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Dissertation in PDF Format Helsinki University of Technology Institute of Strategy and International Business Doctoral Dissertation Series 2006/3 Espoo 2006 FIRM STRATEGIES IN THE COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE OF NETWORKED BUSINESS SYSTEMS Antti Sillanpää Helsinki University of Technology Institute of Strategy and International Business Doctoral Dissertation Series 2006/3 Espoo 2006 FIRM STRATEGIES IN THE COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE OF NETWORKED BUSINESS SYSTEMS Antti Sillanpää Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology to be presented with due permission of the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management for public examination and debate in Auditorium TU1 at Helsinki University of Technology (Espoo, Finland) on the 23rd of August, 2006, at 12 noon. Helsinki University of Technology Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Institute of Strategy and International Business Teknillinen korkeakoulu Tuotantotalouden osasto Yritysstrategian ja kansainvälisen liiketoiminnan laboratorio Helsinki University of Technology Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Institute of Strategy and International Business P.O. Box 5500 FIN-02015 TKK, Finland Tel. + 358-9-451 2846 Fax. + 358-9-451 3095 E-mail: [email protected] Internet http://www.tuta.hut.fi/isib © Antti Sillanpää ISBN 951-22-8276-3 (printed) ISBN 951-22-8277-1 (online) ISSN 1459-7993 (print) ISSN 1795-1453 (online) The series deals with current issues in business strategy, technology management, marketing, and international business. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publisher. Picture: Antti Sillanpää and Teemu Vilo, 2006, ‘Four tail-eating snakes’. Monikko Espoo 2006 ABSTRACT The dissertation aims to contribute to the body of research on firm strategies in the context of network externalities, in order to better understand firm level competitive behaviour. The dissertation specifically focuses on the interaction of different types of firms when the focal firms are competing for dominance in an evolving networked business system. The research question is: What are the drivers affecting competitive behaviour in a network externality context, and what are the firm and aggregate level consequences of the competitive actions? The study uses bibliometric methods to map the scientific discourse about the phenomenon. The mapping highlights the relevant theoretical approaches investigating the phenomenon, including the evolutionary perspective on economics and population ecology. Researchers of these approaches have identified positive and negative feedback mechanisms leading to different competitive outcomes. Positive feedback is associated with divergence and diversification, while negative feedback is associated with congruence, imitation, and competitive effects. The dissertation investigates the positive and negative mechanisms in an empirical setting. The investigation focuses on one business environment at the time of the commercial introduction of a new technology. The investigated period was the launch of digital television in the United Kingdom between 1998-2002, the era between the commercial launch and an industry shakeout. The study builds on data from interviews, press releases, trade journals, internet discussion fora and stock market information. With the case approach, the dissertation aims at offering a rich view of the field while subjecting it to methodological and data triangulation. The analysis proceeds from the case narrative to social network analysis, content analysis, and qualitative comparative analysis. The case evidence describes how firms engaged in intense, resource-draining competition, with an outcome of increased aggregate adoption rates. In contrast to earlier work on network externalities, the dissertation emphasises that firms imitate at an early stage of market creation. The study shows that all firms - including the industry leader - are inclined to follow competitors’ behaviour at a time of intense rivalry. Building on previous research and the case examination, a new competitive metaphor and an integrated model of network market competition are developed. The dissertation contributes to the understanding of firm strategies in the presence of significant network externalities and proposes implications for managers and policy makers. TIIVISTELMÄ Tutkimus tarkastelee yritysstrategioita ympäristössä, jossa verkoston ulkoisvaikutukset ovat merkittäviä. Tavoitteena on paremmin ymmärtää yritysten kilpailukäyttäytymistä. Tarkastelussa huomio kohdistetaan yrityksiin, jotka pyrkivät johtoasemaan kehittyvässä ja verkottuneessa kilpailutilanteessa. Keskeiset tutkimuskysymykset ovat, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat kilpailukäyttäytymiseen verkoston ulkoisvaikutusten muokkaamassa ympäristössä ja mitkä ovat kilpailullisten toimenpiteiden seuraukset yrityksen tasolla ja sitä laajemmin. Bibliometrisen menetelmän avulla tutkimus kartoittaa ilmiöstä käytyä tieteellistä keskustelua. Bibliometrinen kartta osoittaa ilmiöön liittyvät teoreettiset lähestymistavat, joihin kuuluvat mm. evolutionaarinen taloustiede ja populaatioekologia. Lähestymistapojen tutkijat ovat tunnistaneet positiivisen ja negatiivisen vaikutusmekanismin, joiden kilpailulliset tulemat ovat erilaisia. Positiivinen dynamiikka liittyy kasvuun ja erilaistumiseen. Kilpailun yhdenmukaistavat vaikutukset ja matkiminen liittyvät negatiiviseen dynamiikkaan. Tutkimus selvittää empiirisesti positiivisia ja negatiivisia vaikutusmekanismeja. Tutkimus tarkastelee liiketoimintaympäristöä tilanteessa, jossa uutta teknologiaa tuodaan markkinoille. Tutkimusajankohtana on digitaalisen television alkutaival Iso- Britanniassa vuosina 1998-2002. Ajanjakso alkaa digitaalisen television kaupallisen toiminnan käynnistymisestä ja päättyy alan murrosvaiheeseen. Tutkimus rakentuu tiedoille, jotka on kerätty haastatteluista, lehdistötiedotteista, alan lehdistä, internetin keskustelusivustoilta ja pörssi-informaatiosta. Tutkimus lähestyy aihetta tapaustutkimuksen keinoin pyrkien tarjoamaan vivahteikkaan kuvan kohteesta, mutta alistaen sen samalla menetelmien ja tietolähteiden ristituleen. Tapauskertomuksen jälkeen analyysi etenee sosiaalisten verkostojen analyysiin, sisällön analyysiin ja vertailevaan laadulliseen analyysiin. Digitaalitelevisiomarkkinoiden kehitys kuvaa, kuinka yritykset osallistuivat intensiiviseen kilpailuun, joka kulutti niiden voimavaroja mutta samalla merkittävästi kiihdytti palvelun leviämistä. Poiketen vallitsevasta verkoston ulkoisvaikutusten tutkimuksesta tämä tutkimus näyttää kuinka yritykset imitoivat toisiaan markkinoiden rakentamisen alkuvaiheessa. Tutkimus osoittaa kuinka yrityksillä, mukaan lukien myös alan johtavalla yrityksellä, on taipumus ankarassa kilpailussa seurata toinen toisiaan. Työssä kehitetään verkostokilpailun malli, joka perustuu tämän tutkimuksen tarkastelukohteen analyysiin ja muuhun aikaisempaan tutkimukseen. Tutkimus auttaa parantamaan ymmärrystä yritysten strategioista ympäristössä, jossa verkoston ulkoisvaikutukset ovat merkittäviä. Tutkimus päätyy esittämään suosituksia yritysjohdolle ja muille päättäjille. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take the opportunity to thank all the people involved in my PhD project. A number of people offered their time, thoughts and sympathy; gladly most often at the same time. I would like to express my greatest appreciation to my supervisor and instructor Professor Tomi Laamanen for guiding me throughout the process. He has remarkable characteristics, which proved to be vital for the success of my work. I honour his resilience to give feedback and comments irrespective of his other workload. I want to acknowledge Associate Professor Fernando Suarez of Boston University and Dr. Peter Goodwin of University of Westminster for acting as my pre-examiners. Their insightful comments helped me to focus the work better. I am thankful to Associate Professor Peter Murmann of Australian Graduate School of Management for acting as my opponent. Professor Emeritus BG, MA (Cantab), Doctor honoris causa at University of Helsinki and at UK Open University Brian Groombridge has encouraged me in my efforts, commented my work constructively and, and opened doors for me in the British media. I am also indebted to various people I interviewed during the process. I have found The Institute of Strategy and International Business to be a stimulating work place, and the discussions have directed my research effort. Adjunct Professor Juha-Antti Lamberg has offered me sound advice and reassuring company when I have encountered problems in my research. Researchers Henri Schildt, Satu Teerikangas, Mikko Jääskeläinen and Juha Mattsson have made a valuable contribution to the thesis process, whilst the remaining teaching and research personnel have given their positive input to our other endeavours. Tom Crawley has proofread my texts and given beneficial comments, and Maria Tikka, Nina Henriksson, Pirjo Ruuskanen and Annikki Huttunen and other administrative personnel as well as Joonas Järvinen and Pasi Kuusela have managed to help me in a diversity of tasks, for which I am deeply appreciative. Jaana Räsänen and Teemu Vilo helped me with graphics and the front-page drawing. I have received support also from my former colleagues. I would like to thank journalist Anne Kaikkonen of the Finnish Broadcasting company, and editor-in-chief
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