soil is moderately well to imperfectly drained due to position in the landscape. Mottling occurs in the lower subsoil.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. There are low to moderate amounts of soluble salts in the subsoil.

Texture contrast soils 2ASO1 soil occurs in eroded and saline drainage lines and adjacent plains (Figure 11). The only large unit occurs within the granitic landscape on ‘Bighouse’, 8 km south-west of Eden Bann Weir. The remnant vegetation on this soil includes poplar box with black teatree as thickets along main drainage lines.

This texture contrast soil has a saline, loamy surface 0.05 to 0.15 m thick. The massive surface with a thin bleach overlies a grey sodic clay subsoil which is coarse structured. The bleach is indicative of drainage impedance.

The soil reaction trend is alkaline, becoming neutral, deep in the subsoil. Soluble salts have accumulated at the surface along the drainage lines at ‘Bighouse’ through evaporative concentration. Field EC at 0.1 m depth at one site is 3.4 dS/m, decreasing to 2.8 dS/m at 0.6m, then to 0.9 dS/m at 1.2m. Exchangeable sodium percentage is very high, being 46% at 0.3 m depth.

2ASO2 is a hard setting sodic texture contrast soil found in the drainage lines and valley flats of the soil landscapes on sedimentary and mixed intermediate and acid volcanic rocks. The remnant vegetation is poplar box woodland and narrow-leaved ironbark, often with false sandalwood understorey.

2ASO2 soil has a thin (<0.1 m) dark clay loam surface, occasionally silty clay loam, grading to a bleached clay loam or silty clay loam subsurface (0.1-0.25 m thick). There is an abrupt change at 0.2-0.25 m depth to a dark or brown, structured light medium or medium clay subsoil. The subsoil may grade with depth into a coarsely structured, mottled grey medium heavy clay. Manganese nodules or veins may be present in the lower subsoil. Drainage is imperfect to poor, evident from the bleached subsurface, subsoil mottling, coarse structure, heavy texture and manganese.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. Sodium levels in the subsoil are high.

Cracking clays 2AVE1 soil is predominantly found in drainage depressions within rises and hills of the intermediate volcanic and mixed volcanic and sedimentary rock soil landscapes. The remnant vegetation on this soil includes coolibah and blue gum or sometimes coolibah and brigalow.

2AVE1 soil has a black self-mulching light medium clay surface. The change is gradual to a black, strongly structured, medium heavy clay subsoil. The profile has both carbonate and manganese segregations throughout, and occasional gravel bands. Similar to 2ADE1 soil, the soil is assessed as moderately well drained and is subject to local flooding.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline, consistent with calcium carbonate through the profile.

2AVE2 soil is found on plains adjacent to and drainage lines within the ultramafic rock soil landscape. The largest units occur around serpentinite terrain west and north-west of Eden Bann Weir. This cracking clay is formed from alluvium derived from serpentinite and is influenced by magnesium rich groundwaters. The remnant vegetation on this soil includes coolibah with or without blue gum.

2AVE2 is a uniform black cracking clay. It has a medium size self-mulch and medium clay surface which merges diffusely into a black or brown strongly structured medium clay subsoil, and may overly magnesite or medium heavy clay or has magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) segregations throughout the profile. The soil is imperfectly to poorly drained because of the high clay content and the flat landforms.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline, consistent with the carbonate segregations throughout. Nutritional problems may be brought about by the very low calcium: magnesium ratio. Cation exchange capacity is high in these soils and is dominated by magnesium. This soil has low levels of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium in the profile.

3.2.3 Soils overlying Older Alluvium

The soils formed on older alluvium cover 3% of the study area. Two landforms are distinctly elevated above the floodplain, namely elevated plains and relict levees. The elevated plains are remnants of much more extensive older alluvial plains which have been dissected and eroded by downcutting. Over time, the alluvial soils have weathered and degraded, becoming more bleached and more sodic. The relict levees were built up through flooding events, however, due to the dynamic nature of the river systems, the levees are no longer flooded. The soils found on the levees are primarily sandy surfaced texture contrast soils.

Level to gently undulating plains and relict levees Texture contrast Soils 3ASO1 soil is found on elevated plains which are rarely flooded (Figure 12). Several units with this soil occur along the river west of Yaamba. The remnant vegetation found on this soil includes poplar box, narrow-leaved ironbark or gum-topped box.

This texture contrast soil has a thin loamy or silty surface, 0.05 to 0.1 m thick, with a bleached subsurface horizon above the clay subsoil. The massive surface horizon overlies a brown, sodic clay

subsoil which is coarsely structured and mottled. Manganese nodules are evident throughout the profile. The profile is poorly to imperfectly drained.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline and cation exchange capacity is moderate 25-30 me%. Exchangeable sodium percentage is variable ranging from 15-30 % at 0.1-0.3 m depth, while soluble salt levels are moderate to high.

3ASO2 soil occurs on similar landform to 3ASO1. It covers the largest area on the older alluvium landscape, with the largest unit occurring 6 km south of Yaamba. This soil differs from 3ASO1 as the surface horizon is heavier textured and thicker, and the profile overlies buried layers. Poplar box and narrow-leaved ironbark is the remnant vegetation on this soil.

This soil has a massive, black clay loamy surface ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 m thick. The subsoil is black or grey and sodic and may show faint mottling deep in the subsoil. The subsoil is coarsely structured and is imperfect to moderately well drained depending on the level and location of exchangeable sodium.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable sodium at 0.3 m depth are 19 me% and 10 % respectively.

3ASO3 soil is found on elevated plains and relict levees. The soils are not widespread across the study area and tend to be located close to the river in comparison with 3ASO1 and 3ASO2. The remnant vegetation on this soil is quite variable and may include narrow-leaf ironbark with blue gum or pink bloodwood, or poplar box and coolibah, or softwood scrub.

The surface horizons are thick (0.3-0.6 m) and occasionally very thick (>0.6 m) with an abrupt change occurring into the subsoil at 0.3-0.7 m depth. The brown, sandy surface is massive and overlies a 0.05-0.2 m thick pale or bleached horizon above the clay subsoil. The subsoil is moderate, coarsely structured grey or brown clay with mottling throughout. Manganese nodules are present in the lower subsoil. The profile has impeded drainage because of the coarsely structure and high levels of exchangeable sodium in the upper clay subsoil.

Soil reaction trend is generally neutral, however one profile with an acid subsoil was also recorded. An important feature of this soil is its high exchangeable sodium percentage in the subsoil. At 0.6 m depth the exchangeable sodium percentage is 23 %. Moderate salt levels occur throughout the profile, with EC 0.4 dS/m at 0.6 m depth. Cation exchange capacity is 14 me% at 0.6 m depth.

Cracking clays 3AVE1 soil is found on an elevated plain on the right bank of the river east of Ridgelands. Isolated blue gums are the dominant remnant vegetation. This deep uniform cracking clay has a fine to medium self-mulching surface. The soil surface horizon is black with strong structure. The strongly structured, medium to medium heavy clay subsoil is black throughout, with calcium carbonate nodules in the lower subsoil. The soil is moderately well drained and slowly permeable because of the high clay content.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline which is consistent with the calcium carbonate in the profile. Soluble salt levels are low. Surface fertility is expected to be moderate to high.

3AVE2 cracking clays occur on floodfree plains. A large expanse of this soil can be found at Alton Downs. This soil differs from 3AVE1 soil because of its colour, coarse structured surface, chemical properties and presence of gilgai. The remnant vegetation on this soil includes poplar box, coolibah and blue gum.

This soil has a black strongly structured, pedal surface. It overlies a brown or grey, well structured, medium heavy clay subsoil. Mottling is apparent lower in the subsoil, as is the occurrence of manganese segregations. This soil has imperfect drainage evident from the mottling, manganese segregations, sodic subsoil, gilgai and the limited site drainage on flatter landforms.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. Soluble salts are present at moderate to high levels in the soil.

3.2.4 Soils overlying Unconsolidated Cainozoic Sediments

Cainozoic sediments are old unconsolidated sediments that were once part of the ancient river system. The sediments include silt, sand, mud and gravel which are the parent material of the overlying soil. There are some unique features that enable the differentiation of soils formed on Cainozoic sediments from those formed on recent and older alluvium. These features include: • the elevated, gently undulating landform; • the presence of variable amount of siliceous gravel or stone on the surface and/or in the profile; • the acid trend of the deeper subsoil, grading into substrate material; and • the tough, coarsely structured nature of the lower subsoil.

Many of these soils are slightly elevated above the frequently flooded plains, but during large events much of this soil landscape adjacent to the recent alluvium may be flooded. A wide range of soils are found on this soil landscape, ranging from cracking clays to sandy surfaced texture contrast soils. Soils formed on Cainozoic sediments occupy 15% of the study area.

Level to undulating plains Gradational soils and non-cracking clays CDE1 is a deep red gradational soil found on plains elevated above the floodplain. Most units occur on and around “Bunavon”, 14 km north of Riverslea Crossing. The remnant vegetation on these soils includes softwood scrub with or without silver-leaved ironbark.

The surface ranges from a red loam to clay loam grading to a red clay subsoil. The profile is weakly structured at the surface, becoming moderately structured in the subsoil. This soil is well drained which is indicated by the red colour throughout the profile and the porous light texture.

Soil reaction trend is neutral to slightly alkaline and cation exchange capacity is low (5-15 me%) at 0.5 m depth. Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium levels in the soil profile are low.

CDE2 is a deep gradational soil which occurs on similar landforms to CDE1 in the upper reaches of the study area. The features which separate CDE2 soil from CDE1 soil are the black or brown, sodic clay subsoil. Vegetation communities on this soil include Dawson gum, narrow-leaved bottle tree and sometimes brigalow scrub.

A weakly structured, brown clay loamy surface grades into a black or brown clay subsoil. The subsoil is strongly structured and is mottled in the lower subsoil. Drainage of the profile is moderate to imperfect due to the moderate levels of exchangeable sodium in the subsoil.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. The cation exchange capacity is moderate (20 me%) at 0.6 m depth. Exchangeable sodium percentage is 17% at 0.6m and gradually increases to 25 % in the lower subsoil. Soluble salt concentration is moderately high in the subsoil with EC values of 0.7 dS/m at 0.9 m, increasing to 1.0 dS/m below 1.2 m depth.

CDE3 soil is a uniform non-cracking clay found on plains similar to CDE1 soils (Figure 13). One of the larger areas occurs 11 km south-south-east of Riverslea Crossing. The distinguishing feature of this soil from CDE1 is the heavier textured, non-cracking clay surface. Remnant vegetation on this soil varies and includes softwood scrub, poplar box and coolibah, or brigalow scrub.

This soil has a brown, strongly structured, light clay surface which grades into a black or brown or red, strongly structured medium heavy clay subsoil. Manganese and calcium carbonate segregations are present throughout the subsoil. The profile is moderately well drained and moderately permeable.

The soil reaction trend is alkaline. The cation exchange capacity is moderate (21 me%) at 0.3 m depth. Exchangeable sodium percentage is 4.5% at 0.3 m and soluble salt concentrations are high (EC 1.2 dS/m at 0.9 m depth).

CDE4 is a non-cracking clay and is a sodic subsoil version of CDE3 found on similar landforms. The colour of the soil also varies from black to brown. The remnant vegetation is brigalow scrub with coolibah and sometimes Dawson gum.

The soil reaction trend in the upper profile is alkaline, decreasing to neutral deeper in the profile. Electrical conductivity is 0.8 dS/m at 0.6 m depth. Cation exchange capacity in the subsoil of one profile is 28 me% and exchangeable sodium percentage is 13.5%.

Texture contrast soils CCH1 is a texture contrast soil with a non-sodic subsoil which occurs on plains usually elevated above the floodplain. The largest areas occur on ‘Bunavon’ 12 km north-north-east of Riverslea Crossing. Remnant vegetation on this soil includes brigalow scrub.

This texture contrast soil has a dark, massive sandy surface, 0.2-0.7 m thick. A bleached subsurface horizon, 0.05 to 0.2 m thick, may occur above a brown or grey clay subsoil. The subsoil is moderately structured with strong mottling deep in the profile. The soil is moderately well drained.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline. Exchangeable sodium and soluble salts are minimal throughout the profile. Cation exchange capacity in the subsoil is 12-13 me%.

CSO1 is a sodic texture contrast soil found scattered throughout the study area on similar landforms to CCH1. The main difference between this soil and CCH1 is the level of exchangeable sodium in the subsoil and drainage. The remnant vegetation on this soil is brigalow, poplar box or gum-topped box, with narrow-leaved ironbark, Dawson gum, or pink bloodwood.

The surface horizons are brown sands and sandy loams, 0.1-0.6 m thick, with an abrupt change into the subsoil. A thin bleach, 0.03-0.1m thick, may occur above the clay subsoil. The subsoil is a moderately coarse structured grey or brown clay with mottling and manganese segregations occurring throughout. The profile is imperfectly to poorly drained because of the texture contrast and the levels of exchangeable sodium in the upper subsoil.

The soil reaction trend is alkaline and the cation exchange capacity is 13-19 me% at 0.3-0.6 m depth. In the upper subsoil, exchangeable sodium percentage is 7-10% for three profiles sampled, and 35% for another. Moderate amounts of soluble salt occur throughout the profile with field EC values of 0.3 dS/m at 0.3 m depth, and a salt bulge occurring around 0.9 m in some profiles.

CSO2 is different to the other texture contrast soils on Cainozoic sediments as it has a clay loamy surface. Several of the larger units occur on plains approximately 8 km north of Riverslea Crossing and others near Glenroy Crossing. The remnant vegetation usually includes poplar box or narrow- leaved ironbark and sometimes brigalow scrub.

This texture contrast soil has a clay loamy surface, 0.05 to 0.3 m thick, often with a 0.1 to 0.15 m thick bleach above the clay subsoil. The massive to weakly structured surface horizon abruptly overlies a black or brown, strongly structured clay subsoil. This soil is generally imperfectly drained because of the textural contrast and the high exchangeable sodium levels in the upper subsoil.

Soil reaction tend is alkaline. Cation exchange capacity for this soil is 21 me% at 0.4 m depth. Exchangeable sodium percentage is moderate ranging from 7.5-11% in the upper subsoil. Soluble salt levels are low in the upper profile, but moderate in the lower profile (field EC 0.9 dS/m at 0.9 m).

Cracking clays CVE1, a deep cracking clay, occurs on plains which are slightly elevated. Moderate sized tracts of this soil occur near the Dawson-Mackenzie junction on “Slatey Creek”, 10 km north-east of Duaringa and on the left bank 5 km north-west of the “Aeroview” river crossing. The remnant vegetation on these soils is usually brigalow scrub and/or coolibah.

CVE1 is a uniform cracking clay with a fine to medium self-mulching surface. The soil surface horizon is a black, strongly structured black clay. The well structured, medium to medium heavy clay subsoil is black or brown throughout with calcium carbonate nodules in the lower subsoil. The soil is moderately well drained and slowly permeable because of the high clay content.

Soil reaction trend is strongly alkaline, which is consistent with the presence of calcium carbonate in the lower profile. Cation exchange capacity is high, 38-48 me%, and is dominated by exchangeable calcium. Exchangeable sodium gradually increases with depth with ESP 8-12% at 0.6 m depth, increasing to 17% at 0.9 m. Soluble salts are moderate with field EC values occasionally reaching values of 1.0 dS/m at 1.0 m depth. Some high EC values may be due to the presence of gypsum.

CVE2 soil is a deep cracking clay often found on the plains similar to the other CVE soils. Their location within the plain tends to be further back from the river and slightly elevated. CVE2 is similar to CVE1, but it has a coarse self-mulching surface, and a more sodic and saline lower subsoil. Gilgai may be present. Brigalow scrub and sometimes coolibah woodland are the dominant remnant vegetation.

CVE2 soil has a black coarse self-mulching clay surface. It overlies a black or brown, strongly structured medium to medium heavy clay subsoil. Carbonate and manganese segregations are apparent, as is some faint mottling, lower in the subsoil. Drainage is moderate, because of the occurrence of manganese and exchangeable sodium deeper in the profile.

Soil reaction trend for this soil is alkaline. Cation exchange capacity at 0.3 m depth is 22-39 me%. Exchangeable sodium percentage at 0.6 m depth is 9-16%. Soluble salts are also evident in the soil with mean EC values of 0.8 and 1.3 dS/m at 0.6 and 0.9 m depth respectively.

CVE3 is another deep cracking clay which occurs on slightly elevated plains similar to other CVE soils (Figure 14). Like CVE2 it occurs in small to medium sized areas throughout the study area. The remnant vegetation on this soil consists predominantly of brigalow scrub.

This soil is very similar to CVE2. Major differences are a medium to coarse self-mulching surface and a sodic upper subsoil. This soil is generally imperfectly drained due to the high clay content and occurrence of exchangeable sodium in the upper subsoil.

The soil reaction tend is alkaline, becoming neutral deep in the subsoil. The cation exchange capacity for this soil is 31-45 me% at 0.2-0.4 m depth. Exchangeable sodium percentage is moderate ranging from 11-17% at 0.2-0.4 m. Soluble salts levels are high in the subsoil, EC values reaching 1.4 dS/m at 0.9 m depth.

As for CVE3 soil, the cracking clay CVE4 occurs on plains which are slightly elevated. A dominant feature of CVE4 soil is surface gilgai less than 0.3m deep, spread across the units. Larger units of CVE4 occur south-west of Yaamba and The Caves. Brigalow suckers are the remnant vegetation growing at these locations.

CVE4 soil has a pedal or weakly crusting surface. The strongly structured medium to medium heavy clay subsoil is grey throughout. Mottling and manganese segregations may also be present in the lower subsoil. The soil is imperfectly drained because the high clay percentage, high exchangeable sodium and the gilgai microrelief.

Subsoil chemistry is similar to that for CVE3 soil. Soil reaction trend is neutral to alkaline in the upper profile, decreasing to acid deep in the subsoil. The cation exchange capacity is high ranging from 35-40 me% at 0.1 to 0.6 m depth. Exchangeable sodium percentage is also high ranging from 10% at 0.3 m and 20-25% at 0.5 to 0.6 m. Soluble salt levels in the subsoil are high (EC 1.0 dS/m at 0.6 m depth).

CVE5 soil occurs on similar landforms to the previous CVE soils. Surface microrelief ranges from moderate gilgai up to 0.3 m deep to severe melonholes up to 1.5 m deep. Water ponds in gilgai depressions or melonholes for extensive periods after rain. This soil occurs throughout the study area with some of the larger units 19 km south of Glenroy Crossing and south-west of The Caves. The remnant vegetation on this soil is brigalow scrub regrowth.

This soil is a uniform cracking clay which can have a pedal or coarse self-mulching cracking surface. Generally the subsoil is a grey (sometimes black or brown), moderately to poorly structured, medium heavy clay. Manganese segregations and some mottling generally occur in the upper and lower subsoil. Site and soil drainage is generally poor because of the severe melonhole or moderate gilgai, high clay content and poor structure due to the high exchangeable sodium in the upper subsoil.

Soil reaction trend for this soil is alkaline and cation exchange capacity at 0.5 m depth is 40-45 me%. The exchangeable sodium percentage in the subsoil is high (15-20% at 0.3 m), while soluble salts are also high (EC 1.1 dS/m at 0.6 m), with both these values increasing with depth.

3.2.5 Soils overlying Deeply Weathered, Flat Lying Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks

Soils formed on deeply weathered Tertiary age sedimentary rocks occupy 2% of the study area. Approximately half is on flat to gently inclined summit surfaces and gently undulating rises, while the remainder is on steep hillslopes and escarpments. The sedimentary rocks consist of flat lying, deeply weathered sandstones and siltstones. Outcrop is only found on steep escarpment slopes. Red massive gradational soils are the dominant type found on this soil landscape, however red structured gradational soils are also present in some areas. Deep, sandy surfaced texture contrast soils and deep, bleached sands occur on the lower slopes of gently undulating rises.

Flat to gently inclined summit surfaces and gently undulating rises Uniform sands TTE1 is a deep sand on the lower slopes of gently undulating rises. The only occurrence is a small unit associated with TKU1, 4 km north of Glenroy Crossing. The remnant vegetation is some narrow-leaved teatree suckers.

TTE1 soil is a deep uniform sand. It has a very thick grey or pale sandy surface grading at 0.5 m into a thick bleached sandy horizon, which grades at 1.2 m depth into a yellow sandy subsoil with some ferromanganiferous concretions. A pan or weathering parent material is present at 1.6 m depth. This soil is imperfectly drained because of its location within the landscape and the pan or impermeable clay layer at the base of the profile.

Soil reaction trend is slightly acid. Soluble salts are also very low because of leaching down the freely drained soil. Field dispersion was high in the weathering zone, indicating moderate to high levels of exchangeable sodium.

Gradational soils and non-cracking clays TKA1 soil occurs mostly on summit surfaces of plateaus. Typically the summit surface is a very gently to gently inclined surface running into steeper side slopes or an escarpment. Units of this soil are scattered throughout the western section of the study area, with one of the larger areas occurring 4 km north-west of Glenroy Crossing. The remnant vegetation on this soil is a narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood woodland (Figure 14).

TKA1 is a gradational soil with a loamy or clay loamy surface grading into a clay. The surface horizons are typically brown and massive and can vary in thickness from 0.2 to 0.5 m. The subsoil is a red, massive, light to light medium clay overlying weathering parent material from 1.2 m depth. The soil profile is highly weathered and leached as a result of the porous, well drained characteristics of the profile.

Soil reaction trend is strongly acid. The soluble salts are very low which is typical of a freely drained, leached soil. Effective cation exchange capacity is also very low throughout the profile (2-3 me%).

TDE1 soil is found on slopes of undulating rises. The slopes tend to be gently to moderately inclined resulting in greater surface runoff and less water infiltration. TDE1 soil is found throughout the study area, adjacent to TKA1 or TDE2. A large area occurs in the north-western corner of the study area about 4 km north-west of Glenroy Crossing. The remnant vegetation on this soil includes narrow- leaved ironbark and rosewood woodland.

This soil is gradational textured, with a clay loamy surface grading to a clay subsoil. The surface horizons are typically brown and massive and can vary in thickness from 0.1 to 0.2 m. The subsoil is a brown or grey, moderately structured, light to light medium clay overlying weathering parent material at 0.5 m depth. The soil is well drained.

The chemistry for this soil is similar to TKA1, however soil reaction trend is acid to neutral. Soluble salt levels are very low and effective cation exchange capacity is low (4-6 me%).

Texture contrast soils TKU1 is a texture contrast soil which occurs on very gently inclined slopes of rises similar to that of TTE1. Like TTE1 soil, it has limited distribution. The only mappable unit occurs 4 km north of Glenroy Crossing. The major difference between these two soils is that TKU1 overlies a clay subsoil which in turn overlies weathering parent material. The remnant vegetation on this soil is narrow- leaved ironbark, pink bloodwood and Moreton Bay ash.

This texture contrast soil has a brown sandy surface horizon, 0.5 m thick, and a bleached subsurface horizon, 0.15 m thick, which overlies a mottled, yellow or brown, strongly structured clay subsoil. Parent material occurs at 1.2 to 1.3 m depth. The soil profile is imperfectly drained

Soil reaction trend for this soil is strongly acid. Soluble salts are very low. Effective cation exchange capacity in the clay subsoil is low (5 me%), with high levels of exchangeable aluminium (1.5 me%).

Steep slopes and escarpments Gradational soils TDE2 is a gradational soil which occurs on steep slopes and escarpments of rises or hills, where weathered sandstone may be exposed.. Like TDE1 soil, TDE2 soil is found scattered throughout the study area usually in conjunction with TDE1 and TKA1. TDE2 is shallower and more gravely than TDE1. The remnant vegetation on this soil includes narrow-leaved ironbark, lancewood and rosewood woodlands..

TDE2 soil can have a massive clay loamy or structured clay surface. In both cases, the surface is black and gravely. A gradual change into the subsoil occurs at 0.15-0.3 m depth. The subsoil is brown or grey strongly structured clay, which overlies weathering parent material at 0.4-0.7 m depth depending on the slope.

The chemistry for this soil is similar to TKA1. Soil reaction trend is acid to strongly acid. Soluble salts are low.

3.2.6 Soils overlying Basalt

The soils overlying Cretaceous basalt range from strongly weathered, red gradational soils to uniform black cracking clays. These soils encompass 2% of the study area mostly in the Alton Downs and Etna Creek regions. The red gradational soils are located on the upper slopes of rises whereas the cracking clays develop on the broad crests and slopes of gently undulating plains and rises.

Gently undulating plains to undulating rises Gradational soils and non-cracking clays BFE1 occurs on gently undulating to undulating rises. The only mappable occurrence within the study area is a small unit associated with other soils derived from basalt, ten km south-west of Yaamba. The remnant vegetation found on this soil is softwood scrub.

The red, weakly structured, clay loamy or clay surface changes diffusely into a red, strongly structured clay subsoil. A gradual change from the medium clay subsoil into a weathering parent material occurs at approximately 1.5 m depth. The red colour, good drainage, and low cation exchange capacity and soluble salts in the subsoil is indicative of a strongly weathered soil.

The soil reaction trend is acid. Cation exchange capacity is moderate (23 me%) at the surface, and low (9 me%) at 0.6 m depth in the subsoil. Soluble salts are very low throughout the profile.

Cracking clays BVE1, a deep black cracking clay, is widespread on gently undulating plains or rises within the basalt landscape (Figure 16). All basalt derived soils are located in the eastern portion of the study area and occur along both sides of the Fitzroy River. The largest unit occurs at Alton Downs about 11 km north-west of Rockhampton. The original vegetation of silver-leaved ironbark open woodland or softwood scrub has been almost totally cleared for farming and grazing.

This uniform cracking clay has a black, self-mulching, strongly structured medium clay surface, grading to a black, well structured, medium heavy clay subsoil with calcium carbonate nodules in the lower horizons. Weathering parent material is normally reached by 1.2 m depth. The soil is moderately well drained, but slowly permeable with moderate site drainage due to the slope.

Soil reaction trend is strongly alkaline, which is consistent with the calcium carbonate in the lower profile. Cation exchange capacity is high (50-80 me%). Soluble salts are low to moderate, with EC values occasionally reaching 0.7 dS/m at 0.9 m depth.

BVE2 soil is a shallow, sometimes cobbly variant of the deeper cracking clay BVE1. It occurs generally on the crests and upper slopes of the undulating basalt rises, rarely with outcrop. Several small, but mappable areas of BVE2 occur at Alton Downs. Soil depth is generally less than 0.5 m over weathering basalt.

3.2.7 Soils overlying Intermediate Volcanic Rocks

A mixture of gradational soils, and uniform non-cracking and cracking clays overlie intermediate volcanic rocks, principally andesite and pillow lava of the Rookwood Volcanics. The majority of the intermediate volcanic soils can be found in a 60 km long band traversing the study area in a north- westerly direction. Soils on this soil landscape constitute 9% of the study area, of which over half occur on undulating to rolling low hills and the remainder on gently undulating plains to undulating rises.

Gently undulating plains to undulating rises Gradational soils and non-cracking clays IDE1 soils occur on gently undulating plains to undulating rises (Figure 17). The soils vary in profile depth and surface condition over short distances. These variations cannot be mapped at this scale. The remnant vegetation is dominantly silver-leaved ironbark, gum-topped bloodwood and ghost gum open woodlands, or small areas of softwood scrub.

The surface is a red, brown or black clay loam or clay, varying in thickness from 0.05 to 0.4 m. The surface is moderately structured with slight quantities of gravels present. The surface grades into a red, brown or black, strongly structured clay subsoil which overlies weathering parent material at 0.4 to 1.2 m depth. This soil is well drained because of the good structure and site drainage.

Soil reaction trend is neutral at the surface, becoming alkaline in the deep subsoil. Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium are very low throughout the profile. Cation exchange capacity is moderate to high.

IDV1 soil occurs on similar landscapes to IDE1 soil and consists of a complex of red non-cracking clay and a black or red cracking clay. A large area of this complex occurs 1 km west of Riverslea Crossing. The remnant vegetation includes silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood.

The red non-cracking clay is very similar to the IDE1 soil. In contrast the red cracking clay has a medium self-mulching surface and has a red, well structured subsoil. The depth to weathering parent material varies between 0.4-1.2 m depth. These soils are well drained which is evident from the red, strongly structured profile. The black cracking clay is similar to the IVE1 described below.

These soils have low soluble salts, moderate cation exchange capacity and a neutral to alkaline soil reaction trend typical of IDE1 and IVE1 soils.

Cracking clays IVE1 soils occur on the lower concave slopes of gently undulating to undulating rises. They usually occur in small unit and appear to be associated with coarse grained basic volcanic rocks within the intermediate volcanics. The remnant vegetation found on this soil is silver-leaved ironbark and gum- topped bloodwood open woodland, while black teatree may grow on the lowest part of the unit fringing drainage lines.

This uniform cracking clay has a self-mulching surface. The soil surface horizons are black, structured, light medium clays. The strongly structured, medium to medium heavy clay subsoil is black throughout, with gravels and calcium carbonate nodules in the lower subsoil. Depth to weathering parent material is normally 0.6m. The soil is moderately well drained and moderately permeable.

Soil reaction trend is strongly alkaline which is consistent with the calcium carbonate present in the lower profile. Cation exchange capacity is high (40-50 me%) throughout. Soluble salts are low and exchangeable sodium levels are low to moderate.

Undulating to rolling low hills Gradational soils and non-cracking clays IDE2 soil is a shallow, gravely, gradational soil or non-cracking clays on undulating to rolling low hills. Similar to IDE1, this soil can be found within a band of intermediate volcanics running north- north-west through the study area through Riverslea Crossing. Occasional rock outcrop can be found on hillcrests and steeper hillslopes. The remnant vegetation found on this soil includes silver-leaved ironbark, gum-topped bloodwood and ghost gum.

The surface is red or brown clay loamy or clay with gravels interspersed throughout. The subsoil is a gravely, red or brown, strongly structured light to light medium clay. The depth of soil above the parent material ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 m. The soil profile is well drained and site drainage is unrestricted.

Soil reaction trend is neutral and soluble salts are low.

3.2.8 Soils overlying Granitic Rocks

Soils overlying granitic rocks occupy 2% of the study area, mainly on gently undulating rises. The main area of the granitic soil landscape is located on the Ridgelands Granodiorite, north-west of Ridgelands and east of Eden Bann Weir, with smaller areas north-east of Glenroy Crossing. The soil types which occur in this soil landscape are sodic and non-sodic texture contrast soils, which are more common on granodiorite, and gradational soils and non-cracking clays, which are more common on granite. Granodiorite has a higher proportion of sodium felspars, than granite which is dominated by calcium and potassium felspars.

Granite soil landscapes are quite distinctive on airphotos with a square, blocky appearance because of the jointing and weathering pattern. The soils in the drainage lines within the granitic landscape can be quite saline at the surface and subsoil. These drainage areas are usually scalded and eroded and have black teatree growing in them.

Gently undulating rises Gradational soils and non-cracking clays GDE1 is a gradational soil or uniform non-cracking clay which occurs on the crest of undulating rises. It has limited distribution throughout the study area with the largest unit occurring east of Eden Bann Weir. The remnant vegetation includes silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood.

The surface ranges from a brown or red clay loam to a light clay grading to a brown or red medium clay subsoil. The subsoil is strongly structured, and overlies weathering parent material at 0.4-0.8 m depth. The soil profile is well drained.

This soil has a neutral soil reaction trend and is low in soluble salts. Cation exchange capacity is expected to be low to moderate.

Texture contrast soils GCH1 soil is a non-sodic texture contrast soil found on granodiorite (Figure 18). The landscape is typically a recurring pattern of gently undulating rises dissected by narrow drainage lines. A large expanse of this soil occurs north-west of Ridgelands and east of Eden Bann Weir. The remnant vegetation is generally a distinctive silver-leaved ironbark, narrow-leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood open woodland.

This soil is a texture contrast soil with a brown, sandy or loamy, massive surface, 0.2-0.3 m thick, over a brown or red clay subsoil. The subsoil is a moderately well structured, light medium to medium clay which grades into weathering granodiorite or granite parent material at 0.3-0.7 m depth. The soil is moderately well drained.

Soil reaction trend is acid at the surface grading to neutral in the subsoil. Exchangeable sodium and soluble salts are very low throughout the profile and the cation exchange capacity ranges from 4 me% in the surface horizons to 12 me% in the subsoil.

The sodic texture contrast soil GSO1 occurs on similar landforms to GCH1, such as the large areas of gently undulating rises on granodiorite north-west of Ridgelands and east of Eden Bann Weir. The vegetation is similar to that found on GCH1.

The surface horizons are sandy or loamy with an abrupt change occurring at 0.1-0.2 m depth to a moderately coarse structured brown light clay subsoil with minor mottling in the lower subsoil. The subsoil grades into a weathering parent material around 0.4 m depth. The profile is imperfectly drained because of the texture contrast and the high level of exchangeable sodium in the subsoil.

The reaction trend is strongly alkaline and cation exchange capacity is low, ranging from 6 me% at the surface, increasing to 17 me% in the subsoil. Exchangeable sodium percentage in the subsoil is moderate to high (15-28%). Soluble salts are moderate to high in the subsoil.

3.2.9 Soils overlying Mixed Acid and Intermediate Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks

The soils of this soil landscape are formed from various rocks, including sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, interbedded andesite and other volcanic rocks. Because of the mix of lithologies, mapped areas in this landscape typically have a dominant soil and one or more subdominant soils. The soil landscape occupies 7% of the study area, of which half is on rises and the remainder on hills. The majority of the soils are gradational soils and non-cracking clays with a smaller component of sodic texture contrast soils.

Undulating rises Gradational soils and non-cracking clays MDE1 soil overlies intermediate volcanic rocks and some interbedded sedimentary rocks and has similarities with IDE1 soil (Figure 19). It occurs on the slopes of gently to moderately inclined undulating rises resulting in greater surface runoff and less moisture infiltration. Large areas of this soil are located along the right bank, south of Glenroy Crossing. The remnant vegetation is variable and includes narrow-leaved ironbark woodland, or silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood open woodland, and small areas of softwood scrub.

This soil is a gradational or uniform textured soil which has a clay loamy or clay surface grading into a clay subsoil. The surface horizons are typically brown and massive and vary in thickness from 0.1- 0.2 m. The subsoil is a brown or red, strongly structured, light medium clay which grades into weathering parent material from 0.3-1.2 m depth. This soil is well drained because of the surface runoff and good structure.

Soil reaction trend is neutral. Soluble salts in the subsoil are low to moderate (EC 0.4 dS/m at 0.6 m). One moderately deep profile has a sodic subsoil (ESP 7.8% at 0.3 m) with a high cation exchange capacity (38 me%).

Texture contrast soils MSO1 is a texture contrast soil occurring on similar landforms to MDE1, but on acid volcanic rocks, sandstone and siltstone. This soil has similarities to SSO1. The remnant vegetation is very mixed with the dominant species being poplar box and narrow-leaved ironbark woodland.

The surface horizons are brown or grey, loam or clay loam, 0.1-0.4 m thick, sometimes grading into a pale or bleached subsurface, with an abrupt change occurring at 0.1-0.5 m depth to a moderately structured, brown or black clay subsoil. The lower subsoil may be mottled. The subsoil grades into weathering rock around 0.6-1.0 m depth. A shallower, gravely variant occurs on moderately steep hillslopes with MDE1 and MDE2 soils. Profiles are imperfectly to moderately well drained.

Soil reaction trend of this soil is strongly alkaline. Exchangeable sodium percentage is moderate to high (11-30%) in the upper subsoil, while soluble salts are also high in the subsoil, with a strong bulge occurring at 0.6 m depth.

Undulating to steep hills Gradational soils and non-cracking clays MDE2 is a gradational, sometimes uniform clay loam or uniform non-cracking clay, found on the slopes of undulating low hills to steep hills. It is a shallow, gravely version of MDE1, with similarities to IDE2. As for the other soils on mixed acid and intermediate volcanic and sedimentary rocks, most areas of this soil are located south of Glenroy Crossing on the right bank of the Fitzroy River. The remnant vegetation is similar to that found on MDE1 soil.

Typically, this soil has a brown, massive or weakly structure clay loam or a moderately structured clay surface, grading into a clay subsoil, and sometimes directly overlying rock. The surface horizons vary in thickness from 0.1-0.2 m. The subsoil is a brown or red, strongly structured, light to medium clay which grades into weathering parent material at 0.2-0.4 m depth. The shallow profile is well drained. Soil chemistry is expected to be similar to that for MDE1.

3.2.10 Soils overlying Steeply Dipping and Folded Sedimentary Rocks

Soils overlying sedimentary rocks comprise a significant portion (23%) of the study area and include gradational soils, non-cracking clays, cracking clays and sodic texture contrast soils. The soils are derived from steeply dipping and folded mudstone, siltstone, shale and sandstone and are found on rises, hills and mountains. The cracking clays are normally found overlying softer shale and mudstone on footslopes or in fans or depressions draining the hills and mountains. The gradational soils and non- cracking clays constitute the majority of the soils found on this soil landscape, with a significant proportion also occurring on plains.

Gently undulating plains to undulating rises Gradational soils and non-cracking clays SDE1 soil occurs on slopes of undulating rises as variable sized units throughout the study area. The remnant vegetation found on this soil includes narrow-leaved ironbark, silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood.

It is a gradational soil or uniform non-cracking clay with a clay loamy or clay surface grading into a clay subsoil. The gravely surface horizons are typically brown and moderately structured, and vary in thickness from 0.1-0.2m. The subsoil is a brown, strongly structured, light medium clay which grades into weathering parent material at 0.3 to 1.2 m depth. The soil is well drained.

This soil has an alkaline reaction trend. Soluble salts are low throughout the profile. Cation exchange capacity is expected to be moderate.

SDE2 is a deep gradational soil or uniform non-cracking clay which also occurs on undulating rises of siltstone and mudstone. SDE2 differs from SDE1 because of the sodic subsoil and reduced drainage. The remnant vegetation is also different and includes narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood woodlands, and sometimes softwood scrub.

The surface ranges from a gravely, dark or brown clay loam to a light clay grading to a gravely, brown or grey, mottled, moderately structured clay subsoil. A thin pale or bleached subsurface horizon may be present. Profile depth to weathering parent material is 0.3-1.0 m. The soil is moderately well drained.

These soils have a neutral soil reaction trend and have moderate levels of soluble salt in the lower subsoil. Exchangeable sodium in the upper subsoil is moderate (ESP 7-15%). Cation exchange capacity is moderate (13-25 me%).

SDE3 is a red uniform non-cracking clay found on undulating rises similar to SDE1 and is similar morphologically to the red non-cracking clay, IDE1 on intermediate volcanic rocks. It is not very common and the largest mappable unit occurs 8 km north-west of Glenroy Crossing. The soil is generally associated with bands of limestone and occasionally softer shales or mudstones, where it is mixed with SSO1, SDE2 and SDE4 soils. The remnant vegetation found on this soil includes silver- leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood woodland.

SDE3 soil has a dark or red, well structured, light to medium clay surface which grades into a red, well structured, medium clay subsoil. Manganese segregations are visible in the lower subsoil. There is an abrupt boundary between the subsoil and the hard limestone parent material. The profile is well drained and moderately permeable.

Soil reaction trend is neutral, becoming slightly alkaline immediately above limestone parent material. Soluble salts are very low.

Texture contrast soils SSO1 is a sodic texture contrast soil which occurs on similar landforms to SDE2 soils, often in a lower slope position. Like SDE2 soils, units of this soil are distributed across the study area. The

remnant vegetation is very mixed with the dominant species being narrow-leaved ironbark frequently with rosewood, poplar box, gum-topped box or pink bloodwood.

The surface horizon is a gravely, black or brown, massive or weakly structured, loam or clay loam, 0.1-0.3 m thick, with a thin pale or bleached subsurface and an abrupt texture change occurring at 0.1-0.3 m depth. The subsoil is a moderately structured, gravely, brown, black or grey medium clay. The soil overlies weathering parent material around 0.6 m depth. The profile is imperfectly to poorly drained because of the texture contrast and the level of exchangeable sodium in the upper subsoil.

Soil reaction trend of this soil is neutral to alkaline. Exchangeable sodium percentage is moderate to high in the upper subsoil and soluble salt levels are low to moderate.

Cracking clays SVE1 is a uniform cracking clay which occurs on footslopes or depressions within the rises on sedimentary rocks. The areas are usually small units, draining the catchments of larger sedimentary units. Brigalow is the dominant remnant vegetation on this soil.

The soil surface is a black, strongly structured light medium clay. The well structured medium clay subsoil is black with gravels and calcium carbonate nodules throughout the profile. The depth to weathering parent material varies from 0.6-1.2 m depth. The soil is a moderately well drained and slowly permeable. Shallow gilgai may be present.

Soil reaction trend is alkaline which is consistent with calcium carbonate in the lower profile. Cation exchange capacity is moderate to high (23-46 me%). Soluble salts and exchangeable sodium increase to moderate levels in the subsoil.

Undulating to steep hills Gradational soils and non-cracking clays SDE4 is a shallow, gravely gradational soil or non-cracking clay which occurs on the slopes of low undulating to steep low hills or hills (Figure 20). SDE4 soil occurs throughout the study area but the largest units can be found along the Gogango Range, east of the Dawson-Mackenzie River junction both sides of the Fitzroy River. The vegetation found on this soil is commonly a narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood woodland, sometimes with a scrub understorey, or small pockets of softwood scrub.

This gradational or uniform soil has a brown massive or weakly structured, loamy, clay loamy or light clay surface grading into a clay subsoil. The surface thickness varies from 0.1-0.2 m. The subsoil is a grey or brown strongly structured, light medium clay which grades into weathering parent material from 0.2-0.4 m depth. Gravels are common on the surface and through the profile. This soil is well drained because of the rapid surface runoff. Soluble salt and exchangeable sodium levels are low. Soil reaction trend is neutral to acid.

Shallow, gravely texture contrast soils with a brown or grey sodic clay subsoil, similar to SSO1 soil, are found in association with SDE4, particularly on hill crests.

3.2.11 Soils overlying Ultramafic Rocks

The ultramafic soil landscape is dominated by a strongly dissected landscape of undulating to steep hills and mountains on ultramafic rocks, dominated by serpentinite. The degree of weathering has been more intense on gently sloping summit surfaces and upper slopes, resulting in moderately deep, leached red soils. Elsewhere, the soils are generally very shallow and directly overlie slightly weathered serpentinite on steeper terrain.

Figure 5. Extensively cleared bottle tree softwood scrub growing on deep sands (1ATE1) overlying recent alluvium.

Figure 6. Cultivation prior to overhead spray irrigation of peanuts on a deep sandy gradational soil (1AKA1) overlying recent alluvium.

Figure 7. Gradational soil (1ADE1) overlying recent alluvium being prepared for rainfed navy beans.

41 Figure 8. Macadamia orchard growing on texture contrast soil (1ACH1) overlying recent alluvium.

Figure 9. Cultivated cracking clays (1AVE1) and flood prone lands (1AVE6) at the junction of the Mackenzie and Dawson Rivers, forming the Fitzroy River.

Figure 10. Self-mulching, black cracking clay (1AVE1) overlying recent alluvium, in preparation for rainfed cereals.

Figure 11. Black teatree lining a saline and sheet eroded drainage line with a sodic texture contrast soil (2ASO1) in granodiorite terrain.

Figure 12. Narrow-leaved ironbark growing on older alluvium (3ASO1), elevated above recent alluvium in the background.

Figure 13. Buffel grass pasture growing on red non-cracking clay (CDE3) overlying unconsolidated sediments, extending towards the Fitzroy River.

Figure 14. Preparation for furrow irrigation of cotton on a black cracking clay (CVE3) on a level plain.

Figure 15. Narrow-leaved ironbark and rosewood growing on red gradational soils (TKA1) overlying deeply weathered Tertiary sandstone.

Figure 16. Cultivated surface of a black cracking clay (BVE1) overlying basalt on a gently undulating rise, extending to recent alluvium on the right.

Figure 17. Silver-leaved ironbark and gum-topped bloodwood woodland on a red non-cracking clay (IDE1) overlying intermediate volcanic rocks.

Figure 18. Extensively cleared, gently undulating rise with a texture contrast soil (GCH1) overlying granodiorite.

Figure 19. Silver-leaved ironbark growing on a red gradational soil (MDE1) overlying mixed acid and intermediate volcanic rocks.

Figure 20. Narrow-leaved ironbark woodland growing on a gradational soil (SDE4) overlying steeply dipping and folded shales and sandstones.

Figure 21. Serpentine ironbark and serpentine bloodwood growing on a shallow stony soil (UDE1) on a steep hillslope in ultramafic terrain.

46 Serpentinite in the study area outcrops between Marlborough Creek and Canoona on both sides of the Fitzroy River. Serpentinite contains minerals high in iron, magnesium and heavy metals, but very low in calcium and potassium content. During strong weathering and leaching, magnesium is removed and may redeposit lower in the landscape or in seepage zones as magnesium carbonate (magnesite) nodules, while iron and heavy metals such as nickel, cobalt and chromium may concentrate in the weathered substrate and soil.

The soils formed on serpentinite are gradational soils, cracking and non-cracking clays. The cracking clays are primarily found on level to gently undulating plains, whereas the non-cracking clays and gradational soils occur on slopes of rises, hills and mountains.

Gently undulating plains to undulating rises Gradational soils and non-cracking clays UDE1 is a shallow gravely soil which occurs on gently undulating plains and rises (Figure 21). The vegetation is relatively uncleared and is mainly a serpentine ironbark and serpentinite bloodwood woodland, or softwood scrub.

This soil is a gradational soil or uniform non-cracking clay. The surface ranges from a gravely clay loam to a light clay grading to a very gravely, red, brown or black light to medium clay subsoil. The profile is well structured and well drained and overlies hard parent material at 0.2-0.3 m depth. Magnesium carbonate nodules may be present in the subsoil.

Soil reaction trend for this soil is neutral to alkaline. Cation exchange capacity is moderate to high (25-29 me%) and is dominated by exchangeable magnesium in the subsoil (Ca:Mg <0.1). The profile has low exchangeable sodium and soluble salts.

Undulating hills to steep mountains Gradational soil and non-cracking clays UFE1 is a red gradational soil or non-cracking clay which occurs on the strongly weathered and leached summit surfaces and upper slopes of steep mountains and hills. Distribution is limited to units on Mount Fairview and Eden Bann. The remnant vegetation found on this soil is mainly serpentine ironbark and serpentine bloodwood woodland, or softwood.

The soil surface is a red, weakly structured, clay loamy or clay, grading into a gravely, red moderately structured clay subsoil. A gradual change from the clay subsoil into a weathering parent material occurs after 0.5-1.5 m depth depending on slope and position. The red colour, low cation exchange capacity and very low soluble salts throughout the profile are features indicative of a well drained, oxidised soil high in iron oxides. Soil reaction trend is acid.

UDE2 is the main soil occurring on the steeply dissected hilly and mountainous terrain. Slopes often exceed 40% and abundant rock outcrop is present throughout the landscape. Serpentine ironbark and serpentine bloodwood woodland is the dominant vegetation community.

UDE2 are very shallow, gravely soils overlying parent rock at 0.1-0.2 m depth. The black, gravely, clay loamy or clay surface horizon either directly overlies serpentine or overlies a thin black, brown or red clay subsoil. The soil is moderately well structured and rapidly drained. Soil reaction trend is neutral.

3.3 Soil Chemistry

Soil chemistry data are presented from three sources. The first and most extensively collected chemical data were recorded from field tests for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and dispersion. The second data set was obtained from laboratory analysis of 160 samples, generally from diagnostic horizons in the subsoil. This data was then used to select 30 representative sites for full profile sampling and laboratory analysis for the third and most comprehensive data set.

47 Graphs of soil profile pH and EC data in Figures 22-47 have been prepared using mean field data and laboratory data, where available. While field data may vary from laboratory data by one half unit of pH and by up to 20% for EC, there are advantages in including field data from a large number of profiles, rather than rely on data from only one representative profile for which there is laboratory data for the whole profile. Where full profile laboratory data are not available, mean field data only have been used. Graphs of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in Figures 48-53 have been prepared using laboratory data only from representative profiles.

3.3.1 pH pH of the soils found along the Fitzroy River varies quite markedly depending on soil type and parent material. Soil pH is significant as it affects the availability of nutrients in the soil solution. Soils that are too acid (pH <5.5) may have aluminium and manganese toxicity, while deficiencies in calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen and molybdenum may also occur (Slattery et al., 1999). Soils that are highly alkaline may also have nutrient deficiencies and high exchangeable sodium percentage because of the presence of sodium carbonate rather than calcium carbonate.

Soils on recent alluvium can be divided into well drained soils and moderately drained soils which are sodic and non-sodic. The well drained soils, including 1ATE1 and 1ATE2, 1AKA1 and 1AKA2 (Figure 22), have a neutral to slightly acid reaction trend, deviating less than one pH unit down the profile, while 1ADE1 and 1ADE2 become slightly alkaline. The texture contrast soils have quite variable pH down the profile. 1ACH1, which has an acid surface, increases in pH to 8.0 in the subsoil. 1ACH2 and 1ASO1 trend from a slightly acid surface to a neutral to slightly alkaline subsoil.

The cracking clays 1AVE1, 1AVE2 and 1AVE5 have similar pH profiles (Figure 23), becoming alkaline in the subsoil. 1AVE3 and 1AVE4 are more neutral. Soils on local alluvium have variable pH at the surface, but all have an alkaline to strongly alkaline reaction trend in the subsoil (Figure 24).

The pH of most soils overlying older alluvium (Figure 25) is neutral at the surface and alkaline (pH 8) in the subsoil. 3ASO3, a thick sandy surfaced texture contrast soil, is slightly acid to neutral down the profile.

The gradational soils or non-cracking clays CDE1, CDE2 and CDE3 are well drained soils with a slightly acid to neutral surface and an alkaline soil reaction trend in the subsoil. CDE4, a poorer drained soil, becomes strongly alkaline by 0.6 m depth, then less alkaline by 1.5 m (Figure 26). The texture contrast soils CCH1 and CSO1 and CSO2 have a slightly acid surface, become alkaline to strongly alkaline at depth, then tend to become neutral to acid grading into the clay substrate (Figure 27). The cracking clays CVE1, CVE2, CVE3 and CVE5 (Figure 28) have neutral to alkaline surfaces, becoming strongly alkaline in the upper subsoil, then tending to neutral to acid in the deeper clay substrate. CVE4 has a neutral upper profile, becoming acid with depth.

Soils overlying deeply weathered Tertiary sandstone tend to have a neutral to acid reaction trends (Figure 29). TKA1, a deep gradational, well drained soil, has a strong acid reaction trend, whereas the shallow TDE2 soil is acid to strongly acid to 0.3 m depth. TDE1, a deeper gradational soil, is acid throughout.

BFE1 is a well drained, strongly weathered and leached soil, which is slightly acid at the surface, becoming strongly acid in the subsoil. The cracking clay BVE1 has a strong alkaline trend down to the weathering basalt deeper in the profile (Figure 30).

IDE1 and IDV1 soils overlying intermediate volcanics have an alkaline reaction trend (Figure 31), with a neutral surface, increasing to pH 8-9 with depth. The shallow IDE2 soil remains neutral throughout. IVE1 tends to be the strongly alkaline into the subsoil, typical of the heavier textured cracking clays. The sodic texture contrast soil GSO1 has an acid sandy surface increasing to pH 8.5 at 0.9 m, then decreasing to pH 8 in the weathering granodiorite (Figure 32). GCH1, a non-sodic texture contrast soil with improved drainage, has an acid to neutral reaction trend.

pH pH 45678910 45678910 0.0 0.0

1ATE1,2; 1AKA1,2 1ADE1,2 0.3 0.3 1ACH1 1AVE1,2 1ACH2 1AVE3,4 1ASO1 0.6 0.6 1AVE5 Depth (m) Depth 0.9 Depth (m) 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 22. Mean pH for soils 1ATE1, 1ATE2, Figure 23. Mean pH for soils 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 , 1AKA1and 1ATE2, 1ADE1 and 1ADE2, 1ACH1, 1AVE3 and 1AVE4, and 1AVE5 1ACH2 and 1ASO1

pH pH 45678910 45678910 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.6 2ASO1 2ASO2 2AVE1 Depth (m) Depth 0.9 Depth (m) 0.9 2AVE2 3ASO1 3ASO2

1.2 1.2 3ASO3 3AVE1 3AVE2

1.5 1.5

Figure 24. Mean pH for soils 2ASO1, 2ASO2, 2AVE1 Figure 25. Mean pH for soils 3ASO1, 3ASO2, and 2AVE2 3ASO3, 3AVE1 and 3AVE2

pH pH 45678910 45678910 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.6 CCH1 CSO1

Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth CSO2 0.9 0.9 CDE1 CDE2 CDE3 1.2 1.2 CDE4

1.5 1.5

Figure 26. Mean pH for soils CDE1, CDE2, CDE3 Figure 27. Mean pH for soils CCH1, CSO1 and CSO2 and CDE4

pH pH 45678910 45678910 0.0 0.0

TDE1 0.3 0.3 CVE1 TKA1 CVE2 TTE1 TKU1 CVE3 TDE2 0.6 CVE4 0.6 CVE5 Depth (m) Depth Depth (m) Depth 0.9 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 28. Mean pH for soils CVE1, CVE2, CVE3, Figure 29. Mean pH for soils TDE1, TKA1, TTE1, CVE4 and CVE5 TKU1 and TDE2

pH pH 45678910 45678910 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.3

BFE1 0.6 0.6 BVE1 BVE2

Depth (m) Depth 0.9 (m) Depth 0.9 ID E 1 IV E 1

1.2 1.2 ID V 1 ID E 2

1.5 1.5

Figure 30. Mean pH for soils BFE1, BVE1 and BVE2 Figure 31. Mean pH for soils IDE1, IDV1, IVE1 and IDE2

pH pH 45678910 45678910 0.0 0.0

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.6 MDE1

MSO1 Depth (m) Depth Depth (m) 0.9 0.9 MDE2 GDE1

GCH1

1.2 GSO1 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 32. Mean pH for soils GDE1, GCH1 and Figure 33. Mean pH for soils MDE1, MSO1 and GSO1 MDE2

pH pH 45678910 45678910 0.0 0.0

UDE1 0.3 0.3 SDE1 UFE1 SDE2

0.6 SDE3 0.6 SSO1 SVE1 Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth 0.9 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 34. Mean pH for soils SDE1, SDE2, SDE3, Figure 35. Mean pH for soils UDE1 and UFE1 SSO1 and SVE1

The reaction trend of the uniform to gradational soils MDE1 and MDE2 soils overlying mixed volcanic and sedimentary rocks tends to be neutral (Figure 33), whereas MSO1, a sodic texture contrast soil, is strongly alkaline. The pH of the soils found on steeply dipping sediments is irregular down the profile. The gradational soils or non-cracking clays SDE2 and SDE3 have neutral soil reaction trends whereas SDE1 is alkaline (Figure 34). SVE1 and SSO1 also have an alkaline trend down the profile.

UFE1 soils overlying strongly weathered and leached serpentinite are acid (Figure 35), while UDE1 on less weathered serpentinite is neutral to alkaline.

3.3.2 Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity (EC) provides a measure of the soluble salt content in soils. The level of soluble salts is an important attribute as excessive quantities affect crop growth by reducing water availability through osmotic pressure effects and by toxicity effects on plant metabolism (Donnollan et al., 1990). The majority of the soluble salt in profiles in the study area is sodium chloride (common salt), however calcium sulphate (gypsum) may contribute to the soluble salts in clay soils in the drier, western edge of the study area.

Lighter textured or strongly structured, free draining soils have low salt levels as any salts are leached out of the profile. Where salts occur in moderately well to poorly drained soils, the salt levels may peak in a particular horizon in the subsoil, as indicated by a bulge in the graph of EC values down the profile. The depth at which this bulge occurs indicates the depth of regular wetting down the profile, below which salt accumulates.

Overall, salt was evident in high amounts in several soils, including many of the Cainozoic clays and duplex soils in drainage lines. Small to moderate amounts of salt are also found in some of the alluvial clays and duplex soils on older alluvium and some sedimentary soils.

The almost vertical EC profile for 1ATE1 and 1AKA1 (Figure 36) represents the freely draining soils on recent alluvium, 1ATE1,2,3, 1ADE1,2, 1AKA1,2 and 1ARU1, which have very low salt levels throughout the profile. The imperfect drained 1ASO1 soil has a moderate salt bulge at 0.9m depth (EC 0.4 dS/m), corresponding with an imperfectly drained, sodic clay subsoil. The cracking clays all have increasing EC with depth , but the nature of the bulge varies. 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 have a steady increase in salt below the root zone (Figure 37). The cracking clay 1AVE4 has a moderate salt bulge at 0.6 m depth, while1AVE5, a sodic, imperfectly drained soil, has a strong bulge at 0.9 m depth.

51 The highest EC recording in the study area is in a soil 2ASO1 draining granodiorite terrain. EC values of 3.5 dS/m in the top 0.3 m decreasing to 0.9 dS/m at 1.5m depth (Figure 38) indicate a saline perched watertable. In contrast, the cracking clay 2VE2 has low levels of soluble salts down the profile.

The sodic texture contrast soils overlying older alluvium have moderate to high levels of soluble salt down the profile, with 3ASO1 having a strong bulge to 1.7 dS/m at 0.6 m depth (Figure 39). The cracking clay 3AVE2 has moderate to high amounts of salt with EC levels of 1.0 dS/m at 0.9m depth, while the well drained 3AVE1 has low levels of salt down the profile.

Soils formed on Cainozoic unconsolidated sediments tend to be inherently saline. The gradational soil CDE1 is permeable and has low EC levels down the profile (Figure 40). The other gradational soils or non-cracking clays CDE2, CDE3 and CDE4 are more saline with EC bulges occurring at 1.2 m depth for CDE2, and 0.9 m for CDE3 and CDE4. CCH1 has low levels of salt throughout (Figure 41), however the sodic texture contrast soils CSO1 and CSO2 have salt bulges around 0.9m depth (EC 1.1 dS/m and 0.9 dS/m respectively).

The cracking clays CVE1, CVE2, CVE3, CVE4 and CVE5 all have increasing EC levels down the profile (Figure 42). CVE1 soil has high EC levels lower in the profile, compared with CVE5 which has high levels closer to the surface. EC values for the other cracking clays CVE2, CVE3 and CVE4 occur between these two extremes.

Soils overlying basic volcanic and ultra-basic rocks have very little salt in the profile (Figure 43). The less permeable cracking clays BVE1 has higher EC values than the well drained and leached soils, BFE1 and UFE1.

IDE1, IDV1 and IVE1, moderate to well drained soils on intermediate volcanic rocks, have low salt levels down the profile (Figure 44). The sodic texture contrast soil on granodiorite, GSO1, has moderate to high EC levels by 0.6-0.9 m depth, while the better drained, non-sodic, texture contrast soil GCH1 has low levels (Figure 45).

Soils on deeply weathered Tertiary sedimentary rocks have very low EC levels throughout because of the highly permeable, well drained profile (Figure 46). Similarly, the gradational soils or non-cracking clays MDE1 and SDE2 have low to moderate EC levels. The sodic texture contrast soils MSO1 and SSO1 have salt bulges by 0.6 m depth, and the cracking clay SVE1 has moderate EC levels, reaching 0.8 dS/m at 0.6 m depth (Figure 47).

3.3.3 Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity

The levels of exchangeable cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) are influenced by parent material, clay percentage, clay type, presence of organic matter, age of the soil, and leaching down the soil profile. Clay and organic matter act as reservoirs binding the cations on the exchange. When cations are released from the exchange, they are either adsorbed again or leached down the profile. The capacity of a soil to hold individual cations on the clay exchange is important, along with the (total) cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. CEC and exchangeable Ca and Mg in the subsoil of selected representative profiles are presented in Table 7.

Rapidly drained soils such as the deep sands or red massive soils (1ATE1, 1AKA1) have low or very low CEC because of the low clay percentage and mineral status of the parent material. The strongly leached soils TKA1, BFE1 and UFE1 have low CEC because of leaching of cations off the clay exchange. The cracking clays (1AVE, CVE) which are high in clay content and derived from alluvium rich in minerals have a high retention of cations on the exchange.

Black cracking clays BVE1 on basalt are high in cations, especially calcium, while non-cracking clays IDE1 on andesite have more moderate levels of cations. Black cracking clays 2AVE2 derived from alluvium from the ultramafic serpentinite terrain have a high CEC, dominated by magnesium.

EC (dS/m) EC (dS/m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 1AVE1 1ATE1, 1AKA1 1AVE2 1ADE1 0.3 0.3 1AVE4 1ACH1 1ASO1 1AVE5

0.6 0.6 Depth (m) (m) Depth 0.9 Depth (m) 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 36. Mean EC for soils 1ATE1 and 1AKA1, Figure 37. Mean EC for soils 1AVE1, 1AVE2, 1ADE1, 1ACH1 and 1ASO1 1AVE4 and 1AVE5

EC (dS/m) EC (dS/m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 3ASO1 3ASO2 0.3 0.3 3ASO3 3AVE1 3AVE2

0.6 0.6

Depth (m) (m) Depth 0.9 (m) Depth 0.9

1.2 2ASO1 1.2

2AVE2

1.5 1.5

Figure 38. Mean EC for soils 2ASO1 and 2AVE2 Figure 39. Mean EC for soils 3ASO1, 3ASO2, 3ASO3, 3AVE1 and 3AVE2

EC (dS/m) EC (dS/m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0

CDE1 CCH1 CDE2 0.3 0.3 CSO1 CDE3 CSO2 CDE4

0.6 0.6 Depth (m) Depth Depth (m) (m) Depth 0.9 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 40. Mean EC for soils CDE1, CDE2, CDE3 Figure 41. Mean EC for soils CCH1, CSO1 and CSO2 and CDE4

EC (dS/m) EC (dS/m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0

CVE1 BFE1 CVE2 BVE1 0.3 CVE3 0.3 CVE4 UFE1 CVE5

0.6 0.6 Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth 0.9 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 42. Mean EC for soils CVE1, CVE2, CVE3, Figure 43. Mean EC for soils BFE1, BVE1 and UFE1 CVE4 and CVE5

EC (dS/m) EC (dS/m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0

ID E 1 GCH1

0.3 ID V 1 0.3 GSO1 IV E 1

0.6 0.6

Depth (m) 0.9 Depth (m) 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 44. Mean EC for soils IDE1, IDV1 and IVE1 Figure 45. Mean EC for soils GCH1 and GSO1

EC (dS/m) EC (dS/m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0

TKA1 SDE2

MDE1 SDE3 0.3 0.3 MSO1 SSO1

SVE1

0.6 0.6

Depth (m) Depth 0.9 (m) Depth 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5

Figure 46. Mean EC for soils TKA1, MDE1 and Figure 47. Mean EC for soils SDE2, SDE3, SSO1 and MSO1 SVE1

54 Table 7. CEC and Ca:Mg and clay activity ratios for subsoil of selected representative soils Soil Depth Clay CEC Ca Mg Ca:Mg CEC/clay m % meq% 1ADE1 0.2 - 0.3 23 15.7 8.6 4.3 2.0 0.7 1ADE2 0.2 - 0.3 22 12 5.5 6 0.9 0.5 1ACH1 0.2 - 0.3 30 21.1 8.8 8.3 1.1 0.7

1AVE1 0.5 - 0.6 73 52.1 32 15.1 2.1 0.7 1AVE2 0.5 - 0.6 57 34 17 14 1.2 0.6 1AVE4 0.2 - 0.3 69 32 16 18 0.9 0.5 1AVE6 0.5 - 0.6 59 38 15 17 0.9 0.6

2AVE2 0.5 - 0.6 62 57 0.7 64 0.01 0.9

3ASO2 0.25 - 0.3 37 19 8 8 1.0 0.5 3ASO3 0.5 - 0.6 32 14 2.5 6 0.4 0.4

CDE2 0.5 - 0.6 47 18.8 2.7 10.3 0.3 0.4 CVE1 0.5 - 0.6 72 45.6 21 21 1.0 0.6 CVE5 0.5- 0.6 49 28 8.4 21 0.4 0.6

TKA1 0.5 - 0.6 40 2 1 1 1.0 0.1

BFE1 0.5 - 0.6 63 9 5.8 3.3 1.8 0.1 BVE1 0.5 - 0.6 80 77 39 36 1.1 1.0

IDE1 0.2 - 0.3 66 45 19 12 1.6 0.7 IVE1 0.2 - 0.3 72 45 15 22 0.7 0.6

GCH1 0.3 - 0.4 17 5 3.4 1.7 2.0 0.3 GSO1 0.2 - 0.3 29 17 7 10 0.7 0.6

UDE1 0.2 - 0.3 39 29 1.8 27 0.1 0.7 UFE1 0.5 - 0.6 42 4 2.5 1.4 1.8 0.1

Soils formed over granodiorite, GSO1, GSO2 and GDE1, have markedly less exchangeable cations because the parent material has a large percentage of silicate minerals, but is low in dark minerals.

Soils overlying sedimentary rocks have variable exchangeable cations depending on the lithology of the parent material.

CEC/clay activity ratios presented in Table 7 provide an indication of the clay mineralogy in the subsoil. The higher ratios ≥ 0.6 indicate that smectite or montmorillonite (expansive) clay type is dominant in the cracking clays 1AVE1,2,6, 2AVE2, CVE1,5, BVE1 and IVE1, while a ratio >0.2 indicate that kaolinite clay type is dominant as in the strongly leached soils TKA1, BFE1 and UFE1 (Baker and Eldershaw, 1993).

The majority of the remaining soils with CEC/clay ratios in the range 0.3-0.5 would probably have illite (non-expansive) clay types as the dominant clay, however the higher ratios for non-cracking clays 1ADE1, IDE1 and UDE1 would suggest a mixture of illite and smectite clay types.

Exchangeable Sodium Percentage

Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) is the proportion of sodium compared to the total exchangeable cations. High amounts of exchangeable sodium may cause clay particles to disperse resulting in structural problems affecting plant root penetration and increasing the susceptibility of the soil to erosion. As little as 5% exchangeable sodium may cause dispersion (Sumner, 1995).

55 Soils overlying recent alluvium such as 1AKA1 and 1ADE1 tend to have relatively low ESP because the recent alluvium is low in sodium (Figure 48). The texture contrast soil 1ACH1 has low ESP at the surface (2%) and top of the subsoil (5%), increasing to 19% down the profile below the main root zone (Figure 45). The cracking clays 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 have low ESP (<2%) at the surface increasing gradually to moderate levels (8-10%) in the subsoil (Figure 49). In contrast, 1AVE4 has moderate levels (10%) at the surface increasing to very high levels (>25%) in the lower subsoil.

The majority of sodic texture contrast soils overlying older alluvium have high to very high ESP in the subsoils (Figure 50). For example, 3ASO3 has 35% ESP in the upper subsoil, gradually decreasing to 29% in the lower subsoil.

The gradational soils, non-cracking clay, texture contrast soils and cracking clays overlying Cainozoic sediments are sodic only in the subsoil (Figure 51). CDE2 increases in sodicity to 25% where it plateaus for the remainder of the profile. CCH1, a texture contrast soil, has low ESP in the surface and top of the subsoil and moderate to high levels (18-39%) in the lower subsoil. ESP in the cracking clays tends to increase gradually down the profile because of their uniform nature (Figure 52). CVE1, the least sodic clay, has ESP of 17% at 0.9 m depth, while CVE4 and CVE5 have moderate to high ESP (14 — 20%) at 0.6 m depth and very high (>25%) at 1.2 m depth.

GSO1, a sodic texture contrast soil derived from granodiorite, which is rich in sodium felspars, has moderate to high ESP (15-28%) in the subsoil (Figure 53). In contrast, GCH1 has very low levels of sodium down the profile, as has IDE1 a gradational soil or non-cracking clay on intermediate volcanic rocks. IVE1, a cracking clay on intermediate to basic volcanic rocks, has moderate levels of exchangeable sodium (10-11% ESP) down the profile.

3.3.4 Surface fertility

Selected surface fertility data for 28 representative profiles are shown in Table 8. Additional data for cations and trace elements are shown in Appendix 2.

Soils overlying recent alluvium generally have high surface fertility due to deposition of nutrient laden sediment from intermittent to regular flooding. The cracking clays 1AVE1, 1AVE2, 1AVE4 and 1AVE6 and the non-cracking clays IADE1 and 1ADE2 have moderate to high levels of organic carbon and moderate total nitrogen, excellent C/N balance and generally high phosphorus. The lighter textured soils 1ATE1 and 1AKA1 have lower levels of organic carbon, total nitrogen and phosphorus compared with the cracking clays, and a very low CEC considering their alluvial origin. The data for the 1AKA1 soil (LFZ 494) indicate that zinc, sulphur and phosphorus fertiliser, probably superphosphate, may influence the sampled site.

The black cracking clay 2AVE2 overlying alluvium derived from ultramafic terrain has a Ca:Mg imbalance due to the dominance of Mg on the clay exchange. The non-cracking clay UDE1 has a similar Ca:Mg imbalance due to the low Ca and high Mg in the serpentine minerals of the serpentinite parent material.

The levels of organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus and CEC in the texture contrast soils 3ASO3 overlying older alluvium are significantly lower than for texture contrast soil 1ACH1 overlying recent alluvium because of leaching over time.

The soils overlying Cainozoic sediments, CDE2, CVE1 and CVE5, are generally quite fertile, with high levels of organic carbon, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus in the surface horizon. The C:N and Ca:Mg balances are further indicators of good fertility.

BVE1, BFE1 and IDE1 have similar organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N, phosphorus and sulphur levels, but BVE1 on basalt has a very high CEC, IDE1 on andesite has a moderate CEC, while the leached red gradational soil BFE1 has significantly lower CEC.

ESP (%) ESP (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 0

1AVE1 1AKA1 1AVE2 0.3 1ADE1 0.3 1AVE4 1ACH1

0.6 0.6 Depth (m) Depth (m) 0.9 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5 Figure 48. ESP for soils 1AKA1, 1ADE1 and 1ACH1 Figure 49. ESP for soi1s 1AVE1, 1AVE2 and 1AVE4

ESP (%) ESP (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 0

CDE2 0.3 0.3 CCH1

0.6 0.6 Depth (m) 0.9 3ASO2 Depth (m) 0.9

3ASO3

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5 Figure 50. ESP for soils 3ASO2 and 3ASO3 Figure 51. ESP for soils CDE2 and CCH1

ESP (%) ESP (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 0

GCH1 CVE1 GSO1 0.3 CVE4 0.3 IDE1 CVE5 IVE1

0.6 0.6

Depth (m) 0.9 Depth (m) 0.9

1.2 1.2

1.5 1.5 Figure 52. ESP for soils CVE1, CVE4 and CVE5 Figure 53. ESP for soils GCH1, GSO1, IDE1 and IVE1

57 The red gradational soil TKA1 on Tertiary sandstone has surprisingly high organic carbon and total nitrogen, however the very low CEC is typical for this leached soil. Both texture contrast soils on granodiorite, GCH1 and GSO1, are relatively infertile, with low to very low organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and cations.

Table 8. Surface fertility data for representative soils (0-0.1 m depth)

Soil Clay pH Org C Total N C:N Extr P Rep. K SO4-S CEC Ca:Mg W & B Bicarb % % % mg/kg meq % mg/kg meq%

1ATE1 6 7.4 0.7 0.05 14.0 26 0.5 2.2 5 2.8 1ARU1 19 6.7 1.7 0.09 18.9 64 0.7 6.1 14 1.4 1AKA1 5 6.8 0.6 0.04 13.8 44 0.6 124 3 23.1 1ADE1 23 7.0 1.6 0.12 13.5 121 1.7 4.9 15 1.7 1ADE2 18 6.2 1.3 0.07 17.9 19 0.5 5.7 9 1.0 1ADE2 33 6.1 2.5 0.15 16.7 141 0.9 10.5 20 1.5 1ACH1 16 7.2 1.3 0.07 18.6 61 0.5 7 12 1.4

1AVE1 65 7.1 2.1 0.17 12.4 209 1.3 11.8 43 3.0 1AVE2 54 6.6 2.5 0.19 12.9 151 1.1 17.5 29 1.3 1AVE2 69 6.8 1.8 0.10 17.5 20 0.7 17.6 36 0.8 1AVE4 41 8.0 2.1 0.12 17.1 11 0.4 10.3 30 0.8 1AVE6 43 6.4 2.2 0.13 16.5 60 0.9 18.7 29 1.1

2AVE2 46 6.9 2.3 0.14 16.4 9 0.35 52 0.15

3ASO2 13 7.8 1.7 0.10 17.0 79 0.8 7.8 11 3.7 3ASO3 8 5.6 1.2 0.06 20.0 17 0.3 6.3 2 2.3

CDE2 26 6.4 1.5 0.15 10.0 65 0.6 12.6 9 2.0 CVE1 66 8.5 1.3 0.09 13.9 66 1.3 11.8 49 2.3 CVE4 49 6.9 1.8 0.15 12.0 25 0.2 12.3 22 0.9 CVE5 47 7.3 2.0 0.16 12.5 30 0.6 17.5 32 1.3

TKA1 22 5.1 1.7 0.09 18.9 30 0.5 11.7 3 1.6

BFE1 57 7.4 2.4 0.14 17.1 14 0.3 6.8 23 3.6 BVE1 76 7.7 2.3 0.13 17.7 10 0.2 6.7 78 1.5

IDE1 41 7.2 2.2 0.14 15.4 17 0.7 8.2 42 2.2 IVE1 68 7.6 1.4 0.08 17.5 5 BQ 8.3 42 0.7

GCH1 9 6.7 0.9 0.05 17.0 3 0.4 4 5 2.4 GSO1 8 6.6 0.9 0.04 21.3 4 BQ 6.3 6 1.5

UDE1 30 7.0 2.9 0.17 17.1 7 0.16 25 0.2 UFE1 18 6.5 3.8 0.15 25.3 6 0.21 19 3.8

58 3.4 Correlation with Adjoining Land Systems Surveys

Using GIS, the recent soils mapping has been compared with mapping of land systems along the Fitzroy River from two earlier studies.

3.4.1 Capricorn Coast land systems

The first area covers the land system mapping of the Capricorn Coast (Forster, in preparation) along the left bank of the river from Glenroy Crossing to Rockhampton. The scale of land system mapping is 1:250 000. It is clear from the more detailed soils mapping that several UMA’s in the land systems map have been mapped incorrectly. UMA 372 in the Belmont area of the Capricorn Coast land system study should be more correctly mapped as Blackwater (Bl) land system, cracking clay with Brigalow on Cainozoic unconsolidated sediments, rather than Coreen (Ce) land systems, cracking clay with Brigalow on recent alluvium. UMA 402 east of Eden Bann on the land systems map, should be more correctly mapped as Galloway (Gw) land system, with a range of texture contrast and gradational soils on granitic rocks, rather than Fernlea (Fl) land system, red and yellow massive earths on sedimentary rocks.

A comparison of the 1:100 000 soils mapping and the 1:250 000 land system map is presented in Table 9.

3.4.2 Dawson-Fitzroy area land systems

The second area covers the land systems of the Dawson-Fitzroy area (Perry, 1968) along the left bank to Glenroy Crossing, and along the right bank for the full length of the study area. The scale of land system mapping is 1: 500 000.

The correlation between the soil mapping and the land system mapping is not as good as in the example above, and there are several reasons for this. The mapping scale for the Dawson-Fitzroy land system study was coarser at 1:500 000. Access around the study area was more restricted in the 1960’s because of fewer roads and tracks, and less clearing and development on properties. Airphotos were all black and white and poorer quality, rather than the high quality, low level colour airphotos available for most of the study area.

Less detailed geological mapping was available to support landscape interpretation. For example, an area around Alton Downs was mapped as Kroombit (Km) land system, black cracking clays, uniform non- cracking clays and texture contrast soils on recent alluvium, when it is more correctly Westwood (Wt) land system with black cracking clays on basalt. The serpentinite (ultramafic) terrain around Mt Fairview was included in Hillmore (Hm) land system which is predominantly steep hills on sedimentary and volcanic rocks, rather than being allocated a separate land system which was the case for the serpentinite terrain on the left bank of the river.

There is a reasonable correlation between the soil mapping and land system mapping (Table 9) considering the five fold difference in mapping scale (i.e. 1:100 000 vs 1:500 000). However, as expected, there are many more anomalies than in the first example above.

59 Table 9. Correlation between soil mapping and land system mapping

Land System Mapping Soil Mapping Land System Soil Major Soils Minor Soils

Capricorn Coast land system mapping Coolibah Vermont 1AVE1, 1AVE2 Halivale 1ATE1, 1AKA1 Degalgil, Figtree 1ADE1, Planted 3ASO3 Coreen Vermont 1AVE1, 1AVE2 Nulgi Nullegai 3ASO1, 3ASO2 Woodstock Annandale TKA1, TDE1 TDE2 Barmoya Oscar BVE1 BVE2 Macsford Muldoon IDE1, IVE1, IDE2 Galloway Cleethorpes GCH1 GDE1 Voewood GSO1 Artillery Awoonga SSO1 SDE4, SVE1 Coorooman SDE1, SDE2, SDE3, Rundle Coorooman SDE4 Tungamull Ramillies UDE1, UFE1 Marlborough Gumigil UFE1 Eden Bann UDE2 UDE1 Blackwater Rolleston CVE1, CVE2, CVE3, CVE4, Pegunny CVE5

Dawson-Fitzroy area land system mapping Coolibah Vermont 1AVE1, 1AVE2, 1AVE3 Moolayember 1ATE1, 1AKA1 Clematis 1ADE1 Coreen Vermont 1AVE1, 1AVE2, 1AVE3 Dakenba Rolleston CVE1, CVE2 CDE1, CDE3 Thomby Rolleston CVE3, CVE4, CVE5 CDE2, CDE4 Taurus CCH1, CSO1, CSO2 Perch Luxor SSO1, SDE1, SDE2, SDE3 SVE1 Mourangie Medway SSO1, SDE1, SDE2, SDE3 SVE1 Hillmore Rugby UDE2, UDE1, SDE4 UFE1 Boomer Shotover SDE4 SDE2, SSO1 Malakoff Rugby MDE2, SDE4 MSO1, SSO1 Ohio Kinnoul IDE1, IDE2, IDV1 IVE1 Toonda Cheshire MDE1, MDE2, MSO1 Duaringa Annandale, Dunrobin TKA1, TDE1, TDE2, TTE1, TKU1

60 4.0 Vegetation

The vegetation along the alluvial lands and gently undulating slopes of the study area have been extensively cleared and, in places, completely cleared. In many areas there has been a cycle of extensive or selective clearing, regrowth, invasion by opportunist species and further clearing. Where only isolated trees and shrubs or clumps of trees and shrubs remain, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether this remnant vegetation represents the original vegetation community.

There are some clear correlations between vegetation communities and soils within the soil landscapes, however there are also many instances where communities occur across a range of soils, and instances where the community type is not clear. The dominant communities are scrubs, eucalypt woodlands, Acacia forests, and teatree forests and woodlands which are described below. A list of botanical names and common names for the major species is provided in Appendix 3.

4.1 Scrub Communities

Brigalow scrub has been extensively cleared from the productive cracking clay soils on Recent alluvium and Cainozoic unconsolidated sediments. Clumps of mature brigalow are generally restricted to land with melonhole gilgai. Sucker regrowth is common on grazed land, but not on regularly cultivated land. This community may merge with eucalypt woodland communities dominated by coolibah or blue gum. Belah may have been a more common associated species, but is now only common in the South Yaamba — Alton Downs area. Other species often associated with brigalow are yellowwood, ironwood, wilga and a range of shrubs also found in softwood scrub communities.

Brigalow-Dawson gum woodland is common on the sodic texture contrast soil on Recent alluvium, Older alluvium, Cainozoic unconsolidated sediments and sedimentary rocks. Coolibah is sometimes an associated species on alluvium, while the community may contain narrow-leaved bottle tree and shrubs on the unconsolidated sediments.

Bottle tree, bauhinia softwood scrubs were once quite extensive on the deep sandy and loamy terraces, however they are now almost completely cleared, except for scattered clumps or individual shade trees. This softwood scrub grows on elevated sandy and loamy terraces which are only flooded for short periods in the largest floods. Remnants of the same community are also found on sandy and loamy surface texture contrast soil overlying unconsolidated sediments.

A related softwood scrub community occurs on steep hillslopes of the hills and mountains on sedimentary, mixed volcanic and ultramafic rocks. Bauhinia is absent, and bottle trees are not as common. The sites are drier because of the shallower, gravely soils and better drainage, so microphyll species such as prickly alyxia and scaly ebony are more common.

4.2 Eucalypt Woodlands

Coolibah woodland is the dominant remnant community, along with brigalow, on cracking clay soils of the floodplain. Coolibah is well adapted to prolonged flooding, so its presence often defines the extent of the moderate floods.

Coolibah grows in association with blue gum on the dissected terraces, channel benches and scroll plains, where it provides a protective cover for fast flowing flood waters. This community will often merge with communities dominated by blue gum away from the active floodplain.

Apart from the softwood scrub mentioned in Section 4.1 above, the dominant community on terraces and levees with deep the sands and loams and the thick surfaced texture contrast soil is a mixed eucalypt

61 woodland of blue gum, Moreton Bay ash and pink bloodwood. Silver-leaved ironbark, quinine tree and wattles are associated species.

Poplar box woodland invariably occurs on the hard setting, sodic texture contrast soils overlying local alluvium, older alluvium, unconsolidated sediments and the lower slopes of terrain on sedimentary rocks. An understorey of false sandalwood may occur where a thin, hard setting loamy surface overlies highly sodic clays. In the Morinish area, the poplar box woodland has narrow-leaved ironbark and blue gum as associated species growing on grey, sodic cracking clays.

Gum-topped box woodlands are found in similar landscapes to the poplar box woodlands, however the sodic texture contrast soil generally have a deep, silty loam to silty clay loam surface. Gum-topped box communities are restricted to the eastern end of the study area.

Narrow-leaved ironbark woodlands, either as a single species or in association with other species, is a widespread community across a range of soil landscapes. It occurs on sodic texture contrast soils on old alluvium and local alluvium, often in association with pink bloodwood, blue gum and Moreton Bay ash. Narrow-leaved ironbark woodland with rosewood and wattles is the dominant community on the massive gradational soils on the Tertiary sandstone plateaus. This community also occurs on the sodic texture contrast soils and shallow, gravely loams of steeper terrain on sedimentary rocks and mixed volcanics

A distinctive eucalypt woodland to open woodland of silver-leaved ironbark, gum-topped bloodwood and ghost gum occurs on a range of soil landscapes. It is the dominant community on sodic and non-sodic texture contrast soils on granitic rocks, and on brown and red gradational soils and non-cracking clay soils on intermediate volcanics (Rookwood Volcanics) and areas of mixed volcanics. It was probably the original vegetation occurring as an open woodland on some areas of gently undulating basalt landscape around Alton Downs.

Serpentine ironbark and serpentine bloodwood form distinctive communities endemic to the ultramafic serpentinite undulating to hilly terrain in the north-western sector. A moderately dense shrub understorey of endemic shrubs such as Pimelia leptospermoides, Acacia leptostachya, Hakea trineura, Macrozamia sp and grass trees is characteristic of this community.

4.3 Acacia Communities

Rosewood is a dominant species on undulating rises to low hills on steeply dipping sedimentary rocks forming a rosewood woodland with emergent narrow-leaved ironbark.

Lancewood forests are restricted to the escarpments and steep upper slopes of Tertiary sandstone plateaus, and merge with rosewood woodlands with emergent narrow-leaved ironbark on the mid to lower slopes.

4.4 Teatree Communities

Black teatree low forests are restricted to low lying areas with a high water table, which may also be saline. This community occurs in association with poplar box woodland in a saline and scalded drainage line in the granitic landscape, and in association with belah in alluvial plains below the ultramafic landscapes.

Paperbark teatree is the dominant species in a mixed woodland with blue gum and swamp mahogany in a swamp in the floodplain west of Yaamba.

62 5.0 Land Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture

5.1 Limitations to Irrigated Agriculture

As discussed in Section 2.3.2, a five class land suitability scheme has been used to evaluate the suitability of each UMA for the different land uses determined by irrigation method and crop. The land uses considered in the study were:

Furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum and wheat; Overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean and peanut; and Trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grapes and vegetables.

Eighteen limitations which may effect the suitability of a particular UMA for each land use were considered. The eighteen limitations and the importance of each limitation in the evaluation for a particular land use are shown in Table 11. The limitations are rated of low, moderate or high importance or not applicable.

5.2 Crop Suitability

The distribution of areas of the suitability classes for the furrow irrigated crops, the overhead spray irrigated crops and the trickle or micro spray irrigated crops are shown in Maps 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The area of each suitability class for each land use is shown in Table 10.

Table 10. Area of each suitability class for each land use

Crop Area (ha) Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Suitable Class 4 Class 5 Subtotal Furrow Irrigation Cotton 0 0 15 386 15 386 9 251 176 863 Sorghum 0 0 10 994 10 994 13 418 177 088 Wheat 0 0 15 162 15 162 9 597 176 741 Overhead Spray Irrigation Wheat 486 9 129 26 084 35 699 20 325 145 476 Soybean 486 8 690 21 481 30 658 24 941 145 901 Navy Bean 0 3 179 18 032 21 211 25 304 154 985 Peanut 486 6 173 11 301 17 960 6 223 177 317 Trickle or Microspray Irrigation Citrus 2 267 7 130 14 373 23 770 22 783 154 947 Macadamia 117 8 545 14 991 23 653 21 414 156 433 Grape 0 8 664 15 206 23 871 23 901 153 728 Vegetable 0 1 573 50 787 52 360 55 270 93 870

5.2.1 Furrow irrigation of cotton

There are no class 1 or class 2 lands suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton. There are 15 386 ha of class 3 suitable land with a range of moderate limitations for cotton, and a further 9 251 ha assessed as class 4, marginal with severe limitations.

The largest suitable area occurs on cracking clays overlying basalt BVE1 in the Alton Downs and The Caves area and on elevated alluvial cracking clays 1AVE1, 1AVE2 and 3AVE1 and non-cracking clays 1ADE1 close to the river. A number of UMA’s with cracking clays CVE1, CVE2, CVE3 and CVE4 and non-cracking clays CDE1 and CDE3 on unconsolidated sediments are also suitable.

Table 11. Relative importance of different limitations to specific land uses

Limitation Code Furrow Irrigation Overhead spray irrigation Trickle or microspray irrigation Cotton Sorghum Wheat Wheat Soybean Navy bean Peanut Citrus Macadamia Grape Vegetable

Frost cf L L L L L L L H H L H Water erosion hazard e H H H H H H H M M M H Flooding f H H M M H H H H H H M Furrow infiltration i H H H na na na na na na na na Water availability m H H H H H H H H H H H Soil adhesiveness pa na na na na na na H na na na na

64 Soil depth pd L L L L L L L M M L L Narrow moisture range pm M M M M M M M na na na H Surface condition ps M M M M H H H L M L H Rockiness r M M M M M M H L H L H Salinity sa M H H H H H H H H H H Intake potential si H H H M M M M L L L L Outflow potential ss M M M M M M M M M M M Microrelief tm M M M L L L L L L L L Slope ts H H H H H H H M M M M Wetness w M M M M M H M H H H H Soil complexity xs H H H M M M M L L L L Topographic xt H H H M M M M L L L L complexity

Note: Level of importance H - High M - Moderate L - Low na - not applicable

In the South Yaamba area, one UMA with an alluvial non-sodic texture contrast soil 1ACH1 and several with alluvial sodic texture contrast soils 3ASO2 and 3ASO3 with a moderately deep surface have also been included.

A number of UMA’s with alluvial cracking clays 1AVE1 at the junction of the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers and 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 soils scattered elsewhere downstream have been downgraded to class 4, marginal, because of the flooding limitation during the summer growing season. Two UMA’s with cracking clays BVE1 on gently undulating rises on basalt at The Caves and South Yaamba have been downgraded to class 4 because of excessive slopes for furrow irrigation, and one also as an intake area with a salinity hazard. A number of UMA’s with alluvial sodic texture contrast soils on higher terraces 3ASO1 and 3ASO2 and on unconsolidated sediments CSO1 and CSO2 are marginal for cotton because of wetness and moisture availability limitations.

Flooding, wetness, furrow infiltration and topographic complexity were major limitations for the remaining alluvial areas assessed as unsuitable, while slope, topographic complexity, water availability and water erosion hazard were major limitations for the remaining upland areas assessed as unsuitable.

5.2.2 Furrow irrigation of sorghum

There are no class 1 or class 2 lands suitable for furrow irrigation of sorghum. There are 10 994 ha of class 3 suitable land with a range of moderate limitations to production, and a further 13 418 ha assessed as class 4, marginal with severe limitations. Most of the UMA’s suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton are also suitable for sorghum, except for some cracking clays and sodic texture contrast soils with high levels of subsoil sodium which are a severe limitation for sorghum. The largest suitable area occurs on cracking clays BVE1 overlying basalt in the Alton Downs and The Caves area, and on elevated alluvial cracking clays 1AVE1, 1AVE2 and 3AVE1 and non-cracking clays 1ADE1 close to the river. A number of UMA’s with cracking clays CVE1, CVE2 and CVE3, and non-cracking clays CDE1 and CDE3 on unconsolidated sediments are also suitable. In the South Yaamba area, one UMA with an alluvial non- sodic texture contrast soil 1ACH1 and one with an alluvial sodic texture contrast soil 3ASO2 with a moderately deep surface have also been included.

As for cotton, a number of UMA’s with alluvial cracking clays 1AVE1 at the junction of the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers and IAVE1 and 1AVE2 soils scattered elsewhere downstream have been downgraded to class 4, marginal, because of the flooding limitation during the summer growing season. Two UMA’s with cracking clays BVE1 on gently undulating rises on basalt at The Caves and South Yaamba have also been downgraded to class 4 for sorghum because of excessive slopes for furrow irrigation, and one also as an intake area for salinity hazard. A number of UMA’s with sodic cracking clays 1AVE4, 3AVE2, CVE3 and CVE4 and sodic texture contrast soils 3ASO1, 3ASO2, 3ASO3, CSO1 and CSO2 are marginal for sorghum because of wetness and moisture availability limitations.

5.2.3 Furrow irrigation of wheat

There are no class 1 or class 2 lands suitable for furrow irrigation of wheat. There are 15 162 ha of class 3 suitable land with a range of moderate limitations to production, and a further 9 597 ha assessed as class 4, marginal with severe limitations. All the UMA’s suitable for furrow irrigation of sorghum are also suitable for wheat. These have soils such as cracking clays BVE1 overlying basalt in the Alton Downs and The Caves area, elevated alluvial cracking clays 1AVE2 and 3AVE1 and non-cracking clays 1ADE1 close to the river. A number of UMA’s with cracking clays CVE1, CVE2 and CVE3, and non-cracking clays CDE1 and CDE3 on unconsolidated sediments are also suitable. In the Yaamba and South Yaamba area, one UMA with an alluvial non-sodic texture contrast soil 1ACH1 and two with an alluvial sodic texture contrast soil 3ASO2 with a moderately deep surface have also been included.

In addition, eleven floodprone UMA’s with alluvial cracking clays 1AVE, 1AVE2 and 1ADE1 which are marginal for summer growing crops such as cotton, sorghum, soybean and navy bean, because of the flood hazard during the summer growing season, are suitable for furrow irrigation of a winter growing cereal such as wheat.

As for cotton and sorghum, two UMA’s with cracking clays BVE1 on gently undulating rises on basalt at The Caves and South Yaamba have been downgraded to class 4 for wheat because of excessive slopes for furrow irrigation, and one also as an intake area with a salinity hazard. A number of UMA’s with sodic cracking clays 1AVE4, 3AVE2, CVE3 and CVE4 and sodic texture contrast soils 1ASO1, 3ASO1, 3ASO2, 3ASO3, CSO1 and CSO2 are marginal for wheat because of wetness and moisture availability limitations. Three UMA’s on levees with gradational alluvial soils 1ADE1 have been assessed as class 4 because the well drained, porous characteristic of the soil is considered a severe infiltration limitation.

5.2.4 Overhead spray irrigation of wheat

There are 35 699 ha of classes 1, 2 and 3 land suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat with either few, minor or moderate limitations to production reasonably distributed through the study area. A further 20 325 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

All the UMA’s suitable for furrow irrigation of wheat are also suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat. In addition, many UMA’s which were not level enough or had soils too permeable for furrow irrigation have been assessed suitable for spray irrigation. These permeable soils include alluvial sands and loams 1ATE1 and 1ARU1, gradational clay loams and clays 1AKA1 and 1ADE1 and texture contrast soils 1ACH1, 1ACH2 and 1ASO1. The permeable soils also include gradational clay loams and clays CDE1, CDE2 and CDE3 and texture contrast soils CCH1 on unconsolidated sediments and sands TTE1, gradational soils TKA1 and texture contrast soils TKU1 on Tertiary siltstones and sandstones.

UMA’s with suitable cracking clays mainly occur on the basalt landscape BVE1, recent alluvium 1AVE1, 1AVE2 and 1AVE3, older alluvium 3AVE1 and unconsolidated sediments CVE1, CVE2 and CVE3. Some upland UMA’s with gentle slopes and gradational soils, non-cracking clays and cracking clays on intermediate volcanic rocks IDE1 and IVE1, on mixed acid and intermediate volcanic rocks MDE1 and on sedimentary rocks SDE1 and SDE2 have also been assessed as suitable, while many UMA’s with similar soils on steeper or more dissected terrain have been downgraded to marginal, or unsuitable in the more extreme instances.

A number of UMA’s with sodic cracking clays 1AVE4, 3AVE2, CVE3 and CVE4 and sodic texture contrast soils 3ASO1, 3ASO2, 3ASO3, CSO1 and CSO2 are marginal for wheat because of wetness and moisture availability limitations, due to a restricted rooting depth above the sodic subsoil. Some upland UMA’s

Flooding, wetness and topographic complexity were major limitations for the remaining alluvial areas assessed as unsuitable, while slope, topographic complexity, water availability and water erosion hazard were major limitations for the remaining upland areas assessed as unsuitable.

5.2.5 Overhead spray irrigation of soybean

There are 30 658 ha of classes 1, 2 and 3 land suitable for overhead spray irrigation of soy bean with either few, minor or moderate limitations to production reasonably distributed through the study area. A further 24 941 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

Soybean has similar soil requirements to wheat, so most the UMA’s suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat are also suitable for overhead spray irrigation of soybean. The exception is those UMA’s along

the river floodplain which are subject to flooding during the summer growing season, particularly the alluvial cracking clays 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 near the junction of the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers. These UMA’s have been downgraded to class 4, marginal, because of a severe flooding limitation.

5.2.6 Overhead spray irrigation of navy bean

There are 21 211 ha of classes 2 and 3 land suitable for overhead spray irrigation of navy bean with either minor or moderate limitations to production reasonably distributed through the study area. An additional 25 304 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

Navy bean has a shallower rooting system than soybean, and is not tolerant of any waterlogging or flooding. Otherwise it has similar soil requirements to soybean. So, with the exception of the cracking clays, all of the UMA’s with moderately well to rapidly drained surface soils, suitable for overhead spray irrigation of soybean, are also suitable for overhead spray irrigation of navy bean. These permeable soils include alluvial sands and loams 1ATE1 and 1ARU1, gradational clay loams and clays 1AKA1 and 1ADE1 and texture contrast soils 1ACH1, 1ACH2 and 1ASO1. The permeable soils also include gradational clay loams and clays CDE1, CDE2 and CDE3 and texture contrast soils CCH1 on unconsolidated sediments and sands TTE1, gradational soils TKA1 and texture contrast soils TKU1 on Tertiary siltstones and sandstones.

Four UMA’s with moderately well drained cracking clays on gently sloping basalt terrain at Alton Downs and The Caves are suitable for navy beans. Some upland UMA’s with gentle slopes and gradational soils and non-cracking clays on intermediate volcanic rocks IDE1, on mixed acid and intermediate volcanic rocks MDE1 and on sedimentary rocks SDE1 have also been assessed as suitable, while many UMA’s with similar soils on steeper or more dissected terrain have been downgraded to marginal, or unsuitable in the more extreme instances.

Wetness, flooding, and topographic complexity were major limitations for the remaining alluvial areas assessed as unsuitable, while slope, topographic complexity, water availability and water erosion hazard were major limitations for the remaining upland areas assessed as unsuitable.

5.2.7 Overhead spray irrigation of peanuts

There are 17 960 ha of classes 1, 2 and 3 land suitable for overhead spray irrigation of peanuts with either few, minor or moderate limitations to production reasonably. A further 6 223 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

Peanuts have similar soil requirements to navy beans, and specifically require a friable to firm soil surface to promote pegging and a gravel and rock free, non-adhesive soil to allow easy and clean harvesting of the kernels. Self-mulching and pedal dark, brown or grey cracking clays are strongly adhesive and are unsuitable for peanuts. Peanuts are more tolerant of slight waterlogging than navy beans. With the exception of the cracking clays, all of the UMA’s with moderately well to rapidly drained surface soils, suitable for overhead spray irrigation of navy bean, are also suitable for overhead spray irrigation of peanuts. These permeable soils include alluvial sands and loams 1ATE1 and 1ARU1, gradational clay loams, 1AKA1, non-cracking clays 1ADE1 and texture contrast soils 1ACH1, 1ACH2 and 1ASO1. Suitable soils on unconsolidated sediments are the gradational clay loams and non-cracking clays CDE1, CDE2 and CDE3 and texture contrast soils CCH1 and CCH1, while suitable soils on Tertiary siltstones and sandstones include sands TTE1, gradational soils TKA1 and texture contrast soils TKU1.

Some gravel and rock free upland UMA’s with gentle slopes and gradational soils and non-cracking clays on intermediate volcanic rocks IDE1, on mixed acid and intermediate volcanic rocks MDE1 and on sedimentary rocks SDE1 have also been assessed as suitable.

Wetness, flooding, topographic complexity and soil adhesiveness were major limitations for the alluvial areas assessed as unsuitable, while slope, topographic complexity, soil adhesiveness, gravel, rock, water availability and water erosion hazard were major limitations for the upland areas assessed as unsuitable.

5.2.8 Trickle and microspray irrigation of citrus

There are 23 770 ha of classes 1, 2 and 3 land suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus with either few, minor or moderate limitations to production, particularly along the levees and terrace plains above the major floods. A further 22 783 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

Citrus, a deep rooted perennial tree crop, prefers flood and relatively frost free areas with deep free draining soils, however some drainage impedance in the subsoil is tolerated. Deep cracking clay soils on alluvium and unconsolidated sediments are not suitable because surface roots can be sheared off by strong cracking.

Citrus has the largest area of Class 1 land ( 2527 ha ) as well as significant areas of Classes 2 and 3 land occurring on levees, terraced plains and gently undulating plains. The soils in suitable UMA’s include alluvial sands and loams 1ATE1 and 1ARU1, gradational clay loams, 1AKA1, non-cracking clays 1ADE1 and texture contrast soils 1ACH1, 1ACH2 and 1ASO1. Suitable soils on unconsolidated sediments are the gradational clay loams and non-cracking clays CDE1, CDE2 and CDE3 and texture contrast soils CCH1.

Several UMA’s in the basalt landscape with moderately deep and moderately well drained cracking clays BVE1 and BVE2 are suitable. Large areas of upland UMA’s with slopes up to 15% and gradational soils and non-cracking clays on intermediate volcanic rocks IDE1 and IDV1, on mixed acid and intermediate volcanic rocks MDE1, on granite GDE1, on Tertiary siltstones and sandstones TKA1 and TDE1, and on sedimentary rocks SDE1 have also been assessed as suitable. Many UMA’s with similar shallow soils on steeper or more dissected terrain have been downgraded to marginal, or unsuitable in the more extreme instances.

Flooding, wetness, frost, and surface condition were major limitations for the remaining alluvial areas assessed as unsuitable, while soil depth, water availability, water erosion hazard and slope were major limitations for the remaining upland areas assessed as unsuitable.

5.2.9 Trickle and microspray irrigation of macadamia

There are 23 653 ha of classes 1, 2 and 3 land suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of macadamia with either few, minor or moderate limitations to production, particularly along the levees and terrace plains above the major floods. A further 21 414 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

Macadamia has similar requirements to citrus, however being a subtropical fruit tree, it is more sensitive to frost than citrus, so some low lying UMA’s have been downgraded from class 1 to class 2. Macadamia requires a relatively rock and gravel free surface to facilitate harvesting, so gravely or rocky areas have also been downgraded. The range of soils suitable for citrus is also suitable for macadamia.

Flooding, wetness, frost, and surface condition were major limitations for the remaining alluvial areas assessed as unsuitable, while soil depth, water availability, rockiness, water erosion hazard and slope were major limitations for the upland areas assessed as unsuitable.

5.2.10 Trickle and microspray irrigation of grapes

There are 23 871 ha of classes 2 and 3 land suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of grapes with either minor or moderate limitations to production, particularly along the levees and terrace plains above the major floods. A further 23 901 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

Grapes have similar requirements to citrus, however being a deciduous vine, they are much less frost sensitive. Grapes have a shallower rooting depth than citrus, so they are more sensitive to soils with reduced moisture availability, particularly the sands. The range of soils suitable for citrus is also suitable for grapes, and include alluvial sands and loams 1ATE1 and 1ARU1, gradational clay loams, 1AKA1, non-cracking clays 1ADE1 and texture contrast soils 1ACH1, 1ACH2 and 1ASO1. Suitable soils on unconsolidated sediments are the gradational clay loams and non-cracking clays CDE1, CDE2 and CDE3 and texture contrast soils CCH1.

Several UMA’s in the Basalt landscape with moderately deep and moderately well drained cracking clays BVE1 and BVE2 are suitable. Large areas of upland UMA’s with slopes up to 15% and gradational soils and non-cracking clays on intermediate volcanic rocks IDE1 and IDV1, on mixed acid and intermediate volcanic rocks MDE1, on granite GDE1, on Tertiary siltstones and sandstones TKA1 and TDE1 and on sedimentary rocks SDE1 have also been assessed as suitable. Many UMA’s with similar shallow soils on steeper or more dissected terrain have been downgraded to marginal, or unsuitable in the more extreme instances. Gradational soils and non-cracking clays UDE1 and UFE1 of the Ultramafic landscape are assessed as marginal for grapes.

Flooding, wetness, and water availability were major limitations for the remaining alluvial areas assessed as unsuitable, while water availability, water erosion hazard and slope were major limitations for the upland areas assessed as unsuitable.

5.2.11 Trickle and microspray irrigation of vegetables

There are 52 360 ha of classes 2 and 3 land suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables with either minor or moderate limitations to production, particularly along the levees and terrace plains above the major floods. A further 55 270 ha were assessed as class 4, marginal, with severe limitations.

Most vegetables are grown during the autumn to spring period, so large areas on the floodplain are assessed suitable as the flooding hazard is reduced during the growing period. Alluvial lands, which are considered to be in frost hollows or frost susceptible areas, have been downgraded to class 3 or more severely. The suitable UMA’s are reasonably distributed across 26% of alluvial lands and gently sloping terrain throughout the study area and have a wide range of soils across all landscapes, except the ultramafic landscape.

Large areas of alluvial land have also been assessed marginal for vegetables, because of frequent frosts, flooding, wetness or surface condition. Similarly, large areas of sloping land have been assessed marginal for vegetables, because of slope, water erosion hazard, surface gravel, water availability and surface condition. Because vegetables can be grown on small areas (2-5 ha), many of the marginal and unsuitable UMA’s may contain small unmappable areas suitable for vegetables.

5.3 Overall Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture

In the previous Section 5.2, there has been discussion about the suitable area, distribution and soils for the individual crops and irrigation methods. It is also appropriate to group those UMA’s with similar suitability into “land categories”, illustrated in Map 5. This approach simplifies the complexity of the suitability assessment for eleven land uses, three irrigation methods and five suitability classes and provides an overall interpretation of suitability for agriculture along the river. Classes 1, 2 and 3 have been amalgamated to represent suitable land for a particular land use. In most cases, UMA’s fit neatly into a land category, but some UMA’s are forced into the “best fit’ land category, but the overall integrity of the interpretation is maintained. Generally, this involves including a UMA, with a marginal classification for a particular crop, within a land category with suitable classifications for the same crop. Similarly, a UMA with a marginal classification is sometimes grouped with UMA’s with unsuitable classification for the same crop. The most accurate distribution of the suitability classes for each crop is shown in Maps 2, 3 and 4.

The area of each land category is shown in Table 12, while their distribution within the study area is shown in Map 5. The area of land suitable for each irrigation method with either one or more crop is shown in Table 13, obtained by summing the area of the appropriate land categories. The total area of suitable land for one or more irrigation methods with one or more crops (i.e. land categories 1 to 19) is 59 238 ha.

Land category 1 Suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum, wheat; overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut; trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grapes, vegetables.

This land is suitable for irrigation of all the crops assessed. There are five UMA’s with dark non- cracking clays 1ADE and one with a texture contrast soil 1ACH1 on recent alluvium, and three dark or red gradational soils or non-cracking clays CDE1 and CDE3 on unconsolidated sediments. The UMA’s occur on level plains which are not dissected or susceptible to regular flooding and have no microrelief. The soils are well drained, but not excessively permeable in the subsoil to limit furrow irrigation. The soil surface is firm to friable, stone and rock free, and can be worked up for a good seedbed. These areas occur upstream of Riverslea Crossing, north of Glenroy Crossing, at South Yaamba and Belmont.

There are moderate topographic limitations on all UMA’s necessitating moderate levelling for furrow irrigation. Any limitations for overhead spray irrigation are only minor. Frost is a moderate limitation for vegetables and macadamia for some UMA’s.

Land category 2 Suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum, wheat; overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut; trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grapes.

This land is suitable for furrow irrigation and overhead spray irrigation of all the assessed crops and vegetables, but marginal for the tree and vine crops. Only two UMA’s on elevated, older alluvial plains in the Yaamba and Belmont areas are involved. The soils are sodic texture contrast with medium thick loamy or clay loamy surfaces 1ASO2 and 1ASO3.

There are moderate moisture availability, wetness and topographic complexity limitations for the three furrow irrigation crops, and a minor wetness limitation for the spray irrigated crops. Grapes, macadamia and citrus are marginal crops because of a severe wetness and a moderate to severe moisture availability limitation for the sodic texture contrast soil. The frost limitation for vegetables is moderate.

Land category 3 Suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum, wheat; overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean; trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grapes, vegetables.

Land category 4 is suitable for all the assessed crops except peanuts. Only one large UMA with a black cracking clay overlying basalt in the Alton Downs area is included in this category. The soil is unsuitable for peanuts because of an extreme adhesiveness limitation and a moderate rockiness (gravel or basalt cobble) limitation. The furrow irrigated crops have moderate slope and topographic complexity limitations. Navy beans and the three tree and vine crops have a moderate wetness limitation on this heavy clay soil.

Land category 4 Suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum, wheat; overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean; trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for overhead spray irrigation of navy bean.

This land category includes level alluvial land with cracking clays 1AVE1, 1AVE2, 1AVE3, 1AVE4, 2AVE2 and 3AVE1 with only a minor to moderate flooding hazard. Level to gently undulating areas of cracking clays CVE1, CVE2 and CVE3 on unconsolidated sediments with only a minor or moderate flooding hazard are included. Two UMA’s with cracking clays BVE1 on gently undulating basalt terrain in the Alton Downs area are included.

Table 12. Suitable crops, irrigation method and area of land categories

Land Furrow Irrigation Overhead Spray Irrigation Microspray or Trickle Irrigation Area Category (ha)

1 *cotton, sorghum, wheat wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut citrus, macadamia, grape vegetables 1 629 2 cotton, sorghum, wheat wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut **(citrus, macadamia, grape) vegetables 619 3 cotton, sorghum, wheat wheat, soybean, navy bean citrus, macadamia, grape vegetables 2 057 4 cotton, sorghum, wheat wheat, soybean; (navy bean) vegetables 6 736 5 cotton; (sorghum, wheat) (wheat, soybean) (vegetables) 4 345 6 wheat; (cotton, sorghum) wheat; (soybean, navy bean) vegetables 4 121 7 (cotton, sorghum, wheat) wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut citrus, macadamia, grape vegetables 1 053 8 wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut citrus, macadamia, grape vegetables 10 754

71 9 (cotton, sorghum, wheat) wheat, soybean, navy bean citrus, macadamia, grape vegetables 1 228 10 wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut (citrus, macadamia, grape) vegetables 3 921 11 wheat, soybean; (navy bean) vegetables 3 197 12 wheat; (soybean, navy bean) vegetables 1 069 13 (wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut) citrus, macadamia, grape vegetables 1 327 14 citrus, macadamia, grape vegetables 5 624 15 citrus, grape (vegetables) 98 16 (cotton, sorghum, wheat) (wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut) vegetables 1 076 17 (wheat, soybean, navy bean) vegetables 2 951 18 (citrus, macadamia, grape) vegetables 1 464 19 vegetables 5 970 20 marginal for (a range of crops) using furrow, overhead spray, microspray and trickle irrigation 49 788 21 unsuitable 92 474 Study area 201 500 *land suitable for the nominated crops based on an amalgamation of land suitability classes 1,2 and 3 ** land marginal for the nominated crops shown as (italics) based on land suitability class 4

Table 13. Area of suitable land for different irrigation methods with either one or more crops

Irrigation Method Crop Area (ha) Furrow irrigation Cotton, sorghum, wheat 19 507 Overhead spray irrigation Wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut 36 382 Trickle or microspray irrigation Citrus, macadamia, grape 23 770 Vegetable 54 794 Total suitable land 59 238

These UMA’s have moderate wetness, slope and topographic complexity limitations for furrow irrigated crops and a moderate wetness limitation for spray irrigated wheat and soybean. The cracking clay soils are unsuitable for peanuts because of an extreme adhesiveness limitation. The soils are marginal for navy beans due to a severe wetness limitation and some UMA’s have a moderate flooding limitation. Most UMA’s are unsuitable for tree and vine crops due to an extreme wetness limitation and severe flooding limitation, though several UMA’s with better site drainage such as those with BVE1 are marginal.

Land category 5 Suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton; marginal for furrow irrigation of sorghum, wheat; overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean; trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables.

The soils in this land category are predominantly a mix of cracking clays 1AVE4, 1AVE5, 3AVE2, CVE3 and CVE4 on recent alluvium, older alluvium and on level terrain which have moderately to highly sodic subsoils. The exception is four UMA’s with non-sodic cracking clays CVE2 on unconsolidated sediments in low lying positions. Cotton is tolerant of the sodic subsoils and the moderate wetness limitation which occurs in these soils. Irrespective of irrigation method, wetness is a severe limitation for sorghum, wheat and soybean, which are marginal on this land. A moderate or severe wetness limitation applies for vegetables which may be suitable or marginal. Navy bean may be marginal or unsuitable with a severe or an extreme wetness limitation. Peanut, citrus, macadamia and grape are unsuitable due to an extreme wetness limitation, while peanut also has an extreme adhesiveness limitation.

Land category 6 Suitable for furrow irrigation of wheat; overhead spray irrigation of wheat; trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum; overhead spray irrigation of spray soybean, navy bean

Land in this category has the better deep alluvial cracking clays 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 and non-cracking clays 1ADE1 on level terrain which, in most respects, is suitable for furrow irrigation. However, it includes the river floodplain at the Dawson and Mackenzie junction, an area subject to regular flooding during summer, and other floodprone areas. These UMA’s are suitable for growing winter crops such as wheat and vegetables. Vegetables also have a moderate frost limitation.

Summer grown crops such as cotton, sorghum, soybean and navy bean are marginal because of a severe flooding limitation, while navy bean also has a severe wetness limitation. Tree and vine crops are unsuitable due to severe flooding and wetness limitations.

Land category 7 Suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut; trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape, vegetables; marginal for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum, wheat

This land category includes well drained non-cracking clays and is limited to four UMA’s with alluvial 1AVE1 on levees, one with CDE3 on unconsolidated sediments and two with IDE1 on gently undulating slopes of intermediate volcanic rocks. The land is ideal for tree and vine crops with negligible to minor limitations. There is a moderate frost limitation for vegetables and a moderate slope limitation for overhead spray irrigated crops.

UMA’s with alluvial soils have a severe infiltration limitation for furrow irrigation because the strongly structured, well drained soils are too permeable in the subsoil. UMA’s on intermediate volcanic rocks have severe slope limitations and all UMA’s have a moderate topographic limitation for furrow irrigation.

Land category 8 Suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut; trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia grape, vegetables

This land category contains large numbers of UMA’s with a wide range of well to rapidly drained soils, and some sodic texture contrast soils, in which the thick sandy surface is well drained. The majority of the UMA’s occur on recent alluvium along the levees and terrace plains with either deep sands and loams 1ATE1 and 1ARU1, gradational soils and non-cracking clays 1AKA1 and 1ADE1, and thick sandy and loamy surfaced texture contrast soil 1ACH1, 1ACH2 and 1ASO1. There are also a smaller number of upland UMA’s with gradational soils and non-cracking clays on gently undulating land on unconsolidated sediments CDE1, CDE2, Tertiary sandstone TKA1, intermediate volcanic rocks IDE1, mixed volcanic rocks MDE1 and sedimentary rocks SDE1.

Water availability in the deep sands is a moderate limitation for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean and peanut, and for tree and vine crops due to the low plant available water capacity of those soils with a thick sandy or loamy surface. Wetness is a moderate limitation on the texture contrast soils for tree and vine crops, and also for navy bean. Topographic complexity is a moderate limitation for the layout of overhead spray irrigation in many UMA’s.

Most of the UMA’s are unsuitable for furrow irrigation due to excessive soil permeability, and the remainder are unsuitable because of topographic complexity or slope.

Land category 9 Suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean; trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape, vegetables; marginal for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum, wheat

This land category is restricted to moderately deep to deep black cracking clays BVE1 and shallower, cobbly clays BVE2 on gently undulating basalt terrain north of Alton Downs and at The Caves. All five UMA’s are suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean and navy bean and trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape and vegetables. There is a wetness limitation for navy bean and the tree and vine crops. Some UMA’s have moderate slope and topographic complexity limitations for spray irrigation. UMA 828 has been allocated a moderate salinity intake limitation because of a salinity outbreak immediately below it’s lower north-western slope. The two small BVE2 areas have some surface gravel and cobble which is a moderate limitation for macadamia harvesting and vegetables production.

The two large BVE1 units have been assessed as marginal for furrow irrigation. UMA 828 has the potential to develop a severe salinity intake hazard if regularly furrow irrigated. These units also have moderate to severe slope and topographic complexity limitations for furrow irrigation. The remaining BVE1 unit and the BVE2 units are unsuitable due to severe to extreme moderate slope and topographic complexity limitations for furrow irrigation. All UMA’s are unsuitable for peanuts due to the strongly adhesive clay soils.

Land category 10 Suitable for overhead spray wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut; trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape

This land category contains large numbers of UMA’s with a wide range of well to rapidly drained soils, or, in the case of some sodic texture contrast soils, in which the thick sandy surface is well drained. The majority of the UMA’s occur on recent alluvium with others occurring on Cainozoic unconsolidated sediments, Tertiary sandstone and intermediate volcanic rocks. Many of the soils are gradational soils 1ADE1, CDE1, texture contrast soils 1ACH1, 1ASO1, 3ASO3, CSO1, CCH1, TKU1 or uniform deep sands 1ATE1, TTE1.

The four crops assessed for overhead spray irrigation and vegetables are suitable on this land. Overhead spray irrigation has minor to moderate topographic complexity or wetness limitations. Vegetables, on the other hand, have frost as the dominant moderate limitation and water availability for soils with a low plant available water capacity.

Grapes, macadamia and citrus are marginal crops because of a severe wetness or water availability limitation and\or a moderate to severe flood limitation for the lower lying areas.

Furrow irrigation of the assessed crops is unsuitable because of an extreme topographic complexity limitation. Several level UMA’s have soils with permeable profiles which is an extreme limitation for furrow infiltration.

Land category 11 Suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean; trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for overhead spray irrigation of spray navy bean; trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape

This land category includes level alluvial land with cracking clays 1AVE1, 1AVE2, 1AVE4, 2AVE1, 2AVE2 and 3AVE1 which have only a minor to moderate flooding hazard. Level to gently undulating areas of cracking clays CVE1, CVE2 and CVE3 on unconsolidated sediments with only a minor or moderate flooding hazard are included. Two UMA’s with cracking clays BVE1 on gently undulating basalt terrain in the Garnant area and two UMA’s with cracking clays IVE1 on intermediate volcanic rocks north of Gogango are included.

These UMA’s have a moderate wetness and topographic complexity limitation for spray irrigated wheat and soybean. The soils are marginal for navy beans due to a severe wetness limitation and some UMA’s have a moderate flooding limitation. Vegetables are suitable but with moderate frost and wetness limitations and a few have severe surface condition limitations. Most UMA’s are unsuitable for tree and vine crops due to an extreme wetness limitation and severe flooding limitation, though several UMA’s with better site drainage such as those with BVE1 and CDE1 soils are marginal. The cracking clay soils are unsuitable for peanuts because of an extreme adhesiveness limitation. There is an extreme topographic complexity limitation for furrow irrigated crops on the gently undulating lands.

Land category 12 Suitable for overhead spray irrigation of wheat; trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for overhead spray irrigation of soybean, navy bean

Land in this category has the better deep alluvial cracking clays 1AVE1 and 1AVE2 which is too dissected and undulating for furrow irrigation. It includes several UMA’s on the river floodplain at the Dawson and Mackenzie junction, an area subject to regular flooding during summer, and other floodprone areas. These UMA’s are suitable for growing winter crops such as wheat and vegetables. Only a few moderate limitations such as flood, wetness and topographic complexity exist for wheat and flood and frost for vegetables.

Summer grown crops such as soybean and navy bean are marginal because of a severe flooding limitation, while navy bean also has a severe wetness limitation. There is an extreme topographic complexity limitation for furrow irrigated crops. Tree and vine crops are unsuitable due to extreme flooding and wetness limitations.

Land category 13 Suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape, vegetables; marginal for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut

This land category has gradational soils and non-cracking clays IDE1 and MDE1 on gently undulating volcanic terrain which are suitable for trees, vines and vegetables. Slight to moderate quantities of surface gravels or cobbles create a moderate rockiness limitation for macadamia and vegetables. There are only minor limitations for citrus and grapes.

Slope and topographic complexity are a severe limitation for overhead spray irrigation and an extreme limitation for furrow irrigation.

Land category 14 Suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape, vegetables

This land category contains UMA’s with a range of alluvial soils 1ACH1, 1ACH2. 1ATE1 and 2ADE1 which are suitable for tree, vine and vegetable crops, but too dissected for furrow irrigation or overhead spray irrigation. In addition, there are other UMA’s on undulating terrain with a range of soils which are suitable for tree and vine crops, but too steep or dissected for furrow irrigation or overhead spray irrigation. These include IDE1 on intermediate volcanic rocks, MDE1 on mixed volcanic rocks, SDE1 on sedimentary rocks, GCH1 and GDE1 on granite, BFE1 on weathered basalt and TDE1 and TKA1 on Tertiary sandstone.

Moisture and topographic complexity are moderate limitation for tree and vine crops on the alluvial soils because of the low PAWC of the sandy surface soils and the dissection of the alluvial plain. On the sloping land, there is a moderate rockiness limitation for macadamia in some UMA’s. Moisture availability is a moderate limitation on those UMA’s with shallower profiles. A moderate wetness limitation exists on the cracking clays BVE1.

Land category 15 Suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, grape; marginal for trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables

There are only two UMA’s in this category which are suitable for the irrigation of citrus and grapes and marginal for vegetables. These UMA’s, which contain either MDE1 or SDE1 soil, are found on hillslopes of gently undulating rises and have gravely surfaces. Both UMA’s have moderate water availability limitation due to low PAWC with SDE1 also having a soil complexity limitation.

The rockiness limitation is severe for vegetables and extreme for macadamia. Slope and topographic complexity are extreme limitations for furrow and overhead spray irrigation.

Land category 16 Suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum, wheat; overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean, peanut

This category has three UMA’s with sodic texture contrast soils CSO1 and CSO2 on unconsolidated sediments, one large UMA with sodic texture contrast soils 3ASO2 on older alluvium in the South Yaamba area, and one small UMA with a cracking clay SVE1 on sedimentary rocks. The soils are imperfectly drained, resulting in a moderate wetness limitation for vegetables. Vegetables also have moderate water availability, surface condition and frost limitations.

Furrow irrigated crops and overhead spray irrigated crops are marginal because of severe wetness and moderate to severe slope and topographic complexity limitations. Wetness is an extreme limitation for tree and vine crops, along with moderate to severe water availability limitations.

Land category 17 Suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean

The majority of the UMA’s in this land category have soils overlying recent alluvium or unconsolidated sediments. They include sodic texture contrast soils 1ASO1 and 3ASO3, non-cracking clays CDE4 and cracking clays CVE2 and CVE3. Vegetables are the only suitable crop in this category, but with moderate limitations depending on the soil type. The cracking clays and non-cracking clays have a moderate wetness, surface condition and narrow moisture range limitation, whereas the sodic texture contrast soils have wetness and water availability limitations. Frost is another limitation which affects some of the lower lying UMA’s along the river.

Wheat, soybean and navy bean are marginal for overhead spray irrigation, and tree and vine crops are unsuitable because of the wetness limitation. The furrow irrigated crops have a severe wetness limitation but the extreme topographic complexity limitation makes them unsuitable. Peanuts can vary from marginal to unsuitable depending on the soil type and UMA attributes. On UMA’s which have cracking clays or gravely surfaces, peanuts are unsuitable due to soil adhesiveness or rockiness limitations. However, peanuts are marginal on a number of UMA’s with texture contrast soils because of a wetness limitation.

Land category 18 Suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables; marginal for trickle or microspray irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape

There are sixteen UMA’s in this category. Of the thirteen UMA’s with alluvial soils, seven have deep sands 1ATE1 or sandy surface texture contrast soils 1ASO1 and 3ASO3 which have moderate moisture, frost and topographic complexity limitations for vegetables. The remaining UMA’s with soils overlying recent alluvium or unconsolidated sediments have similar limitations, except moisture. Another three UMA’s have cracking clays IVE1 which have moderate frost, wetness, topographic and soil complexity limitations for vegetables, and similar severe limitations for spray irrigation of wheat, soybean and navy bean.

Land category 19 Suitable for trickle or microspray irrigation of vegetables

This land category contains large numbers of UMA’s with a wide range of soils. The majority of the UMA’s occur on recent alluvium and unconsolidated sediments. The UMA’s can be split into three groups based on soils, namely the frequently flooded gradational soils, texture contrast soils and the cracking clays.

Trickle or microspray vegetables have a number of moderate limitations depending on the soil type. The flood prone soils have a flood and frost limitation because of their low elevation in the landscape. The texture contrast soils, which are mainly sodic, have a moisture, wetness and possible frost limitations. The cracking clays have wetness, narrow moisture range, surface condition and possible flood limitations.

The majority of these soils have a severe topographic limitation making furrow and overhead spray unsuitable. On the other hand, trees and grapes have an extreme flood limitation for frequently flooded UMA’s and an extreme wetness limitation for the cracking clays and texture contrast soils also making them unsuitable.

Land category 20 Marginal for a range of furrow, overhead spray, trickle or microspray irrigated crops

This category includes 262 UMA’s or 28% of the UMA’s in the study area. It covers a wide range of soils, but particularly sodic cracking clays and texture contrast soil in the alluvial areas, and sodic texture contrast soil and shallow soils in the undulating to hilly terrain. All the assessed land uses have one or more severe or extreme limitations.

All the UMA’s are marginal for vegetables. Sixty UMA’s are marginal for vegetables and two or more tree and vine crops. Fifty-six UMA’s are marginal for vegetables and two or more overhead spray irrigated crops. Ten UMA’s are marginal for vegetables and two or more furrow irrigated crops. The remainder are predominantly marginal for vegetables only, and some for vegetables and one other crop.

Land category 21 Unsuitable for furrow, overhead spray, trickle or microspray irrigated crops

This category contains by far the largest number of UMA’s and includes all the alluvial lands subject to erosive flooding and the steep hilly to mountainous terrain. All of these UMA’s are unsuitable for any of the crops assessed.

For the alluvial land, the most severe limitations are flooding and topographic complexity. For the hilly terrain, the most severe limitations are slope, soil depth, topographic complexity, erosion and rockiness.

6.0 Development Potential

6.1 Soil Distribution and Complexity

As shown in Map 1, the different soils are widely distributed throughout the study area. The largest units are soils on hilly to mountainous terrain. Recent and older alluvium and Cainozoic unconsolidated sediments have a complex distribution of soils, where small units of a sandy surface soil may be mixed with units of a cracking clay. The largest contiguous unit of an alluvial soil is UMA 2 covering 2203 ha, with a black cracking clay 1AVE1 on the floodplain at the junction of the Dawson-Mackenzie River junction. The mean area of UMA’s with soils on Recent alluvium, Older alluvium and unconsolidated sediments is 168 ha, 157 ha and 175 ha respectively.

Most UMA’s have a dominant soil occupying 70-90% of a unit, and one or more subdominant soils occupying the remainder. At 1:100 000 scale mapping it is uncommon to have just one soil covering the whole of the UMA. Where the different soils in a UMA or different soils from small adjacent UMA’s have distinctly contrasting properties, there may be restrictions to the use of that UMA for irrigated agriculture. For example, a UMA of cracking clay with small unmappable areas of a deep sandy surface Chromosol may not be suitable for furrow irrigation because of the contrasting infiltration characteristics of the adjacent soils. Equally, inclusions of cracking clay in a dominantly sandy surface soil may limit the suitability of the UMA for peanuts, because of harvesting difficulties in the adhesive clay soil.

6.2 Production Area

The areas of the suitability classes for individual crops and the areas of the land categories presented in Table 10 and 12 respectively represent the total area calculated for each UMA on the GIS. However, where a UMA has one or more subdominant soils which, in contrast to the suitable dominant soil, are not suitable for the assessed crop and irrigation method, then the area of suitable land within the UMA needs to be adjusted. The percentage occupied by the dominant soil in each UMA is presented in Appendix 4 so adjustments can be made to the area of individual UMA’s. The details of the subdominant soils in each UMA are not presented in this report, but are held in the DNR database.

Most UMA‘s cannot be fully utilised for irrigation development because of the need to put aside land for infrastructure such as roads, waterways, drains, channels, sheds etc. As a general rule, some 10-20% of the land may be required for infrastructure and in many cases it may be located on areas of unsuitable or marginal land if this is possible.

Rarely do the shape and size of suitable UMA’s conform to the geometric requirements of an irrigation layout, be it circular or rectangular. Some suitable land may not be irrigated, or small areas of marginal or unsuitable land may be included in the layout and be irrigated. Unless the suitable land is circular in shape, there is always land outside a centre pivot circle that cannot easily be irrigated, however it may be utilised for rainfed cropping. Similarly, areas around the edges of difficult shaped UMA’s may not be irrigated under furrow irrigation schemes.

6.3 Access

Good all-weather access is limited through the study area. Major highways run past the Belmont- Yaamba area and the Gogango-Duaringa area. Minor sealed roads service the Alton Downs-Ridgelands area and the Belmont—Etna Creek area. All other access is via formed and maintained gravel roads or little maintained roads and tracks. The latter are in variable condition depending on the amount of use, terrain and soils, and the last occurrence of rain.

The Fitzroy River has a large catchment with the headwaters of major tributaries located in different rainfall zones, so the river can flood through the study area, even though there is no rain in the immediate

study area. Because of the length and meandering nature of the river and its major tributaries, floods within the riverbanks can take a long time to dissipate. From August to November 1999 during a period of “out of season” late winter-early summer rain, the river and its major tributaries were in flood for prolonged periods, severely restricting access through the study area. Riverslea Crossing, north of Gogango, was cut for several periods of up to 3-4 weeks, when landholders north of the crossing had to boat across the river. Glenroy Crossing and other low crossings or gravel fords at “Rookwood”, “Comanche”, “Craigilee” and “Redbank” were cut or washed out for the whole 3-4 month period.

The more remote areas serviced by minor roads and tracks, particularly along the left bank, are also prone to have access across the river cut off. The two most remote areas are “Separation” at the junction of the Mackenzie and Fitzroy Rivers along the left or northern bank, and the section of the left bank from “Bunavon” downstream past “Comanche” to “Coorumburra”.

This lack of adequate sealed and well maintained gravel roads and severance of river and tributary crossings during floods would prove a major impediment to further irrigation development along the river. Access across the river during floods would have to be improved to allow irrigation and crop husbandry activities to proceed without severe interruption. Fast and reliable access to markets is crucial for any horticultural cropping enterprise, while a prolonged delay with field crops is also a problem.

7.0 Environmental Constraints

7.1 Flooding

Flooding is a major constraint to irrigation development along the floodplain of the river and major tributaries. Areas subject to potential erosive flooding have been mapped as “Soils overlying Recent Alluvium — Dissected Floodplains with Scrolls, Swales, Channel Benches, Billabongs and Floodways”, namely soils 1ATE2, 1ATE3, 1AKA2, 1ADE2, 1ACH3 and 1AVE6. These areas have been assessed unsuitable for irrigation, except for small areas of winter vegetables on the higher scrolls. Providing these potentially erodible areas are not disturbed and a timber or grass cover is maintained, there should be minimum flood damage.

Other floodprone areas have been delineated from satellite imagery of a March 1988 flood which represents a small to moderate flood with a 1 in 12 year recurrence interval. These areas are generally not subject to erosive flooding, but during these flooding events, crops may die from prolonged inundation, and silt and weed seeds may be deposited across the land.

Major floods (i.e. recurrence interval of 1 in 50 years or greater) cover much more extensive areas and the depth of inundation is greater. For example, on the broad floodplain near the Mackenzie — Dawson River junction, floodwaters in January 1991 covered the plain to a depth of 14 feet (4.2 m), while the 1918 floodwaters were an extra 13 feet (3.9 m) deeper (B. Donovan, pers. comm.). These major floods can erode cultivated land on the floodplain as waters flow across the plain. In areas where water backs up rather than flows, the drawdown from the receding floodwaters can cause erosion. These areas are not suitable for cropping during summer, the period when there is greatest incidence of flooding along the river. However, winter cropping is considered an acceptable risk.

7.2 Salinity

The granitic landscape north-west of Ridgelands was identified as the major area of existing salinity outbreak. The gently undulating terrain with broad crests, permeable soils overlying weathering granodiorite and extensive clearing of the eucalypt woodland communities have provided ideal conditions for water intake, deep percolation and saline seepage in the lower landscape. Stream lines and watercourses through this terrain have high levels of salt because of seepage and evaporative concentration at the soil surface. This land is too steep and dissected for furrow irrigation and has been assessed unsuitable for overhead spray irrigation and trickle or microspray irrigation because of the salinity hazard.

The only other incidence of salinity outbreak recorded in the study area is in the Etna Creek area. Here seepage salting occurred at the interface of a cultivated slope overlying basalt and unconsolidated sediments on a plain. The salinity outbreak is localised to less than 0.5 ha, but demonstrates the potential for a salinity outbreak to occur adjacent to a well drained, weathered basalt landscape. This productive basaltic landscape has been assessed unsuitable for furrow irrigation because of the offsite salinity hazard, but suitable for overhead spray irrigation and trickle or microspray irrigation with appropriate management to reduce the incidence of deep drainage. Salinity outbreaks have not been identified in other UMA’s within or surrounding the basalt landscape.

Moderate to high levels of soluble salts occur in the subsoil of a number of alluvial soils, particularly the cracking clays 1AVE3 and 1AVE4 on recent alluvium, and cracking clays CVE3, CVE4 and CVE5 on unconsolidated sediments. The salts have not mobilised under dryland cropping or pasture conditions. Apart from the Etna Creek example mentioned above, there were no visible expressions of salinity at the surface in these soils. Where the soils have good drainage, cultivation and irrigation are expected to mobilise the soluble salts deeper into the profile until a new equilibrium is reached. Where the soils have high levels of sodium in the subsoil, clay dispersion may occur, filling the soil pores and impede drainage. “Perched” watertables can develop over the poorly drained clay subsoil and salt may be

brought to the surface through translocation and evaporative concentration. High levels of salt in the surface and root zone will reduce crop productivity and result in soil degradation. The main susceptible soils are sodic non-cracking clay, sodic cracking clay and sodic texture contrast soil , including 2ASO1, 1AVE4 and 1AVE5 on recent alluvium, 3ASO1, 3ASO2 and 3AVE2 on older alluvium, CDE2, CSO1, CSO2, CVE3, CVE4 and CVE5 on unconsolidated sediments, GSO1 on granite, MSO1 on mixed lithology and SDE2 and SSO1 on sedimentary rocks.

A separate study of the potential salinity hazard from irrigation of soils along the river has been undertaken by the Salinity and Contaminant (SalCon) Unit at the Resource Sciences Centre at Indooroopilly (Moss et al, 1999). Salinity is not considered a major concern for irrigation of soils along the Fitzroy River, providing appropriate irrigation methods and management are utilised. Moderate to high levels of soluble salts occur in some of the cracking clays and sodic texture contrast soils, but the salts have not mobilised under dryland cropping or pasture conditions. The recent salinity investigation by SalCon indicates that these clays and texture contrast soils will have adequate drainage under irrigation so that watertables will not rise, and salts are unlikely to be removed out of the profiles into groundwaters or the river system.

7.3 Water Erosion

The greatest erosion potential occurs if alluvial areas identified as susceptible to erosive floodwaters are disturbed and cultivated. However, these areas have been assessed as unsuitable for any irrigation development, and should remain under a stable pasture or timber cover. The potential for other alluvial areas to erode under flooding has been discussed in Section 7.1.

Very few areas of sloping land (>2%) have been assessed suitable for furrow irrigation or overhead spray irrigation. Cracking clays (BE1) on basalt are potentially erodible, however established management practices such as stubble cover, reduced tillage, or controlled traffic farming should alleviate any erosion on slopes >2%. The red and brown non-cracking clays on gently undulating land overlying intermediate rocks (IDE1) and unconsolidated sediments (CDE3) have stable surface condition under stubble cover, reduced tillage or controlled traffic farming.

Soils with sodic clay subsoils have the potential to erode if disturbed. If the subsoil is exposed in waterways, drains and roads, the sodic clays disperse and serious erosion may result. In most cases, the more sodic soils have been assessed unsuitable for irrigated cropping and should not be disturbed. The sodic soils assessed suitable for irrigated cropping generally have a medium to thick surface horizon overlying the sodic clay and occur on level to gently sloping land, where erosion risk is minimal.

The only cropping recommended for steeper land up to 15% slope is tree and vine crops. If a stable and well maintained grass cover is established between rows, soil erosion on sloping horticultural land should be kept to a minimum.

8.0 Conclusions

The soil survey and suitability assessment undertaken during this study provides the most detailed land resource assessment available along the Fitzroy River. Sixty-eight soils were identified, described and mapped within nine soil landscapes incorporating level alluvial plains through to steep hilly to mountainous terrain on a range of lithologies. The detailed assessment was concentrated on the level to gently undulating lands. The major soils identified were deep sands, loamy to clay loamy surfaced gradational soils, sandy to clay loamy surfaced texture contrast soils, with either sodic or non-sodic subsoils, and non-cracking clays and cracking clays on a range of parent materials.

Much of the alluvial lands have been totally cleared or partially cleared of their original vegetation, allowing the land to be developed and used for beef cattle grazing and cereal cropping. To date, only 2595 ha is regularly used for irrigated cropping, principally for peanuts, navy beans, cereals, fodder crops including lucerne, macadamia, grapes and mangoes.

The majority of the original brigalow scrub, softwood scrub and brigalow-Dawson gum communities have been cleared, along with coolibah woodland, blue gum woodland and mixed eucalypt woodland along the alluvial plain and adjacent gently undulating lands. Clearing on the steeper lands has been much less extensive and significant areas of eucalypt woodland and eucalypt-rosewood woodland remain on the steeper slopes.

The total area of land suitable for growing one or more crops nominated for the three irrigation methods is 59 238 ha or 29.3 % of the study area. Because of the relatively narrow and dissected nature of the Fitzroy River valley and the presence of hilly to mountainous terrain, the suitable areas are scattered throughout the study area, rather than clustered in a few large areas. If 53 561 ha of the steep hilly to mountainous land is excluded, the suitable land represents 40% of the remaining plains, rises and low hills. Most of these areas are adjacent to or close to the river, however, several potential irrigation areas extend out to the 5 km limit used for this study

The area of land suitable for furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum or wheat is limited to 19 507 ha, because of a range of limitations. The largest area assessed suitable for cotton occurs on black cracking clays in the Alton Downs area, where there are potential development restrictions due to small block sizes, tenure and management practices because of the closely settled nature of surrounding land. The other areas suitable for cotton are scattered throughout the study area, which may limit the potential expansion of this crop along the river from the 74 ha grown under furrow irrigation in 1999.

Around the Mackenzie — Dawson River junction, there are a number of large areas, covering approximately 3 000 ha, which are suitable for winter wheat, but marginal for summer cropping of cotton and sorghum because of the severe flooding hazard during the summer growing season. These areas are considered to be prime rainfed wheat cropping areas because of the high plant available water capacity of the deep black cracking clays. The development potential of these areas for irrigated cropping may be limited, because of the risks associated with regular flooding of cultivated and fallow land and possible loss of irrigation infrastructure such as pumps, spray lines, etc.

During 1998-99 summer growing season, 933 ha of navy beans and peanuts were grown along the river, principally under centre pivot irrigation on well drained sandy and loamy soils. 21 261 ha of land suitable for one or both of these crops were identified during the study. The soils included well drained lighter textured soils on levees and terraces along the river, and on other gently sloping land. There is considerable scope for future expansion with these two crops if further irrigation supplies become available along the river. Increased planting of spray irrigated wheat and soybean onto the 36 384 ha of land assessed suitable for one or both of these crops is also possible.

Currently, the area of planting to tree and vine crops is 213 ha, mainly macadamia, grape and mango. The area assessed suitable for one or more of the horticultural crops investigated (ie. citrus, macadamia or grapes) is 23 770 ha located on a range of well drained soils on alluvial plains, undulating plains and

rises. As for peanuts and navy beans, there is considerable scope for future expansion of plantings of tree and vine crops if water becomes available.

Vegetables have the greatest potential for expansion from the current planting of 27 ha to the 54 794 ha assessed suitable in this study. However, realistically, any expansion in vegetable growing is likely to occur in scattered, small to moderate sized plantings, unless locally grown vegetables increase in demand to fill a large niche in the southern and overseas markets.

The availability of suitable land is unlikely to limit irrigation development along the Fitzroy River if construction of a proposed storage near Riverslea Crossing and the upgrading of Eden Bann Weir proceed. Overall, there are more than sufficient areas of suitable land for a range of potential crops to utilise any additional water supply. There are additional areas of marginal land which could be used providing severe limitations are modified or removed through appropriate management or inputs.

Access may be a major constraint to future development of remote areas, particularly areas along the left bank of the river. Moderate flooding along the river regularly closes Riverslea and Glenroy Crossings, while small floods cut the minor crossings and fords. Access across the river during floods would have to be improved to allow irrigation and crop husbandry activities to proceed without severe interruption.

Flooding has been identified as a major constraint along sections of the floodplain. Areas subject to erosive flooding have been identified and assessed unsuitable for all forms of irrigated cropping, and should be left under a stable pasture or timber cover. Other floodprone areas, such as the current dryland cropping lands around the Mackenzie — Dawson River junction, are not suitable for summer cropping because of the higher incidence of floods during the summer growing season, but are suitable for a winter crop such as wheat.

Salinity is not considered a major concern for irrigation of soils along the Fitzroy River, providing appropriate irrigation methods and management are utilised. Major salinity outbreaks are restricted to the drainage lines in the granitic landscape north-west of Ridgelands, so this area has been assessed not suitable for any form of irrigation. A minor salinity outbreak occurs below the basalt landscape in the Etna Creek area, so the recommended irrigation has been limited to overhead spray irrigation and trickle or microspray irrigation, but not furrow irrigation. Moderate to high levels of soluble salts occur in some of the cracking clays and sodic texture contrast soils, but the salts have not mobilised under dryland cropping or pasture conditions. The recent salinity investigation by SalCon indicates that these clays and texture contrast soils will have adequate drainage under irrigation so that watertables will not rise, and salts are unlikely to be removed out of the profiles into groundwaters or the river system.

9.0 References

Baker, D.E. and Eldershaw, V.J. (1993). Interpreting soil analyses for agricultural land use in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Project Report QO93014.

Clewett, J.F., Smith, P.G., Partridge, I.J., George, D.A. and Peacock, A. (1999). Australian Rainman version 3:An integrated software package of Rainfall Information for Better Management. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI98071.

Coventry, R.J. and Murtha, G.G. (1976). Soils of the CSIRO National Cattle Breeding Station Belmont, Rockhampton, Queensland. CSIRO Australia, Division of Soils Divisional Report No.10.

Davies, B. and Willcocks, J.R. (1992). Climate variability in the Fitzroy Catchment. Proceedings Fitzroy Catchment Symposium. Queensland Department of Primary Industries.

Day, K.J. (1993). Irrigated land suitability assessment of Haughton Section-Stage 1 Nine Mile Lagoon to Oaky Creek Burdekin River Irrigation Area. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Land Resources Bulletin QO93022

Donnollan, T.E., McClurg, J.I. and Tucker, R.J. (1990). Soils and Suitability of Leichhardt Downs Section:Burdekin River Irrigation Area. Part B: Detailed Report. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Land Resources Bulletin QV90002.

Forster, B.A. and Barton, A.L. (1995). Land Systems of the Capricorn Coast — Map 1 - St Lawrence- Marlborough Area; Map 2 — Rockhampton — Yeppoon Area. Queensland Department of Natural Resources.

Isbell, R.F. (1996). The Australian Soil Classification. Australian Soils and Land Survey Handbook Series, Volume 4. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

Kirkegaard, A.G. (1970). Duaringa Queensland Sheet SF/55-16. Geological Survey of Queensland, 1:250 000 Geological Series-Explanatory Notes.

Kirkegaard, A.G., Shaw, R.D. and Murray, C.G. (1970). Geology of the Rockhampton and Port Clinton 1:250 000 Sheet areas. Geological Survey of Queensland, Report 38.

Land Resources Branch Staff, (1990). Guidelines for agricultural land evaluation in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series Q19005.

McCarrol, S.M. and Forster, B.A. (1999). Agricultural land evaluation along the lower Dawson River. Department of Natural Resources Queensland, Land Resources Bulletin Q990107.

McCarroll, S.M. (1998). Agricultural land evaluation of the Mackenzie River. Department of Natural Resources Queensland, Land Resources Bulletin Q980055.

McDonald, R.C. and Baker, D.E. (1986). Soils of the Left Bank of the Nagoa River, Emerald Irrigation Area, Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry Branch Technical Report No. 15.

McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990). Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook, Second Edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Moss, J.B., Gordon, I.J. and Zischke, R.N. (1999). The potential for salinity or waterlogging problems associated with or resultant from irrigation development in the lower Fitzroy River catchment. Department of Natural Resources Queensland.

Northcote, K.H. (1979). A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils. Rellim Technical Publications, South Australia.

Perry, R.A. (1968). Lands of the Dawson-Fitzroy Area, Queensland. CSIRO Australia, Land Research Series No. 21.

Rayment, G.E. and Higginson, F.R. (1992). Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Ross, D.J. (1999). Land suitability assessment and soils of the Calliope and Yeppoon areas, Queensland. Department of Natural Resources Queensland, Land Resources Bulletin Q990066.

Slattery, W.J., Conyers, M.K. and Aitken, R.L. (1999). Soil pH, aluminium, manganese and lime requirement in Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual. (Eds K.I. Peverill, L.A. Sparrow and D.J. Reuter). CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne.

Sumner, M.E. (1995). Sodic soils: New perspectives in Australian Sodic Soils: Distribution, properties and management. (Eds R. Naidu, M.E. Sumner and P. Rengasamy). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.

Willmott, W.F, O’Flynn, M.L. and Trezise, D.L. (1986). Rockhampton Region Queensland 1:100 000 Geological Map Commentary. Geological Survey of Queensland, Department of Mines.

Wilson, P.R. and Sorby, P. (1991). Auburn River irrigation suitability study. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QO91007.

84 Appendix 1. Nomenclature used for soil code

Each soil code is made up of three components. The first component indicates the soil landscape. The second is the Soil Order from the Australian Soil Classification scheme and, finally, the third is a number to distinguish between different soils of the same Soil Order within the same soil landscape. Examples are 1AKA1 and SDE3.

The first letter, or number and letter, of the code indicates the soil landscape based on geology and landform, shown below.

Code Soil Landscape 1A Soils overlying Recent Alluvium 2A Soils overlying Local Alluvium and Colluvium 3A Soils overlying Older Alluvium C Soils overlying Unconsolidated Cainozoic Sediments T Soils overlying Deeply Weathered, Flat Lying Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks B Soils overlying Basalt I Soils overlying Intermediate Volcanic Rocks G Soils overlying Granitic Rocks M Soils overlying Mixed Acid and Intermediate Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks S Soils overlying Steeply Dipping and Folded Sedimentary Rocks U Soils overlying Ultramafic Rocks

The second and third letter of the code is the Soil Order of the Australian Soil Classification system. The Soil Orders identified in the study area and a brief description of each Soil Order are presented below.

Code Soil Order General Description of ASC CH Chromosol Chromosols are texture contrast soils which have a light or medium textured surface, abruptly overlying a clay subsoil. The upper part of the subsoil is non- sodic. The sub-surface may be pale or bleached. An example is a sandy loam surface over a non-sodic light clay subsoil.

DE Dermosol Dermosols are soils with a gradual increase in texture or uniform clay loams or non-cracking clays. The subsoil is moderately or strongly structured and may have a sodic layer. An example of a gradational Dermosols is a clay loam surface grading into a structured clay subsoil. An example of a uniform Dermosol is a structured, light to medium clay down the profile.

FE Ferrosol Ferrosols are gradational or uniform soils similar to Dermosols which have undergone strong leaching and have greater than 5% free iron oxide in the profile. They may be massive or structured, but lack a strong textural change between the surface and subsoil.

KA Kandosol Kandosols are gradational or uniform textured soils with a massive or weakly structured subsoil, which have >15% clay (ie. sandy loam or heavier).

Code Soil Order General Description of ASC KU Kurosol Kurosols are texture contrast soils with similarities to Chromosols and Sodosols. They have a lighter textured surface, abruptly overlying a clay subsoil. The sub-surface may be pale or bleached. Kurosols have a strongly acid subsoil (pH <5.5), which may also be sodic and/or magnesic. An example is a sandy loam surface overlying an acid, medium clay subsoil.

RU Rudosol Rudosols are soils which have little pedological organisation apart from organic matter accumulation in the surface horizon. The most common example of this soil in this study area is a dark or brown, massive, clay loamy surface overlying buried sandy layers.

SO Sodosol Sodosols are texture contrast soil similar to Chromosols, however the upper clay subsoil is sodic. The subsurface layer is often pale or bleached. An example is a loamy sand surface, with a bleached subsurface, abruptly overlying a sodic, medium clay subsoil.

TE Tenosol Tenosols include a diverse range of soils. The dominant Tenosols in the study area are deep, uniform, massive sands and loams with <15% clay. These soils have a strong colour development in the subsoil. Other Tenosols have a dark, structured, clay loam or light clay surface layer overlying buried soil or rock.

VE Vertosol Vertosols are uniform clay soils which have shrink-swell properties that exhibit strong cracking when dry. These soils may have a self-mulching, pedal or crusting surface, and have >35% clay. Other properties such as slickensides and lenticular structure are also evident in the profile. Vertosols may be sodic and/or saline in surface and subsoil horizons.

The last digit or number of the code is the number assigned to each Soil so that distinctions can be made between soils with similar ASC orders in the same soil landscape. For example, SDE1, SDE2, SDE3 and SDE4 are four separate soils, each being a Dermosol within the Soil Landscape “Soils overlying Steeply Dipping and Folded Sedimentary Rocks”.

86 Appendix 2. Morphological and chemical data for representative profiles

Soil Profile Description Soil Profile Description

1ATE1 Morphological and Chemical TTE1 Morphological only 1ARU1 Morphological and Chemical TKA1 Morphological and Chemical 1AKA1 Morphological and Chemical TDE1 Morphological only 1ADE1 Morphological and Chemical TKU1 Morphological and Diagnostic 1ACH1 Morphological and Chemical TDE2 Morphological only 1ACH2 Morphological only 1ASO1 Morphological and Diagnostic BFE1 Morphological and Chemical 1AVE1 Morphological and Chemical BVE1 Morphological and Chemical 1AVE2 Morphological and Chemical BVE2 Morphological only 1AVE3 Morphological only 1AVE4 Morphological and Chemical IDE1 Morphological and Chemical 1AVE5 Morphological only IVE1 Morphological and Chemical 1ATE3 Morphological only IDE2 Morphological only 1AKA2 Morphological only 1ADE2 Morphological and Chemical GDE1 Morphological only 1ADE2 Morphological and Chemical GCH1 Morphological and Chemical 1ACH3 Morphological only GSO1 Morphological and Chemical 1AVE6 Morphological and Chemical MDE1 Morphological only 2ADE1 Morphological only MSO1 Morphological and Diagnostic 2ASO1 Morphological and Diagnostic MDE2 Morphological only 2ASO2 Morphological only 2AVE1 Morphological only SDE1 Morphological only 2AVE2 Morphological and Chemical SDE2 Morphological and Diagnostic SDE3 Morphological only 3ASO1 Morphological and Diagnostic SSO1 Morphological and Diagnostic 3ASO2 Morphological and Chemical SVE1 Morphological and Diagnostic 3ASO3 Morphological and Chemical SDE4 Morphological only 3ASO3 Morphological and Chemical 3AVE1 Morphological only UDE1 Morphological and Chemical 3AVE2 Morphological only UFE1 Morphological and Chemical UDE2 Morphological and Chemical CDE1 Morphological and Diagnostic CDE2 Morphological and Chemical CDE3 Morphological and Diagnostic CDE4 Morphological only CCH1 Morphological and Partial Chemical CSO1 Morphological and Diagnostic CSO2 Morphological and Diagnostic CVE1 Morphological and Chemical CVE2 Morphological and Diagnostic CVE3 Morphological and Diagnostic CVE4 Morphological and Chemical CVE5 Morphological and Chemical

87 Soil: 1ATE1 Site: LFZ 468 Location: 794430 mE 7441020 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Levee Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: < 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Uc1.23 Australian Soil Classification: BASIC, REGOLITHIC, ORTHIC TENOSOL; Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Sandy, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus coolabah; Corymbia tessellaris; Corymbia intermedia Permeability: Highly permeable Drainage: Rapidly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Soft Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.3 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; sand; moderately moist very weak; diffuse to- A3 0.3 to 0.6 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; sand; moderately moist very weak; gradual B21w 0.6 to 1 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) moist; sand; moderately moist very weak; diffuse to- B22 1 to 1.7 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; common medium distinct pale mottles; sand; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist very weak.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C Meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 6.9 0.03 BQ 0.10 7.4 0.05 BQ 26 62 5 6 5 3.10 1.10 BQ 0.40 0.35 3 0.025 0.989 0.013 0.20 7.3 0.04 BQ 0.30 7.2 0.03 BQ 26 62 8 6 3 2.00 0.59 BQ 0.39 0.31 3 0.021 1.010 0.008 0.40 7.1 0.02 BQ 0.50 7.1 0.02 BQ 0.60 7.1 0.02 BQ 24 62 7 7 3 2.20 0.77 0.04 0.14 1.3 0.46 4 0.021 1.040 0.008 0.70 7.1 0.01 BQ 0.80 6.9 0.01 BQ 0.90 6.8 0.01 BQ 27 57 8 10 4 2.80 0.94 0.07 0.14 1.3 0.58 4 0.024 1.040 0.008 1.00 7.4 0.03 BQ 1.10 6.6 0.01 BQ 1.20 6.5 0.01 BQ 26 60 5 9 3 2.40 0.84 0.06 0.12 2.0 0.45 4 0.022 1.030 0.008 1.30 6.6 0.02 BQ 1.40 6.6 0.01 BQ 1.50 6.4 0.01 BQ 30 59 5 6 3 1.80 0.68 0.05 0.07 1.6 0.39 3 0.019 0.994 0.007

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg Mg/kg B 0.10 0.70 0.05 26 44 0.50 18 0.84 1.30 30.0 2.2 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

88 Soil: 1ARU1 Site: LFZ 486 Location: 230760 mE 7437185 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Scroll Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Um1.44 Australian Soil Classification: STRATIC RUDOSOL; Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Moderate Vegetation: Tall sparse woodland. Eucalyptus coolabah, Corymbia tessellaris; Eucalyptus tereticornis Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.05 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; clay loam fine sandy; dry weak; clear to- A12 0.05 to 0.3 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; clay loam fine sandy; dry very firm; gradual to- A13 0.3 to 0.5 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; fine sandy clay loam; dry firm; clear to- 1D1 0.5 to 0.9 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; sandy loam; dry firm; clear to- 2D1 0.9 to 1.3 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; fine sandy clay loam; weak 5-10mm subangular blocky; dry firm; gradual to- 2D2 1.3 to 1.5 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; clay loam sandy; weak 2-5mm granular; dry firm. Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 6.7 0.05 21 0.5 6.7 0.04 20 12 58 12 19 14 8.1 5.6 0.05 0.60 0.4 1.54 9 0.047 1.11 0.020 0.10 6.4 0.04 17 15 54 10 22 15 8.3 5.7 0.14 0.44 0.9 1.49 9 0.052 1.12 0.020 0.20 6.5 0.04 18 0.30 6.7 0.04 22 16 53 12 22 15 8.6 5.9 0.10 0.45 0.7 1.42 9 0.056 1.17 0.018 0.40 6.9 0.04 22 0.50 7.0 0.03 17 0.60 7.2 0.02 14 45 44 2 8 6 3.5 2.5 0.05 0.22 0.8 0.6 4 0.029 1.01 0.010 0.70 7.3 0.02 11 0.80 7.4 0.02 10 0.90 7.4 0.02 19 19 64 5 12 9 5.1 3.7 0.05 0.27 0.6 0.93 5 0.036 1.08 0.011 1.00 7.3 0.03 16 1.10 7.3 0.03 18 1.20 7.3 0.03 21 22 56 7 15 12 6.6 4.7 0.07 0.31 0.6 1.27 7 0.033 1.11 0.011 1.30 7.3 0.03 19 1.40 7.4 0.04 19 1.50 7.5 0.03 19 22 47 11 22 15 8.6 6.3 0.11 0.36 0.7 1.51 9 0.039 1.14 0.012

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % Mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.7 0.09 64.0 122.0 0.7 91.0 1.5 3.1 11.0 6.1 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

89 Soil: 1AKA1 Site: LFZ 494 Location: 798025 mE 7382895 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Terrace plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: < 0.5% Principal Profile Form: Gn2.42 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, BROWN KANDOSOL; Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Clay Loamy, Deep Permeability: Highly permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Firm Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.3 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) moist; sand; dry very weak; diffuse to- A3 0.3 to 0.6 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) moist; sand; dry very weak; gradual to- B1 0.6 to 0.7 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy loam; moist very weak; gradual to- B2 0.7 to 1 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy clay loam; moist very weak; gradual to- B3 1 to 1.2 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy loam; moderately moist very weak; gradual to- 2D1 1.2 to 1.45 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; clayey sand; moist very weak; clear to- 2D2 1.45 to 1.5 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) moist; common medium distinct grey mottles; fine sandy clay loam; moderate 10-20mm prismatic; common fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist very firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) PH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.5 0.28 34 0.10 6.8 0.03 26 42 48 6 5 3 3.0 0.13 0.12 0.22 4.0 0.51 3 0.040 0.995 0.015 0.20 6.5 0.02 29 0.30 6.7 0.02 32 40 49 6 5 3 2.3 0.24 0.12 0.16 4.0 0.46 3 0.030 1.010 0.011 0.40 6.8 0.03 29 0.50 6.9 0.03 29 0.60 7.0 0.04 28 37 51 6 6 3 2.2 0.92 0.12 0.14 4.0 0.61 3 0.017 1.040 0.010 0.70 7.0 0.05 28 0.80 7.0 0.05 26 0.90 6.9 0.08 24 27 51 6 16 7 4.8 2.10 0.14 0.27 2.0 1.64 6 0.019 1.080 0.010 1.00 6.9 0.08 26 1.10 7.0 0.07 24 1.20 7.0 0.07 24 30 53 8 10 5 3.3 1.60 0.16 0.13 3.2 0.90 5 0.018 1.100 0.012 1.30 7.0 0.08 25 1.40 7.0 0.08 22 1.45 6.9 0.08 26 31 53 6 9 5 2.7 1.5 0.22 0.10 4.4 0.81 5 0.017 1.090 0.013 1.50 7.4 0.07 19 24 48 6 23 10 5.9 3.8 0.50 0.22 5.0 1.82 8 0.026 1.230 0.012

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 0.55 0.04 44.0 84.0 0.60 15.0 0.43 33.0 14.0 124.4 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

90 Soil: 1ADE1 Site: LFZ 467 Location: 795200 mE 7443140 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Levee Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: < 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Um6.31 Australian Soil Classification: MELANIC, EUTROPHIC, BLACK DERMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clay Loamy, Moderate Vegetation: Isolated tall trees; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Corymbia tessellaris Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; fine sandy clay loam; moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; dry firm; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.5 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; moderately moist weak; diffuse to- 2D1 0.5 to 0.9 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; fine sandy clay loam; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; moderately moist weak; gradual to- 2D2 0.9 to 1.2 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; strong 20-50mm prismatic; dry very firm; gradual to- 3D1 1.2 to 1.5 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; fine sandy clay loam; strong 10-20mm prismatic; dry very firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.0 0.05 16.7 0.10 7.0 0.03 BQ 3 58 16 23 15.4 7.5 4.3 BQ 2.5 1.48 11 0.059 1.400 0.022 0.20 6.9 0.03 BQ 0.30 7.0 0.03 BQ 1 64 12 23 15.7 8.6 4.3 0.13 0.37 0.8 1.62 9 0.044 1.250 0.012 0.40 6.9 0.03 44.5 0.50 7.1 0.03 BQ 0.60 7.4 0.03 BQ 1 71 9 19 12.9 6.7 4.1 0.28 0.24 2.2 1.03 8 0.038 1.270 0.011 0.70 7.7 0.03 BQ 0.80 7.9 0.04 BQ 0.90 8.0 0.06 BQ 1 68 8 23 15.2 8.6 5.3 0.82 0.38 5.4 1.52 11 0.047 1.310 0.010 1.00 8.2 0.08 32.4 1.10 8.3 0.09 58.3 1.20 8.4 0.09 59.9 1 62 12 23 14.0 9.3 5.4 1.19 0.26 8.5 1.61 12 0.032 1.300 0.010 1.30 8.5 0.08 44.9 1.40 8.6 0.06 18.3 1.50 8.6 0.06 BQ 3 69 11 17 12.5 6.2 3.6 0.82 0.19 6.6 1.17 7 0.029 1.300 0.008

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Acid Bicarb meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.62 0.12 121.0 195.0 1.70 78 1.5 1.6 14.0 4.9 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

91 Soil: 1ACH1 Site: LFZ 464 Location: 231890 mE 7432597 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: < 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Dd1.23 Australian Soil Classification: SODIC, EUTROPHIC, BLACK CHROMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Moderate Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; sandy clay loam; dry strong; clear to- A2j 0.1 to 0.2 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; clay loam sandy; dry strong; abrupt to- B21 0.2 to 0.4 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; light clay; strong 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.4 to 0.6 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; light medium clay; strong 20-50mm prismatic; dry strong; gradual to- 2D1 0.6 to 1.1 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm prismatic; few medium calcareous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; diffuse to- 2D2 1.1 to 1.5 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8) moist; sandy light clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; very few fine calcareous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) PH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % % B 0.10 6.6 0.04 7.0 0.10 7.2 0.06 10.1 8 56 23 16 12.0 4.9 3.4 0.29 0.77 2.4 1.04 8 0.053 1.11 0.048 0.20 7.7 0.07 9.3 0.30 8.5 0.10 BQ 6 49 17 30 21.1 8.8 8.3 1.11 0.38 5.3 2.23 13 0.033 1.1 0.019 0.40 8.9 0.14 BQ 0.50 9.1 0.13 BQ 0.60 9.2 0.19 BQ 8 49 13 33 20.0 7.8 8.5 2.16 0.23 10.8 1.99 14 0.023 1.16 0.019 0.70 9.3 0.18 BQ 0.80 9.2 0.14 BQ 0.90 9.3 0.16 BQ 9 54 9 29 13.7 6.3 6.8 2.56 0.23 18.7 1.78 13 0.03 1.21 0.014 1.00 9.2 0.12 BQ 1.10 9.2 0.13 BQ 1.20 9.1 0.11 BQ 10 52 12 27 15.1 6.5 5.9 2.49 0.29 16.5 1.92 14 0.033 1.24 0.012 1.30 9.1 0.12 BQ 1.40 6.9 0.04 BQ 1.50 6.8 0.03 7.8 9 53 12 27 15.2 6.9 6.2 2.40 0.29 15.8 1.49 13 0.034 1.27 0.013

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.30 .07 61 163 0.5 80 1.1 0.75 25.0 7 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

92 Soil:1ACH2 Site: LFZ 260 Location: 194785 mE 7400320 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: 0 % Principal Profile Form: Dy5.42 Australian Soil Classification: MOTTLED, EUTROPHIC, GREY CHROMOSOL; Very Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus tereticornis, Corymbia tessellaris Permeability: Highly permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Soft

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.28 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; sand; moist loose; diffuse to- A21 0.28 to 0.89 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; sand; moderately moist loose; diffuse to- A22e 0.89 to 1.03 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist, white (10YR8/1) dry; sand; dry loose; abrupt to- B21 1.03 to 1.41 m Pale brown (10YR6/3) moist; few medium distinct orange mottles; sandy light clay; very few coarse manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B22 1.41 to 1.55 m Pale brown (10YR6/3) moist; many medium prominent orange mottles; sandy light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm prismatic; very few medium manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 7.0 0.3 7.0 0.6 7.5 0.9 8.0 1.2 7.0 1.5 6.5

93 Soil: 1ASO1 Site: LFZ 270 Location: 801940 mE 7406985 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: < 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Db4.43 Australian Soil Classification: EUTROPHIC, HYPERNATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus populnea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus crebra Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Soft

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; sand; moderately moist very weak; gradual to- A12 0.1 to 0.25 m Drown (10YR4/3) moist; sand; dry loose; clear to- A2e 0.25 to 0.5 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist, white (10YR8/2) dry; sand; dry loose; abrupt to- B21 0.5 to 1 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; common medium distinct orange mottles; sandy light medium clay; common fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B22 1 to 1.44 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; few fine distinct orange mottles; sandy light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm polyhedral; common fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B23 1.44 to 1.6 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; few fine distinct orange mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.5 0.3 7.0 0.6 8.5 0.9 8.0 1.2 8.0 1.5 8.5

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.60-.80 8.0 0.22 260 10 6.5 12.9 2.7 0.14

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

94 Soil: 1AVE1 Site: LFZ 472 Location: 783250 mE 7382335 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0.2 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.1 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Very Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; moist weak; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.3 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky, strong 5-10mm lenticular; moist weak; diffuse to- B22 0.3 to 1.2 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few medium calcareous nodules; moist firm; diffuse to- B23 1.2 to 1.5 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; very few medium calcareous nodules; moderately moist very firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.0 0.15 50.5 0.10 7.1 0.10 11.6 2 4 28 65 43 33 11 0.48 1.84 1.1 4.67 26 0.106 1.49 0.032 0.20 7.8 0.09 12.0 0.30 7.9 0.09 BQ 1 5 21 73 43.9 32 10.8 0.88 0.54 2.0 5.32 28 0.076 1.27 0.023 0.40 8.4 0.10 BQ 0.50 8.5 0.12 BQ 0.60 8.6 0.16 13.7 1 5 21 73 52.1 32 15.1 2.19 0.54 4.2 5.59 27 0.089 1.28 0.024 0.70 8.7 0.21 38.4 0.80 8.6 0.28 87.8 0.90 8.6 0.41 160.8 1 5 21 73 43.9 34 17.3 3.6 0.65 8.2 5.55 27 0.093 1.28 0.029 1.00 8.5 0.50 250.7 1.10 8.4 0.74 307.1 1.20 8.2 1.12 386.1 2 5 18 72 47.6 30 17.3 4.16 0.6 8.7 5.51 26 0.098 1.31 0.078 1.30 8.1 1.32 449.2 1.40 8.1 1.20 496.5 1.50 8.0 1.41 550.6 1 5 21 72 48.6 29 18.0 4.47 0.62 9.2 4.86 27 0.081 1.30 0.094

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.1 0.17 209 263 1.3 67.0 4.0 1.8 26.0 11.8 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 are determined by the Alcoholic Method

95 Soil: 1AVE2 Site: LFZ 502 Location: 228665 mE 7428186 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: 0 % Great Soil Group: Black earth Principal Profile Form: Ug5.1 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EPIPEDAL, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus coolabah Microrelief Component: Mound Microrelief Description: Normal gilgai; 0.1m Vertical Interval; 3m Horizontal Interval Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong 2- 5mm granular; dry firm; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.5 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; dry firm; diffuse to- B22 0.5 to 1 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; moderately moist firm; diffuse to- B23 1 to 1.5 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky, strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few fine manganiferous nodules; moderately moist firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) PH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 5.9 0.09 39 0.10 6.6 0.07 25 4 14 29 54 29 15 12 0.56 1.2 1.9 4.24 24 0.092 1.41 0.030 0.20 6.9 0.06 21 0.30 7.2 0.05 23 - - - - 30 16 12 0.86 0.94 2.9 5.24 22 0.074 1.45 0.015 0.40 7.4 0.06 26 0.50 7.6 0.07 38 0.60 7.7 0.09 39 2 16 29 57 34 17 14 2.2 0.59 6.5 4.31 23 0.063 1.30 0.013 0.70 7.9 0.12 66 0.80 7.9 0.15 108 0.90 7.9 0.19 157 2 15 26 61 39 19 16 3.8 0.49 9.7 4.73 25 0.061 1.30 0.016 1.00 7.9 0.26 234 1.10 7.8 0.31 302 1.20 7.7 0.37 383 2 12 27 61 41 18 17 5 0.6 12.2 4.22 25 0.063 1.35 0.017 1.30 7.6 0.46 490 1.40 7.5 0.51 555 1.50 7.4 0.55 631 2 11 25 64 40 17 17 5.6 0.61 14.0 4.11 26 0.067 1.41 0.020

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.45 0.19 151 73 1.10 300.0 5.1 3.5 46 17.5 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 are determined by the Aqueous Method

96 Soil: 1AVE3 Site: LFZ 243 Location: 236095 mE 7423145 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: 0 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.17 Australian Soil Classification: ENDOCALCAREOUS, EPIPEDAL, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Fine, Very Fine, Moderate Vegetation: Isolated trees. Eucalyptus coolabah, Eucalyptus tereticornis Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.14 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; sandy light clay; moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; dry weak; clear to- B21 0.14 to 0.3 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; few fine faint red mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.3 to 0.6 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; dry strong; gradual to- 2D1 0.6 to 0.83 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; few medium distinct orange mottles; sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; few medium calcareous soft segregations; dry firm; gradual to- 3D1 0.83 to 1.3 m Strong brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; many medium distinct orange mottles; sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; very few medium calcareous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous nodules; dry very firm; gradual to- 3D2 1.3 to 1.51 m Strong brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; many medium distinct orange mottles; sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; very few fine manganiferous nodules; dry very firm.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 7.0 0.6 8.5 0.9 8.5 1.5 8.5

97 Soil: 1AVE4 Site: LFZ 499 AMG Reference 200770 mE 7441445 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.14 Australian Soil Classification: ENDOCALCAREOUS-ENDOHYPERSODIC, EPIPEDAL, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus coolabah; Casuarina cristata Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few < 2% medium pebbles 6-20mm, subangular Quartz Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, firm

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; moderate 2-5mm subangular blocky; dry weak; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.4 m Very dark greyish brown (2.5Y3/2) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.4 to 1 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2) moist; light medium clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few < 2% medium 2-6 mm calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B23 1 to 1.5 m Light olive brown (2.5Y5/4) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few < 2% coarse 6-20 mm calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % % B 0.10 7.60 0.14 59.0 0.10 8.00 0.20 55.0 5 18 37 41 30.0 13.0 16.0 3.02 0.74 10.1 3.67 19 0.028 0.514 0.022 0.20 8.40 0.18 113.0 0.30 8.70 0.38 349.0 2 10 20 69 32.0 16.0 18.0 3.41 0.78 10.6 6.03 29 0.015 0.456 0.022 0.40 8.90 0.85 753.0 0.50 9.10 1.24 1155.0 0.60 9.40 0.86 802.0 -IS- -IS- -IS- -IS- 46.0 7.80 32.0 10.42 0.31 22.6 -IS- 30 0.012 0.471 0.050 0.70 9.30 1.01 999.0 0.80 8.90 2.00 2488.0 0.90 8.80 2.09 2713.0 -IS- -IS- -IS- -IS- 41.0 5.67 30.0 9.26 0.32 22.5 -IS- 26 0.011 0.485 0.045 1.00 8.70 2.13 2843.0 1.10 8.70 2.14 2949.0 1.20 8.60 2.24 3031.0 -IS- -IS- -IS- -IS- 44.0 7.00 28.0 12.40 0.37 28.1 6.91 27 0.010 0.507 0.050 1.30 8.80 1.93 2593.0 1.40 8.60 2.16 2828.0 1.50 8.80 1.78 2368.0 -IS- -IS- -IS- -IS- 36.0 3.18 27.0 11.38 0.26 31.6 5.41 24 0.009 0.437 0.043

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.05 0.12 11.0 11.0 0.4 47.00 3.10 0.61 48.00 10.3 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 are determined by the Alcoholic Method

98 Soil: 1AVE5 Site: LFZ 336 Location: 804115 mE 7442070 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: < 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.14 Australian Soil Classification: EPICALCAREOUS, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Fine, Medium Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Acacia harpophylla Microrelief Component: Mound Microrelief Description: Melonhole gilgai; 1m Vertical Interval; 4m Horizontal Interval Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description Ap1 0 to 0.15 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; light medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; very few fine calcareous soft segregations; dry very firm; gradual to- B21 0.15 to 0.44 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; moderate 5-10mm lenticular, strong 2-5mm granular; very few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B22 0.44 to 0.95 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2) moist; light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; very few fine calcareous nodules, few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B23 0.95 to 1.26 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist very firm; gradual to- B24 1.26 to 1.51 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; few fine calcareous soft segregations, very few fine gypseous crystals; dry strong;

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 8.0 0.3 8.5 0.6 9.0 0.9 8.5 1.2 8.0 1.5 8.0

99 Soil: 1ATE3 Site: LFZ 221 Location: 230345 mE 7436960 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Scroll Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: <0 5% Principal Profile Form Um1.44 Australian Soil Classification: SUBMELANIC, REGOLITHIC, LEPTIC TENOSOL; Thick, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Shallow Vegetation: Corymbia tessellaris, Eucalyptus coolabah Permeability: Highly permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Firm

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.15 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; clay loam; moderate 2-5mm granular; moist weak; gradual to- A12 0.15 to 0.35 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; sandy light clay; weak 2-5mm granular; gradual to- 2D1 0.35 to 0.47 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; clay loam; sandy; moderately moist firm; clear to- 3D1 0.47 to 0.75 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; light medium clay; moderate 5-10mm polyhedral; dry very firm; gradual to- 4D1 0.75 to 0.97 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; loamy sand; dry very firm; gradual to-

5D1 0.97 to 1.3 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sand; dry firm; clear to- 6D1 1.3 to 1.6 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; very few fine distinct red mottles; sandy light medium clay; dry very firm.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 6.5 0.6 6.5 0.9 6.8 1.2 7.0 1.5 7.0

100 Soil: 1AKA2 Site: LFZ 180 Location: 798335 mE 7411890 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Scroll Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plain Slope: < 0.5% Principal Profile Form: Um1.23 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, BROWN KANDOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clay Loamy, Moderate Vegetation: Eucalyptus coolabah, Eucalyptus tereticornis Permeability: Highly permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.2 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; fine sandy clay loam; dry very firm; gradual to- B21 0.2 to 0.45 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; sandy clay loam; moderately moist weak; gradual to- B3 0.45 to 0.7 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy loam; dry weak; diffuse to- 2D1 0.7 to 1.55 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; sand; dry loose; gradual to- 3D1 1.55 to 1.66 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; loamy sand; dry weak.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 6.0 0.6 6.5 0.9 6.5 1.2 6.5 1.5 6.5

101 Soil: 1ADE2 Site: LFZ 487 Location: 230540 mE 7435635 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Scroll Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: <0 5% Principal Profile Form: Um5.42 Australian Soil Classification: MELANIC, EUTROPHIC, BLACK DERMOSOL; Thin, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clay loamy, Shallow Vegetation: Isolated softwood scrub species Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.05 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; fine sandy clay loam; dry strong; clear to- B21 0.05 to 0.3 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; clay loam fine sandy; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; dry strong; gradual to- 2D1 0.3 to 0.6 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; sandy clay loam; strong 20-50mm prismatic, strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry strong; clear to- 2D2 0.6 to 1.5 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sand; moderately moist very weak.

Laboratory Data:

1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 6.3 0.03 25 0.5 6.2 0.04 26 34 38 11 18 9 3.8 4.0 0.04 0.69 0.4 0.96 7 0.040 1.12 0.021 0.10 6.3 0.03 21 30 41 12 19 9 4.5 4.3 0.06 0.47 0.7 1.04 7 0.033 1.13 0.018 0.20 6.4 0.03 20 0.30 6.6 0.03 19 28 40 11 22 12 5.5 6 0.16 0.25 1.3 1.45 9 0.033 1.12 0.017 0.40 6.9 0.02 18 0.50 7.1 0.02 17 0.60 7.2 0.03 23 42 35 8 18 9 3.7 4.9 0.19 0.12 2.1 1.06 6 0.022 1.04 0.011 0.70 7.0 0.02 25 0.80 6.7 0.02 28 0.90 6.7 0.02 25 60 35 1 5 3 1.4 1.8 0.60 0.14 2.0 0.36 2 0.011 0.993 0.007 1.00 6.8 0.02 29 1.10 6.9 0.02 31 1.20 7.0 0.02 24 47 45 1 5 4 1.7 2.5 0.07 0.15 1.8 0.46 3 0.012 1.03 0.007 1.30 7.0 0.02 21 1.40 7.0 0.02 24 1.50 7.0 0.01 20 76 19 1 4 3 1.2 1.8 0.03 0.08 1.0 0.32 2 0.009 0.899 0.007

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.25 0.07 19.0 26.0 0.5 56.0 1.2 0.6 21.0 5.7 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

102 Soil: 1ADE2 Site: LFZ 504 Location: 233875 mE 7436205 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Scroll Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plain Slope: 1 % Great Soil Group: Prairie soil Principal Profile Form: Uf6.32 Australian Soil Classification: MELANIC, EUTROPHIC, BLACK DERMOSOL; Thin, Non Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus coolabah, Corymbia tessellaris Runoff: Moderately rapid Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Coarse Fragments: No coarse fragments Surface Condition: Hard setting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; fine sandy light clay; dry firm; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.3 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; light medium clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.3 to 0.6 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; dry strong; gradual to- 2D1 0.6 to 1 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; sandy clay loam; weak 20-50mm subangular blocky; very few fine calcareous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry very firm; abrupt to- 3D1 1 to 1.4 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; sand; dry very weak; clear to- 4D1 1.4 to 1.5 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; loamy sand;

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15mP P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 6.1 0.06 49 0.10 6.1 0.06 47 11 30 28 33 20 12 8 0.32 2.32 1.6 2.57 14 0.084 1.34 0.028 0.20 6.5 0.05 40 0.30 6.9 0.07 59 8 29 26 40 24 13 11 1.01 0.41 4.2 3.25 14 0.054 1.23 0.019 0.40 7.3 0.11 115 0.50 7.8 0.2 185 0.60 8.2 0.18 192 8 45 14 37 20 10 12 1.75 0.39 8.8 2.85 13 0.035 1.16 0.017 0.70 8.6 0.18 146 0.80 8.7 0.2 159 0.90 8.7 0.2 161 17 57 8 19 11 4.6 6.43 1.02 0.19 9.3 1.82 6 0.024 1.14 0.012 1.00 8.8 0.2 163 1.10 8.8 0.06 65 1.20 8.4 0.05 48 87 9 -BQ- 3 2 1.2 1.4 0.26 0.13 13.0 0.34 1 0.01 0.736 0.007 1.30 8.4 0.04 42 1.40 8.5 0.04 30 1.50 8.5 0.03 19 55 36 2 8 4 2.5 3 0.37 0.21 9.3 0.84 3 0.014 0.932 0.007

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Acid Bicarb meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.50 0.15 86 141 0.90 160 2.5 1.8 38 10.5 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

103 Soil: 1ACH3 Site: LFZ 522 Location: 219815 mE 7440470 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Scroll Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Db1.4 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, BROWN CHROMOSOL; Very Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus coolabah, Eucalyptus tereticorni, Corymbia tessellaris Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.5 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; loamy sand; gradual to- A2e 0.5 to 0.6 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist, light grey (10YR7/2) dry; loamy sand; clear to- B21 0.6 to 0.85 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy light clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; gradual to- B22 0.85 to 1.25 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; gradual to- 2D1 1.25 to 1.45 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; clayey sand; massive; moderately moist very weak.

104 Soil: 1AVE6 Site: LFZ 489 Location: 227830 mE 7426005 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Scroll Landform Pattern: Undulating plains Slope: <0.5% Principal Profile Form: Ug5.17 Australian Soil Classification: ENDOCALCAREOUS-ENDOHYPERSODIC, EPIPEDAL, BROWN VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Fine, Very Fine, Moderate Vegetation: Eucalyptus tereticornis; Corymbia tessellaris, Corymbia papuana Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; dry strong; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.6 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky, strong 5-10mm lenticular; dry strong; diffuse to- B22 0.6 to 1 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine calcareous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- 2D1 1 to 1.2 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; light clay; strong 10-20mm prismatic; very few medium calcareous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- 3D1 1.2 to 1.5 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy clay loam; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; dry strong.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 6.3 0.1 89 0.10 6.4 0.09 61 3 25 28 43 29 11 10 1.12 0.80 3.9 2.86 16 0.640 1.30 0.029 0.20 6.6 0.2 200 0.30 7.3 0.45 580 1 17 22 60 38 15 15 3.60 0.40 9.5 3.92 21 0.036 1.22 0.025 0.40 7.8 0.69 755 0.50 8.0 0.85 847 0.60 8.1 1.03 930 1 23 17 59 38 15 17 5.78 0.38 15.2 1.84 22 0.027 1.13 0.026 0.70 8.3 0.98 903 0.80 8.4 0.92 877 0.90 8.4 0.88 865 1 41 10 46 29 12 14 4.97 0.31 17.1 3.28 18 0.021 1.12 0.018 1.00 8.3 0.76 821 1.10 8.3 0.67 764 1.20 8.3 0.51 730 1 54 10 35 23 9 10 3.76 0.32 16.3 2.08 14 0.018 1.24 0.016 1.30 8.3 0.54 695 1.40 8.4 0.50 657 1.50 8.4 0.17 611 1 63 10 25 19 7 8 3.28 0.27 17.3 1.84 11 0.025 1.42 0.010

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 2.15 0.13 60.0 61.0 0.90 120.0 2.2 1.20 34.0 18.7 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

105 Code: 2ADE1 Site: LFZ 380 Location: 204150 mE 7446400 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.32 Australian Soil Classification: MELANIC, CALCIC, BLACK DERMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus tereticornis, Casuarina cristata Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few medium pebbles, subangular Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.14 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/2) moist; light clay; strong 2-5mm granular; dry firm; gradual to- B21 0.14 to 0.35 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine manganiferous nodules; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B22 0.35 to 0.9 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong 20-50mm subangular blocky; very few fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; diffuse to- B23 0.9 to 1.5 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist weak; gradual to- B24 1.5 to 1.62 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subrounded Serpentinite; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; very few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist weak.

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 7.0 0.01 0.09 0.3 7.5 0.3 0.09 0.6 9.0 0.6 0.33 0.9 9.0 0.9 0.68 1.2 9.0 1.2 0.67 1.5 9.0 1.5 0.58

106 Soil: 2ASO1 Site: LFZ 63 Location: 210275 mE 7433830 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Drainage depression Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 2 % Principal Profile Form: Dy2.43 Australian Soil Classification: HYPERCALCIC, HYPERNATRIC, GREY SODOSOL; Thin, Non Gravelly, Loamy, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus populnea, Melaleuca bracteata Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Poorly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1e 0 to 0.04 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist, light grey (10YR7/1) dry; very few fine distinct orange mottles; fine sandy loam; dry very weak; clear to- B21 0.04 to 0.15 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist; very few fine faint orange mottles; light clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B22 0.15 to 0.65 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; light clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; very few medium calcareous soft segregations; dry firm; gradual to- B23 0.65 to 1.1 m Weak red (2.5YR4/2) moist; light clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; common medium calcareous soft segregations, few fine calcareous nodules; dry very firm; gradual to- 2D 1.1 to 1.4 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; clay loam; sandy; very few fine calcareous soft segregations, few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong.

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 6.0 0.01 0.94 0.1 8.5 0.1 3.43 0.3 8.5 0.3 2.82 0.6 8.5 0.6 2.82 0.9 9.0 0.9 2.03 1.2 9.5 1.2 0.9 1.4 7.0

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.20-.30 8.5 2.74 4223 36.3 8.8 12.1 17.0 0.30

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

107 SoilCode: 2ASO2 Site: LFZ 569 Location: 242600 mE 7425200 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Valley-flat Landform Pattern: Low hills Slope: 0.5 % Great Soil Group: Solodic Principal Profile Form: Dy3.43 Australian Soil Classification: HYPOCALCIC, MOTTLED-MESONATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Silty, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Isolated clump of trees; Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus crebra; Bothriochloa bladhii; Chloris inflata Runoff: Slow Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Coarse Fragments: No coarse fragments Surface Condition: Hard setting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth (m) Description A1 0.00 to 0.10 Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; clay loam ; massive; moderately moist firm; gradual to; A2e 0.10 to 0.25 Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist, light grey (10YR7/2) dry; silty clay loam ; massive; dry firm; abrupt to; B21 0.25 to 0.40 Brown (10YR5/3) moist; light medium clay ; strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist strong; gradual to; B22 0.40 to 1.10 Greyish brown (10YR5/2) moist; few 2%-10% fine < 5mm distinct grey mottles; very few < 2% fine <2 mm calcareous nodules; moderately moist strong; diffuse to; B23 1.10 to 1.50 Greyish brown (10YR5/2) moist; common 10%-20% medium 5mm-15mm distinct brown, very few < 2% fine < 5mm distinct orange mottles; medium heavy clay ;moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; few 2%-10% fine <2 mm manganiferous veins; moderately moist strong.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.5 0.3 7.0 0.6 8.5 0.9 8.5 1.2 8.0 1.5 8.0

108 Soil: 2AVE1 Site: LFZ 423 Location: 199920 mE 7440470 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Drainage depression Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 1 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.17 Australian Soil Classification: EPICALCAREOUS, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Fine, Very Fine, Moderate Vegetation: Lysiphillum carronii, Alstonia actinophylla Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.14 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; light medium clay; strong 2-5mm subangular blocky; common fine calcareous soft segregations; gradual to- B21k 0.14 to 0.5 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm subangular blocky; common fine calcareous soft segregations, common fine calcareous nodules; diffuse to- B22k 0.5 to 0.95 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 2-5mm lenticular; common medium calcareous nodules, few fine calcareous nodules; diffuse to- 2D1 0.95 to 1.3 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; few medium prominent dark mottles; light medium clay; strong 2-5mm lenticular; few fine calcareous nodules; diffuse to- 2D2 1.3 to 1.7 m Very dark greyish brown (2.5Y3/2) moist; few fine prominent dark mottles; medium clay; strong 2-5mm lenticular; very few fine calcareous nodules, few fine manganiferous nodules.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 7.5 0.3 8.5 0.6 9.0 0.9 8.5 1.2 8.0 1.5 7.0

109 Soil: 2AVE2 Site: PZS 18 Location: 204260 mE 7445670 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Alluvial fan Slope: 1.5 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.17 Australian Soil Classification: MAGNESIC, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK, VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Very Fine, Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus fibrosa; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Corymbia papuana; Casuarina cunninghamiana Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description

A11 0.00 to 0.06 Black (2.5Y20) moist; medium clay ; strong 5-10mm subangular blocky; dry very firm; clear to; B21 0.06 to 0.20 Black (2.5Y20) moist; medium heavy clay ; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; clear to; B22 0.20 to 0.70 Black (2.5Y20) moist; medium heavy clay ; very few < 2% large pebbles 20-60mm subangular serpentinite coarse fragments; strong 10-20mm lenticular; very few < 2% fine <2 mm manganiferous nodules; moderately moist strong; diffuse to; B23 0.70 to 0.86 Black (10YR21) moist; medium heavy clay , strong 10-20mm lenticular; very few < 2% fine <2 mm manganiferous nodules; moist very firm; diffuse to; B24 0.86 to 0.90 Black (10YR21) moist; medium clay ;very few < 2% small pebbles 2-6mm subangular coarse fragments; strong 5-10mm lenticular; few 2%-10% medium 2-6 mm soft magnesite segregations; moist firm; clear to; B3 0.90 to 1.20 Dark brown (7.5YR32) moist; light medium clay; very few < 2% small pebbles 2-6mm subangular coarse fragments; strong 5-10mm lenticular; few 2%-10% fine <2 mm manganiferous nodules; moist firm; clear to; 1Db 1.20 to 1.30 Dark brown (7.5YR32) moist; sandy light clay; common 10%-20% large pebbles 20- 60mm subangular serpentinite coarse fragments; strong 5-10mm lenticular; few 2%- 10% coarse 6-20 mm soft magnesite segregations; clear to; 2Db 1.30 to 1.50 Dark brown (7.5YR32) moist; light medium clay ;few 2%-10% medium pebbles 6- 20mm subangular serpentinite coarse fragments; strong 5-10mm lenticular; few 2%- 10% coarse 6-20 mm soft magnesite segregations; very few < 2% fine <2 mm manganiferous nodules; moist firm strength; clear to; 3Db 1.50 to 1.60 Dark brown (7.5YR32) moist; sandy light clay; common 10%-20% large pebbles 20- 60mm subangular serpentinite coarse fragments; strong 5-10mm lenticular;

110

Soil: 2AVE2 Site: PZS 18

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % % B 0.10 6.8 0.041 16 0.10 6.9 0.039 13 6 23 24 46 52 6.0 41.0 0.44 0.25 0.8 5.3 24 0.03 0.19 0.04 0.20 7.0 0.046 14 0.30 7.2 0.058 29 7 18 18 56 60 5.2 49.0 1.20 0.14 2.0 5.4 30 0.02 0.15 0.04 0.40 7.4 0.081 62 0.50 7.7 0.121 120 0.60 7.9 0.157 179 6 17 16 62 57 4.2 64.0 1.90 0.13 3.3 4.6 30 0.01 0.14 0.03 0.70 8.1 0.194 248 0.80 8.3 0.242 272 0.90 8.6 0.275 283 5 14 16 66 56 3.0 49.0 2.20 0.12 3.9 5.8 35 0.01 0.12 0.03 1.00 8.7 0.288 304 1.10 8.7 0.295 309 1.20 8.8 0.290 312 6 14 18 65 52 2.1 47.0 2.30 0.11 4.4 7.5 0.01 0.09 0.02 1.30 8.8 0.275 286 1.40 8.7 0.230 275 1.50 8.7 0.217 277

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.3 0.14 9 0.35 69 1.4 0.6 25 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

111 Soil: 3ASO1 Site: LFZ 288 Location: 232515 mE 7425135 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plain Slope: < 1% Principal Profile Form: Db2.13 Australian Soil Classification: CALCIC, MOTTLED-SUBNATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Loamy, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus coolabah Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0.00 to 0.10 Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; sandy loam ; massive; moderately moist, very weak; abrupt to; B21 0.10 to 0.26 Brown (10YR4/3) moist; common 10%-20% medium 5mm-15mm distinct red mottles; medium heavy clay ; strong 5-10mm subangular blocky; few 2%-10% medium 2-6 mm manganiferous soft segregations; dry, strong; gradual to; B22 0.26 to 0.51 Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) moist; common 10%-20% medium 5mm-15mm distinct red mottles; medium heavy clay ; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; very few < 2% fine <2 mm manganiferous soft segregations; dry, very firm; gradual to; B23k 0.51 to 0.75 Strong brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; common 10%-20% medium 5mm-15mm distinct red mottles; medium clay ; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; few 2%-10% medium 2-6 mm calcareous soft segregations; dry, strong; gradual to; B24 0.75 to 1.00 Strong brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; common 10%-20% medium 5mm-15mm distinct red mottles; medium clay ; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; very few < 2% fine <2 mm calcareous soft segregations; dry, strong; gradual to; 2D1 1.00 to 1.65 Brown (7.5YR5/4) moist; common 10%-20% medium 5mm-15mm distinct red mottles; sandy medium clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; very few < 2% fine <2 mm calcareous soft segregations; dry strong

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 8.0 0.6 9.0 0.9 9.0 1.2 9.0 1.5 9.0

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl ECEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.1-0.30 7.0 0.22 308.7 22 5.5 13 3.4 0.27

* Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

112 Soil: 3ASO2 Site: LFZ 507 Location: 228255 mE 7433495 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: 0.5 % Australian Soil Classification: EUTROPHIC, SUBNATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Thin, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Eucalyptus crebra; Corymbia tessellaris; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Corymbia papuana Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; fine sandy loam; dry weak; clear to- A2e 0.1 to 0.25 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist, light grey (10YR7/1) dry; fine sandy loam; dry weak; abrupt to- B21 0.25 to 0.5 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; fine sandy light medium clay; dry strong; gradual to- 2A1 0.5 to 0.8 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; fine sandy clay loam; few medium manganiferous nodules, very few fine ferromanganiferous nodules; dry very firm; gradual to- 2B21 0.8 to 1.1 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; very few medium faint orange mottles; fine sandy light clay; few medium manganiferous soft segregations; dry very firm; gradual to- 2B22 1.1 to 1.5 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; very few medium faint orange mottles; fine sandy light clay; very few medium calcareous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry very firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) PH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.6 0.14 35 0.10 7.8 0.16 36 5 67 17 13 11 11 3 0.23 0.95 2.1 1.31 4 0.041 1.16 0.020 0.20 6.9 0.05 23 0.25 6.5 0.05 23 3 68 19 14 7 2.8 2 0.44 0.60 6.3 1.06 13 0.02 1.14 0.012 0.30 6.0 0.09 37 2 50 13 37 19 8.0 8 1.93 0.72 10.2 3.20 7 0.02 1.15 0.014 0.40 6.1 0.12 62 0.50 6.7 0.12 89 0.60 7.7 0.18 161 2 67 10 23 10 5.4 5 2.06 0.19 20.6 1.57 11 0.01 1.17 0.014 0.70 8.3 0.31 320 0.80 8.4 0.49 504 0.90 8.4 0.60 669 2 64 6 30 15 6.4 6.63 3.39 0.20 22.6 2.37 11 0.013 1.21 0.016 1.00 8.4 0.68 782 1.10 8.4 0.69 826 1.20 8.4 0.72 861 2 60 9 30 14 5.81 6.67 3.36 0.32 24.0 2.38 10 0.014 1.28 0.017 1.30 8.5 0.69 844 1.40 8.5 0.64 778 1.50 8.6 0.60 732 2 66 6 27 14 6.15 5.96 3.03 0.23 21.6 2.30 10 0.016 1.32 0.013

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.7 0.10 79 134.0 0.80 81.0 0.58 1.10 27.0 7.8 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

113 Soil: 3ASO3 Site: LFZ 466 Location: 211635 mE 7437910 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: < 1% Principal Profile Form: Db1.43 Australian Soil Classification: EUTROPHIC, HYPERNATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Loamy, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus crebra; Corymbia intermedia Microrelief Description: Normal gilgai; 0.1m Vertical Interval; 4m Horizontal Interval Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.2 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; loamy fine sand; dry very weak; gradual to- A2e 0.2 to 0.27 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; fine sand; dry very weak; abrupt to- B21 0.27 to 0.4 m Olive brown (2.5Y4/4) moist; fine sandy light clay; strong 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.4 to 1 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; fine sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm prismatic; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist very firm; diffuse to- 2D1 1 to 1.5 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; fine sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm prismatic, strong 5-10mm polyhedral; very few fine calcareous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry very firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 5.9 0.01 BQ 0.10 6.5 0.04 32.4 10 74 9 7 3 0.80 0.4 BQ 0.16 0 0.38 3 0.010 0.802 0.010 0.20 8.0 0.35 414.3 0.27 8.5 0.50 653.6 10 77 12 3 4.6 1.10 0.7 0.31 0.04 6.7 0.26 2 0.006 0.800 0.008 0.40 8.4 0.37 947.6 9 62 6 26 14 2.5 7.0 4.0 0.23 28.6 1.92 11 0.009 0.805 0.012 0.50 8.9 0.63 943.6 0.60 8.9 0.64 923.7 8 59 6 26 14 1.90 6.5 4.9 0.20 35.0 1.26 13 0.011 0.865 0.014 0.70 8.9 0.64 876.0 0.80 8.9 0.59 773.9 0.90 9.1 0.62 755.1 7 60 6 26 15.8 1.90 7.8 5.2 0.25 32.9 1.39 13 0.012 0.979 0.013 1.00 9.3 0.66 739.2 1.10 9.3 0.60 674.2 1.20 9.5 0.62 635.0 5 61 6 26 15.9 2.20 7.8 5.4 0.28 34.0 1.58 12 0.016 1.050 0.011 1.30 9.5 0.61 628.1 1.40 9.5 0.64 686.0 1.50 9.5 0.60 620.2 6 63 6 23 15.4 2.30 6.5 4.5 0.98 29.2 1.51 13 0.039 1.090 0.011

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 0.65 0.03 3.0 6.0 0.20 61 0.39 0.15 13.0 4.9 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

114 Soil: 3ASO3 Site: LFZ 501 Location: 226870 mE 7436085 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Dy3.41 Australian Soil Classification: BLEACHED-SODIC, NATRIC, GREY KUROSOL; Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus crebra; Eucalyptus tereticornis Permeability: Slowly impermeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; loamy sand; dry very weak; gradual to- A21 0.1 to 0.25m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; sand; dry very weak; clear to- A22e 0.25 to 0.3 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist, white (10YR8/1) dry; sand; dry very weak; abrupt to- B21 0.3 to 0.5 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist; very few medium distinct orange mottles; sandy medium clay; strong 100-200mm columnar, strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.5 to 0.8 m Greyish brown (2.5Y5/2) moist; sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry very firm; diffuse to- B23 0.8 to 1.2 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; sandy light clay; moderate 10-20mm prismatic; common fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry firm; gradual to- B24 1.2 to 1.5 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy clay loam; moderate 10-20mm prismatic, moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; dry firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) PH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 5.7 0.04 37 0.10 5.6 0.03 31 13 72 8 8 2 1.4 0.62 0.17 0.19 0.10 4.2 0.54 3 0.015 0.741 0.014 0.20 5.6 0.02 22 0.30 5.3 0.03 31 12 74 8 8 2 0.58 0.44 0.27 0.05 0.20 9.4 0.35 2 0.007 0.716 0.009 0.40 5.2 0.31 325 0.50 5.4 0.35 385 0.60 5.4 0.38 415 8 53 8 32 14 2.5 6.0 4.2 0.2 0.60 23.4 2.25 13 0.012 0.891 0.017 0.70 5.5 0.43 472 0.80 5.6 0.42 533 0.90 6.1 0.52 587 9 57 8 29 13 2.2 5.6 5.1 0.23 30.1 2.0 12 0.013 1.01 0.017 1.00 5.8 0.56 667 1.10 6.6 0.56 639 1.20 7.0 0.60 707 11 49 11 32 16 2.6 6.6 6.3 0.31 30.5 1.82 14 0.03 1.2 0.016 1.30 7.3 0.60 718 1.40 7.5 0.58 702 1.50 6.0 0.51 632 20 52 4 25 14 2.5 5.9 5.6 0.27 31.0 1.59 11 0.04 1.14 0.013

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.2 0.06 17 24 0.30 100.0 0.25 0.91 14 6.3 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method ESP calculated on Na and ECEC levels adjusted for soluble NaCl.

115 Soil: 3AVE1 Site: LFZ 553 Location: 225930 mE 7425720 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: < 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.15 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Fine Vegetation: Eucalyptus tereticornis Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; moist weak; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.95 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; moist firm; clear to- B3 0.95 to 1.08 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; light medium clay; strong 20-50mm subangular blocky; few medium calcareous nodules; moderately moistery firm; clear to- 2D1 1.08 to 1.12 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; coarse sandy light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry strong; gradual to- 2D2 1.12 to 1.5 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; coarse sandy light clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry very firm.

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 6.5 0.01 0.01 - 0.15 0.02 0.3 6.5 0.3 0.10 0.6 7.2 0.6 0.11 0.9 8.3 0.9 0.19 1.05 0.21 1.2 8.5 1.2 0.22 1.5 8.5 1.5 0.18

116 Soil: 3AVE2 Site: LFZ 388 Location: 207635 mE 7440005 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains <9m 1-3% Slope: 0.2 % Great Soil Group: Grey clay Principal Profile Form: Ug5.25 Australian Soil Classification: EPIHYPERSODIC-ENDOCALCAREOUS, EPIPEDAL, GREY VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Medium Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Open woodland; Eucalyptus populnea Microrelief Component: Mound Microrelief Description: Melonhole gilgai; 0.3m Vertical Interval; 6m Horizontal Interval Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.14 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; few fine distinct orange mottles; medium clay; strong 10- 20mm polyhedral; dry very firm; gradual to-

B21 0.14 to 0.33 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; very few fine faint dark mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky, weak 2-5mm lenticular; very few fine manganiferous nodules; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.33 to 1.06 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; few medium calcareous nodules, very few medium manganiferous nodules; dry strong; gradual to-

B23 1.06 to 1.53 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; few fine faint pale mottles; medium clay; strong 10- 20mm prismatic; very few fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong;

Field pH Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH pH change with Depth Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 6.5 0.01 0.03 0.3 8.5 0.3 0.54 0.6 9.0 0.6 0.90 0.9 9.0 0.9 1.06 1.2 9.0 1.2 1.05 1.5 9.0 1.5 0.97

117 Soil: CDE1 Site: LFZ 265 Location: 805045 mE 7401850 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Undulating plains Slope: 1.2 % Principal Profile Form: Gn3.12 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, MESOTROPHIC, RED DERMOSOL; Thin, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus melanophloia Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Unconsolidated material (unidentified) Surface Condition: Firm

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.08 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; sandy loam; weak <2mm granular; moderately moist weak; gradual to- A3 0.08 to 0.45 m Dark red (2.5YR3/6) moist; sandy clay loam; weak 5-10mm polyhedral; moderately moist weak; gradual to- B21 0.45 to 0.85 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6) moist; clay loam; moderate 5-10mm polyhedral; dry weak; gradual to- B22 0.85 to 1.50 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/6) moist; sandy light clay; weak 5-10mm subangular blocky; dry weak.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 7.0 0.3 7.0 0.6 7.5 0.9 7.5 1.2 7.0 1.5 7.0

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil .6-.8 7.5 0.02 14.5 5 7.2 1.1 0.08 0.19

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

118 Soil: CDE2 Site: LFZ 470 Location: 792650 mE 7386880 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 3 % Principal Profile Form: Gn3.23 Australian Soil Classification: MOTTLED-SODIC, EUTROPHIC, BROWN DERMOSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Brachychiton rupestris; Eucalyptus cambageana; Acacia harpophylla Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Unconsolidated material (unidentified) Surface Coarse Fragments: Few small pebbles, subrounded tabular Silcrete Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; clay loam sandy; weak 2-5mm granular; dry strong; gradual to- A3 0.1 to 0.3 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; light clay; weak 2-5mm granular; very few medium manganiferous nodules; dry weak; gradual to-segregations; dry very firm; gradual to- B21 0.3 to 0.6 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; very few medium manganiferous soft segregations; dry very firm; gradual to- B22 0.6 to 1 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; light clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular Silcrete; moderate 5-10mm polyhedral; few medium manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B23 1 to 1.3 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; few medium distinct grey mottles; medium clay; moderate 5- 10mm polyhedral; few medium manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B24 1.3 to 1.5 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; common medium distinct brown mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky, strong 5-10mm lenticular; common medium manganiferous soft segregations, very few medium calcareous nodules; dry strong.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15mP P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 6.7 0.04 BQ 0.10 6.4 0.03 BQ 19 41 13 26 9.0 2.80 1.40 BQ 0.78 0 0.41 7 0.093 0.618 0.023 0.20 6.0 0.03 BQ 0.30 6.3 0.03 BQ 18 44 11 30 7.0 2.50 1.70 0.15 0.16 2.1 2.83 9 0.055 0.537 0.017 0.40 7.1 0.06 30.0 0.50 7.2 0.11 83.2 0.60 7.6 0.21 213.3 13 28 10 47 18.8 2.70 10.3 3.26 0.21 17.3 2.39 17 0.023 0.686 0.021 0.70 7.9 0.36 388.3 0.80 8.1 0.48 549.7 0.90 8.3 0.68 789.0 14 31 14 37 20.7 2.50 12.8 5.11 0.30 24.7 3.05 19 0.020 0.659 0.029 1.00 8.9 0.99 1090.8 1.10 9.1 1.07 1136.6 1.20 9.2 1.01 1090.8 12 27 14 50 20.0 2.70 10.9 5.10 0.33 25.5 2.58 18 0.018 0.613 0.032 1.30 9.3 0.92 949.5 1.40 9.3 0.84 879.0 1.50 9.2 0.84 779.7 10 28 14 50 21.1 2.40 11.4 5.39 0.40 25.5 2.59 17 0.016 0.639 0.030

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.50 0.14 65 75 0.6 37.0 2.2 2.0 40.0 12.6 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

119 Soil: CDE3 Site: LFZ 25 Location: 793030 mE 7387860 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 1 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, HYPERCALCIC, BROWN DERMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Deep Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Clay Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few small pebbles, subrounded siliceous Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.2 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; fine sandy light clay; moist very weak; gradual to- B1 0.2 to 0.4 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; light clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; moist weak; diffuse to- B2 0.4 to 0.74 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; light medium clay; weak 10-20mm subangular blocky; common fine manganiferous concretions; moderately moist firm; diffuse to- B31 0.74 to 1 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; light clay; strong 20-50mm prismatic, strong 10- 20mm angular blocky; many medium calcareous soft segregations; dry very firm; diffuse to- B32 1 to 1.2 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; light medium clay; strong 20-50mm prismatic, strong 10-20mm angular blocky; many medium calcareous soft segregations, few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong;

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 7.0 0.01 0.04 0.3 6.5 0.3 0.06 0.6 7.5 0.6 0.19 0.9 9.0 0.9 0.41 1.2 9.0 1.2 0.78

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.2-0.3 7.4 0.05 BQ 21 9.7 7.3 0.95 0.27

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

120 Soil: CDE4 Site: LFZ 271 Location: 801000 mE 7406550 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 1 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.32 Australian Soil Classification: MELANIC, CALCIC, BLACK DERMOSOL; Medium, Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Acacia harpophylla, Terminalia oblongata Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Clay Surface Coarse Fragments: Few medium pebbles, subrounded Silcrete, few small pebbles, subrounded Silcrete Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; light medium clay; few small pebbles, subrounded Silcrete; moderate 2-5mm granular; dry strong; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.36 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; few small pebbles, subrounded Silcrete; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; dry strong; clear to- B22 0.36 to 0.65 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded Silcrete; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; common medium manganiferous soft segregations, common medium calcareous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B23 0.65 to 1.3 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded Silcrete; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; common medium calcareous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B24 1.3 to 1.51 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; few coarse distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; few small pebbles, subrounded Silcrete; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; few medium manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 9.0 0.6 9.0 0.9 9.0 1.2 8.5

121 Soil: CCH1 Site: LFZ 301 Location: 805660 mE 7392335 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 2 % Principal Profile Form: Dd1.33 Australian Soil Classification: SODIC, CALCIC, BLACK CHROMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Loamy, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Acacia harpophylla Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Silcrete Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.05 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; sandy loam; gradual to- A12 0.05 to 0.24 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; gradual to- A2j 0.24 to 0.28 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist, light grey (10YR7/1) dry; sandy loam; clear to- B21 0.28 to 0.6 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; gradual to- B22k 0.6 to 0.75 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; sandy light clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; few medium calcareous nodules; gradual to- B23 0.75 to 1 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; few fine distinct red mottles; sandy light medium clay; strong 10-20mm prismatic; gradual to- B24 1 to 1.25 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2) moist; few medium distinct brown mottles; sandy light medium clay; strong 10-20mm prismatic; few fine manganiferous concretions.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 0.10 6.9 0.05 -BQ- 7.9 2.6 1.41 0.06 1.20 0.8 0.20 7.3 0.03 -BQ- 0.30 7.6 0.02 -BQ- 6.4 9.4 1.06 0.03 0.23 0.5 0.40 7.7 0.03 22.3 13.0 8.0 4.0 0.35 0.28 2.6 0.50 8.3 0.03 12.4 12.2 8.0 6.0 0.64 0.34 5.3 0.60 8.7 0.06 15.3 12.2 6.7 5.0 0.67 0.20 5.5 0.70 9.1 0.13 15 0.80 9.4 0.17 22.3 0.90 9.5 0.15 26.5 10.7 2.2 5.6 1.95 0.19 18.2 1.00 9.5 0.15 40.4 1.10 9.7 0.20 72 1.20 9.7 0.25 97.1 10.6 1.9 5.6 4.13 0.19 39.0

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

122 Soil: CSO1 Site: LFZ 268 Location: 801120 mE 7401405 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0 % Principal Profile Form: Db1.43 Australian Soil Classification: CALCIC, HYPERNATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Loamy, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus populnea Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Poorly drained Substrate Lithology: Clay Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; moderately moist very weak; abrupt to- A2e 0.1 to 0.13 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist, light grey (10YR7/2) dry; sandy loam; moderately moist loose; abrupt to- B21 0.13 to 0.3 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; very few fine distinct orange mottles; medium heavy clay; common fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.3 to 0.5 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; very few fine distinct orange mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine calcareous soft segregations, few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B23 0.5 to 0.9 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; few fine distinct red mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- B24 0.9 to 1.7 m Light brownish grey (10YR6/2) moist; few fine distinct orange mottles; medium clay; strong 20-50mm prismatic.

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 6.5 0.3 9.0 0.3 0.60 0.6 9.5 0.6 0.60 0.9 7.0 0.9 0.99 1.2 5.0 1.2 0.32 1.5 5.0

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.3-0.50 9.1 0.58 596.4 13 1.5 7 4.5 0.14

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

123 Soil: CSO2 Site: LFZ 84 Location: 798340 mE 7385220 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Db1.23 Australian Soil Classification: CALCIC, SUBNATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Eucalyptus populnea, Eucalyptus crebra Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Unconsolidated material (unidentified) Surface Coarse Fragments: Few medium pebbles, subrounded tabular Silcrete, few large pebbles, subrounded tabular Silcrete Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.05 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; sandy clay loam; weak <2mm granular; dry very firm; gradual to- A2 0.05 to 0.18 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; sandy clay loam; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; dry strong; clear to- B21 0.18 to 0.5 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; sandy medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subrounded tabular Silcrete; strong 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry strong; diffuse to- B22 0.5 to 0.83 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; sandy medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; common fine calcareous soft segregations; dry strong; diffuse to- B3 0.83 to 1.2 m Brown (7.5YR5/3) moist; few coarse distinct grey mottles; sandy medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; few fine calcareous soft segregations; dry strong.

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 7.0 - 0.15 0.11 0.3 7.5 0.3 0.11 0.6 9.5 0.6 0.67 0.9 9.5 0.9 0.93 1.2 8.0 1.2 0.79

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.2 -0.4 7.9 0.14 66.8 21.1 3.9 8.5 2.3 0.38

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

124 Soil: CVE1 Site: LFZ 473 Location: 784440 mE 7382050 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.14 Australian Soil Classification: ENDOHYPERSODIC, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Medium Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Acacia harpophylla Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Clay Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few large pebbles, subrounded Silcrete, very few medium pebbles, subrounded Silcrete Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description Ap1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; moist weak; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.4 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm subangular blocky, strong 5-10mm lenticular; moist weak; diffuse to- B22 0.4 to 1.1 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; moist weak; diffuse to- B23 1.1 to 1.5 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; few fine distinct brown mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; common fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 8.7 0.18 28.3 0.10 8.5 0.14 BQ 1 6 24 66 44.8 31.0 13.3 0.60 1.88 1.2 4.78 25 0.062 1.49 0.030 0.20 8.7 0.11 BQ 0.30 8.9 0.12 BQ 1 7 21 69 47.5 30.0 17.0 2.58 0.85 5.4 4.98 27 0.054 1.41 0.026 0.40 9.0 0.14 BQ 0.50 9.1 0.17 11.6 0.60 9.1 0.26 35.0 2 6 22 72 45.6 21.0 21.0 5.60 0.73 12.3 5.24 27 0.043 1.39 0.025 0.70 9.0 0.18 136.3 0.80 8.9 0.52 331.5 0.90 8.7 0.79 575.5 1 6 23 69 40.0 17.0 21.7 6.80 0.7 17.0 5.38 27 0.045 1.40 0.042 1.00 8.5 1.02 776.1 1.10 8.1 1.79 1053.3 1.20 8.1 1.69 1119.9 1 5 27 68 38.2 13.0 22.0 7.40 0.68 19.4 4.78 25 0.037 1.42 0.107 1.30 8.1 1.44 1290.9 1.40 7.9 1.55 1332.7 1.50 7.6 1.44 1362.0 1 5 26 68 37.3 9.4 20.7 7.00 0.66 18.8 3.83 25 0.033 1.4 0.060

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.25 0.09 66.0 83.0 1.3 25.0 3.3 0.8 11.0 11.8 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

125 Soil: CVE2 Site: LFZ 98 Location: 790540 mE 7391270 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain <9m <1% Slope: 0.5 % Great Soil Group: Brown clay Principal Profile Form: Ug5.34 Australian Soil Classification: ENDOCALCAREOUS, EPIPEDAL, BROWN VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Isolated clump of trees; Acacia harpophylla Microrelief Description: Normal gilgai; 0.1m Vertical Interval; 10m Horizontal Interval Runoff: Slow Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Clay Surface Coarse Fragments: No coarse fragments , Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, hard setting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; moist weak; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.35 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 2-5mm lenticular; very few fine manganiferous nodules; moist weak; diffuse to- B22 0.35 to 0.75 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; light medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; few fine manganiferous nodules; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B23 0.75 to 1.5 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; common medium manganiferous soft segregations, few medium calcareous soft segregations; dry very firm; diffuse to- B24 1.5 to 1.7 m Strong brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; few medium faint red mottles; medium clay; strong 10- 20mm prismatic; many medium manganiferous soft segregations, few medium calcareous nodules; dry strong;

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 8.0 0.01 0.06 0.3 9.0 0.3 0.13 0.6 9.5 0.6 0.77 0.9 9.5 0.9 0.91 1.2 9.0 1.2 0.74 1.5 9.0 1.5 0.66

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.0-0.1 7.4 0.08 15.3 30.4 14.8 7.3 1.1 0.82 0.3-0.5 9.0 0.38 192.1 32 10.8 15.3 3.7 0.24

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

126 Soil: CVE3 Site: LFZ 175 Location: 227105 mE 7428190 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Gently undulating plains Slope: < 0.5% Great Soil Group: Brown clay Principal Profile Form: Ug5.35 Australian Soil Classification: EPIHYPERSODIC-ENDOCALCAREOUS, EPIPEDAL, BROWN VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Acacia harpophylla Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Alluvium Surface Condition: Periodic cracking

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.10 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; light clay; strong 2-5mm granular; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B21 0.10 to 0.40 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky, moderate 2-5mm lenticular; very few medium calcareous soft segregations, very few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B22 0.40 to 1.15 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 2-5mm lenticular; moist firm; diffuse to- B23 1.15 to 1.6 m Greyish brown (2.5Y5/2) moist; common fine distinct brown mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral, moderate 2-5mm lenticular; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist very firm.

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 6.5 0.01 0.05 0.3 9.0 0.3 0.31 0.6 9.0 0.6 1.52 0.9 7.0 0.9 1.82 1.2 6.5 1.2 1.64 1.5 6.0 1.5 1.52

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.2-0.4 9.1 0.46 322 31 11 18 5.3 0.17

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

127 Soil: CVE4 Site: LFZ 500 Location: 223110 mE 7434965 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain <9m <1% Slope: 0.2 % Great Soil Group: Grey clay Principal Profile Form: Ug5.2 Australian Soil Classification: ENDOHYPERSODIC, SELF-MULCHING, GREY VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Acacia harpophylla; Casuarina cristata Microrelief Description: Normal gilgai; 0.1m Vertical Interval; 3m Horizontal Interval Runoff: Very slow Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Unconsolidated material (unidentified) Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few small pebbles, rounded Silcrete, very few small pebbles, subangular Quartz Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, coarse self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong <2mm granular; dry strong; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.4 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky, moderate 2-5mm lenticular; moderately moist very firm; diffuse to- B23 0.4 to 0.9 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist; few medium prominent orange mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few fine manganiferous nodules; moist firm; diffuse to- B24 0.9 to 1.5 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist; common medium prominent orange mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky, moderate 5-10mm lenticular; very few fine manganiferous nodules; moist firm;

Laboratory Data: Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.1 0.07 60 0.10 6.9 0.06 50 15 22 15 49 22 10 11 0.98 0.15 3.8 3.27 18 0.059 0.099 0.03 0.20 6.8 0.09 79 0.30 5.9 0.17 180 14 22 15 53 21 6 12 2.4 0.06 0.2 9.2 3.61 19 0.028 0.068 0.024 0.40 5.1 0.35 422 0.50 4.7 0.59 785 0.60 4.4 0.86 1055 10 22 15 57 23 2.2 14 5.9 0.04 0.9 14.3 4.46 21 0.014 0.046 0.015 0.70 4.1 1.0 1561 0.80 3.9 1.24 1932 0.90 3.7 1.41 2145 -IS- -IS- -IS- -IS- 27 1.1 15 8.7 0.04 1.5 12.0 4.68 22 0.01 0.046 0.009 1.00 3.7 1.48 2202 1.10 3.6 1.53 2259 1.20 3.5 1.6 2368 7 22 15 60 27 0.62 14 9.7 0.04 1.3 14.1 3.35 22 0.009 0.049 0.008 1.30 3.4 1.69 2392 1.40 3.4 1.76 2574 1.50 3.4 1.75 2511 8 22 17 57 27 0.28 14 11 -BQ- 1.1 18.9 3.20 21 0.009 0.045 0.008

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.85 0.15 25 13 0.20 80.0 3.3 0.8 11.0 12.3 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method. ESP calculated on Na and ECEC levels adjusted for soluble NaCl.

128 Soil: CVE5 Site: LFZ 505 Location: 234905 mE 7431795 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Level plain Slope: 0.5 % Great Soil Group: Brown clay Principal Profile Form: Ug5.2 Australian Soil Classification: ENDOHYPERSODIC, EPIPEDAL, BROWN VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Very Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Vegetation: Acacia harpophylla Microrelief Component: Mound Microrelief Description: Melonhole gilgai; 0.3m Vertical Interval; 8m Horizontal Interval Permeability: Very slowly permeable Drainage: Poorly drained Substrate Lithology: Clay Surface Condition: Periodic cracking Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Dark grey (10YR4/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm subangular blocky; moderately moist firm; clear to- B21 0.1 to 0.4 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; Few fine manganiferous nodules, few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; diffuse to- B22 0.4 to 1.5 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; Few fine manganiferous nodules, common fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry very firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) PH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.4 0.17 65 0.10 7.3 0.18 54 3 33 19 47 32 19 15 0.88 0.76 7.1 4.43 20 0.04 0.566 0.038 0.20 8.4 0.21 55 0.30 9.0 0.24 99 3 34 14 53 29 13 17 1.9 0.25 13.4 4.25 18 0.017 0.589 0.020 0.40 9.1 0.33 183 0.50 9.1 0.48 362 0.60 8.9 0.72 708 2 35 17 49 28 8.41 21 4.22 0.26 20.6 2.76 19 0.011 0.598 0.022 0.70 8.8 0.94 960 0.80 8.7 1.14 1589 0.90 8.7 1.21 1344 1 36 17 50 28 6.16 20 5.03 0.32 21.1 3.41 19 0.011 0.636 0.030 1.00 8.6 1.27 1492 1.10 8.6 1.30 1501 1.20 8.5 1.33 1529 1 36 16 50 27 6.78 21 5.85 0.32 26.3 3.34 20 0.011 0.638 0.034 1.30 8.5 1.36 1636 1.40 8.3 1.33 1608 1.50 8.3 1.35 1687 1 35 15 51 28 6.36 20 5.54 0.29 19.3 3.54 19 0.011 0.657 0.031

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.0 0.16 30.0 31.0 0.60 48 2.4 1.1 47 17.5 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

129 Soil: TTE1 Site: LFZ 144 Location: 798570 mE 7436925 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope Principal Profile Form: Uc2.21 Australian Soil Classification: BASIC, PARALITHIC, BLEACHED-ORTHIC TENOSOL; Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Sandy, Very Deep Vegetation: Melaleuca nervosa Permeability: Highly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Condition: Soft

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.3 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; sand; moderately moist loose; diffuse to- A12 0.3 to 0.5 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; sand; moderately moist loose; gradual to- A2e 0.5 to 1.2 m Light brown (7.5YR6/4) moist, pink (7.5YR7/4) dry; sand; moist loose; gradual to- B21w 1.2 to 1.35 m Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) moist; sand; common coarse ferromanganiferous concretions; wet very weak; gradual to- B22w 1.35 to 1.6 m Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) moist; sand; wet very weak; gradual to- BC 1.6 to 1.62 m Light grey (10YR7/1) moist; many medium prominent brown mottles; coarse sandy light clay; wet weak.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.5 0.3 6.5 0.6 6.5 0.9 6.5 1.2 7.0 1.5 7.0

130 Soil: TKA1 Site: LFZ 469 Location: 792685 mE 7386235 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating rises Slope: 3.5 % Principal Profile Form: Gn2.11 Australian Soil Classification: ACIDIC, MESOTROPHIC, RED KANDOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Very Deep Vegetation: Corymbia clarksoniana, Eucalyptus crebra; Eucalyptus exerta Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.2 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; clay loam; fine sandy; moderate 5-10mm polyhedral; dry firm; diffuse to- B1 0.2 to 0.7 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; light clay; massive; dry very firm; diffuse to- B21 0.7 to 1 m Dark red (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; massive; dry strong; diffuse to- B22 1 to 1.5 m Dark red (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; massive; dry strong.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 5.6 0.13 33.9 0.10 5.1 0.08 8.9 19 49 11 22 3 1.50 0.91 0.05 0.32 0.4 1.7 0.74 7 0.025 0.270 0.015 0.20 4.9 0.05 BQ 0.30 5.1 0.03 BQ 17 46 9 27 3 1.10 0.71 0.06 0.05 .08 2.0 0.66 7 0.022 0.293 0.013 0.40 4.9 0.03 BQ 0.50 5.2 0.03 BQ 0.60 6.1 0.03 BQ 14 39 7 40 2 0.95 0.96 0.05 0.04 NA 2.5 0.78 9 0.028 0.390 0.012 0.70 4.9 0.04 6.6 0.80 4.9 0.03 BQ 0.90 4.9 0.03 BQ 10 36 7 47 3 0.54 1.00 0.09 BQ 1.1 3.0 0.97 11 0.031 0.449 0.013 1.00 4.8 0.03 7.8 1.10 4.8 0.04 19.1 1.20 5.0 0.03 16.6 11 34 10 47 3 0.28 1.60 0.11 0.03 0.8 3.7 0.72 11 0.030 0.473 0.013 1.30 4.9 0.04 38.4 1.40 5.0 0.05 44.6 1.50 5.2 0.03 25.8 8 33 12 47 3 0.05 2.40 .014 BQ 0.4 0.5 0.90 11 0.031 0.506 0.010

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.7 0.09 30 16 0.5 18 0.51 0.42 0.26 11.7 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 are determined by the Aqueous Method

131 Soil: TDE1 Site: LFZ 323 Location: 794435 mE 7436720 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating rises Slope: 4 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.4 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, MESOTROPHIC, BROWN DERMOSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Shallow Vegetation: Tall woodland; Eucalyptus crebra, Acacia rhodoxylon Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Coarse Fragments: Few small pebbles, subangular Sandstone, few medium pebbles, subangular Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.18 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; sandy light medium clay; moderate 2-5mm granular; moderately moist weak; gradual to- B2 0.18 to 0.43 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; common medium distinct red mottles; medium clay; strong 2-5mm polyhedral; dry firm; gradual to- B3 0.43 to 0.58 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; common medium distinct orange mottles; sandy medium clay; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; moderately moist firm; clear to- BC 0.58 to 0.75 m Sandy clay loam; dry very strong.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 5.5 0.5 5.0 0.65 5.0 0.8 5.5

132 Soil: TKU1 Site: LFZ 143 Location: 799070 mE 7436580 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillcrest Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: < 0.5% Principal Profile Form: Db4.41 Australian Soil Classification: BLEACHED-MOTTLED, NATRIC, YELLOW KUROSOL; Very Thick, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Low woodland; Eucalyptus crebra, Petalostigma pubescens Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Condition: Soft

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.15 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; sand; moist very weak; gradual to- A12 0.15 to 0.5 m Brown (7.5YR5/2) moist; sand; moist very weak; diffuse to- A2e 0.5 to 0.65 m Brown (10YR5/3) moist, light grey (10YR7/2) dry; sand; few medium ferruginous concretions; moist very weak; abrupt to- B21 0.65 to 0.8 m Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) moist; few medium distinct orange mottles; sandy light clay; moderate 5-10mm polyhedral; very few medium ferruginous concretions; moist weak; gradual to- B3 0.8 to 1.25 m Grey (10YR6/1) moist; many medium prominent red mottles; light medium clay; moderate 5-10mm polyhedral; moist weak; gradual to- BC 1.25 to 1.3 m Common medium pebbles, subangular, moderately strong Sandstone; gradual to- C 1.3 to 1.31 m Sandstone

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.5 0.3 6.5 0.6 6.0 0.7 5.5 0.9 5.0 1.2 5.0

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.65-0.8 5.6 0.03 14.3 5 0.93 2.3 0.54 0.11 1.5

* Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 are determined by the Aqueous Method

133 Soil: TDE2 Site: LFZ 9 Location: 785440 mE 7378330 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Scarp Landform Pattern: Rolling low hills Slope: 48 % Principal Profile Form: Gn2.81 Australian Soil Classification: ACIDIC, MESOTROPHIC, GREY KANDOSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Shallow Vegetation: Tall open woodland; Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus exserta, Acacia shirleyi; Acacia rhodoxylon Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Rapidly drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Coarse Fragments: Many cobbles, subangular Sandstone, many medium pebbles, subangular Sandstone Surface Condition: Firm

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; clay loam; sandy; few medium pebbles, subangular Sandstone; moderately moist weak; gradual to- B2 0.1 to 0.25 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; light medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular Sandstone; moderately moist firm; gradual to- BC 0.25 to 0.4 m Brownish yellow (10YR6/6) moist; light clay; few medium pebbles, subangular Sandstone; moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; moist firm.

Field pH Depth pH) 0.01 4.5 0.15 4.0 0.3 3.5

134 Soil: BFE1 Site: LFZ 492 Location: 224800 mE 7429135 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating rises Slope: 5 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, RED FERROSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Deep Vegetation: Isolated softwood scrub species Permeability: Highly permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Basalt Surface Coarse Fragments: Few medium pebbles, subangular Basalt Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; few small pebbles, angular Basalt; strong 2-5mm granular; dry firm; gradual to- B1 0.1 to 0.3 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; medium clay; very few small pebbles, angular Basalt; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; dry very firm; gradual to- B2 0.3 to 0.9 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; medium clay; few medium pebbles, angular Basalt; strong 2-5mm polyhedral; few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry very firm; diffuse to- B3 0.9 to 1.3 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; medium clay; very few small pebbles, angular Basalt; strong 2-5mm polyhedral; common medium manganiferous soft segregations; dry firm; diffuse to- BC 1.3 to 1.5 m Reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; dry firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.6 0.05 23 0.10 7.4 0.05 23 11 17 18 57 23 18 5 0.07 0.20 0.3 2.52 22 0.070 0.086 0.037 0.20 7.5 0.04 17 0.30 7.6 0.04 15 10 11 12 70 16 12 3.5 0.13 0.04 0.8 1.97 23 0.037 0.041 0.021 0.40 7.6 0.04 17 0.50 7.1 0.05 16 0.60 6.8 0.06 19 19 11 8 63 9 5.8 3.3 0.07 0.10 0.8 1.78 21 0.030 0.030 0.026 0.70 6.3 0.08 24 0.80 5.9 0.07 30 0.90 5.8 0.07 33 16 10 7 67 13 6.8 5.5 0.18 0.04 1.4 1.83 22 0.029 0.035 0.032 1.00 5.8 0.05 33 1.10 5.9 0.05 29 1.20 6.2 0.04 26 19 18 12 53 21 12 8.7 0.45 -BQ- 2.1 2.22 21 0.030 0.055 0.020 1.30 6.6 0.03 23 1.40 6.8 0.03 25 1.50 7.1 0.03 24 12 24 14 50 30 18 11 0.76 0.04 2.5 2.78 22 0.036 0.099 0.014

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.4 0.14 14.0 4.0 0.30 21.0 4.4 1.8 46 6.8 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 are determined by the Aqueous Method

135 Soil: BVE1 Site: LFZ 491 Location: 225510 mE 7428985 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 2 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.15 Australian Soil Classification: EPICALCAREOUS, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Very Fine, Very Fine, Very Deep Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Basalt Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.1 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.8 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few medium calcareous nodules; moderately moist firm; diffuse to- B22 0.8 to 1.1 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few fine calcareous soft segregations; moderately moist weak; diffuse to- B23 1.1 to 1.5 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; medium heavy clay; few medium pebbles, subangular Basalt; strong 5-10mm lenticular; very few medium calcareous nodules; moderately moist firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.7 0.14 25 0.10 7.7 0.13 19 3 8 12 76 78 51 33 0.95 0.31 1.2 6.21 39 0.035 0.152 0.029 0.20 8.3 0.12 19 0.30 8.5 0.14 22 2 8 11 81 79 52 9 2.19 0.23 2.8 6.52 40 0.022 0.086 0.021 0.40 8.6 0.15 25 0.50 8.7 0.24 30 0.60 8.8 0.23 32 3 9 9 80 77 45 44 3.96 0.37 5.1 6.62 40 0.019 0.151 0.018 0.70 8.9 0.26 34 0.80 8.8 0.22 34 0.90 8.8 0.26 34 3 8 9 80 78 36 8 5.39 0.21 6.9 6.02 40 0.015 0.091 0.017 1.00 8.8 0.34 38 1.10 8.9 0.34 41 1.20 8.9 0.35 44 5 10 12 76 74 36 46 5.82 0.15 7.9 5.43 38 0.018 0.097 0.017 1.30 8.8 0.36 40 1.40 9.0 0.36 32 1.50 8.9 0.37 50 4 12 12 73 73 34 44 5.81 0.15 8.0 5.80 36 0.020 0.116 0.015

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.3 0.13 10.0 3.0 0.20 39.0 3.5 0.65 25.0 6.7 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

136 Soil: BVE2 Site: LFZ 570 Location: 232850 mE 7421100 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 3 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.12 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Very Fine, Very Fine, Shallow Vegetation: Isolated trees; Eucalyptus melanophloia Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Basalt Surface Coarse Fragments: Few 2%-10%, medium pebbles 6-20mm, Basalt Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0.00 to 0.10 m Very dark brown (10YR22) moist; medium clay ;very few < 2% medium pebbles 6- 20mm subrounded basalt coarse fragments; strong 2-5mm granular; moderately moist weak; gradual to; B21 0.10 to 0.30 m Black (10YR21) moist; medium heavy clay ;strong 5-10mm subangular blocky; moderately moist very firm; gradual to; B22 0.30 to 0.45 m Very dark brown (10YR22) moist; medium heavy clay ;few 2%-10% medium pebbles 6- 20mm basalt coarse fragments; strong 10-20mm lenticular; very few 2% fine <2 mm calcareous nodules; moderately moist very firm; gradual to; BC 0.45 to 0.65 m Very few < 2% large pebbles 20-60mm basalt coarse fragments.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 7.0 0.15 7.5 0.30 8.5 0.55 8.0

137 Soil: IDE1 Site: LFZ 496 Location: 788925 mE 7391385 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating rises Slope: 4 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, RED DERMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Isolated. Terminalia oblongata, Brachychiton rupestris Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Intermediate volcanic Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few small pebbles, subrounded Intermediate volcanic Surface Condition: Firm

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4) moist; medium clay; very few medium pebbles, angular intermediate volcanic; strong 2-5mm granular; dry strong; gradual to- B2 0.1 to 0.4 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; medium heavy clay; very few small pebbles, angular intermediate volcanic; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry strong; diffuse to- B3 0.4 to 0.5 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; medium clay; very few small pebbles, angular intermediate volcanic; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry strong; gradual to- BC 0.5 to 0.6 m Abundant large pebbles, angular intermediate volcanic

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.2 0.05 39 0.10 7.2 0.04 33 9 24 26 41 30 20 9.1 0.23 0.66 0.8 4.42 19 0.063 0.244 0.035 0.20 7.1 0.04 30 0.30 6.9 0.04 40 5 16 16 66 32 19 12.0 0.41 0.13 1.3 5.98 24 0.038 0.106 0.021 0.40 7.1 0.05 41 0.50 7.2 0.04 41 0.60 7.4 0.04 45 27 27 19 27 45 28 16.0 0.65 0.06 1.4 5.01 19 0.035 0.075 0.013

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.15 0.14 17 8 0.7 27 3.6 1.5 96 8.2 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

138 Soil: IVE1 Site: LFZ 495 Location: 793220 mE 7391565 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Undulating plains Slope: 2.5 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.12 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Very Fine, Very Fine, Moderate Vegetation: Eucalyptus melanophloia; Corymbia erythrophloia Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Intermediate volcanic Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few large pebbles, subangular intermediate volcanic, very few Medium pebbles, subangular intermediate volcanic Surface Condition: Periodic cracking, self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.2 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; moderately moist weak; gradual to- B2 0.2 to 0.6 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 2-5mm lenticular; dry firm; gradual to- BC 0.6 to 0.7 m Weathering intermediate volcanic rock.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.6 0.06 34 0.10 7.6 0.05 34 5 12 13 68 42 15 22 4.59 0.37 10.9 9.36 33 0.025 0.057 0.018 0.20 7.8 0.05 45 0.30 7.9 0.05 42 5 12 13 72 45 15 22 4.86 0.36 10.8 8.86 33 0.022 0.054 0.017 0.40 8.0 0.05 39 0.50 8.1 0.05 34 0.60 8.3 0.07 33 6 11 16 70 40 15 23 5.23 0.48 13.1 11 33 0.022 0.047 0.016 0.70 8.6 0.18 37

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn Mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 1.4 0.08 5.0 33.0 BQ 30.0 2.2 0.53 21.0 8.3 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

139 Soil: IDE2 Site: LFZ 95 Location: 788665 mE 7391705 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillcrest Landform Pattern: Undulating low hill Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, RED DERMOSOL; Thin, Slightly Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Open woodland; Lysiphillum hookeri, Corymbia erythrophloia Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Volcanic breccia Surface Coarse Fragments: Common small pebbles, subangular , few medium pebbles, subangular Surface Condition: Firm

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.05 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; light clay; few medium pebbles, angular Intermediate volcanic, very few large pebbles, subangular Intermediate volcanic; strong 2-5mm granular; gradual to- B2 0.05 to 0.15 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4) moist; very few fine distinct brown mottles; light medium clay; few medium pebbles, angular Intermediate volcanic; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; gradual to- BC 0.15 to 0.17 m Abundant large pebbles, angular intermediate volcanic.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.1 6.0 0.15 6.5

140 Soil: GDE1 Site: LFZ 133 Location: 798320 mE 7441275 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 2 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, MESOTROPHIC, RED DERMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Tall woodland; Corymbia erythrophloia, Denhamia oleaster Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Granodiorite Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few small pebbles, subrounded tabular Granodiorite Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.2 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4) moist; light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded Granodiorite; moderate 5-10mm polyhedral; moist weak; gradual to- B21 0.2 to 0.43 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded Granodiorite; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; moist firm; gradual to- B3 0.43 to 0.8 m Red (2.5YR4/6) moist; medium clay; few small pebbles, subrounded Granodiorite; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; diffuse to- BC 0.8 to 1.2 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6) moist; sandy light medium clay; few small pebbles, subrounded Granodiorite; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; very few fine manganiferous nodules; moist firm.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 7.0 0.6 7.0 0.9 7.0 1.2 7.0

141 Soil: GCH1 Site: LFZ 465 Location: 211355 mE 7435795 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillcrest Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 0.5 % Principal Profile Form: Dr4.22 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, RED CHROMOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Loamy, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Isolated trees. Eucalyptus melanophloia; Corymbia erythrophloia Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Granodiorite Surface Condition: Firm Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.2 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; dry weak; clear to- A2 0.2 to 0.27 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4) moist; sandy clay loam; dry weak; clear to- B21 0.27 to 0.5 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry firm; gradual to- BC 0.5 to 0.7 m Strong brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; coarse sandy clay loam; many medium gravels, subangular granodiorite; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; gradual to- C 0.7 to 0.9 m Weathering granodiorite

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 6.6 0.02 BQ 0.10 6.7 0.03 BQ 36 50 6 9 4 2.6 1.1 0.03 0.33 0.6 0.50 5 0.014 1.52 0.012 0.20 6.9 0.03 BQ 0.27 7.1 0.04 BQ 31 46 6 17 5 3.4 1.7 0.06 0.08 1.03 7 0.013 1.43 0.012 0.40 7.2 0.03 BQ 19 32 9 43 12 7.2 4.0 0.20 0.16 1.2 1.80 17 0.012 1.13 0.013 0.50 7.1 0.03 BQ 0.60 5.4 0.02 BQ 43 34 6 16 11.1 6.9 3.4 0.21 0.09 1.9 1.55 10 0.01 1.29 0.010 0.70 5.4 0.10 234.3

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 0.85 0.05 3 13 0.4 19 0.87 0.48 14.0 4.0 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

142 Soil: GSO1 Site: LFZ 493 Location: 214100 mE 7435360 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 1.5 % Principal Profile Form: Db1.13 Australian Soil Classification: EUTROPHIC, MOTTLED-MESONATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Sandy, Clayey, Shallow Vegetation: Eucalyptus crebra; Corymbia papuana; Casuarina cristata Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Granodiorite Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; loamy sand; dry weak; abrupt to-

B21 0.1 to 0.2 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; sandy light clay; strong 50-100mm columnar, strong 5-10mm polyhedral; dry strong; gradual to- B22 0.2 to 0.4 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; sandy light clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry strong; gradual to-

BC 0.4 to 0.5 m Sandy clay loam; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; many medium gravels, subangular granodiorite dry strong; gradual to-

C 0.5 to 0.6 m Weathering granodiorite.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % at 105C % B 0.10 7.3 0.06 24 0.10 6.6 0.03 14 42 44 8 8 6.0 3 2 0.33 0.11 5.5 0.15 4 0.009 0.386 0.010 0.20 7.5 0.08 29 0.30 8.3 0.08 42 30 36 5 29 17.0 7 10 2.51 0.09 14.8 1.31 12 0.005 0.328 0.013 0.40 9.0 0.15 60 0.50 9.5 0.44 126 0.60 9.7 0.40 284 38 37 6 18 28.0 9.0 10.0 7.72 0.07 27.6 0.15 11 0.007 0.442 0.025

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 0.85 0.04 4.0 BQ BQ 23.0 1.20 0.20 9.0 6.3 * Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

143 Soil: MDE1 Site: LFZ 424 Location: 200700 mE 7440300 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating low hills Slope: 8 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, RED DERMOSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Sparse woodland; Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus melanophloia; Corymbia erythrophloia Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Siltstone Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few cobbles, Quartz Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; light clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded Detrital sedimentary rock (unidentified); strong 2-5mm granular; gradual to- B2 0.1 to 0.55 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6) moist; medium clay; few medium pebbles, subangular Siltstone, very few large pebbles, subangular Siltstone; strong 5-10mm polyhedral, strong 5-10mm lenticular; gradual to- BC 0.55 to 0.65 m Many large pebbles, angular Siltstone; clear to- C 0.65 to 0.85 m Very abundant large pebbles, angular Siltstone.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.5 0.3 6.8 0.5 7.0

144 Soil: MSO1 Site: LFZ 131 Location: 800890 mE 7439070 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating low hills Slope: 5 % Principal Profile Form: Db1.22 Australian Soil Classification: EUTROPHIC, MESONATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Low isolated trees; Eucalyptus crebra, Acacia bidwillii Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Coarse Fragments: Few large pebbles, subangular Sandstone, very few large pebbles, subangular Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A11 0 to 0.11 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; sandy clay loam; weak 5-10mm subangular blocky; moderately moist very weak; gradual to- A12 0.11 to 0.2 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; sandy clay loam; moderate 2-5mm subangular blocky; moderately moist very weak; gradual to- A2 0.2 to 0.41 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) moist; clay loam, sandy; moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; dry very weak; clear to- B21 0.41 to 0.61 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; few fine distinct red mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; gradual to- BC 0.61 to 0.7 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist firm; gradual to- C 0.7 to 1.02 m Abundant large pebbles, angular Sandstone.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 5.5 0.2 6.0 0.3 6.0 0.6 7.0 0.7 7.0 0.9 7.0

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl ECEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.4-0.60 7.2 0.04 11.5 18 4.8 11 2 0.14

* Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

145 Soil: MDE2 Site: LFZ 386 Location: 793125 mE 7446760 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating rises Slope: 14 % Principal Profile Form: Um5.41 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, DYSTROPHIC, BROWN DERMOSOL; Thin, Slightly Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clay Loamy, Shallow Vegetation: Open woodland; Corymbia erythrophloia, Eucalyptus melanophloia, Corymbia papuana Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Acid volcanic Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few small pebbles, angular , few medium pebbles, angular Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.07 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) moist; sandy clay loam; few small pebbles, angular Acid volcanic; weak 2-5mm granular; dry weak; gradual to- B2 0.07 to 0.34 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) moist; clay loam; few small pebbles, angular Acid volcanic, few medium pebbles, angular Acid volcanic; moderate 2-5mm granular; dry firm; gradual to- BC 0.34 to 0.7 m Many medium pebbles, angular Acid volcanic

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 7.0 0.3 7.0 0.6 7.0

146 Soil: SDE1 Site: LFZ 412 Location: 197090 mE 7394970 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillcrest Landform Pattern: Undulating rises 9-30m 3-10% Slope: 2 % Great Soil Group: Prairie soil Principal Profile Form: Gn3.23 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, BROWN DERMOSOL; Medium, Slightly Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Low isolated clump of trees; Acacia harpophylla Microrelief Description: None Runoff: Moderately rapid Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Coarse Fragments: Few large pebbles, angular Sandstone, few cobbles, angular Sandstone Surface Condition: Hard setting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1) moist; clay loam; sandy; few small pebbles, angular Sandstone; moderate 2-5mm granular; dry very firm; clear to-

B21 0.1 to 0.25 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; sandy light clay; few small pebbles, angular Sandstone, few medium pebbles, angular Sandstone; strong 2-5mm polyhedral; moderately moist firm; gradual to-

B22 0.25 to 0.6 m Reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; light medium clay; few small pebbles, angular Sandstone; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moderately moist strong; gradual to-

BC 0.6 to 0.7 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6) moist; many small pebbles, angular Sandstone; clear to-

C 0.7 to 0.75 m Sandstone

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 7.0 0.1 8.0 0.3 8.0 0.6 6.5 0.7 6.5

147 Soil: SDE2 Site: LFZ 170 Location: 224720 mE 7428250 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 4 % Principal Profile Form: Gn3.21 Australian Soil Classification: SODIC, EUTROPHIC, BROWN DERMOSOL; Thin, Non Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Isolated trees; Eucalyptus moluccana, Acacia leiocalyx, Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Mudstone Surface Coarse Fragments: Very few medium pebbles, subrounded tabular Siltstone Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.08 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; clay loam; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; dry weak; gradual to- B1 0.08 to 0.25 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; few fine faint brown mottles; light clay; very few small pebbles, angular tabular Siltstone; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; moderately moist firm; gradual to- B2 0.25 to 0.5 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; few fine distinct brown mottles; medium clay; few medium pebbles, angular tabular Siltstone, very few small pebbles, angular tabular Siltstone; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few very coarse ferruginous concretions; mod BC 0.5 to 0.85 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; very few fine distinct orange mottles; medium clay; very few small pebbles, angular tabular Siltstone, very few small pebbles, angular tabular Mudstone; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; moderately moist firm; diffuse to-

C 0.85 to 1.7 m

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 6.0 0.3 6.5 0.6 6.0 0.9 6.0 1.2 6.0 1.5 6.0

Laboratory Data: Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.25-0.4 7.2 0.16 147.4 23 8.8 10 3.5 0.27

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

148 Soil: SDE3 Site: LFZ 571 Location: 791790 mE 7437215 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating rises Slope: 2.5 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, RED DERMOSOL; Thin, Non Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Eucalyptus melanophloia, Corymbia erythrophloia Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Limestone Surface Coarse Fragments: Nil Surface Condition: Firm

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0.00 to 0.13 m Very dark brown (7.5YR2/2) moist; light medium clay; very few small pebbles angular quartz; strong 2-5mm polyhedral; moist, weak; gradual to ;

B1 0.13 to 0.22 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; moist, weak; gradual to;

B21 0.22 to 0.62 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm polyhedral; few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moist, firm; gradual to ;

B22 0.62 to 0.65 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; medium clay; very few small pebbles subangular limestone; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations; moist, very firm; sharp to; R 0.65 to 0.66 m Limestone

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 6.8 0.01 0.01 0.15 7.0 0.15 0.01 0.3 7.0 0.3 0.01 0.6 7.8 0.6 0.04

149 Soil: SSO1 Site: LFZ 58 Location: 211275 mE 7437150 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Undulating rises Slope: 1 % Principal Profile Form: Db2.43 Australian Soil Classification: EUTROPHIC, MOTTLED-HYPERNATRIC, BROWN SODOSOL; Medium, Non Gravelly, Loamy, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Tall isolated trees. Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus populnea Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Sedimentary rock (unidentified) Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.14 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; fine sandy loam; massive; moderately moist very weak; clear to- A2e 0.14 to 0.15 m Very pale brown (10YR7/3) dry; silty loam; massive; moderately moist very weak; abrupt to- B21 0.15 to 0.3 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; common fine distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; strong 100-200mm columnar, strong 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist strong; gradual to- B22 0.3 to 0.5 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; few fine distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; strong 5- 10mm subangular blocky; very few medium pebbles, Sedimentary; moderately moist weak; diffuse to- BC 0.5 to 0.8 m Light clay; many medium pebbles, Sedimentary; few fine manganiferous nodules; dry firm.

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 5.0 0.01 0.01 0.2 6.5 0.3 7.5 0.3 0.29 0.4 9.0 0.6 9.0 0.6 1.35 0.8 9.0

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0.15-0.3 7.4 0.24 174 19.7 1.9 9.9 5 0.15

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

150 Soil: SVE1 Site: LFZ 17 Location: 784120 mE 7383190 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Gently undulating rises Slope: 3 % Principal Profile Form: Ug5.12 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, SELF-MULCHING, BLACK VERTOSOL; Non Gravelly, Medium Fine, Medium Fine, Moderate Vegetation: Isolated clump of trees; Eucalyptus coolabah, Acacia harpophylla Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly drained Substrate Lithology: Shale Surface Coarse Fragments: Many large pebbles, subrounded Silcrete, common medium pebbles, subrounded Silcrete Surface Condition: Self-mulching

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.1 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm granular; moist very weak; gradual to- B21 0.1 to 0.34 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; few medium faint brown mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; moist weak; diffuse to- B22 0.34 to 0.7 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm lenticular; moist very firm; clear to- C 0.7 to 0.8 m Abundant large pebbles, angular Shale

Field pH Electrical Conductivity Depth pH Depth EC (dS/m) 0.01 6.5 0.01 0.06 0.3 7.5 0.3 0.15 0.6 8 0.6 0.5

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Exchangeable Cations* (m) pH EC Cl CEC Ca Mg Na K ds/m mg/kg meq per 100g soil 0-.1 7.1 0.08 8.9 46 20 15 1.4 1.0 0.5-0.6 7.9 0.32 282.9 44 19 24 2.5 0.4

* Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

151 Soil: SDE4 Site: LFZ 192 Location: 802200 mE 7410210 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Hillcrest Landform Pattern: Very steep low hills Slope: 0.8 % Principal Profile Form: Gn2.41 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, MESOTROPHIC, BROWN, KANDOSOL; Thin, Moderately Gravelly, Loamy, Clay Loamy, Shallow Vegetation: Mid-high woodland; Eucalyptus crebra, Acacia rhodoxylon Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Sandstone Surface Coarse Fragments: Common medium pebbles, subangular Sandstone, very few large pebbles, subangular Sandstone Surface Condition: Hardsetting

Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description A1 0 to 0.03 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; common small pebbles, angular Sandstone; dry loose; gradual to- A3 0.03 to 0.2 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) moist; sandy loam; many medium pebbles, angular Sandstone, common small pebbles, angular Sandstone; dry loose; gradual to- B21 0.2 to 0.35 m Brown (10YR4/3) moist; sandy clay loam; common medium pebbles, angular Sandstone; dry loose.

Field pH Depth pH 0.01 5.5 0.1 5.0 0.3 5.5

152 Soil: UDE1 Site: PZS 17 Location: 203980 mE 7445480 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Footslope Landform Pattern: Hills Slope: 4 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.32 Australian Soil Classification: MELANIC, MAGNESIC, BLACK, DERMOSOL; Medium, Moderately Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Moderate Vegetation: Woodland. Eucalyptus fibrosa, Corymbia xanthope; Acacia leptostachya; Alphitonia excelsa; Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Grewia latifolia; Pimelea leptospermoides; Aristida species Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Moderately well drained Substrate Lithology: Serpentinite Surface Condition: Firm Surface Coarse Fragments Few 2%-10%, medium pebbles 6-20mm, Serpentinite Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description

A1 0.00 to 0.10 Dark brown (7.5YR32) moist; light clay ;common 10%-20% medium pebbles 6-20mm subangular serpentinite; moderate 2-5mm granular; moderately moist very firm; gradual to; B2 0.10 to 0.25 Dark reddish brown (5YR32) moist; medium clay ; many 20%-50% medium pebbles 6- 20mm subangular serpentinite; strong 2-5mm polyhedral; moist firm; gradual to; BC 0.25 to 0.50 Dark brown (7.5YR32) moist; medium clay ;many 20%-50% medium pebbles 6-20mm subangular serpentinite; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; moist very firm; gradual to; C 0.50 to 0.51 Common 10%-20% large pebbles 20-60mm angular serpentinite.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % % B 0.10 7.0 0.044 14 0.10 7.0 0.046 15 17 25 29 30 25.0 4.8 20.0 0.24 0.20 0.96 3.1 17 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.20 7.3 0.040 7 0.30 7.6 0.039 10 25 14 21 39 29.0 1.8 27.0 0.26 0.06 0.90 4.1 25 0.01 0.03 0.03 14 Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 2.9 0.17 7 0.16 71 1.4 1.2 22 *Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

153 Soil: UFE1 Site: PZS 9 Location: 795965 mE 7452113 mN ZONE 55 Landform Element: Plain Landform Pattern: Mountains Slope: 14 % Principal Profile Form: Gn3.12 Australian Soil Classification: HAPLIC, MESOTROPHIC, RED, FERROSOL; Medium, Very Gravelly, Clay Loamy, Clayey, Moderately Vegetation: Woodland. Eucalyptus fibrosa, Eucalyptus xanthope; Macrozamia miquelii; Xanthorrhoea johnsonii; Alphitonia excelsa; Canthium species, Aristida species Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Serpentinite Surface Coarse Fragments: Nil Surface Condition: Hardsetting Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description

A1 0.00 to 0.10 Dark brown (7.5YR32) moist; sandy clay loam; common 10%-20% large pebbles 20- 60mm serpentinite; weak granular; moderately moist, very weak; gradual to; A3 0.10 to 0.20 Dark reddish brown (2.5YR24) moist; clay loam; sandy ;few 2%-10% large pebbles 20- 60mm serpentinite; strong polyhedral; moderately moist, weak; diffuse to; B2 0.20 to 0.90 Dark reddish brown (2.5YR34) moist; light clay ;few 2%-10% large pebbles 20-60mm serpentinite; strong polyhedral; moderately moist weak; diffuse to; B3/BC 0.90 to 1.00 Dark reddish brown (2.5YR34) moist; clay loam, sandy ;few 2%-10% large pebbles 20- 60mm serpentinite; moderate polyhedral structures; moderately moist weak.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) PH EC Cl CS FS Si C ECEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C Meq per 100g soil % % % B 0.10 6.6 0.046 9 0.10 6.5 0.050 12 33 33 14 18 19.0 15.0 3.90 0.19 0.29 1 2.0 12 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.20 6.4 0.029 8 0.30 6.4 0.027 9 28 37 13 24 7.0 5.70 1.50 0.19 0.05 2.7 1.1 10 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.40 6.5 0.029 12 0.50 6.5 0.030 19 0.60 6.4 0.029 20 22 30 9 42 4.0 2.50 1.40 0.14 0.06 3.5 1.1 15 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.70 6.5 0.030 24 0.80 7.1 0.036 50 0.90 7.0 0.027 22 21 32 10 41 5.0 3.00 1.60 0.12 0.04 2.4 0.9 15 0.04 0.04 0.03 1.00 7.0 0.023 16

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 3.8 0.15 6 0.21 23 1.0 0.8 27 * Cations for soils with pH less than 7.0 determined by the Aqueous Method

154 Soil: UDE2 Site: CCL 1306 Location: 203600 mE 7445400 mN ZONE 56 Landform Element: Hillslope Landform Pattern: Mountains Slope: 65 % Principal Profile Form: Uf6.32 Australian Soil Classification: MELANIC, MAGNESIC, BLACK, DERMOSOL; Medium, Very Gravelly, Clayey, Clayey, Shallow Vegetation: Woodland Eucalyptus fibrosa, Corymbia xanthope. Middle layer Macrozamia sp. nov.; Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Acacia leptostachya; Pimelea leptospermoides; Hakea trineura; Dodonaea triquetra; Pultenaea setulosa Permeability: Moderately permeable Drainage: Well drained Substrate Lithology: Serpentinite Surface Condition: Firm Surface Coarse Fragments Many 20-50%, medium gravels 6-20mm, Serpentinite Profile Morphology: Horizon Depth Description

A1 0.00 to 0.20 Very dark brown (10YR22) moist; light clay ; many 20%-50% medium gravels 20-60mm subangular serpentinite; strong 2-5mm granular; moderately moist firm; gradual to; B2 0.20 to 0.40 Very dark brown (10YR22) moist; light medium clay; many 20%-50% cobbles 60- 200mm subangular serpentinite; strong 5-10mm subangular blocky; moist firm; gradual to; C 0.50 to 0.55 Many 20%-50% cobbles 60-200mm subangular serpentinite.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/ Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations* Moisture Total Elements (m) pH EC Cl CS FS Si C CEC Ca Mg Na K Al ESP ADM 15bar P K S ds/m mg/kg % @ 105C meq per 100g soil % % % B 0.10 7.4 0.07 3 32 6.3 21 0.23 0.26 0.10 7.4 0.06 2 14 23 29 33 29 4.4 21 0.18 0.21 0.6 3.5 19 0.016 0.044 0.037 0.30 7.7 0.05 1 19 15 26 41 32 2.4 29 0.16 0.11 0.5 5.3 26 0.014 0.025 0.035

Depth Org C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep K. DTPA extr. SO4-S (m) W & B % Bicarb Acid Meq % Fe Cu Zn Mn mg/kg % mg/kg mg/kg B 0.10 4.4 0.20 12 0.18 51 28 0.87 1.5 *Cations for soils with pH above 7.0 determined by the Alcoholic Method

155 156 Appendix 3. Vegetation species list

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME DATABASE CODE Tree Acacia bidwillii corkwood wattle, dogwood ACABIDWI Acacia decora pretty wattle ACADECOR Acacia excelsa ironwood ACAEXCEL Acacia farnesiana prickly wattle, mimosa bush ACAFARNE Acacia fasciulifera ironwood ACAFASCI Acacia harpophylla brigalow ACAHARPO Acacia leiocalyx black wattle ACALEIOC Acacia rhodoxylon rosewood ACARHODO Acacia salicina sally wattle ACASALIC Acacia shirleyi lancewood ACASHIRL Allocasuarina luehmannii bull oak ALLLUEHM Alphitonia excelsa red ash, soap tree ALPEXCEL Alstonia constricta bitter bark ALSCONST Atalaya hemiglauca whitewood ATAHEMIG Brachychiton australis broad-leaved bottle tree BRAAUSTR Brachychiton populneus kurrajong BRAPOPUL Brachychiton rupestris narrow-leaved bottle tree BRARUPES Callistemon viminalis red bottlebrush, weeping bottlebrush CALVIMIN Canthium oleifolium myrtle tree CANOLEIF Casuarina cristata belah CASCRIST Casuarina cunninghamiana river sheoak CASCUNNI Corymbia citriodora lemon-scented gum, spotted gum CORCITRI Corymbia clarksoniana long-fruited bloodwood CORCLARK Corymbia erythrophloia gum-topped bloodwood CORERYTH Corymbia intermedia pink bloodwood CORINTER Corymbia papuana ghost gum, cabbage gum CORPAPUA Corymbia tessellaris Moreton Bay ash, carbeen CORTESSE Corymbia xanthope Serpentine bloodwood CORXANTH Cycas media tree zamia, zamia palm CYCMEDIA Eremophila bignoniiflora dogwood EREBIGNO Eremophila mitchellii budda, false sandalwood EREMITCH Erythrina vespertilio bats-wing coral tree, coral tree ERYVESPE Eucalyptus cambageana Dawson gum, blackbutt EUCCAMBA Eucalyptus coolabah coolibah EUCCOOLA Eucalyptus crebra narrow-leaved ironbark EUCCREBR Eucalyptus exserta Queensland peppermint EUCEXSER Eucalyptus fibrosa broad-leaved ironbark, serpentine ironbark EUCFIBRO Eucalyptus melanophloia silver-leaved ironbark EUCMELAN Eucalyptus moluccana gum-topped box, grey box EUCMOLUC Eucalyptus platyphylla poplar gum EUCPLATY Eucalyptus populnea poplar box EUCPOPUL Eucalyptus tereticornis blue gum, forest red gum EUCTERET Ficus opposita sandpaper fig FICOPPOS Ficus virens white fig FICVIRENS Flindersia australis crow's ash FLIAUSTR Flindersia dissosperma scrub leopardwood FLIDISSO Geijera parviflora wilga GEIPARVI Grevillea striata beefwood GRESTRIA Hibiscus heterophyllus native hibiscus, native rosella HIBHETER Lantana camara lantana LANCAMAR Lophostemon suaveolens swamp box, swamp mahogany LOPSUAVE Lysiphillum carronii red-flowered bauhinia LYSCARRO Lysiphillum hookeri white-flowered bauhinia LYSHOOKE

157 BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME DATABASE CODE Macrozamia miquelii zamia palm MACMIQUE Melaleuca bracteata black tea-tree MELBRACT Melaleuca leucadendra weeping paper-barked teatree MELLEUCA Melaleuca nervosa (forma pendulina) paper-barked teatree MELNERVO Melaleuca quinquenervia swamp paper-barked teatree MELQUINQ Melia azedarach white cedar MELAZEDA Owenia acidula emu apple OWEACIDU Parkinsonia aculeata parkinsonia PARACULE Petalostigma pubescens quinine tree, bitter bark PETPUBES Planchonia careya cocky apple PLACAREY Pleiogynium timorense Burdekin plum PLETIMOR Terminalia oblongata yellowwood TEROBLON Xanthorrhoea johnsonii blackboy, grasstree XANJOHNS

Shrub Acacia leptostachya slender wattle ACALEPTO Canthium attenuatum myrtle CANATTEN Canthium oleifolium myrtle tree CANOLEIF Capparis lasiantha wait-a-while, nipan CAPLASIA Carissa ovata kunkerberry, currantbush CAROVATA Citriobatus spinescens wallaby apple, large-fruited orange thorn CITSPINE Cryptostegia grandiflora rubber vine CRYGRAND Dodonaea triquetra hopbush DODTRIQU Grewia latifolia dog's balls, dysentery plant GRELATIF Hakea trineura hakea HAKTRINE Pimelia leptospermoides PIMLEPTO Pultenaea setulosa PULSETUL

Herb Crotalaria goreensis gambia pea CROGOREE Crotalaria mitchellii yellow rattlepod CROMITCH Gomphrena celosioides gomphrena weed, soft khakiweed GOMCELOS Parthenium hysterophorus parthenium weed PARHYSTE Sida cordifolia flannelweed SIDCORDI Sida subspicata spiked sida SIDSUBSP

Cactus Eriocereus martinii Harrisia cactus ERIMARTI Opuntia tomentosa velvety tree pear OPUTOMEN

Grass Aristida calycina dark wiregrass ARICALYC Aristida caput-medusae many headed wiregrass ARICAPUT Aristida latifolia feathertop wiregrass ARILATIF Aristida ramosa purple wiregrass ARIRAMOS Arundinella nepalensis reed grass ARUNEPAL Bothriochloa bladhii forest bluegrass BOTBLADH Bothriochloa decipiens pitted bluegrass BOTDECIP Cenchrus ciliaris buffel grass CENCILIA Cenchrus echinatus Mossman River grass CENECHIN Chloris divaricata slender chloris, small chloris CHLDIVAR Chloris gayana rhodes grass CHLGAYAN Chloris inflata purple top Rhodes grass CHLINFLA

158 BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME DATABASE CODE Chloris truncata windmill grass CHLTRUNC Chloris virgata feathertop rhodes grass CHLVIRGA Chrysopogon fallax golden beardgrass CHRFALLA Cymbopogon refractus barbed-wire grass CYMREFRA Cynodon dactylon couch, green couch CYNDACTY Dactylocentium radulans button grass DACRADUL Dichanthium annulatum red couch DICANNUL Dichanthium aristatum churchyard grass, angleton grass DICARIST Dichanthium sericeum Queensland bluegrass DICSERIC Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass ECHCOLON Eleusine indica crowsfoot grass ELEINDIC Enteropogon acicularis curly windmill grass ENTACICU Eragrostis sororia woodland lovegrass ERASOROR Eragrostis species lovegrass ERASPP__ Eriochloa pseudoacrotricha early spring grass ERIPSEUD Heteropogon contortus black speargrass HETCONTO Heteropogon triticeus giant speargrass HETTRITI Melinis repens red natal grass MELREPEN Panicum decompositum native millet, australian millet PANDECOM Panicum effusum hairy panic PANEFFUS Panicum maximum var. trichoglume green panic PANMAX_T Panicum queenslandicum yabila grass, windmill grass PANQUEEN Paspalidium caespitosum brigalow grass PASCAESP Paspalidium globoideum shot grass PASGLOBO Paspalum dilatatum paspalum PASDILAT Sporobolus caroli yakka grass, fairy grass SPOCAROL Sporobolus diander tussocky sporobolus SPODIAND Themeda triandra kangaroo grass THETRIAN Tragus australianus small burr grass TRAAUSTR Trioda mitchelii spinifex TRIMITCH Urochloa mosambicensis sabi grass UROMOSAM

159 160 Appendix 4. Attributes and features recorded for each UMA

Confidence level of assessment Representative sites and other sites Landform element Relief/modal slope class Landform Pattern Minimum and maximum slope Modal slope % Geological unit Lithology Dominant soil and % Sub-dominant soils (2) and % Remnant vegetation community Percent vegetation cleared Dominant land use Type and degree of land degradation Degree and percentage of UMA affected by degradation Salinity at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 m depth Sodicity at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 m depth Soil profile depth m Effective rooting depth m Plant available water capacity to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.2m depth Drainage at 0.5 and 1.0m depth Profile permeability for furrow irrigation Surface condition Moisture range for cultivation Soil adhesiveness Microrelief Pebble, gravel, cobble and stone Rock outcrop Water erosion hazard Frost incidence Flooding incidence Topographic complexity Soil complexity Salinity intake potential Salinity outflow potential

161 162 Appendix 5. Land Suitability Classification Scheme for Irrigated Cropping

The irrigation method and crops considered are:

Furrow irrigation of cotton, sorghum and wheat Overhead spray irrigation of wheat, soybean, navy bean and peanut Microspray or trickle irrigation of citrus, macadamia, grape and vegetable

The limitations considered to be important for an assessment for irrigated cropping along the Fitzroy River are listed below:

Frost ( cf ) Water erosion ( e ) Flooding ( f ) Furrow infiltration ( i ) Water availability ( m ) Soil adhesiveness ( pa ) Soil depth ( pd ) Narrow moisture range ( pm ) Surface condition ( ps ) Rockiness ( r ) Salinity ( sa ) Intake potential ( si ) Outflow potential ( ss ) Microrelief ( tm ) Slope ( ts ) Wetness ( w ) Soil complexity ( xs ) Topographic complexity ( xt )

The following assessment details are taken from a range of land resource assessment sources for the Dawson River (McCarroll and Forster, 1999), Central Highlands ( Shields, 1991), Yeppoon and Calliope areas ( Ross, 1999), Burdekin River Irrigation Area (Day, 1993) and Inland Burnett area (Wilson and Sorby, 1991).

163 FROST ( cf )

Effect

Frosts may suppress growth, kill plants and reduce yield. Summer growing annual crops (eg cotton, sorghum, soybean, peanut, navy bean) are generally planted and harvested between the incidence of frosts. Winter growing annual crops such as wheat are susceptible to severe frosts at flowering and during the grain filling period. The risk of frost damage can be reduced by late planting or by selecting long season varieties.

Grapes are deciduous and dormant through winter. However, severe late frosts can set back or destroy young growth in grapes early in the season, negating the marketing benefits of early maturing crops from the Central Queensland region. Citrus and macadamia are most susceptible to frost as young plants, and to severe frosts when mature.

Assessment

The incidence and severity of frosts are used to distinguish frost susceptible areas. Depressions and channels along the river floodplain experience the most severe frosts. Frost records are very limited or non-existent in most areas, so landholder knowledge is used.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Incidence and severity of Vegetable Citrus Macadamia Grape Wheat Cotton, sorghum, frost peanuts, navy bean, soybean Cf1 Frost free 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cf2 Infrequent light frosts 3 1 2 1 1 1

Cf3 Frequent light frosts 4 2 3 1 1 1

Cf4 Infrequent severe frosts 5 4 4 1 1 1

Cf5 Frequent severe frosts 5 5 5 4 2 1

164 WATER EROSION ( e )

Effect

Most agricultural land uses increase the potential for soil loss from water erosion owing to an increased volume of runoff, increased velocity of water flow and decreased protection of the soil surface when devoid of vegetation. Soil erosion by flowing water is determined by climatic factors (for example amount, distribution and intensity of rainfall), landform (eg. gradient and shape of slope), edaphic factors (eg. infiltration rate and soil erosivity), vegetation cover and management practices.

Assessment The variation in rainfall intensity across the study area is considered minimal. Of the other factors that effect erosion potential, only the erodibility of the soil types and slope are used to determine suitability of a UMA. UMA’s occurring in drainage lines are downgraded because of the water flows.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Soil type and land slope Furrow irrigation Spray irrigation Trickle irrigation cotton, sorghum, soybean, navy vegetables grapes, citrus, wheat bean, peanuts, macadamia wheat E1 All soil types with slope < 0.5% 1 1 1 1

E2 Structured clay loam to clay surface 2 2 1 1 soils; slope 0.5-3% Weakly structured to massive surface soils; slope 0.5-2% Hard setting sodic duplex soils with slope of 0.5-1%

E3 Structured surface soils; slope 3-6% 4 3 2 1 Weakly structured to massive surface soils; slope 2-4% Hard setting sodic duplex soils; slope 1-2%

E4 Structured surface soils; slope 6-8% 5 5 3 2 Weakly structured to massive surface soils; slope of 4-6% Hard setting sodic duplex soils; slope of 2-3%

E5 Structured surface soils; slope 8- 5 5 4 3 12% Weakly structured to massive surface soils; slope 6-15% Hard setting sodic duplex soils; slope 3-10%

E6 Weakly to strongly structured or 5 5 5 4 massive surface soils; slope 12-20% Hard setting sodic duplex soils; slope 10-15%

E7 Weakly structured to massive 5 5 5 5 surface soils; slope >20% Hard setting sodic duplex soils; slope >15%

165 FLOODING ( f )

Effect

Flooding can cause plant death or reduced growth due to submergence in turbid water, high water temperatures, anaerobic soil conditions and silt deposition. Soil erosion and infrastructure damage may result from erosive flooding. Flooded perennial tree and vine crops may need to be replaced. Winter crops such as wheat and vegetables are less susceptible, as flooding normally occurs along the Fitzroy River in summer.

Assessment

Detailed flood data is not yet available along the Fitzroy River. General information was obtained from landholders regarding the levels of the 1918, 1954, 1988, 1990 and 1998 floods and study of satellite imagery of the March 1988 flood. This flood is recorded as the fourth largest flood this century and represents a 1 in 12 year flooding event. The flood limit from the 1988 imagery has been digitised into the GIS. UMA’s occurring outside (above) the flood limit were assessed as F1 or F2. UMA’s occurring well inside (below) the flood limit were assessed as F4, F5 or F6. UMA’s intersected by or just inside (below) the flood limit were assessed as either F3 or F4.

The flooding limitation does not include waterlogging from local runoff, which is covered under the wetness limitation.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Frequency and duration of Winter crops Summer crops Tree crops flooding wheat, vegetables cotton, sorghum, citrus, grape, soybean, peanut, macadamia navy bean F1 Flood free 1 1 1

F2 Rarely or occasionally 1 1 1 flooded; elevated plains; < 1 in 10 years

F3 Moderately flooded; 1 in 5 to 2 3 4 1 in 10 years; short duration

F4 Moderately flooded; 1 in 5 to 3 4 5 1 in 10 years; long duration

F5 Frequently flooded; > 1 in 5 4 5 5 years

F6 Frequently flooded; > 1 in 5 5 5 5 years; subject to erosive flooding

166 FURROW INFILTRATION ( i )

Effect

The amount of water applied by furrow irrigation must match the infiltration characteristics of the soil to minimise deep drainage and runoff, while achieving acceptable furrow lengths.

Assessment

Soil permeability is assessed through attributes such as texture, structure, sodicity and consistence, and presence of buried layers.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Permeability characteristics of soil type Furrow irrigated crops cotton, sorghum, wheat I 1 Cracking clay soils with a light to medium clay 1 surface and a slowly permeable subsoil

I 2 Cracking clay soils with a medium-heavy to 2 heavy clay surface, and slowly permeable sodic subsoil

I 3 Uniform non-cracking clay soil and gradational 2 clay loamy soils, with moderately to slowly permeable clay subsoil

Texture contrast soil with A horizon texture heavier than sandy loam, and slowly permeable sodic clay subsoil; A horizon thickness I 4 (i) < .3 m 2 I 5 (ii) .3 - .5 m 3 I 6 (iii) > .5 m 4

Texture contrast soil with a sand to sandy loam A horizon texture and a slowly permeable sodic clay subsoil; A horizon thickness I 7 (iv) < .2 m 2 I 8 (v) .2 - .4 m 3 I 9 (vi) > .4 m 5

I 10 Texture contrast soil with very hard setting A 4 horizon texture of silty loam to silty clay loam, and slowly permeable sodic clay subsoil

I 11 Uniform non-cracking clay soils with a strongly 4 structured permeable light to medium clay subsoil; or over buried loamy or clay loamy layers

I 12 Uniform sands and loams; gradational loams 5 and clay loams and texture contrast soils with permeable subsoil, or over buried sandy or loamy layers

167 WATER AVAILABILITY ( m )

Effect

Plant growth and yield will be affected by periods of water stress. Winter cereals such as wheat have a lower water demand than summer cereals such as sorghum. Shallow rooted plants such as navy beans and vegetables have a lower water demand than deeper rooted plants.

Assessment It is assumed that water is available to irrigate for optimum yield and water use efficiency. Plant available water capacity ( PAWC ) over the plant rooting depth is the main attribute for assessing the water availability limitation, as it affects the frequency of irrigation which requires management inputs. Indicative intervals for furrow irrigation for a range of PAWC soils in the Biloela area are shown below (Muller, in prep.). Irrigation frequency is determined by crop type and rooting depth, seasonal transpiration rates, and irrigation method.

PAWC Indicative Furrow Irrigation Interval Summer Winter >125 mm > 9 days > 15 days 100 - 125 mm 7 - 9 days 12 — 15 days 75 — 100 mm 5 — 7 days 9 — 12 days 60 — 75 mm 4 — 5 days 7 — 9 days 40 — 60 mm 3 — 4 days 5 — 7 days < 40 mm < 3 days < 5 days

The effective rooting depth considered is 0.5 m for navy beans and vegetables, 1 m for field crops and grapes and 1.5 m for tree crops, or to a barrier to root growth because of hard rock, a hard pan; a salinity bulge or high exchangeable sodium levels.

Centre pivot is the preferred overhead spray irrigation method for well drained lighter textured soils, as lighter watering can be applied frequently. For soils with a moderate to high PAWC (ie > 75 mm), negligible to few limitations apply for trickle and microspray irrigation of vegetable, tree and vine crops where small amounts of water are regularly added. Cotton is considered separately to cereals because it is more tolerant of saline and sodic conditions and will therefore have a deeper rooting depth in saline and sodic soils.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Plant available water Centre pivot Trickle Vegetables capacity (PAWC) mm Navy beans of top 0.5 m of profile M1 > 100 1 1 M2 75 - 100 1 1 M3 60 — 75 2 2 M4 40 — 60 3 3 M5 20 — 40 4 4 M6 <20 5 5

Furrow Furrow Centre pivot Trickle Sorghum Wheat Peanuts, soybean, wheat Grapes of top 1 m of profile M7 > 125 1 1 1 1 M8 100 — 125 2 1 1 1 M9 75 - 100 3 2 1 2 M10 60 — 75 4 3 2 3 M11 40 — 60 4 3 3 3 M12 20 — 40 5 4 4 4 M13 <20 5 5 5 5

168

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Plant available water Furrow Cotton capacity (PAWC) mm of top 1 m of profile M14 > 125 1 M15 100 — 125 2 M16 75 - 100 3 M17 60 — 75 4 M18 40 — 60 4 M19 20 — 40 5 M20 <20 5

Trickle Citrus, macadamia of top 1.5 m of profile M21 > 100 1 M22 75 — 100 2 M23 60 — 75 3 M24 40 — 60 4 M25 <40 5

169 SOIL ADHESIVENESS ( pa )

Effect

The adhesiveness of the soil effects the ability to harvest clean peanut kernels. Peanuts may be harvested in moderately adhesive soils such as fine self mulching light clays if they are allowed to dry. Other crops are not affected by this limitation.

Assessment

Soil surface and subsurface texture, structure and consistence are assessed.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Degree of soil adhesiveness Peanuts Other crops

Pa1 Non-adhesive soils — loose to firm 1 1 sands and firm sandy loams

Pa2 Slightly adhesive soils — firm to 2 1 weakly hardsetting sandy loams to clay loams; friable, red, light clays

Pa3 Moderately adhesive soils - hard 3 1 setting sandy clay loams to clay loams; friable dark non-cracking light clays

Pa4 Strongly adhesive soils - hard setting 5 1 silty soils; fine to medium self mulching light clays; medium to coarse structured medium to heavy clays; massive clays

170

SOIL DEPTH ( pd )

Effect

All crops require an adequate depth of soil for root growth to provide physical support for the plant. Plants may lodge or be uprooted during strong winds if they do not have adequate rooting depth.

Assessment

The effective rooting depth to hard decomposing rock or pan. Layers of weak weathering rock, such as decomposing granite, are included in the effective soil profile depth. Grapes are supported by trellises.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Effective rooting depth Cotton, cereals, soybean, Citrus, Grapes Navy bean, vegetables macadamia Pd1 >1.0 m 1 1 1

Pd2 0.5 — 1.0 m 1 2 1

Pd3 0.25 — 0.5 m 1 4 2

Pd4 < 0.25 m 4 5 5

171 NARROW MOISTURE RANGE ( pm )

Effect

Soils with a narrow moisture range are difficult to prepare into a suitable seedbed, and have a limited period after rain when the surface is suitable for cultivation, planting, weed control, etc. Abrasiveness may cause excessive machinery wear, particularly for the more regular operations for vegetable growing.

Assessment The attribute is assessed from soil texture, structure, consistence and abrasiveness.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Surface texture and structure Vegetables Cotton, cereals, Grapes, citrus, soybean, navy bean, macadamia peanuts Pm1 Sand to structured loams, clay loams and light 1 1 1 clay; fine to medium self-mulching light cracking clays

Pm2 Hard setting sandy loam to clay loam and light 2 1 1 clay

Pm3 Medium cracking clays; thin clay loam surface, 3 2 1 coarse structured sodic duplex soils

Pm4 Very hard setting fine sandy loam to fine silty 3 3 1 clay loam;

Pm5 Coarse structured heavy cracking clay; massive 4 4 1 clay; thin (<10 cm) sandy surface, coarse structured sodic duplex soils

Pm6 Very gravelly, abrasive soil 4 3 1

172 SURFACE CONDITION ( ps )

Effect

Soils with a hard setting or crusting surface condition may have poor seedling emergence, and reduced water infiltration due to surface sealing. Coarse structured or “cloddy” surface soils provide poor soil- seed contact, restricting germination. Hard setting surfaces may also restrict the pegging of peanuts, if the surface dries out after flowering. Severe cracking in heavy clay soils may shear the surface roots of tree and vine crops. There are difficulties vacuum harvesting macadamias on soils with a loose non- coherent sandy surface.

Assessment The attribute is assessed from surface condition, texture and structure.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Soil surface condition and texture Cotton, Navy bean, Peanuts Vegetables Grapes, Macadamia sorghum, soybean citrus wheat Ps1 Soft sands to firm sandy loams; 1 1 1 1 1 1 friable to firm clay loams and clays, including fine (<2 mm) self-mulching light to medium clays

Ps2 Hard setting and crusting sandy 1 2 2 3 1 1 loams to clay loams; medium structured (2-5 mm) medium to heavy cracking clays

Ps3 Coarse structured (>5 mm) 2 3 3 2 4 4 medium to heavy cracking clays

Ps4 Very hard setting and crusting 2 3 3 4 2 2 fine sandy loam to silty clay loams

Ps5 Very coarse pedal cracking clays; 3 4 5 4 4 4 massive and crusting clays

Ps6 Loose non-coherent sands 1 1 1 1 1 5

173 ROCKINESS ( r )

Effect Coarse fragments and rock on the surface and in the plough layer (to 0.2 m depth) interfere with the efficient use of agricultural machinery. Surface coarse fragments interfere with harvesting of some crops , particularly peanuts and macadamia, and crops which may lodge due to wind or heavy rain. Moderate levels of cobble and stone can be rock picked.

Assessment Assessment is based on the abundance and size of the coarse fragments.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Cod Size and abundance of Cotton, Navy bean, Vegetables Peanuts Grapes, Macadamia e coarse fragments; sorghum, soybean citrus rock outcrop wheat R0 No coarse fragments 1 1 1 1 1 1

Pebbles ( 6 — 20mm ) Rp0 0 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rp1 < 2 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rp2 2 — 10 % 1 1 2 2 1 2 Rp3 10 — 20 % 1 2 3 3 1 3 Rp4 20 — 50 % 1 3 4 5 1 5 Rp5 > 50 % 2 4 5 5 1 5

Gravels ( 20 — 60 mm ) Rg0 0 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rg1 < 2 % 1 1 2 3 1 2 Rg2 2 — 10 % 1 1 3 4 1 3 Rg3 10 — 20 % 1 2 4 5 1 4 Rg4 20 — 50 % 2 3 5 5 1 5 Rg5 > 50 % 4 4 5 5 2 5

Cobbles (60 — 200 mm ) Rc0 0 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rc1 < 2 % 1 1 3 4 1 3 Rc2 2 — 10 % 1 2 4 5 2 5 Rc3 10 — 20 % 2 3 5 5 3 5 Rc4 20 — 50 % 3 4 5 5 4 5 Rc5 > 50 % 4 5 5 5 5 5

Stone ( 200 — 600 mm ) Rs0 0 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rs1 < 2 % 1 2 4 4 1 3 Rs2 2 — 10 % 2 3 5 5 2 5 Rs3 10 — 20 % 3 5 5 5 3 5 Rs4 20 — 50 % 5 5 5 5 4 5 Rs5 > 50 % 5 5 5 5 5 5

Rock outcrop or boulders ( > 600 mm ) Rb0 0 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rb1 < 2 % 5 5 4 5 1 1 Rb2 2 — 10 % 5 5 5 5 2 2 Rb3 10 — 20 % 5 5 5 5 4 4 Rb4 20 — 50 % 5 5 5 5 5 5 Rb5 > 50 % 5 5 5 5 5 5

174 SALINITY ( sa )

Effect

Soluble salts affect plants through the osmotic effects on water uptake, toxity caused by specific ions, principally sodium chloride, and the restrictions on root development down the profile. Plant responses to salts are conditional on tolerance levels , climate, evapotranspiration, moisture regime of the soil, composition of salts, composition of the soil and physical properties, particularly permeability.

Assessment

The relative salt tolerance of the crops varies: Cotton — very salt tolerant Sorghum, wheat — tolerant Soybeans, peanuts — moderately tolerant Navy beans - sensitive Vegetables — most sensitive as seedlings Citrus, grapes, macadamia — moderately sensitive

The dominant salt in Central Queensland soils is sodium chloride. Gypsum (calcium sulphate) is also common in many cracking clays from Duaringa westward. Gypsum occurs in the lower subsoil as crystals which are relatively insoluble in the soil solution, compared to sodium chloride. Therefore, while gypsum may be present in the subsoil, it does not contribute greatly to the soluble salts in the normal soil solution. High electrical conductivity readings approaching 2.2 dS/m in 1:5 soil:water analysis may indicate gypgum in the profile if chloride levels are relatively low.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Depth Salinity level Cotton Cereals Soyabean, Navy beans, Grapes, citrus, m a peanuts vegetables macadamia Sa1 0.01 Low 1 1 1 1 1 0.3 Low 0.6 Low

Sa2 0.01 Low 1 1 1 1 1 0.3 Moderate 0.6 Moderate

Sa3 0.01 Low 1 1 2 3 3 0.3 Moderate 0.6 High

Sa4 0.01 Low 2 2 3 4 4 0.3 High 0.6 High

Sa5 0.01 Moderate 3 3 4 5 4 0.3 High 0.6 High

Sa6 0.01 High 4 5 5 5 5 0.3 V. high 0.6 V. high Sa7 0.01 V. high 5 5 5 5 5 0.3 V. high a Salinity level: Low EC1:5 <0.4 dS/m Moderate EC1:5 0.4 — 0.9 dS/m High EC1:5 0.9 — 1.5 dS/m Very high EC1:5 > 1.5 dS/m

175 INTAKE POTENTIAL ( si )

Effect Deep drainage through permeable soils and underlying weathered rock high in the landscape may mobilise soluble salts and cause secondary salinisation lower in the landscape.

Assessment Assessment is based on landscape position, geology, soil drainage and history of secondary salinisation in the district.

Indicators include: • Evidence of secondary salinisation on lower slopes and plains; • Level summit surface and broad, gently undulating crests; • Moderately to deeply weathered rocks such as Tertiary sandstone, basalt and granodiorite • Rocks with high levels of sodium minerals or soluble salts, such as granodiorite and sedimentary rocks laid down in a marine environment; and • Permeable, moderately well to well drained soils in the upper landscape.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Landscape position Furrow irrigation Spray irrigation Trickle cotton, sorghum, soybeans, navy irrigation wheat beans, peanuts, vegetables, wheat grapes, citrus, macadamia

Si1 Landscape with no history of secondary 1 1 1 salinisation occurring on lower slopes or adjacent lands.

Si2 Landscape susceptible to deep drainage and 3 2 1 secondary salinisation on lower slopes or adjacent lands. ( BFE1, BVE1, BVE2, GDE1, GCH1, GSO1, TKA1, TDE1, TTE1, SDE2, SSO1)

Si3 Landscape with scattered or minor areas of 4 3 3 secondary salinisation occurring on lower slopes or adjacent lands.

Si4 Landscape with regular or severe occurrences 5 5 5 of secondary salinisation occurring on lower slopes or adjacent lands.

176 OUTFLOW POTENTIAL ( ss )

Effect

Salts may accumulate in lower landscape positions due to deep drainage through permeable soils and underlying weathered rocks which occur higher in the landscape. Secondary salinisation occurs as salt accumulates and concentrates near or at the surface due to evaporation. Secondary salinisation may also occur if saline groundwaters rise closer to the surface and salt concentrates due to evaporation.

Assessment Assessment is based on landscape position, geology, soil drainage and history of secondary salinisation in the district.

Indicators include: • Evidence of secondary salinisation; • Break of slope between a well drained summit surface or gently undulating rises, on Tertiary sandstone, volcanic rocks and granodiorite, and an imperfectly to poorly drained plain; • Imperfectly to poorly drained soils, particularly clays, below well drained lighter textured soils; • High levels of soluble salts at the soil surface or through the profile; and • Salt tolerant vegetation species.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Landscape position Furrow irrigation Spray or trickle irrigation cotton, sorghum, soybeans, navy beans, peanuts, wheat wheat, vegetables, grapes, citrus, macadamia Si1 Landscape with no history of secondary 1 1 salinisation occurring on lower slopes or plains.

Si2 Landscape with scattered or minor areas of 4 3 secondary salinisation occurring on lower slopes or plains.

Si3 Landscape with regular or severe occurrences 5 5 of secondary salinisation occurring on lower slopes or plains.

177

MICRORELIEF ( tm )

Effect

Microrelief results in uneven water distribution, with water shedding of mounds and shelves, and ponding in depressions. Surface levelling is required for even grades down furrows, but may also expose sodic clay subsoils on the mounds. Cotton is more tolerant of low levels of sodium than cereals. Surface levelling is also required for surface drainage. Melonhole will also effect the layout and maintenance of spray and trickle operations.

Assessment

The depth and distribution of microrelief, particularly melonholes, is assessed.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Severity of microrelief Furrow irrigation Spray and trickle irrigation cotton, sorghum, wheat soybeans, navy beans, peanuts, wheat, vegetables, grapes, citrus, macadamia Tm1 No gilgai 1 1

Tm2 Normal gilgai; < .15 m deep 1 1

Tm3 Normal gilgai; .15 - .3 m deep 2 2

Tm4 Sparse melonholes; .3 - .6 m deep 3 2

Tm5 Melonholes; .3 - .6 m deep 5 5

Tm6 Melonholes; > .6 m deep 5 5

178 SLOPE ( ts )

Effect

Land slope on flat to gently sloping land influences wetting up times and overtopping along furrows. Steeper land, where machinery operations are undertaken regularly, may be unsafe for machinery use, particularly for tall machinery.

Assessment

To accurately allocate slope classes to individual mapped parcels of land, slopes assessed as <1% need detailed topographic survey. For slopes assessed as <1% using an inclinometer, no subclass limitation has been recorded in the UMA database.

Slope limits ( recommended for the Burdekin Irrigation Area ) should be used as a guide only: • Suggested furrow gradient for sodic texture contrast soils in order of preference are: 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.5, 0.6-0.1 or < 0.1% • Suggested furrow gradient for other soils in order of preference are: 0.1-0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1.0 or <0.1%

For steeper slopes, furrows are set across the slope to maintain gradient. Slopes >12%, where machinery operations are undertaken regularly, are regarded as unsafe for machinery use. Slopes >20% are regarded as unsafe for machinery use even when used infrequently.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Land slope Furrow irrigated Spray irrigated Trickle Trickle % cotton, sorghum, peanuts, irrigated irrigated wheat soybean, navy vegetables grapes, citrus, bean, wheat macadamia Ts0 Slope recorded using 1 1 1 1 inclinometer < 1% and more accurate slope data not available

Sodic duplex soils Ts1 < 0.1 3 1 1 1 Ts2 0.1 — 0.2 1 1 1 1 Ts3 0.3 — 0.5 2 1 1 1 Ts4 0.6 — 1 3 1 1 1 Ts5 1 — 2 4 1 1 1 Ts6 2 — 4 5 4 1 1 Ts7 4 — 12 5 5 2 1

Other soils Ts8 < 0.1 3 1 1 1 Ts9 0.1 — 0.25 1 1 1 1 Ts10 0.25 — 0.5 2 1 1 1 Ts11 0.5 — 1 3 1 1 1 Ts12 1 — 2 3 2 1 1 Ts13 2 — 3 4 3 1 1 Ts14 3 — 4 5 4 1 1 Ts15 4 — 12 5 5 2 1

All soils Ts16 12 — 15 5 5 5 3 Ts17 15 — 20 5 5 5 4 Ts18 > 20 5 5 5 5

179 WETNESS ( w )

Effect

Poor drainage results in waterlogging , and a reduction in soil oxygen, which will effect plant growth, or cause plant death. Prolonged wetness may delay access by machinery for ploughing, spraying, harvesting, etc.

Assessment

Internal and external drainage are assessed. Indicators of internal drainage are texture, structure, colour, mottles, segregations, and impermeable layers, and are assessed for the rooting depth of the crop. For example, a texture contrast soil with 60cm of well drained surface horizon overlying a clay subsoil of low permeability and impeded drainage may be suitable for shallower rooted crops but not for deeper rooted crops. Indicators of external drainage are slope and topographic position.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Drainage Class 0.5 m rooting depth

Navy bean Vegetable W1 Rapidly drained 1 1

W2 Well drained 2 1

Moderately well drained W3 - moderately to highly permeable 3 2 W4 - slowly permeable 4 3

Imperfectly drained W5 - moderately to highly permeable 4 3 W6 - slowly permeable 5 4

W7 Poorly drained 5 5

W8 Very poorly drained 5 5

1m rooting depth

Cotton Sorghum, wheat, Citrus, Grape soybean, peanut macadamia W9 Rapidly drained 1 1 1 1

W10 Well drained 1 1 1 2

Moderately well drained W11 - moderately to highly permeable 2 2 3 3 W12 - slowly permeable 3 3 4 4

Imperfectly drained W13 - moderately to highly permeable 3 3 4 4 W14 - slowly permeable 3 4 5 5

W15 Poorly drained 5 5 5 5

W16 Very poorly drained 5 5 5 5

180 SOIL COMPLEXITY ( xs )

Effect

An area of suitable and uniform soil may be too small to use as a production area for a particular use or may have a shape not ideal for irrigation layout. An area of suitable soil may be too isolated from other production areas or infrastructure, or have access difficulties. Within a soil complex, there may be such a distinct contrast between the soils (eg. cracking clay interspersed with old stream channels with a deep sandy surface ), that different irrigation management is required.

Assessment

This limitation is assessed after an assessment of other limitations, and is only considered if the UMA is suitable for one of the nominated uses. Standard centre pivot irrigation systems of 300-500m length commonly used for peanuts, and navy beans, require a production area of 600-1000m width (ie min 28 ha) for a full circle or 300-500m (ie min 14 ha) for a half circle. Similar production areas apply to furrow irrigated cotton and cereals. The surface characteristics of soils within a soil complex or of soils of adjacent small mapping units are compared.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Land description Furrow irrigation - cotton, sorghum, wheat Trickle irrigation Spray irrigation -wheat, soybean, vegetable, citrus, navy bean, peanut macadamia, grape Xs1 If area of uniform soil is > 1 1 25 ha

Xs2 If area of uniform soil is 10- 2 1 25 ha and surrounded by unsuitable soil but in reasonable proximity to other production units of suitable soil

Xs3 If area of uniform soil is 10- 4 3 25 ha but isolated from other production units of suitable soil

Xs4 If area of uniform soil is 5- 5 2 10 ha and surrounded by unsuitable soil but in reasonable proximity to other production units of suitable soil

Xs5 If area of uniform soil is 2-5 5 3 ha and surrounded by unsuitable soil but in reasonable proximity to other production units of suitable soil

Xs6 If area of uniform soil is < 2 5 5 ha

181 TOPOGRAPHIC COMPLEXITY ( xt )

Effect

The degree of land surface undulation effects the amount and cost of land levelling required to provide an even gradient down a furrow channel. Watercourses which cannot be filled limit the length of furrows, and the extent of cultivation and spray irrigation for broad acre crops. Vegetables generally require less cultivable area. Tree and vine crops are least effected by dissection of the land.

Assessment

The slope, degree of undulation and frequency and depth of dissection are assessed.

Soil / land attribute Limitation sub-classes Code Land description Furrow irrigation Spray irrigation Trickle irrigation cotton, sorghum, wheat, soybean, vegetable citrus, grape wheat navy bean, peanut macadamia, Xt1 Level alluvial land with wide 1 1 1 1 spacing (> 1 km) between watercourses

Xt2 Gently undulating alluvial land 2 1 1 1 with moderate spacing (0.5-1 km) between watercourses, requiring minor levelling for furrow irrigation

Xt3 Gently undulating alluvial land 3 2 1 1 with moderate spacing between watercourses, requiring moderate levelling for furrow irrigation

Xt4 Gently undulating alluvial land 5 3 2 2 with moderate spacing between watercourses, requiring considerable levelling for furrow irrigation

Xt5 Undulating and dissected 5 5 3 3 alluvial land

Xt6 Very weakly dissected sloping 3 2 1 1 land with simple slopes

Xt7 Weakly dissected sloping land 5 3 2 2 with simple slopes

Xt8 Moderately dissected sloping 5 5 4 4 land with complex slopes

Xt9 Severely eroded and/or 5 5 5 5 dissected alluvial land; strongly dissected sloping land with steep, complex slopes, gullies and narrow crests

182 Appendix 6. Land suitability class for irrigated crops for each UMA UMA Soil Dominant soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area UMA Soil Dominant Dominant % of Soil Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area

1 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 375 75 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 21 2 1AVE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 2203 76 1AVE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 48 3 1AVE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 32 77 TDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 282 4 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 398 78 CDE3 100 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 42 5 1AVE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 7 79 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5235 6 1AVE1 90 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 17 80 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 269 7 1AVE1 90 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 43 81 CDE2 70 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 129 8 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 230 82 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 148 9 1AVE2 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 89 83 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 185 10 1AVE5 80 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 99 84 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15 11 CVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 238 85 CDE3 80 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 124 12 CVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 104 86 3ASO3 100 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 45 13 CSO1 80 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 222 87 3ASO3 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 141 14 SSO1 90 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 224 88 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 99 15 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 346 89 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 114 16 2ASO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 90 CDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 98 17 CVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 102 91 TDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 77 18 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35 92 TKA1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 117 19 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 88 93 CDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 265 20 1AVE2 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 99 94 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 34 21 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 196 95 CVE4 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 177 22 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 250 96 IDV1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 514 23 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 110 97 1ARU1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 68 24 1AVE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 432 98 IDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 96 25 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 119 99 IDE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 87 26 1AVE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 158 100 IVE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 34 27 1AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 21 101 CVE2 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 174 28 2AVE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 33 102 CVE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 32 29 TDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 37 103 CSO2 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 100 30 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 145 104 1ADE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 142 31 CVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 79 105 1AKA1 100 5 5 5 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 322 32 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 45 106 1ADE1 80 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 112 33 SDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 598 107 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 106 34 SSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 59 108 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 137 35 SDE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 26 109 1ATE2 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 171 36 CVE4 100 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 20 110 1ATE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 157 37 CVE1 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 48 111 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 125 38 SVE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 16 112 1AVE4 80 3 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 121 39 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 39 113 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 131 40 SVE1 90 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 22 114 2AVE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 99 41 CVE4 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 703 115 CDE3 90 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 321 42 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 325 116 CVE2 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 360 43 SDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 3 2 106 117 TDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 212 44 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 274 118 2ASO2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 49 45 2ADE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 124 119 TKA1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 39 46 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 275 120 TDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 2 2 262 47 1ADE1 80 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 69 121 TDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 176 48 1AVE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 39 122 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 787 49 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 43 123 1AVE6 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 75 50 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2448 124 1ATE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 119 51 IDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 63 125 1AVE6 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 205 52 IDE1 70 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 173 126 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 46 53 SDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 83 127 CVE3 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 104 54 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 46 128 TKA1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 64 55 1ADE1 90 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 31 129 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15 56 1AVE1 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 114 130 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 151 57 CVE2 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 293 131 2ASO2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 100 58 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 52 132 TDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 163 59 CDE1 100 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 112 133 TKA1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 45 60 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 199 134 TKA1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 3 3 39 61 CVE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 17 135 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 381 62 TDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 3 2 39 136 CSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 89 63 CSO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 168 137 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 363 64 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 264 138 1ADE1 100 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 65 65 IVE1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 239 139 1ARU1 90 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 196 66 IDE1 90 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 32 140 TKA1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 71 67 CVE5 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 193 141 CDE4 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 175 68 1ATE3 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 117 142 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 85 69 IDV1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 149 143 CSO2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 150 70 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 128 144 1AVE5 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 191 71 IDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 530 145 CVE2 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 78 72 IDE1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 67 146 CVE2 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 101 73 1ATE3 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 337 147 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 117 74 CVE4 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 331 148 CSO1 100 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 128

183 UMA Soil Dominant soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area UMA Soil Dominant Soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area

149 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 81 223 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1309 150 CSO1 100 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 28 224 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 155 151 1AVE4 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 75 225 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 41 152 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 61 226 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 34 153 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 151 227 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 108 154 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 83 228 1ACH2 90 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 249 155 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 217 229 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 123 156 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 48 230 CSO2 90 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 55 157 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 349 231 CDE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 81 158 IDE1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 524 232 1ACH2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 187 159 SDE4 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 206 233 CSO1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 37 160 IDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 712 234 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 247 161 IDE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 138 235 CSO2 80 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 122 162 IDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 236 CDE1 90 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 187 163 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 343 237 CVE4 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 149 164 1AKA2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 204 238 CCH1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 177 165 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 258 239 CDE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 61 166 1ASO1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 343 240 CCH1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 79 167 CSO1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 51 241 CDE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 36 168 CCH1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 55 242 CVE4 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 136 169 CSO1 80 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 299 243 CSO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 326 170 CCH1 80 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 4 4 4 38 244 CVE4 100 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 42 171 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 67 245 CSO2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 38 172 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 38 246 CSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 201 173 SSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 94 247 CDE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 316 174 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1260 248 1ADE2 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 157 175 IVE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 49 249 CSO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 93 176 1ADE1 80 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 159 250 CVE2 80 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 183 177 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 438 251 CSO2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 49 178 1AVE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 64 252 IDE1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 127 179 CVE2 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 191 253 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 148 180 1AVE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 123 254 CVE4 80 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 452 181 CVE2 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 121 255 CDE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 469 182 1ADE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 102 256 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 130 183 IDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 263 257 1ATE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 133 184 1AVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 36 258 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 213 185 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 171 259 1ASO1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 206 186 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 5 260 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 101 187 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 960 261 1ADE1 100 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 360 188 IVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 23 262 CVE5 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 264 189 1AVE6 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 58 263 SDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 159 190 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 158 264 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 542 191 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1650 265 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 167 192 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 227 266 SDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 827 193 CVE2 90 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 674 267 CVE4 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 139 194 CVE5 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 44 268 CVE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 252 195 SVE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 336 269 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 274 196 IVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 37 270 CVE2 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 385 197 3ASO3 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 87 271 SVE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 131 198 SDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 3 23 272 SDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1175 199 CDE4 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 30 273 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 216 200 CVE5 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 50 274 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 37 201 SDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 425 275 CVE3 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 45 202 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 97 276 SDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 32 203 CVE4 60 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 79 277 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 748 204 1ASO1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 203 278 IDE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 151 205 1AVE4 100 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 21 279 CVE4 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 194 206 1ADE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 124 280 IVE1 90 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 45 207 1ACH3 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 126 281 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 275 208 1ASO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 179 282 CSO1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 117 209 1AVE5 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 34 283 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 17 210 1ACH2 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 61 284 CVE5 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 51 211 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 70 285 SDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 131 212 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 41 286 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 105 213 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 24 287 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 16 214 1ACH1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 90 288 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 661 215 CSO2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 109 289 1ACH2 90 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 79 216 SVE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 135 290 CVE4 80 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 120 217 CVE3 80 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 389 291 CVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 45 218 CVE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 529 292 1ADE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 140 219 SSO1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 881 293 1AKA2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 127 220 SVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 89 294 1ACH2 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 234 221 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 435 295 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 126 222 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1701 296 CDE4 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 190

184 UMA Soil Dominant soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area UMA Soil Dominant Soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area

297 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 456 371 IVE1 60 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 60 298 CVE5 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 180 372 IDE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 996 299 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3104 373 2AVE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 64 300 SDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 1158 374 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 594 301 CVE4 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 20 375 2ADE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 97 302 2ASO2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 93 376 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 368 303 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 83 377 IDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 690 304 CVE4 90 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 75 378 SSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 807 305 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 2 2 28 379 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 28 306 CVE5 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 144 380 CVE5 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 79 307 1AKA1 100 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 164 381 1ATE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 54 308 1AKA2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 57 382 1ACH2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 154 309 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 86 383 MDE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 3 2 103 310 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 182 384 MDE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 121 311 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1250 385 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 759 312 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 2 2 84 386 SDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 49 313 CVE2 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 86 387 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 93 314 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 305 388 CVE5 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 80 315 1ADE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 247 389 1ACH3 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 54 316 1AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 130 390 1ACH2 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 110 317 CVE1 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 265 391 CVE4 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 30 318 CVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 27 392 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 29 319 CVE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 136 393 1ACH3 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 69 320 CVE2 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 161 394 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 272 321 CDE3 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 35 395 IVE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 46 322 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 825 396 CVE3 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 111 323 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 544 397 SVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 124 324 CDE3 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 493 398 CVE3 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 154 325 CVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 58 399 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 44 326 CVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 75 400 TDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 52 327 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 115 401 TDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 150 328 CVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 294 402 TKA1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 13 329 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 19 403 TKA1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 17 330 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 88 404 TDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 162 331 1ASO1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 188 405 CSO2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 118 332 1ATE3 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 13 406 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 63 333 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 261 407 IDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 279 334 CSO1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 181 408 IDV1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 229 335 IDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 652 409 IVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 76 336 IDV1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 422 410 TDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 13 337 IDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 231 411 IDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 287 338 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 948 412 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 339 IVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 77 413 TDE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 176 340 SDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 90 414 TKA1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 35 341 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 100 415 TDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 66 342 MDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 380 416 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 31 343 GCH1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 150 417 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 32 344 MDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 295 418 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 161 345 2ASO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 461 419 MDE1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 381 346 MDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 436 420 SSO1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 49 347 MDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 416 421 1ACH2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 70 348 MDE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 95 422 GDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 116 349 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 77 423 MDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 59 350 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 65 424 MDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2077 351 1ASO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 208 425 MSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 53 352 MDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 169 426 1ATE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 108 353 MDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 163 427 1ASO1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 195 354 SSO1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 484 428 CDE3 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 313 355 SDE4 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 166 429 SSO1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 181 356 MDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 149 430 2ASO2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 302 357 MSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 308 431 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 40 358 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 68 432 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 37 359 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 64 433 IDE1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 192 360 CSO2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 38 434 1ACH1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 74 361 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 107 435 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 328 362 CVE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 55 436 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 52 363 2AVE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 113 437 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 238 364 MDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 190 438 TDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 382 365 MDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 433 439 TDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 193 366 MDE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 89 440 TKA1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 59 367 MDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 417 441 1ADE2 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 101 368 3ASO1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 71 442 1ATE1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 91 369 1ASO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 82 443 CSO2 100 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 129 370 IVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 67 444 CVE3 80 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 39

185 UMA Soil Dominant soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area UMA Soil Dominant Soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area

445 CSO2 80 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 426 519 UFE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 446 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 3 2 30 521 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 96 447 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 3 2 15 522 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45 448 CSO2 90 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 162 523 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 14 449 MDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 148 524 UDE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 321 450 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 734 525 UFE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 75 451 MSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 141 526 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 194 452 CSO2 90 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 122 527 UFE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 423 453 CVE3 90 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 199 528 1AVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 131 454 CVE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 83 529 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 455 TKA1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 54 530 1ADE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 82 456 TKU1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 163 531 1ADE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 465 457 TTE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 31 532 1AVE6 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 383 458 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 189 533 1ADE2 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 17 459 1ACH2 80 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 313 534 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35 460 CVE5 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 83 535 GDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 2 186 461 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 563 536 GDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 183 462 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 80 537 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 29 463 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 154 538 GSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 75 464 3ASO2 90 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 308 539 MSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 76 465 TDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 191 540 CSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 310 466 TKA1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 37 541 GSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 87 467 2ASO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 51 542 1ADE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 309 468 SDE3 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 973 543 1ADE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 469 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 201 544 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 202 470 1AVE4 60 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 113 545 1ADE1 100 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 321 471 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 40 546 1ADE1 100 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 297 472 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 67 547 2AVE2 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 333 473 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 107 548 CVE2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 113 474 SDE4 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 188 549 TDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 90 475 IVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 24 550 TKA1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 17 476 IDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1902 551 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 221 477 IVE1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 51 552 MDE1 80 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 2 85 478 IDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 87 553 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 34 479 MDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 378 554 1AVE5 70 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 398 480 SDE4 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 623 555 CVE3 70 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 585 481 1ADE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 177 556 MSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 52 482 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 106 557 CSO2 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 58 483 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 89 558 2ASO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 351 484 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 288 559 MDE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 16 485 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 388 560 MSO1 60 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 48 486 1ADE1 70 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 192 561 MDE1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 71 487 CSO1 80 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 45 562 2AVE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 105 488 1ADE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 69 563 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 331 489 MDE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 2 29 564 CVE4 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 208 490 MSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 19 565 2AVE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 203 491 CVE3 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 43 566 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 76 492 MDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 461 567 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 103 493 1ADE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 44 568 2AVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 31 494 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 73 569 UFE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 38 495 TDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 509 570 UDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2024 496 TKA1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 64 571 UFE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 124 497 TDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 179 572 MDE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 2 126 498 TKA1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 32 573 UFE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 67 499 1ADE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 233 574 UFE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 52 500 1ADE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 371 575 2AVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 69 501 CSO2 100 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 250 576 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 107 502 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 221 577 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 591 503 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 19 578 CSO2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 149 504 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 119 579 UFE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 283 505 1AVE1 100 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 136 580 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 46 506 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 117 581 2AVE2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 445 507 1AVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 153 582 3ASO3 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 146 508 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 79 583 UDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 75 509 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 55 584 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 166 510 CVE3 80 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 92 585 UDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 220 511 CSO2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 204 586 2AVE2 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 362 512 CVE4 70 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 334 587 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 29 513 2AVE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 28 588 CVE2 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 795 514 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 589 CSO2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 116 515 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 142 590 CVE5 100 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 60 516 2AVE2 80 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 286 591 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 248 517 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 249 592 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 565 518 UDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 17 593 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 79

186 UMA Soil Dominant soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area UMA Soil Dominant Soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area

594 1ACH1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 139 669 GSO1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 297 595 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 739 670 1ASO1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 336 596 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 75 671 GCH1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1376 597 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 672 SSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 93 598 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1395 673 1AVE6 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 71 599 MDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 25 674 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 38 600 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 59 675 3ASO3 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 42 601 MSO1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 102 676 1AVE5 70 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 667 602 UDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 140 677 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 117 603 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35 678 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 88 604 1AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 403 679 GSO1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 379 605 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 37 680 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 104 606 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 22 681 MSO1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 658 607 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 644 682 MDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 341 608 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50 683 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 300 609 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 204 684 MDE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 213 610 2AVE2 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 239 685 MDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 141 611 SDE4 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1355 686 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 3 75 612 SDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 3 101 687 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 380 613 MDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 195 688 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 559 614 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50 689 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 331 615 SDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 326 690 1ASO1 70 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 263 616 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 208 691 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 184 617 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 98 692 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 98 618 2AVE2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 309 693 SDE4 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 382 619 1ASO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 187 694 GSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 345 620 2AVE2 100 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 63 695 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 133 621 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 102 696 1AKA1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 153 622 2ADE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 102 697 3AVE2 60 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 118 623 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 40 698 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 307 624 3ASO3 80 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 106 699 1ACH2 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 148 625 UDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45 700 1ACH3 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 46 626 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 236 701 3ASO1 100 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 263 627 1ASO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 69 702 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 140 628 1ACH2 70 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 161 703 GCH1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 220 629 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 56 704 UDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 166 630 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 45 705 GDE1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 680 631 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 55 706 1AVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 163 632 GDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 40 707 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 324 633 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 35 708 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 105 634 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 315 709 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 89 635 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 673 710 SDE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 27 636 UFE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 451 711 SDE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 501 637 UDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 83 712 SSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 1795 638 1ATE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 123 713 UDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 207 639 MDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 215 714 2AVE2 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 112 640 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 145 715 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 78 641 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 62 716 1ACH2 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 194 642 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 266 717 3AVE2 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 42 643 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 289 718 SDE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 118 644 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 49 719 1ACH2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 106 645 SSO1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 178 720 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 71 646 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 60 721 2ADE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 61 647 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 170 722 1ADE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 241 648 1AVE2 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 42 723 2ADE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 142 649 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 52 724 UDE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 111 650 1AVE4 80 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 149 725 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 108 651 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 35 726 1AVE6 80 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 312 652 UDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 447 727 UDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 671 653 IDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 364 728 SDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 82 654 MDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 1779 729 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 706 655 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 27 730 3ASO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 102 656 2ASO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 578 731 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 21 657 2AVE1 90 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 104 732 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 46 658 IDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 57 733 1ACH3 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 58 659 UDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 87 734 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 33 660 IDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 445 735 3ASO1 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 42 661 2AVE2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 80 736 1AVE5 90 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 86 662 GDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 93 737 3ASO2 70 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 294 663 1ASO1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 73 738 1ADE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 143 664 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 249 739 3ASO3 90 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 47 665 1AVE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 100 740 3ASO1 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 176 666 3ASO3 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 134 741 1ADE1 90 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 221 667 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 539 742 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 68

187 UMA Soil Dominant soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area UMA Soil Dominant Soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area

743 1ADE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 204 817 3ASO1 100 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 31 744 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 115 818 3ASO2 90 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 572 745 1ARU1 70 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 251 819 1ATE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 39 746 CVE4 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 361 820 1ATE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 49 747 SDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 109 821 1ATE3 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 220 748 BVE1 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 88 822 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 371 749 BFE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 146 823 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 50 750 BVE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 66 824 1AVE2 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 23 751 BVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 79 825 SDE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 50 752 SDE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 51 826 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 151 753 CVE2 90 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 404 827 SDE1 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 296 754 SDE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 13 828 BVE1 100 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 275 755 CDE4 100 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 28 829 CVE3 90 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 127 756 CVE2 90 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 153 830 BVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 78 757 MDE1 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 217 831 SDE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1045 758 1ADE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 79 832 SDE1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 802 759 1ACH1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 99 833 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 195 760 3ASO2 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 49 834 1ATE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 21 761 1ACH1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 99 835 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 202 762 1ACH1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 59 836 1ATE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 411 763 1ADE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 323 837 MSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 190 764 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 838 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 54 765 CVE4 90 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 590 839 SWP 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 158 766 CVE2 100 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 165 840 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 238 767 3ASO2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 35 841 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 37 768 CVE2 90 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 210 842 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 140 769 3ASO2 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 224 843 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 798 770 3ASO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 216 844 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 192 771 3ASO3 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 54 845 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 147 772 1ADE1 90 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 79 846 3AVE1 100 3 3 3 2 2 4 5 2 5 5 5 112 773 1ATE3 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 687 847 CVE3 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 34 774 1ADE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 92 848 1AVE4 100 3 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 543 775 1ACH1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 53 849 CVE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 190 776 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 443 850 1ADE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 37 777 1ADE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 73 851 1ADE2 60 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 62 778 1ADE2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 154 852 BVE1 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 355 779 CVE3 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 302 853 CSO2 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 302 780 1ACH1 100 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 338 854 CVE4 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 258 781 3ASO2 100 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 574 855 1AVE2 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 157 782 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 43 856 SDE2 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 30 783 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 105 857 SDE4 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 74 784 BVE1 90 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 856 858 SDE2 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 144 785 CVE2 90 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 132 859 SSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 123 786 CVE3 80 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 218 860 BVE1 80 3 3 3 2 2 3 5 3 3 3 3 2057 787 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 84 861 SDE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 146 788 1ADE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 4 103 862 SDE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 789 1AVE4 100 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 64 863 CVE4 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 30 790 1AVE2 80 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 400 864 SDE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 131 791 CVE5 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 38 865 3ASO1 70 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 114 792 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 75 866 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50 793 SDE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 5 4 257 867 1ACH1 70 5 5 5 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 356 794 SDE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 29 868 CVE3 60 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 100 795 MSO1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 14 869 1ADE2 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 622 796 1AVE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 548 870 1AVE6 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 52 797 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 189 871 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 54 798 1AVE6 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 99 872 3AVE2 70 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 73 799 1ADE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 470 873 1AVE3 80 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 274 800 1ATE3 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 82 874 3AVE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 121 801 1ACH3 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 128 875 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 69 802 1ADE2 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 876 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 66 803 MDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 760 877 SDE4 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 12 804 MSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 136 878 BVE2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 3 15 805 SDE1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 240 879 3AVE2 70 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 712 806 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 880 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 383 807 MDE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 64 881 SDE4 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 60 808 CVE4 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 120 882 BVE1 100 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 26 809 CVE2 90 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 5 5 5 279 883 1AVE2 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 16 810 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 110 884 1AVE6 70 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 130 811 CVE4 90 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 329 885 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 28 812 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 88 886 1AVE2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 61 813 3ASO2 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 18 887 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 699 814 1AVE6 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 74 888 CVE4 70 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 344 815 CVE5 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 399 889 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 259 816 1AVE3 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 47 890 3AVE2 100 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 56

188 UMA Soil Dominant soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area UMA Soil Dominant Soil Dominant % of Cotton Furrow Furrow Sorghum Furrow Wheat Spray Wheat Spray Soybean Spray Navy Beans Spray Peanuts Trickle Vegetables Trickle Citrus Trickle Macadamia Trickle Grapes (ha) Area

891 BVE1 100 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 41 911 1ACH1 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 446 892 3AVE2 70 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 159 912 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 893 3AVE2 70 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 113 913 1ATE1 90 5 5 5 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 179 894 1ACH1 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 191 914 CSO1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 81 895 1AVE6 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 247 915 1AVE6 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 62 896 1AVE6 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 66 916 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 156 897 1ACH1 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 129 917 1AVE6 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 616 898 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 204 918 SSO1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1628 899 1AVE2 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 21 919 2ASO2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 140 900 1ACH1 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15 920 3ASO2 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 44 902 1AVE4 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 816 921 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 28 903 3ASO2 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 55 922 1AVE5 100 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 75 904 1ATE1 80 5 5 5 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 69 923 1ADE1 70 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 226 905 1AVE6 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 924 1ADE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 43 906 1ATE1 80 5 5 5 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 14 925 1ADE1 70 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 170 907 1ADE2 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 67 926 1ATE2 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 277 908 1ATE1 80 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 198 927 SWP 90 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 260 909 1ADE2 60 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 207 928 2AVE1 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 88 910 SWP 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 109 929 BVE2 90 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 3 3

189