Gender and Authorship in Pediatric Critical Care Randomized Control Trials

Supplemental Figure 1a: Percentage of female researchers by country – only This figure shows the percentage of researchers who were female from each country. The number in parentheses indicates the total number of researchers we classified as male or female from that country. Error bars show the 95% confidence interval for the percentage.

Portugal (2) Cuba (4) Saudi Arabia (3) Croatia (3) Japan (9) Finland (13) Thailand (20) Taiwan (2) South Korea (2) Russia (2) Philippines (2) Indonesia (8) Colombia (4) (10) Italy (33) Brazil (65) Chile (31) Belgium (25) Spain (26) France (39) Turkey (34) (79) Pakistan (3) (24) The Netherlands (35) (33) (40) Iran (11) Country (number of researchers) Country physician (number United States (398) South Africa (8) Switzerland (14) Austria (14) Vietnam (5) (75) Israel (14) Greece (7) (27) Germany (50) (2) Mexico (2) Bangladesh (4) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percent of physician researchers who are female

Xu GM, de Wildt SN, Zavalkoff S, Duffett M. 1 Gender and Authorship in Pediatric Critical Care Randomized Control Trials

Supplemental Figure 2a: Authorship of pediatric critical care RCTs by female researchers (1985-2018) – physicians only This figure shows the percentage of authorships by female researchers for each time period, for each of any authorship position, first authorship and last authorship. Error bars show the 95% confidence interval for the percentage. We used the Cochran-Armitage test for trend for the percentage of authorships by women for each authorship position.

100%

80% Any author position

60%

40%

20%

p−value for trend=0.001 0% 100%

80% First authors 60%

40%

20%

p−value for trend=0.16 0% 100% Percent of physician authors who are female authors of physician Percent

80% Last authors 60%

40%

20%

p−value for trend=0.02 0% 1985− 1990− 1995− 2000− 2005− 2010− 2015− 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2018 Publication year

Xu GM, de Wildt SN, Zavalkoff S, Duffett M. 2 Gender and Authorship in Pediatric Critical Care Randomized Control Trials

Appendix A

Determining profession from degrees, designations and titles listed in publications

Profession Degrees, designations and titles Dentist DDS, Dentist Dietitian RD, Dietitian, Nutritionist Massage Therapist RMT, Massage Therapist Medical technician MT, Medical or laboratory technician or technologist Musical Therapist MMT, MTA, Musical Therapist Nurse RN, Nurse Occupational therapist OT, Occupational therapist Perfusionist CCP, Cardiac perfusionist, technologist, certified clinical perfusionists Pharmacist PharmD, RPH, Pharmacist Physician MD, DO, MBBS, Doctor, Physician, Surgeon, Psychiatrist, Intensivist, Pediatrician Physiotherapist PT, Physiotherapist, Physical therapist Psychologist Psychologist Respiratory Therapist RT, Respiratory Therapists Social Worker BSW, MSW, Social Worker Speech Language Pathologist SLP, Speech Language Pathologist Other health professional Not otherwise classified Non-clinician An academic degree (e.g. MSc, PhD) without a health professional degree or designation, parents, statisticians, other non-healthcare professionals

Note that an affiliation is not used to assign a profession, for example, being affiliated with a Department of Nursing is not sufficient to determine this person is a nurse. If more than one profession listed, choose the first one listed.

Xu GM, de Wildt SN, Zavalkoff S, Duffett M. 3