International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research Vol.1; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2016 Website: www.gkpublication.in/ijshr Original Research Article ISSN: 2455-7587

Determination of Cloud and Pour Point of Crude Oil with Reference to Crude Transportation

1 2 3 Emmanuel, O. Eyankware , Wisdom, C. Ulakpa , Moses O. Eyankware

1Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Port-Harcourt, P. M. B 5323, Rivers State, Nigeria. 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria. 3Department of Geology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki,. P.M.B. 053. Ebonyi State.

Corresponding Author: Emmanuel, O. Eyankware

Received: 27/05/2016 | Revised: 03/08/2016 | Accepted: 04/08/2016

ABSTRACT (Khanorkar et al., 1996). However, this percentage rises to 35% in highly paraffinic In this study, the cloud and pour point of the and decreases to zero in highly biograded Nigerian Niger Delta Crude oil were determined oils (Ali, et al., 1989). Ajienka and Ikoku, so as to ascertain the at which wax (1997) stated that Nigeria has a substantial crystallizes and precipitates during crude reserve of paraffinic crude oils known for transportation. Four (4) crude samples were collected and analysed in the laboratory and the their good quality (low sulphur, high API results showed that each of the samples had gravity), and containing moderate to high varying cloud points; Sample A - 230C, Sample contents of paraffinic waxes. Waxy crude B - 140C, Sample C - 230C and Sample D - 200C oils have undesirably high pour points and with a mean value of 200C. Same trend was also are difficult to handle where the flowing and exhibited by the pour points; Sample A - 110C, ambient are about or less than Sample B - 20C, Sample C - 140C and Sample D the pour-point and according to Peng et al., 0 0 - 8 C with a mean value of 8.75 C. It was then (2014) high pour point oil reservoirs are concluded that wax deposition during crude usually part of the developed oilfields in transportation in the region can be prevented various regions worldwide. Elijah et al., especially in onshore pipelines if efficient (2012) also stated that waxy crude oils preventive measures are put in place being that the region in the tropics with a minimum exhibit Bingham non-Newtonian flow ambient temperature of 180C. Factors that affect behaviour below the cloud point due to wax cloud and pour point of crude oil were also crystallization. highlighted and recommendations that will help The Nigerian Niger Delta crude oil, prevent crude oil from wax crystallization and which is the mainstay of Nigerian economy, precipitations were given. exhibits waxiness, with deposits in the range of 30-45 % (Adewusi, 1997; Fasesan and Keywords: Cloud Point, Pour Point, Crude oil, Adewumi, 2003; Taiwo et al., 2009 and Wax Deposition, Paraffin Wax. Oladiipo et al., 2009). During its transportation, because oil temperature at INTRODUCTION initial station is higher than the ambient Crude oil is a naturally occurring temperature, the oil temperature continues mixture, consisting predominantly of to decrease, and when it decreases to the hydrocarbons, sulphur, nitrogen and metals wax precipitation point of crude oil, wax (Yasin, et al., 2013). Crude oils are complex crystal in crude oil starts to precipitate, but mainly paraffinic, napthenic and grow, and deposit on the pipe wall finally; aromatic (Wang et al., 1994). Crude oils sediments on pipeline will reduce the contain all normal alkenes from C1 to C120 effective flow area of the pipeline, increase

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.gkpublication.in) 20 Vol.1; Issue: 3; July-September 2016 Emmanuel, O. Eyankware et al. Determination of Cloud and Pour Point of Crude Oil with Reference to Crude Transportation friction, and thus reduce transmission ii.) To investigate the various factors capacity of the pipeline (Tian et al., 2014). that can affect the cloud and pour Also, production tubing had waxed up in point of crude oils. several cases and this had resulted in the iii.) To make recommendations as to expensive maintenance procedure of wax how wax deposition can be cutting which involves using scrapers prevented during crude conveyed by wireline. Billions of dollars transportation. has been lost to its prevention and remediation (Oladiipo et. al., 2009). Wax LITERATURE REVIEW deposition in crude oils has been a problem Due to flow assurance problems in crude transportation for a long time and encountered during crude transportation according to Al-Besharah et al., (1987) the using pipelines in the oil and gas industry, it difficulties in pipeline transportation are due has become of paramount importance to to this complex nature of crude oil, which study the different factors that enhance wax cause a variety of difficulties during the deposition in pipelines. Several researchers production, separation, transportation and have done work on the subject matter and refining of oil. have been able to predict using scientific When a waxy crude oil is cooled, the methods conditions that promote wax heavier paraffinic constituents begin to deposition while also professing ways to separate as crystals once the solubility combat its undesirable occurrence. These limit is exceeded (Karan, et al., 2000). researchers include; Hunt, (1962); Matlach Elijah et al., (2012) stated that et al., (1983); Agrawal et al., (1990); Bern thermodynamically, the solid- phase et al., (1980); Burger and Perkins, (1981); boundary temperature, that is the maximum Brown, Niesen and Erickson, (1993); temperature at which the solid and liquid Svendsen, (1993); Nazar et al, (2001); phases co-exist in equilibrium at a fixed Mehrotra and Bhat, (2007); Zhang and Liu, pressure, is the wax appearance temperature (2010); Ramirez Jaramillo et al., (2004); (WAT). It is also known as the Cloud Point Ribeiro et al., (1997); Lee, (2008). Amongst which according to (Holder and Winkler, the numerous researches done, some are 1965; Hussain et al., 1999) depends on wax discussed here. concentration, the crystallization habit of Elijah et al., (2012) stated that the wax, and the shear stability of different wax main components of the heavy fraction of structures. Crude oil starts to lose its flow hydrocarbon which participate in the solid characteristics when wax crystallization phase formation include asphaltenes, begins to occur. The lowest temperature at diamondoids, resins and wax. which the oil is mobile is termed Pour Point Petroleum wax consist mainly saturated and these two temperature points are of paraffin hydrocarbons with number of immerse importance in crude transportation. carbon atoms in the range of 18-36. Wax Aim and Objectives: may also contain small amounts of The aim of this research is to naphthenic hydrocarbons with their number determine the cloud and point of Nigerian of carbon atoms in the range of 30-60. Wax Niger Delta crude oil as to how it affects usually exists in intermediate crudes, heavy crude transportation. The specific objectives oils, tar sands and oil shales. There are three are listed below; main factors that affect wax deposition in To determine the temperature at flow systems which according to Bott and which the sampled crude oil becomes semi Gudmundsson (1977) are flow rate, solid and loses their flow characteristics. temperature deferential, and cooling rate, as i.) To compare the cloud and pour point well as surface properties. of the different crude samples.

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Emmanuel, O. Eyankware et al. Determination of Cloud and Pour Point of Crude Oil with Reference to Crude Transportation

Zhen et al. (2014) proposed that early studies suggested that, the mechanism of wax deposition could be summarized as the following four types: molecular diffusion, shear dispersion, Brownian diffusion and gravity settling, in which molecular diffusion was generally considered as the most important mechanism causing wax deposition. Singh et al., (2000) confirmed that shear dispersion, Brownian diffusion and gravity settling had little influence on wax Figure 1: Hanna pH meter determining the pH of a crude deposition, namely molecular diffusion was sample dominant mechanism of wax deposition. Hamouda and Davidsen (1995) also Specific Gravity Determination: considered that shear dispersion had an Apparatus used in specific gravity influence on wax deposition, but the main determination were hydrometer and 200ml cause was still molecular diffusion, and he volumetric cylinder. The cylinder was filled ignored the influence of shear dispersion to the mark with the respective crude when establishing the prediction model of samples and the hydrometer was inserted wax deposition. into the medium to determine their specific Singh et al., (2000) proposed that the gravity as shown in Fig. 2. Reading was process of wax deposition could be taken from the lower meniscus. described by the following steps: (1). Gelation of the waxy oil on the cold surface, (2). Diffusion of waxes towards the gel layer from the bulk, (3). Internal diffusion of these molecules through the trapped oil, (4). Precipitation of these molecules in the deposit, (5). Counter diffusion of de-waxed oil out of the gel layer. This proposition was confirmed by measuring the carbon number distribution in the sample of wax deposition layer under different experimental time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Figure 2: Specific gravity of a crude sample being determined with a hydrometer Four (4) crude samples were obtained from the Niger Delta region in Nigeria and analyzed to determine parameters such as cloud and pour points, pH, density and specific gravity. pH Determination: The apparatus used to determine the pH of the samples are Hanna pH meter and beaker. The samples are poured into four beakers and the Hanna pH meter was used to measure their respective pH levels. Hanna pH meter is as shown in Fig.1.

Figure 3: Water bath and heater International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.gkpublication.in) 22 Vol.1; Issue: 3; July-September 2016

Emmanuel, O. Eyankware et al. Determination of Cloud and Pour Point of Crude Oil with Reference to Crude Transportation

Density Determination: nearest 1˚C. At this point, cloud is This was determined using the equation; observed at the bottom of the test jar, ρ crude oil = Specific Gravity * ρ water which is confirmed by continued where ρ crude oil = Density of crude oil sample cooling. 3 ρ water = Density of water = 1000 kg/m Pour Point Determination: Cloud Point Determination: Same apparatus that were used in Apparatus used in cloud point cloud point determination were used in pour determination were test jar, cork carrying point determination. Experimental thermometer, water bath with heater, cloud procedures are enumerated below; point chamber and crushed ice. A sample of worm crude was filled to the Experimental procedures are as enumerated level mark. The test jar was tightly closed below; by the cork carrying the test thermometer a) Test jar was filled to the level mark, and placed in a bath of crushed ice. closed tightly by the cork carrying a) The test jar was inspected at an the thermometer and placed into a interval of at three (3) minutes by bath of crushed ice as shown in Fig. holding in a horizontal position for a 3. few seconds before returning it to b) Test jar was removed from the jacket cool. quickly without disturbing the b) The pour point was reached when specimen. Inspection for cloud point the oil surface stayed in the vertical was done and jacket replaced. position for a period of 5 seconds Operation was done without without sagging. At this point the exceeding time duration of three (3) thermometer was inserted to cool for seconds. 10 seconds and the temperature of c) Since cloud point is the temperature the oil was taken. of a liquid specimen when the c) The pour point was 3˚C higher than smallest observable cluster of the thermometer reading. Crude hydrocarbon crystals first occurs sample at pour point is shown in Fig. upon cooling under prescribed 4. Also, Fig. 5 shows cloud and pour conditions, observation was done point chambers. and cloud point was reported to the

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS density, specific gravity, cloud and pour Table 1 shows the results of the point of the four (4) crude oil samples. experiments carried out to determine pH,

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Emmanuel, O. Eyankware et al. Determination of Cloud and Pour Point of Crude Oil with Reference to Crude Transportation

Table 1: Results showing pH, Density, Specific Gravity, Cloud and Pour Point of Crude Samples. Parameter Unit Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D Mean pH - 5.2 5.7 5.2 5.8 5.5 Density kg/m3 850 790 830 900 842.50 Specific Gravity - 0.85 0.79 0.83 0.90 0.84 Pour Point (0C) 11 2 14 8 8.75 Cloud Point (0C) 23 14 23 20 20

From Table 1, it can be noticed that the cloud points of crude samples A, C and D have temperature limit that is higher than the least expected annual mean temperature (>180C) being that Nigeria has a tropical climate with the exception of sample B which implies that wax deposition can be easily prevented in the region. Also from the table, it is evident that the pour points of the samples are below ambient temperature especially for onshore pipeline facilities in the Niger Delta region. A critical look at Table 1 shows that sample C has the highest pour point while sample B has the lowest Figure 7: Graph showing relationship between specific gravity pour point signifying that sample C has the and pour Point. highest paraffin content while sample B has the lowest paraffin content. Based on the findings, it is Fig. 6 shows that a linear imperative to say that the Nigerian Niger relationship exists between specific gravity Delta crude oil is the type of crude oil that and cloud point of the crude samples. It is has a low tendency towards forming wax also shown in Fig. 7 that a linear crystals especially in onshore pipeline relationship exists between specific gravity facilities as far as the minimum flow temperature is kept above the cloud point and pour point of the crude samples. This 0 linear trend for crude oils is reported by which is at a mean value of 20 C for the Modesty (Kelechukwu, 2011). crude samples. In order words, costly extreme wax deposition management measures can be avoided if crude temperature can be maintained at a temperature higher than the average cloud point. Factors Affecting Cloud and Pour Points of Crude Oil There are certain factors that directly affect the cloud and our point of crude oil. Proper management of these parameters will help control the rate with which crude oil reaches its cloud and pour point. These parameters are discussed as follows; a) Temperature Differential: Wax deposit decreases with an increase in

Figure.6: Graph showing relationship between specific gravity temperature difference (Kelechukwu and cloud point et al., 2010). This proposition is in

total agreement with previous studies carried out by Cole and International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.gkpublication.in) 24 Vol.1; Issue: 3; July-September 2016

Emmanuel, O. Eyankware et al. Determination of Cloud and Pour Point of Crude Oil with Reference to Crude Transportation

Jossen (1960); Haq (1978) and Tang deposited, was also reported in two et al., (2002), but however, subsequent coaxial shear cell studies disagreed experimentally that wax by Lee-Tuffnell (1996) and Dawson deposition would increase by (1996). This can be explained; that increasing temperature difference as the velocity of the moving stream between cold pipe wall temperature increases, the molecules gain more and feed temperature as reported by energy with a corresponding Nazar et al., (2001), and Jennings increase in temperature which would and Weispfennig (2005). This drop reduce the tendency with which the in wax deposition rate with increase waxy crude would reach its cloud in temperature difference could be and pour point. attributed to the extra heat gained or d) Surface Properties: Properties such added in the , which would as density, specific gravity and further move the solution away from viscosity are determinants of the its cloud point. Hence the process of cloud and pour point of crude oil crystal formation and their sample. There exists a relationship deposition is a function of between density and specific gravity temperature difference (Norman, as shown in Table 1. Also, viscosity 1989). Since wax deposition is is affected by specific gravity directly affected by cloud and pour because the denser a fluid, the more point, there exists a direct viscous it becomes. Since viscosity relationship between these directly affects cloud and pour point, temperature points and temperature it is essential to state that the higher differential between the waxy crude the density, specific gravity and and pipeline wall. viscosity of crude oil sample, the b) Paraffin Wax Content: The amount more its tendency towards reaching of paraffin wax in a crude oil sample its cloud and pour point as shown in affects its cloud and pour point Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively. temperatures. Wax deposition has a higher tendency to occur in crude CONCLUSION AND oils with high paraffin wax content RECOMMENDATIONS than those with lesser paraffin wax In oil and gas industry, wax because wax can easily agglomerate deposition has been an age long problem when it is high in content than when and its determination and control has been a it is not. As such, the amounts of very important topic for researchers. A paraffin wax present in a crude pertinent factor of wax deposition is the sample directly affect the rate at cloud and pour point at which crude oil which it will reach its cloud and forms wax crystals and loses its flow pour point. characteristics which has been the focus of c) Flow rate: Mohammed (2007) this research. As highlighted by the hypothesized that a higher flow researcher, there are certain factors that shear, which is a function of flow influence cloud and pour point temperature rate, leads to lesser but likely harder which if properly managed will help curb wax deposit build up. Thus wax the occurrence of wax crystallization and deposition gradually decreases with deposition. So, these factors should be increase in flow rate and turbulence. effectively and efficiently managed by The effect of increasing flow rate, midstream companies involved in the decreasing the amount of wax transportation of crude oil in a bid to deposited or entrapped oil in the prevent deposition of wax.

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The Nigerian Niger Delta crude oil  Bern, P.A., Withers, V.R., Cairns, J.R., as shown in this research is one that can be (1980). Wax Deposition in Crude Oil easily managed especially onshore at Pipelines. 206-1980-MS, European conditions that will help prevent wax Offshore Petroleum Conference and deposition. Following this, preventive Exhibition, London. measures such as installation of heaters  Brown, T.S., Niesen, V.G., Erickson, along flow lines to help keep crude D.D., (1993). Measurement and Prediction of Kinetics of Paraffin temperature above the cloud point of the Deposition,” 26548-MS, SPE Annual fluid should be carried out. Also, the use of Technical Conference and Exhibition, chemical solvents like wax inhibitors and Houston, Texas. Pour Point Depressants (PPD’s) should be  Burger, E.D., Perkins, T.K., Striegler, encouraged. (Bagdat and Masoud, 2015) J.H., (1981). Studies of Wax Deposition also proposed that Ethylene Tetra-Fluoro in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Journal of Ethylene (ETFE) internal plastic pipe Petroleum Technology, 33, 1075-1086. coating is the most appropriate solution for  Cole, R.J., Jessen, F.W., (1960). paraffin deposition in the pipelines. As such Paraffin Deposition. Oil Gas J., 58: 38- its usage can be encouraged over rigid PVC 87. pipes and steel pipes which are commonly  Dawson R.V., (1996). 3 SCR 783 - used in the oil and gas industry for crude Supreme Court of Canada - Docket transportation. Number: 24883.  Elijah Taiwo, John Otolorin and

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