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COJ^DOCTCO-BY si WITH WHICH IS llMCOl\POR^TED 5lO JgEHOLP'Woi^S Z tfHBwAUM^i-^pM SATURDAY, JUNE 3, 1871.

Her mother was again looking at her, THE ROSE AND THE KEY. and this time she spoke, " Did you hear," she asked, in her coldest CHAPTER XLK. MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. tones, " that Captain Vivian drove through MAUD and her mother were tete-a-t6te the town of Roydon to-day ?" at dinner that day. Lady Vernon scarcely " Did he, really ?" spoke; she seemed fatigued. " I should not have thought it necessary Snch meetings seldom happened. They to ask you a second time," she said, with embarrassed both mother and daughter, a sneer, " Don't you know he did ?" between whom there was an undefined " No, I did not hear that he was in the hut incurable estrangement. town since he left this," Maud replied. TJnfder such circumstances a ladies' dinner " It is so nice of you, answering me so does not last very long; and they were honestly," said Lady Vernon, soon, each provided with a book, taking a Maud looked at her, not quite certain very unsociable tea in the drawing-room. whether the irony she suspected in her A wood fire smouldered in the grate. tone was real or fancied, The evening was a little chilly, and made " Did you see any one to-day ?" Lady it pleasant. Vernon reopened her conversation, afber an Maud sat by it iu a low chair with her interval, more dangerously. feet on a stool. She leaned back with her " Miss Tintern was here to-day. She book before her. The silence was only came in, hoping to see you, and then I took broken by the rustle of the pages as she her a little walk." turned them over. " Ph! Then this has been a day of At length Maud lowered the book to her waUfing," said Lady Vernon, with some­ lap, and raised her eyes. thing derisive in her tone, that terrified They met the large grey eyes of Lady Maud for her secret, and Maud blushed. Vernon fixed on her, and the flush that in­ Lady Vernon, deadly pale, held her with dicated some secret agitation was in her her steady grey eyes, and an insulting cheeks. The mutual gaze continued for smile, for some seconds. some two or three seconds, and then Lady Then the elder lady turned slowly away, , Vernon turned her eyes away, as it seemed still smiUng, and Maud felt that she couM to Maud, haughtily. breathe. It had not lasted long; but it made How much hatred there seemed to Maud Maud uncomfortable. She knew her in that pale, cruel smile ; how much hatred mother's face so well, that she read danger in those cold, strange tones, low and sweet in that glance, ?,„,.>.'" ,,• as the faintest notes of a flute ! She waited some tiihe, expecting some- Maud was in momentary fear of a re­ ' thing to come. But as Lady Vernon re­ newal of the torture. But a minute passed, mained silent Maud took up her book again, five minutes, and there was no renewal of and read a page or two; but hor mind did the attack. Her mother seemed to have not follow the lines with her eyes. forgotten her, and to have returned to her In a little time she put down her book book, with no further intention of distnrb- again, and looked up. iag her studies. °in my life I need ever have " How dare you look at me, your mother, been ashamed or afraid to disclose." so ? Answer my question, and speak Lady Vernon looked at her intently few truth. Whom did you meet to-day ?" a moment, and then laughed a cold Htiie " I shan't answer," said Maud, flushing laugh of disdain. crimson. " What have I done that you But that counterfeit merriment did not should attack me with so much bitter­ last long. The false smile faded, and left ness ?" a deeper shadow of menace on her face, " Come, Maud, recollect yourself," said " Another person would answer a daugh­ Lady Vernon, recovering her colder man­ ter who presumed to talk to them so, very ner. " You seem to forget that, as your differently. But I know only too well your mother, I have a right to know, from your lamentable weakness and violence; and I'll own hps, whom you met to-day. Who was tell you, as you have not the grace or can­ it?" dour to admit it, that you cannot conceal " I question your right to catechise me," the fact from me. You saw Captain Vivian, returned Maud, now thoroughly roused, to-day. You talked and walked with him, " If I am to remember your rights, you and returned to the house only a few must remember mine, I shall be of age in minutes before you came into the shield- a few weeks, and my own mistress. You room this evening. You might as well are not to treat me any longer like a child." have spoken frankly." " While you remain in my house you If it had not been for the anger provoked shall be amenable to me. I can't com­ by Lady Vernon's language and manner, mand affection, but I can command re­ Maud would, I dare say, have undeceived spect. You shall obey me, I'll make you her, now. But the devil of perverse pride obey me." had been evoked, and Maud answered : The flush had quite left her cheeks, her " If you knew all this, why need you face was unnaturally white, and her hp, as have asked me to tell you. I said I should white as her face, was trembling. Maud answer nothing; and I shall not." had never before seen her so terribly angry. " You shall do more than answer," said But she was now past being daunted. She Lady Vernon, rising to her feet, wi& a was herself very nearly as angry, and so new access of passion, and confronting her the spark had started into flame, and the daughter. " You shall now and here write flame had gathered to a conflagration. me a letter renouncing Captain Vivian, Sit " That is not the way to make me obey down at this desk and write it." you. That is not what you want. You " No," answered Maud, also rising, " I'll wish to wound me, and to trample on me. do nothing of the kind. . I'll place myself in You never loved me; you hate me; yes, no such ridiculous position." you hate me—your own child, your only Lady Vernon was astounded. Maud had child. And what have I done ? All my never disputed a distinct command of hers life trying to bring you to love me. That's before, over. I'll try no more—never. You'll " Think again, Maud, you had better. I teach me at last to hate you, as you hate fear you are losing your head a little," me. I wish it were God's will to take me. she said, coldly. Oh ! this dreadful world !" " I need not think again; I won't write "Wicked people make it dreadful to anything. I've said so, and I won't," themselves and to others," said Lady Ver­ answered Maud, with all the fiery blood of non. the Vernons careering in her veins.

"^ Charles Dickens, Jun.] THE ROSE AND THE KEY, [June 3,1871.] 3 " Then take the consequences of your Jones, it can never be made up—it is folly insanity," said Lady Vernon, almost in a to think it. I know mamma too well. It whisper, but with an audible stamp on the is past that; she never forgives ; and she flpor. never loved me ; there is no use in trying ' These two pairs of large grey eyes were to think it. She hates me now, and always encountering, all this time, in a burning will, and I'm sorry, but it can't be helped." gaze of mutual defiance. So she sobbed on, sitting in the great So the unnatural alienation that had for chair, with her face to the wall beside it, so many years existed between mother and and honest Jones, who was disturbed and child had now at last found positive ex­ even shocked, said, with her hand on the pression, and the angry passions of both big arm of the chair, leaning over her, and were declared and active. employing a powerful superlative of her " I think I had better go to my owii own invention: room," said Maud, in tones which trembled " Her ladyship's the very most reli- a little. giousest lady in England, and the most " Do," said Lady Vernon. charitablest, and you musn't to say or Maud walked straight to the door. She think so. She's strict, and will have her had opened it, and paused with the handle will obeyed, and you musn't gainsay her in her hand. It was only to say, hastily: when she thinks she's right. But she's a " Good-night, mamma." just woman, and good. Now don't be cry­ " Good-night," returned Lady Vernon, ing so, darling, for you have only to say in a tone that sounded like a curse. what you should say to her, and every­ And so Maud stepped out, with height­ thing will be as it used, and you'll say so ened colour, blazing eyes, and a counte­ yourself in the morning. There, now, nance strangely proud, yet heart-broken. don't take on so," She walked up-stairs with a humming Thus honest Jones poured consolation in her ears, as if she had received a blow. into an inattentive and incredulous ear, Her dry, hot lips were whispering: and the young lady, answering never a ^' No, never again: we never can be word, wept on for a long time. It was again even what we were before. It is all her leave-taking of a dream that could over; there is nothing ever to reconcile us. never come again, the hope that her mother No, never, it can never be again." might, at last, come to love her. When she got to her room, her maid Jones, advancing with her accustomed CHAPTER L, LADT -TERNON, smile, exclaimed with a sudden halt and a WHEN Maud had closed the door, the change of countenance: bitter smile that had gleamed on her mo­ " La! Miss Maud, dear, what's the ther's face with a wintry light, departed, matter? you do look pale and queer !" and left the bleakest darkness instead. "Do I?" said Maud, vaguely. "No, She remained sitting as in a dream not much. But I'm sorry, Jones," and she where Maud had left her, with her hands burst into a wUd flood of tears. clasped hard together in her lap; she " What is it, Miss Maud, my dear child; looked down on the carpet, a yard or so what's the matter ?" before her feet, darkly, and drew her " Oh, Jones ! if all the world were like shoulders together, as if a chill air were you!" ,• ' • \ .,, about her, and shuddered. And s^e plaiced "her arms round her How sudden had been the alarm! and now trusty maid's neck and kissed her. that the danger was upon her, how fast " What is it, my dear ? There, there, events were driving on! don't! Tell me, hke a good child, what's The tiny ring of the clock over the the matter ?" mantelpiece recalled her. It was twelve " I'll tell you all, Jones, by-and-bye. It o'clock. More than an hour had passed has come at last; it's as well it should. since Maud had left her. It had not ap­ Mamma has been so unkind, and cruel, peared five minutes. and insulting, and I was angry, and we've She lit her candle, and ascended the great quarrelled—desperately. It can never be stairs, still in her dream. Without eflfort, made up again, Jones ; never, never." almost without consciousness of motion, " Nonsense, Miss Maud, what a fuss yon she moved like a ghost along the galleries. make; it will all be nothing at all." The homely figure of lean Mrs. Latimer, " I wa_s violent—I was wrong—I spoke in her plain black silk dress, startled her as I ought not—I blame myself. But, no. like the sight of a stranger.

=!P %. •i [June 8,1S71.] ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [Conducted by Lady Vernon did not talk to Latimer must be taken first. It seemed doubtful, that night; she had no questions to ask altogether, whether it might not be as her. Her veteran maid had never known effectual and wiser to write only to old her so darkly absent before. She told Mr. Dawe. her to leave the two candles on the dress­ She did not come down to breakfast that ing-table burning, and the maid departed, morning. Maud was infinitely relieved; she wondering what had gone wrong, or who dreaded the idea of meeting Lady Vernon; had vexed my lady. and to her great delight there came a letter Left to herself. Lady Vernon lay still, from Lady Mardykes, naming the day for in that grisly vigilance that in outward receiving her at Carsbrook. It said: seeming simxdates the quietude of slumber. " Your mamma has been so good as to Sometimes, for five minutes, her eyes were tell Maximilla Medwyn that she will allow closed; sometimes wide open for as long. you to come to Carsbrook any day you She heard the pulse of the artery in her please. If you can, do come on Monday next; temple drum on her pillow; and her heart Maximilla has promised to be here early, beat harder than a heart at ease is wont to so if you arrive any time in the afternoon throb. you will be sure to find her, I tried to get Lady Vernon had now lain awake in Ethel Tintern to come ; but she can't, she her bed for an hour. She grew hopeless says, for some time. You wiU find my house of the rest she felt she wanted. At last very full, and there are some odd, and, I she got up, xmlocked her dressing-case, think, very amusing people here, Maxi- and took out one of its pretty cut-glass mflla tells me that yon and she were in­ bottles, with a golden cap over its stopper. terested by the rather striking appearance It contained that infusion of opium in of Doctor Antomarchi. I wrote to ask him water, which De Quincy mentions as the for a day or two ; so you shall meet him at fluid approved by those who use that drug Carsbrook. He is a wonderful mesmerist. on a large scale. Two young ladies are talking in my room Lady Vernon had recourse to its potent as I write. I hope I am not -quite unin­ magic only when sleep forsook her, as at telligible in consequence. I hope you like present. This of late had happened often dancing. We dance a great deal here; enough to cause her to apply to it with in­ but you will learn all our ways in a little creasing doses. time." It failed on this occasion; and produced, There was a note from Maximilla Med­ instead of quiet, exaggerated excitement, wyn also, seconding Lady Mardykes' in­ as it always does when it fails to soothe. vitation, and promising to be punctually at At length the lady rose, and in her Carsbrook on the morning of Monday. dressing-gown and slippers sat down at She mentioned also that she had written her table, and wrote a passionate letter to to Lady Vernon, and was certain, from Captain Vivian, summoning him to Roy­ what had passed, that she would place no don, and promising to open her heart to difficulty in the way of Maud's visit to him if he would come. Carsbrook. Of this, however, Maud was This letter written, she again had re­ by no means so sure. course to the little cut-glass bottle, and Lady Vernon did not meet her at this time with success. In a few minutes luncheon. Maud had gone to the room in she lay in a deep, motionless sleep. secret trepidation. The respite was very In the morning when she awoke the welcome; if she could only make her vengeful drug exacted its compensation. escape to Carsbrook, what a happy change! She felt almost stunned by the potent She was glad to learn from Jones that medicine. Sir David and Lady Blunkett were to dine She had locked the letter in her dress­ at Roydon, and stay till next day, and ing-box. The first thing in the morning that Mr. and Mrs, Poljambe and Captain she took it out and read it. Bamme were to meet the worthy baronet No; it would not do. The glamour of and his wife. the opium was upon it. She burnt it at She was in hopes of getting away to the candle that was still flaring at her bed­ Carsbrook — if she were indeed to be side, pale and smoky, in the early hght of allowed to visit Lady Mardykes, of which morning which she had admitted at the she had very uncomfortable doubts since open shutter. the scene of the night before—without the That letter must be very carefully agitation of another t§te-a-t6te with her written, she thought; and other measures mother.

^ K w,; X =5^ Charles Dickens, Jun.] THE ROSE AKD THE KEY. [June 8,1871.] 5 She sent for Jones, and ran up to her When I come back I'll tell you whether own room, trembling lest she should meet we are going or not." Lady Vernon on the stairs. And with these words Miss Vernon left I don't know whether Lady Vernon had the room, and proceeded along the gallery, any secret shrinkings of a similar kind. If and down the stairs, at a much more sedate she had she would have disdained them, pace than usual. and played out her game, whatever it was, It was a very unpleasant excitement, and stoically, she felt for a moment almost a little faint Jones found her young mistress standing as she approached the well-known door. at her own window, looking out in an She hesitated before it. She wondered anxious reverie, whether any one was with her mother, and "Jones, do you know where mamma with something nearly amounting to the is?" Maud asked, sinking of panic, anticipated the coming " Her ladyship went down more than an scene. bour ago to the library, and I think she is With an effort of resolution she knocked. there still, for it is only about ten minutes " Come in," said the sweet, cold, com­ since she sent for Mr. Penrhyn to go to manding voice she knew so well, her there." Maud entered the room, and drew near " I'm so afraid of meeting her. I should with the embarrassment of one who knows rather put off seeing her as long as I can. not what reception may be awaiting her. Did Latimer say anything of her having Her large eyes, fixed on Lady Vernon, been vexed with me last night ?" saw nothing unusual in the serene and cold " Not a word, miss; I dare say you are expression of her handsome face. She making too much of it." heard nothing unusual in her clear, har­ " Not a bit, Jones; but we'll not talk monious tones. Her manner was perfectly a-bout that, I wish I were sure that she unembarrassed. Judging by external signs, would allow me to go to Lady Mardykes'. Maud might have concluded that no recol­ You would have great fun there, Jones." lection of their fiery encounter of the night "Well, indeed, miss, a bit o' fun would before remained in her mother's mind. not hurt neither of us. Her ladyship does " There has come a note from Maximilla keep things awful dull here." Medwyn, to-day, telling me that Lady At this moment came a knock at the Mardykes -vdshes you to go to Carsbrook on

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^ >& y 6 [June 3, 1871.] ALL THE YEAR ROUND. [Conducted by road, to inquire particularly how he was, the waking process occupied three days requested the messenger at last to say to to complete. Doctor Blanchet, of Paris, the gentleman who was so good as to make mentions the case of a lady who slept for so many inquiries, that he was very well all twenty days together when she was about the way to Paris. So we'll take that hint, eighteen years of age, fifty days when she I think, and save one another some trouble, was about twenty, and had nearly a whole and I'U say I'm very well all the way to year's sleep from Easter Sunday, 1862, Monday afternoon. And now, dear Maud, till March, 1863; during this long sleep I'm busy, and I think I'll say good-bye." (which physicians call hysteric coma) she And with this gracious speech, accom­ was fed with milk and soup, one of her panied by a cold little laugh that was in­ front teeth being extracted to obtain an describably insulting, she turned to her opening into her mouth. Stow, in his papers once more, leaving Maud to make Chronicle, tells us that " The 27th of April,. her exit with a very full and angry heart. 1546, being Tuesdaie in Easter weeke, " Always sorry when I try to show her W. Foxley, potmaker for the Mint in the the least sign of affection. Well, while I Tower of London, fell asleep, and so con­ remain here, I'll not be such a fool again." tinued sleeping, and could not be waked, So, with flashing eyes, Maud resolved, as with pricking, cramping, or otherwise, till she passed from the library through the the first day of the next term, which was suite of rooms beyond it. full fourteen dayes and fifteen nights. The causes of his thus sleeping could not be- knowne, tho' the same were diligentlie SLEEPERS AND SOMNAMBULISTS, searched for by the king's physicians and other learned men ; yea, the king himselfe SLEEP is nearly as great a puzzle as ever it examined y' said W. Foxley, who was in was. Much has been discovered concerning all points found at his waking to be as if the bodily peculiarities manifested during he had slept but one night." Another very this portion of our existence ; but all whose notable instance was that of Samuel opinions are best worth listening to, admit Chilton, of Timsbury, recorded in one of the that they are only on the threshold of the early volumes of the Philosophical Trans­ subject yet. Why, for instance, can some actions of the Royal Society. In the year men maintain their bodily and mental 1694 he slept for a month, and no one vigour with so small an amount of sleep could wake him. Later in the same year he as falls to their share ? Lord Brougham, had a four months' sleep, from April the 9th and many other great statesmen and law­ to August the 7th; he woke, dressed, went yers, are known to have been content with out into the fields (where he worked as a a marvellously small quantity of sleep. labourer), and found his companions reap­ Frederick the Great is said to have al­ ing the corn which he had helped to sow lowed himself only five hours ; John the day before his long nap; it was not Hunter, five hours; General Elliot, the till that moment that ho knew of his sleep hero of Gibraltar, four hours ; while Wel­ having exceeded the usual duration of a lington, during the Peninsular War, had few hours. He went to sleep again on the- still less. 17th of August, and did not wake till the How, on the other hand, to account for 19tli of November, notwithstanding the pun­ the cormorant sleepers ? De Moivre, the gent applications of hellebore and sal-am­ mathematician, could (though it is to be moniac to his nostrils, and bleeding to the- hoped he did not) sleep twenty hours out extent of fourteen ounces. He woke, of the twenty-four. Quin, the actor, some­ asked for bread and cheese, but went off' times slept for twenty-four hours at a to sleep again before it could be brought to stretch. Doctor Reid, the metaphysician, him, taking another spell of sleep which could so manage, that one potent meal, fol­ lasted till the end of January. After this lowed by one long and sound sleep, would it is not recorded that he had any more of last him for two days. Old Parr slept these strange relapses. away his later days almost entirely. In There are instances of sleep so intensely the middle of the last century a young deep as to deprive the sleeper of all sense Frenchwoman, at Toulouse, had, for half a of pain. The records of the Bristol In­ year, fits of lengthened sleep, varying from firmary present an extraordinary illustra­ three to thirteen days each. About the tion of this. One cold night a tramp lay same time, a girl, at Newcastle-on-Tyne, down near the warmth of a lime-kiln, and slept fourteen weeks without waking; and went to sleep. One foot must have been ^ Charles Dickens, Jun.] SLEEPERS AND SOMNAMBULISTS. [Jun&3,187LJ 7 close to the fire-hole of the kiln ; for during the devil appeared to him, challenged him the night the foot and ankle were so com­ to a trial of skill on the fiddle, and played pletely burned away, as to leave nothing a piece wonderful for its beauty and diffi­ but black cinder and calcined ash. He did culty ; when Tartini woke, he could not not wake till the kiln-man roused him next remember the exact notes, but he could morning, nor did he know what had reproduce the general character of the occurred untU he looked down at his charred music, which he did in a composition stump. He died in the infirmary a fort­ ever since known as the Devil's Sonata. night afterwards. Lord Thurlow, when a youth at college, Those cases in which the brain is hard at found himself one evening unable to finish, work during sleep, instead of being totally a piece of Latin composition which he had obHvious of everything, may be called either undertaken ; he went to bed full of the sub­ dreaming or somnambulism, according to ject, fell asleep, finished his Latin in his the mode in which the activity displays sleep, remembered it next morning, and itself Many of them are full of interest. was complimented on the fehcitous form Some men have done really hard mental which it presented. work while asleep. Condorcet finished a Still more curious, however, are those train of calculations in his sleep which had instances in which the sleeper, after com­ much puzzled him during the day. In 1856, posing or speculating, gets up in a state of a collegian noticed the peculiarities of a somnambulism, writes the words on paper, fellow-student, who was rather stupid than goes to bed and to sleep again, and knows otherwise during his waking hours, but nothing about it when he wakes. Such who got through some excellent work in cases, the authenticity of which is beyond geometry and algebra during sleep. Con- dispute, point to an activity of muscles as dillac and Franklin both worked correctly well as of brain, and to a correctness of during some of their sleeping hours. movement which is marvellous when we The work done partakes in many cases consider that the eyes are generally closed more of the nature of imaginative composi­ under these circumstances. Doctor W. B. tion than of scientific calculation. Thus, a Carpenter mentions the case of a som­ stanza of excellent verse is^in print, which nambulist who sat down and wrote with Sir John Herschel is said to have composed the utmost regularity and uniformity. while asleep, and to have recollected when "Not only were the lines well written, and he awoke. Goethe often set dowaon paper, at the proper distances, but the i's were during the day, thoughts and ideas which dotted and the t's crossed ; and in one in­ had presented themselves to him during stance the writer went back half a line to sleep on the preceding night. A gentle­ make a correction, crossing off a word, and man one night dreamed that he was play­ writing another above it, with as much ing an entirely new game of cards with caution as if he had been guided by vision." three friends; when he awoke, the struc­ The young collegian, adverted to in a ture and rules of the new game, as created former paragraph, got out of bed in his in the dream, came one by one into his sleep, lit a candle, sat down to a table, memory; and he found them so ingenious wrote his geometry and algebra, extin­ that he afterwards frequently played the guished the hght, and went to bed again ; game. Coleridge is said to have composed the lighting of the candle was a mere his fragment of Kubla Khan during sleep. effect of habit, for his eyes were shut, and He had one evening been reading Purchas's he was really not awake. About the be­ Pilgrim; some of the romantic incidents ginning of the present century a banker struck his fancy; he went to sleep, and his at Amsterdam requested Professor van busy brain composed Kubla Khan. When Swinden to solve for him a calculation of a he awoke in the morning, he wrote out peculiar and difficult kind. The professor what his mind had invented in sleep, until tried it, failed, and submitted it to ten of interrupted by a visitor, with whom he his pupils as a good mathematical exercise. conversed for an hour on business, matters; One of them, after two or three days' work but, alas! he could never again resal the at it, went to bed one night with his mind thread of the story, and thus Kubla Khan full of the subject, and fell asleep. On remains a fragment. Doctor Good men­ waking in the morning he was astonished tions the case of a gentleman who in his to find on his table sheets of paper con­ sleep composed an ode in six stanzas, and taining the full working out of the problem set it to music. Tartini, the celebrated in his own handwriting; he had got up Italian violinist, one night dreamed that in, the night and done it, in his sleep and

=^: X y 8 [June 3,1971.] ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [Conducted by in the dark. The first French Encyclo- study, take out pen, ink, and paper, place pedie narrated the case of a young eccle­ music in its proper position on the piano­ siastic at Bordeaux who was in the habit forte, and play a whole piece through, with of getting out of bed in his sleep, going to his eyes shut. His friends once turned the a table, taking writing materials, and music upside-down while he was playing. writing a sermon. He was often watched He somehow detected the change, and re­ while doing this, and an opaque screen was placed the paper in the proper position. On cautiously placed between his eyes and the another occasion his ear detected a note paper ; but he wrote on just the same. out of tune; he tuned the string, and went One example of mental discrimination dis­ on again. On a third occasion he wrote a played by him was very remarkable, show­ letter to his brother, rational and legible to ing how strangely awake even the reason­ a certain point; but it was singular to ob­ ing faculties may be during somnambulistic serve that he continued to write after the sleep. He wrote the three French words, pen had lost its ink, making all the proper "ce divin enfant;" then changed " divin" movements without being conscious that into "adorable;" then recognised that he made no more marks on the paper, A "ce" would not suit before an adjective case is on record of a young lady who, commencing with a vowel; and finally when under the influence of a particular changed it into " cet." On another occa­ nervous complaint, would walk about the sion the paper on which he was writing house in a state of sleep or coma, steering was taken away, and another sheet sub­ her way safely between the articles of stituted ; but he immediately perceived the furniture, and even avoiding objects pur­ change. On a third occasion he was posely placed to obstruct her path. Her writing music, with words underneath. eyes were open, but she evidently did not The words were in rather too large a see through them in the ordinary sense; character, insomuch that the respective for she entirely disregarded strong lights syllables did not stand under their proper held close to her eyes, and even a finger notes. He perceived the error, blotted out that was actually placed against the eyeball. the part, and wrote it carefully again ; and Physicians are acquainted with many evi­ all this without real vision, such as we dences of persons who do not see with the ordinarily understand by the term. eyes, but have some unexplained kind of The sleep-walkers who go from room to vision in certain morbid states of the room, and are very busy in a sort of world nervous system. of their own, without actually composing Those somnambuHsts who wander about new music or writing new compositions, in streets and roads, or (like Amina in are numerous. The Morning Chronicle, Bellini's opera) walk along narrow planks in 1822, gave an account of a seaman who in perilous situations, have the muscular slept for a night at an inn in York. Wish­ sense, whatever it may be, effectively awake. ing to be called early next morning, and Doctor Carpenter notices, at some length, knowing himself to be a heavy sleeper, he "the sleep-walkers who make their way directed the chambermaid to come into his over the roofs of houses, steadily traverse room and call him, if he did not hear her narrow planks, and even clamber preci­ knock at the door. Waking when the sun pices ; and this they do with far less hesi­ was high in the heavens, he felt certain tation than they would do in the waking that he had slept far beyond the proper state." The sense of fear is asleep, what­ time; but looking for his watch to know ever else may be awake. Some somnam­ the hour, he found that- it was not in its bulists start off while asleep to attend to place under the pillow where he had placed their regular work, though under very it. He jumped out of bed to dress, but irregular circumstances. Not very many, his clothes were gone; and looking round, years ago, a working stonemason in Kent he found himself in a strange room. He was one evening requested by his master rang the bell; the chambermaid appeared, to go next morning to a churchyard in and then he found that he had, at some the neighbourhood and measure the work early hour in the morning, left his bed, which had been done to a wall, in order and wandered in a somnambulistic sleep that an account might be sent in to the into another room; for when the maid came churchwardens. The man went to bed at to call him he was not in his proper room. the usual time; but when he awoke he Wienholt relates the case of a student who, found himself fully dressed, in the open air, when in a somnambulistic state, was wont and in the dark. Presently a clock struck to leave his bed, go to the parlour or to his two, and he knew that he was in the N im^- =^ Charles Dickens, Jun.] SLEEPERS AND SOMNAMBULISTS. [June 8,1871.1 9 churchyard. As he found that he had a ships; he would then retire to his cabin, measuring-rod and a book in his hand, he and fall into a sleep so profound that no resolved to walk about till daybreak (it ordinary voice could wake him ; but if the being summer weather), and ascertain what word "signal" was even whispered in his it was that he had really done. He then ear, he was roused instantly. Doctor James found that he had measured the wall cor­ Gregory cites the case of a young military rectly, and had entered the particulars in officer, going with his regiment in a troop­ his book. Sometimes, instead of starting ship to a foreign station in 1758, who, when up from sleep to go to work, persons will asleep, was peculiarly sensitive to the voices fall asleep while working or walking. When of his familiar acquaintances, and power­ Sir John Moore made his famous retreat to fully influenced by anything they said to Corunna, whole battalions of exhausted him. Some of the other young officers, troops slumbered as they marched. Mule­ ready for any pranks, would lead him on teers have been known to sleep while through all the stages of a duel, or of an guiding their mules, coachmen while driv­ impending shipwreck, or of a sanguinary ing on the box, post-boys while trotting on battle: each sentence spoken by them turn­ their horses, and factory children while at ing his dream (if it may be called a dream) work. There was a rope-maker in Ger­ into a particular direction; until at length many who often fell asleep when at work, he would start up in imaginary danger, and either continued his work in a proper and, perhaps, awake by falling out of his way, or uselessly remade cordage already berth or stumbling over a rope. In 1815, finished. Sometimes when walking long public attention was called to the case of distances he was similarly overtaken with a young girl who sometimes fell asleep in sleep; he went on safely, avoiding horses the evening, began to talk, imagined herself and carriages, and timber lying in the to be a clergyman, uttered an extempore road. On one occasion he fell asleep just prayer, sang a hymn much better than she as he got on horseback; yet he went on, was accustomed to do at church, carried on rode through a shallow river, allowed his rational discourse, and knew nothing about horse to drink, drew up his legs to pre­ it when she woke. One of the somnam­ vent his feet from being wetted, passed bulists, or rather sleep-talkers, who have through a crowded market-place, and ar­ come under the notice of physicians, was rived safely at the house of an acquaint­ a young lady accustomed to talk after she ance; his eyes were closed the whole had been asleep an hour or two. If lead­ time, and he awoke just after reaching ing questions were put to her by any one the house, Gassendi describes a case of in the room, she would narrate all the a man who used to rise in the night, dress events of the preceding day; but her mind, himself while asleep, go down to the cellar, sleeping or waking as we may choose to draw wine from a cask, and walk back to consider it, disregarded all questions or his bed without stumbling over anything. remarks except such as belonged directly In the morning, like other sleep-walkers, to the train of thought. When she awoke he knew nothing of what had happened. she knew nothing of what had occurred. If he chanced to wake while in the cellar, The Times, in 1823, gave an amusing ac­ which once or twice occurred, he groped count of the somnambulism of one George his way back in the dark with more diffi­ Davis, a youth in the service of a butcher culty than when the sleep was upon him. in Lambeth. He fell asleep in his chair Another Italian, also mentioned by Gussendi, one Sunday evening; soon afterwards he passed on stilts over a swollen torrent in rose up in his sleep, with his eyes closed, the night while asleep, then awoke, and fetched his whip, put on one spur, went to was too much afraid to cross until daylight the stable, failed to find the saddle, and got came. upon the unsaddled horse. Some members An additional element of interest is pre­ of the family, watching him, asked what sented in those cases in which speaking is he was about to do; he answered that he concerned, the somnambulist either talking was "going his rounds," With some diffi­ or hearing what is said to him by others. culty they stopped him, but could not stop Many writers mention the instance of his train of thought; for he entered into a a young naval officer, who was signal- wrangle with an imaginary turnpike-man lieutenant to Lord Hood, when the British for giving him short change, saying, " Let's fleet was watching Toulon. He sometimes have none of your gammon 1" Although remained on deck eighteen or twenty hours now dismounted, he whipped and spurred at a time, watching for signals from the other vigorously, as if really going his rounds.

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y -^ y 10 [June 3,1871.] ALL THE TEAR ROUND. •[Conducted by In addition to all these curious varieties wards, a working man at Wolverhampton, of partial activity during sleep, whether who, during a fit of somnambulism, fell out shown in the forms of walking, talking, of a third-story window, and was seriously working, or thinking, there are others which injured. From his known peculiarities, it have engaged the notice of physicians, and was inferred that he supposed himself to which tend to increase the mysterious com­ be getting out of a kitchen window into a plexity of the whole affair. For instance, back-yard. In this case only a small por­ there are false impressions suggested by tion of the man's faculties could have been real facts, and bearing some rude kind of awake. resemblance to them. A man in bed, who had a water-bottle rather too hot against his feet, dreamed that he was walking on THREE ODD LEGENDS OF BERLIN. the sulphur-lava of Etna; another, who had unknowingly thrown off the bed-clothes in " WHEN I reflect upon the superstitious a chilly night, dreamed that he was winter­ fancies in which our forefathers indulged, ing in the Arctic regions; a third, who had and compare them with -the vagaries of the a bhster applied to his head, dreamed that so-called spiritualists of the present day, it he was being scalped by Indians ; while a seems to me that, in one respect at least, fourth, who was in a damp bed, dreamed the world has not advanced in wisdom. that he was being dragged through a stream. The village ghost, who frightened the pea­ The memory plays some strange tricks with sant, was at any rate supposed to appear sleep-walkers. A military officer, after a for an important purpose—generally for the hard day of much marching and little eat­ sake of righting wrong, of protecting inno­ ing, was told that there would be some hot cence, or of punishing crime. The poor soup ready at midnight; he threw himself old woman, who was laughed at by the down to rest, requesting to be called at free-thinking squire for believing that some the supper hour; next morning he knew defrauded orphan recovered the pro­ nothing of the fact that he had really been perty from which he had been debarred, called, and had really had his share of the through the information generously afforded soup. The two portions of sleep had been by some grim lady, who wore extremely welded together in his mind, and he was rustling silk, might have scoffed in her turn not conscious of the interval that had sepa­ at the manifestation of a departed spirit, rated them. Doctor Abercrombie notices who revealed himself to mortal ears merely the case of a woman who carried on a for the purpose of spelling his name in­ somnambulistic conversation in a remark­ differently, with a vast deal of misspent able way. She would, when asleep, relate trouble,** events of the preceding day (like the young Thus ^ake Laurence, looking amazingly lady mentioned in a former paragraph), wise. To him, with an approving nod, re­ with this peculiarity : that she repeated plied Maximilian: " Quite true; and now everything which she herself had said, but we are between four walls, I do not mind "regularly left intervals in her discourse confessing that I never entertained that corresponding to the periods when the thorough contempt for the apparitions of other party was supposed to be speaking; the old school, which was encouraged, nay, and she also left intervals between different almost enforced, early in the present cen­ conversations, shorter in reality, but cor­ tury. Taught, as I had been, to place faith responding in relative length, to the in­ in a Providence, I never saw how I could tervals which had, in fact, taken place," consistently reject a narrative as feilse, She repeated in her sleep nearly every­ merely because it involved the interposi­ thing which she had uttered during the tion of a supernatural agency." day, whether good or bad, but left blank "Then," sneered Edgar, "you would be­ spaces of time for everything that had been lieve that a story was true, on the strength said to her by other persons. She was of the cir'cumstance that it inculcated a scarcely ever known to repeat anything good moral ? The world, in your opinion, that she had read; the muscular and audible must be very happily constituted," act of speaking was the one thing that re­ "You are going too far," remonstrated produced itself in this way—a way likely to Laurence; " Maximilian did not mean any­ be as inconvenient as it was strange. Sleep­ thing of the kind. He merely intends to walkers avoid accidents wonderfully well, assert that we are not so thoroughly ac­ as we have already said, yet not always so. quainted with the economy of the universe, In 1870, the newspapers told of one Job Ed­ that we have a right absolutely to deny

\ Charles Dlokens, Jun.] • THREE ODD LEGENDS OF BERLIN. [June a, 1871.] 11 the possibility of certain phenomena simply proposal with a stern declaration that all because they do not harmonise with the intercourse between Mademoiselle Rapposi results of our general experience." and Gotthold must immediately cease. *" That is the argument of those poor " The sight of a public execution," con­ modern spirituahsts on whom you look tinued Maximilian, " was, in the days of down with such lordly scorn," observed which I am speaking, regarded as a fitting Edgar. " Be consistent at any rate." recreation for persons of indubitable re­ " We are perfectly consistent," retorted spectability, and thus far it was but natural Maximilian. " We refuse even to investi­ that the ItaKan maestro and the three gate the facts offered to our notice by the brothers found themselves in a dense throng magi to whom you refer, because the facts assembled to see the last sentence of the are trivial, and in our opinion not worth in­ law infficted on an unfortunate young per­ vestigation. However, let me vary this son, guilty of infanticide. As it happened, discussion with a narrative which was long they all stood close together, and the atten­ curi'ent among the people of Berlin." tion of the crowd was diverted from the "A ghost story of the good old school," criminal by a loud shriek, followed by the insinuated Edgar. fall of the Italian, who pointed to a knife, "" Widl,". said Maximilian, "it does not which had been plunged up to the hilt in any way refer to a ghost in the ordinary into his bosom, and immediately expired. sense of the word; but still it purports to Bruno, who stood nearest to the deceased, record an instance of supernatural agency, was at once arrested on suspicion; and, in deemed extraordinary in its time. Just at spite of his protestations that he had neither the close of the sixteenth century, when sti'uck the blow himself, nor knew in the John George was Elector of Brandenburg, least who was the assassin, he was speedily three brothers, whose Christian names sentenced to death. No sooner, however, were Bruno, Michael, and Gotthold, lived had the sentence been passed, than each of in the capital of the present kingdom of the remaining two brothers, without com­ Prussia. These brothers were so deeply municating together, resolved to save attached to each other that the emotions Bruno by an act of self-sacrifice, and ac­ experienced by any one of them were cordingly both appeared before the tribunal, almost equally felt by the other two," each declaring that he was the real mur­ ** A leash of Corsican brothers," inter­ derer. Bruno, to frusti'ate their generous posed Edgar. intentions, belied his former protestations " The youngest brother," proceeded of innocence, and, in his turn, took the Maximilian, "became desperately ena­ crime upon himself. Here, then, was a moured of the daughter of Maestro Rap- difficult case, for it was clear that three posi, an Italian, who was the elector's chief persons could not have killed a man with Kapellmeister. The maestro lodged in a one knife, and the perplexed judges referred house belonging to an uncle of the three the case to the elector, who hit upon a brothers, and consequently Gotthold had curious ordeal as an expedient for 9,scer- an opportunity of declaring his passion, of taining the truth. He ordered that the which he was not slow to take advantage. three brothers should each carry a linden- His avowal having been heard with favour tree to a certain churchyard, and plant it by the young lady, he lost no time in com­ with its head downwards, adding that the municating his good fortune to his brothers, one whose tree did not grow under these and a consultation was forthwith held as to difficult circumstances, should be executed the best means of obtaining the consent of as a murderer." the father to the union of the lovers. The " It seems as though John George meant Italian was very proud of his position, and to exterminate all three, though he went was not to be approached lightly, and as to work in a roundabout fashion," growled Bruno, the elder brother, had distinguished Edgar. himself much by playing on the violin " Not at all," objected Maximilian, " The before the elector, and had thus gained the elector was assured that the Providence to post of second Kapellmeister, he was deemed whom he appealed would supernaturally the most fitting negotiator. Unfortunately, interfere to prevent a manifest injustice. ihe very deserts of Bruno, on which Gott­ He had the simple faith of our ancestors, hold had relied, destroyed his efficiency, for who believed that the innocent could indi­ Rapposi saw in the young musician a dan­ cate their innocence by walking over red- gerous rival, and hating him accordingly hot plough-shares, and evKits proved that with a professional hatred, met Bruno's he was not mistaken." • ^ • i:

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y "'^^ JU X. 12 tJ"ne3,l87l.] ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [Oondactedby "Granted the truth of the story," in­ Great, it seems, to reward a certain citizen terrupted Edgar, for valuable services to the state, built him " The brothers," resumed Maximihan, a handsome house, which was decorated " proceeded to the designated churchyard, with a number of statues. Another citizen, accompanied by all the clergy, the magis- who lived in the immediate vicinity, re­ ti-acy, and many citizens of Berlin, and garded with an envious eye the fe,vonr then, after many prayers had been said, shown to his neighbour, and put himself at and many hymns had been sung, they the head of a charitable movement, with planted their trees, which solemn act per­ the view of gaining a similar prize. This formed, they returned home, where they plan proved to a certain extent successful, were allowed to remain unguarded," as the king built a house for him like­ " Some would have used their liberty to wise." quit Berlin with all possible speed," mur­ " The great king seems to have been very mured Edgar; " but of course such was fond of building houses for his subjects," not the case with this band of brothers ?" remarked Laurence, " It was not," said Maximilian, " and " Ton have exactly hit on the truth," re­ results proved that they were right, for the torted Edgar. " He wished to decorate upper branches of the trees all struck root his chosen capital with as many handsome into the earth, and the original roots were edifices as possible, and therefore he readily transformed into branches, which instead availed himself of the pretext offered by of growing upwards spread horizontally the two citizens. Well, when the second in rich luxuriance. In less than thirty house was built, completed, and presented years they overshadowed the churchyard." to its future occupant, that unpleasant " And they are to bo seen now ?" asked gentleman gave signs of discontent so Edgar, manifest that they did not escape the " No, since that time they have perished," notice of the king, who good-humouredly answered Maximilian, "but the brothers asked him the cause of his dissatisfaction. were ennobled by the elector as Lords of The explanation was to the effect that the Linden, and bore the effigy of the marvellous man felt disappointed because his house trees on their escutcheon. Gotthold married was not, like his neighbour's, adorned with the Italian's daughter." statues. Frederick promised to remedy " But who, after all, killed the maestro?" the defect, and on the following day an inquired Edgar, artist received an order to decorate the " Never did I hear a question so prosaic!" grumbler's house with calves' heads, to the ejaculated Laurence. number of ninety-nine. ' With these,' said " The real murderer," said Maximilian, the king, ' I trust he will be satisfied. The " was never discovered, but it is supposed hundredth calf's head he will furnish him­ that the Italian killed himself, on purpose self.' Now there is a story which points a to imperil the life of his rival." moral, and in which there is nothing in­ " Jf the supposition be correct," re­ credible at all. Some of the calves' heads, marked Edgar, " here is the most wonderful I am told, are still to be seen, though the part of the whole story. Never did I hear entire number has been diminished by the so strong ar^ instance of a man cutting off operation of time." his nose, in order to be revenged on his " You have not critically examined tho face. And you mean to say you believe evidence upon which the credibility of this all this ?" story rests ?" inquired Maximilian. " You " Not at all," answered Laurence. " It have merely taken it as you find it, actuated is beyond our power to prove the recorded by that love of legends which is common to facts. But still, Maximilian has given us a all three of us," case, where a strong reason for supernatural " Precisely," answered Edgar. interposition is adduced—a legend which "Well, then," said Maximihan, "in the is consistent with itself." absence of the very strongest testimony in " Such," modestly remarked Maximilian, its favour, I must declare that I find your " was my intention." story, free as it is from all reference to the " Well, as one good turn deserves an­ supernatural, quite as incredible as mine. other," said Edgar, " I'll give you a story We are called upon to believe that a king, from Berlin, which, at any rate, has the remarkable for his economy, and, moreover, merit of being more probable than yours, anxious to beautify his city, went to the and which refers to a fine house, which, I trouble and expense of setting up ninety- believe, is still in existence. Frederick the nine ugly ornaments in a conspicuous place,

*^ // X =fe> (^lArlee Dickens, Jun.] IN A CANOE. [Jime3,187l.j 13 merely because he wanted to crack an in­ each of the parties accused should throw a different joke." pair of dice, and that he whose throw was " I ought to tell you," said Edgar, some­ lowest should be deemed guilty of murder," what cowed, " that the heads were those " Observe the progress of enlightenment not of calves but of sheep. As a symbol in less than a century," exclaimed Edgar. of stupidity the calf's head in England " Our old friend John George, with his in­ answers the purpose of the sheep's head in verted linden-trees, was apparently inclined Germany, and therefore " towards the policy of those wise school­ "And therefore you touched up the masters who, when they could not detect legend, that tbe point might not be lost," the perpetrator of some mischievous deed, observed Laurence ; " and no doubt it had flogged their pupils all round. The great been touched up by many others before it elector, on the other hand, gives some­ reached your knowledge. No doubt the body a chance of escape, though the luck­ originator of the tale was struck by the less thrower may as well be the innocent oddity of the ornaments, and set about in­ man as the murderer." venting a probable cause of their origin," "In both stories the elector," said Maxi­ " It should always be borne in mind," milian, " is supposed to rely upon Provi­ observed Maximilian, " that the monuments dence, though in one only is miraculous with which legends are connected bear intervention manifestly invoked. The very feeble testimony to their truth. The body-guards were all assembled to witness legend professes to account for the monu­ the trial of the dice. For the table stood a ment, but frequently it is the monument drum, near which a coffin was placed, while that suggested the legend. However, I a reverend gentleman was in attendance wiU tell you another tale from Berlin, the to perform the last offices, Rudolph, who moral purpose of which is much the same began the contest, threw a pair of sixes, as that conveyed by the story of the three and his victory seemed secure, Heinrich, brothers. In the time of Frederick Wil­ undaunted, implored Heaven to bear wit­ liam, celebrated as the Great Elector of ness to his innocence, and, as if in answer Brandenburg, that is to say, in the latter to his prayer, one of the dice was split into half of the seventeenth century, there lived two pieces, one of which showed a six, and at Berhn a wealthy inn-keeper, with a the other an ace, the unbroken die showing daughter notable for her beauty, whose a six, and thus making a total of thirteen. hand was sought by Heinrich and Rudolph, Struck by this extraordinary phenomenon, two of the elector's body - guard. The Rudolph at once confessed his guilt, and damsel preferred Heinrich, who was of a was sentenced by the elector, not to death, mild, even temper, to Rudolph, whose na­ but to perpetual imprisonment," ture Vas somewhat stormy; and as the " The great elector," cried Edgar, " ttirns former had ingratiated himself with the out to be better than he promised." inn-keeper by rescuing him from a gang of ruffians, his suit was accepted, and Rudolph retired, internally vowing revenge, and IN A CANOE. As the sunset dies resolving to do mischief at the earliest op­ I close my eyes, portunity. An occasion presented itself, And see the river winding, winding, when the betrothed lovers met at a retired Whither I fled from sunshine blinding. Bringing with me a mighty folio spot, and he became a concealed witness of And a silver flask of red rosolio. the interview. Inflamed with jealousy, he Threw myself down on the margent cool, "Watched a heron fishing his pool, rushed from his hiding-place as soon as Watched the swallows circle and swim. Heinrich had left the spot, thrust his sword In my whim into the damsel's bosom, and fled unob­ I had forgotten the grand old poet served. Her lifeless body was found soon In his russet coat of Sussia leather, Fragapt with tan of the birch—they grow it afterwards, and popular suspicion was In woods that stretch over leagues together: divided between the two admirers. On From the birch o'erhead I had plucked a bough the one hand, Rudolph's disappointment To drive away the gnats and midges. " Ah," I said, " what see I now and consequent jealousy were well known; Up the stream by tho two grey bridges ? on the other, Heinrich had been the last Is it a bird so red, so red ?" . person seen with the deceased. Both were 'Twas the silken snood of a dainty head: Yes, 'twas you. arrested, but, in accordance with the cus­ Coming down in your gay canoe. tom of the age, both were put to the tor­ Dainty-sweet and slender-supple, Beautiful form whose motions couple ture, and both protested their innocence. The swift and soft. My pulse beats faater, The elector in his perplexity decreed that I will be that maiden's master.

4= -^ X 14 [June 3,1871.] ALL THE TBAH ROUND. tOondnoted by Such my oath •. exist with the general figure and plumage Is my darling loth ? Down you came by lawny villa of a hawk." ^ As the swans led out their young flotilla; He was led to the consideration of this You made the vision of Thames unstable, group of phenomena, by his observations on A water-bird from the Healm of Fable, Perfect in grace of colour and form. certain butterflies, inhabiting the forests on With love and the sunset doubly warm. the banks of the Amazon. There is an As I looked I thought, " Is it only a dream extensive family of these insects, the Of the magic stream ?" But your paddle splashed, your gay silk rustled. Heliconidae, which are almost always more And the mighty male swan, wild with anger, abundant in these regions than any other Swept through the reeds, your frail craft hustled, butterflies. They are distinguished by Boused me out of my dreamy languor. Into the stream I sprang: the bough very elongate wings, body, and antennae, Of birch I used and the poet's folio and are exceedingly beautiful and varied To fright the swan . . . and you, I vow. Were glad of a sip of red rosolio. in their colours; spots, and patches of yel­ Poor little child, so faint, so faint! low, red, or pure white, upon a black, blue, But we very soon became well acquaint; or brown ground, being the most general. Soon you knew You had found your fate in your gay canoe. They fly slowly and weakly, and yet, al­ Not oft, I guess, does the sudden capture though they are so conspicuously coloured, Of a water-bird j««duce such rapture: and do not conceal themselves during re­ But I felt tjie glory of life grow vaster As I became that maiden's master. pose, and could so readily be caught by birds, they are apparently safe from all attacks. This immunity is probably due PROTECTIVE MIMICRY. to their possessing a strong, pungent, semi- aromatic or medicinal odour, which per­ IN our article on Protective Resem­ vades all their juices, and would thus blances* we endeavoured to show how use­ render them disgusting to birds, lizards, ful a special colouring is to many animals, and other insectivorous animals. In the and how easily it is produced by the ap­ region where this family of insects is found plication of well-known Darwinian laws. there are also white butterflies, forming In the present paper we enter upon a the family Pieridse (to which our cabbage new form of protective agency, and have butterfly belongs), in which is a genus to consider creatures whose colours are (Leptalis), some species of which are marked and conspicuous, and which com­ white, like their allies, while the majority pletely resemble some other creature of a exactly resemble the HeliconidsB in the form totally different group, while they differ and colouring of the wings, although the widely in outward appearance from those two families differ as widely in their struc­ to which, in structure and organisation, they tural character as the carnivora and the are in reality most closely allied. This re­ ruminantia among quadrupeds. Yet the semblance of one animal to another is of resemblance between a species of the one precisely the same essential nature as the family with a species of the other family resemblance, already noticed, to a leaf or to was often so great that Mr. Bates and Mr. a dead twig. In the one case the bird will Wallace, when they were fellow-travellers not attack the leaf or twig, and so the dis­ in the Amazon valley, were often deceived guise is a safeguard; in the other case, for at the time of capture, and, although ex­ various reasons, presently to be mentioned, perienced entomologists, did not discover the creature resembled is not attacked by the distinctness of the two insects until the various enemies of its order, and the they made a more complete examination of creature resembhng it has an equal safe­ them. During his eleven years' residence guard. in that region, Mr. Bates found a number Mr. Bates was the first naturalist who of species of Leptalis, each of which was a specially devoted his attention to the sub­ more or less exact copy of one of the Heli- ject of mimicry in animals, although many conidsB of the district, and the imitation is observers had noticed individual cases of carried out in a wonderful degree in form it. " Mimetic analogies," he observes, " are as well as in colouring. The wings, the resemblances in external appearance, shape, antennae, and the body of the mimickers and colour, between members of widely have become elongated, so as to correspond distinct families. An idea of what is meant with the peculiar and unusual condition in may be formed by supposing a pigeon to which they exist in the insects they re­ semble. The different genera of the family * See ALL THE YKAE KOUND, New Series, vol, v., of Heliconidae have special types of colour­ p. 469, . ing. In one genus the wings are of a rich X =^ Charles Diokens, Jim.] PROTECTIVE MIMICRY. [June 3,1871.J 15 isomi-transparent brown, banded with black always rejected by young turkeys, who and yellow ; in another they are translucent feed greedily on hundreds of other moths. like horn, and with black transverse bands; Mr. Stainton—to whom we are indebted while in a third the wings are more or less for our knowledge of this fact—states that transparent, with black veins and borders, he has seen each bird in succession take and often with bands of orange-red. All hold of this moth and throw it down again, these different foi'ms are mimicked by as if it were too nasty to eat. Mr. Jenner various species of Leptalis, every spot and Weir has also found that this moth is re­ band, and each degree of transparency, fused by the bullfinch, chaffinch, yellow- being exactly reproduced. Moreover, to hammer, and red - bunting, while the secure all possible protection, the habits of robin only takes it " after much hesitation," these species of Leptalis have undergone which probably means when it is extremely modifications simultaneously with their co­ hungry. Hence, while the conspicuous louring, for they adopt the same mode of colour of this moth would make it an easy flight, and frequent the same spots as their prey, it clearly possesses immunity from models, and, as the mimickers are very attack, probably in consequence of its taste scarce as compared with the group they being disagreeable to birds. Now, there resemble (probably in the ratio of one to is another moth, a species of Diaphora, one thousand), there is little chance of their which appears about the same time, and being detected by their enemies. whose female only is white; it is of the Precisely corresponding observations have same size as that we have been describing, been made in the tropical regions of the pretty closely resembles it in the dusk, and Old World. The Danaidae of Africa and is much less common. Here, then, we have Southern Asia, and the Acraeidae, common species of two perfectly different genera to the tropics generally, are arranged by acting apparently as models and mimickers. the highest authorities in the same great In all the cases we have yet adduced we group with the Heliconid®, which are have found Lepidoptera mimicking other found only in South America. The two species of the same order which possess an former families resemble the latter not immunity of attack froip. birds, but there only in general form, structure, and habits, are several instances in which lepidopte- but in possessing the same protective odour, rous insects assume the external form of although they are not so varied in colour. bees and wasps, belonging to a perfectly The insects which mimic them belong to different order, the Hymenoptera. The re­ one or other of the genera PapHio or Dia- semblance is often so obvious, as in the dema. Mr. Trimen, in his paper on Mimetic case of certain day-flying clear-winged Analogies among African Butterflies, pub­ moths, to give rise to such specific names lished in the Transactions of the Linnaean as apiformis, bombiforme, vespiforme, cra- Society, for 1868, gives a hst of no less broniforme, and many others; all indicating than sixteen species of Diadema and its a resemblance to hymenopterous insects, alhes, and ten of Papilio, which in their as a honey-bee, a humble-bee, a wasp, or a colour and markings are perfect imitations hornet. In this country there are many of of species of Danais or Aor^a, wbioh in­ these cases of mimicry; and in India there habit the same districts. are several species which have the hind legs In India and the Malay Archipelago we very broad and extremely hairy, so as ex­ have analogous cases of PapUios mimicking actly to imitate the brush-legged bees which various species of Danais and Diadema; abound in the same country. Although the and in Mr. Wallace's charming volumes on Lepidoptera afford the most obvious and re­ the natural history of the last-named region markable cases of mimicry, examples of there is a remarkable case of one species of more or less interest are to be found in Papilio mimicking another species of the almost every order of insects. The Coleop- same genus. tera (or beetles) which imitate other beetles Mimicry occurs almost exclusively in the of distinct groups, are very numerous in tropics, where the forms of Hfe are most the tropics, where this order is most abun­ abundant, especially in so far as the insect dantly distributed. Much as in the case of world is concerned. Two instances have, the Lepidoptera, the Coleoptera which are however, been observed in the temperate imitated always have a special protection, region, namely, one in North America and which leads to immunity from attacks by one in England. It will suffice to notice insectivorous birds. Some have a disgust­ the latter. There is a very common white ing smell and taste, others have a covering moth, a species of Spilosoma, which is 1 of such stony hardness that they cannot

V c5= 16 [June 8,1871.] ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [Conducted by be crashed or digested; while a third set ferent sand-wasps of large size, that provi­ are very active, and armed with powerful sion their nests with these insects. jaws, as well as having some disagreeable There are many known cases of Diptera, secretion. or (two-winged) Flies, that closely resemble Many of the soft-winged beetles (Mala- wasps and bees, and are doubtless protected coderms) are excessively abundant, and by the resemblance. In South America seem to have some special protection (pro­ there are sevei"al species of large flies with bably a disgusting taste), since many other dark wings and metallic blue elongated species often strikingly resemble them, bodies resembling the large stinging Sphe- Mr, Wallace mentions cases of various gidae; and an enormous fly, of the genus Longicorn beetles in Jamaica, Australia, Asilus, has black-banded wings, and the and the Malay Islands which so success­ abdomen tipped with orange, so as exactly fully mimic different species of Malaco- to resemble a beautiful bee found in the derms " as completely to puzzle the collec­ same region. In our own country there tor on every fresh occasion of capturing are species of Bombylius, a genus of the them," As further evidence that this order Diptera, which are almost exactly group enjoys a special immunity, it may be like bees. The mimicry here is apparently mentioned that Mr, Jenner Weir, who for a double object, namely, protection and keeps a variety of small birds, finds that concealment or disguise. There are a none of them will touch our common number of parasitic flies whose larvae prey " soldiers and sailors." Passing over the on the larvse of bees, and most of these numerous other cases, adduced by Mr. flies are exactly like the species of bees on Wallace and Mr. Bates, of Coleoptera whose grubs they feed, so that they can mimicking other Coleoptera, we shall notice enter their nests and deposit their eggs one or two remarkable examples of beetles without exciting suspicion. There are also imitating other insects. There is a South bees that mimic other bees for similar un­ American Longicorn beetle, Charis meli- lawful objects. These " cuckoo" bees, which pona, which receives its specific name from are parasitic on other genera, were found its striking resemblance to a small bee of by Mr. Bates in abundance on the Amazon, the genus Melipona, the beetle having the and " all wore the livery of working bees thorax and body densely hairy like the bee, peculiar to the same country," and the legs tufted in a manner most un­ In the article on Protective Resemblances usual amongst the Coleoptera. Another reference was made to the preservative Longicorn discovered by Mr, Bates in the agency of colouring in the case of various same region has the abdomen banded with caterpillars. It is, however, a well-known yellow, and is altogether so like a small fact that, in a very large number of cases, common wasp of the genus Odynerus that these creatures are of bright colours, and he was afraid to take it out of his net with often possess markings that render them his fingers for fear of being stung. It has specially visible. Mr. Wallace has long held hence received the name of Odontocera the view that birds knew, from expe­ odyneroides. Other cases have been ob­ rience or instinct, that brilliantly coloured served in which Longicorn beetles resemble caterpillars were, as in the case of the sand-flies, ants, and shielded bugs. butterffies and beetles already mentioned, Amongst the Orthoptera there is a kind for some reason unfit for food. This view of cricket from the Phihppine Islands, has been, to a great extent, confirmed by which is so exactly like one of the tiger the researches of Mr, Jenner Weir, com­ beetles as for a considerable time to deceive municated in 1869 to the Entomological so profound an entomologist as Professor Society, He found that a considerable num­ Westwood, Both insects run along the ber of insectivorous British birds, which trunks of trees, the models being abundant, he kept in his aviary, uniformly rejected and the mimickers, as usual, very rare, hairy caterpillars. The spiny larvae of the' Mr, Bates has since met with a parallel Tortoise-shell and Peacock butterflies were case in the Amazon region, in which a equally rejected. In both these cases Mr. species of locust mimicked a tiger-beetle, Weir thinks that it is the disagreeable taste, and was found on the same trees that the and not the hairs or spines, that led to latter frequented. He likewise found in their rejection, because they were similarly the same region a species of Mantis which avoided in the very young stage, before the exactly resembled the white ants on which hairs or spines were developed. The latter it fed, as well as several species of crickets would seem to be the mere signs of uneat- which were wonderful imitations of dif­ ableness. Smooth, gaily coloured cater-

^ r^^^. Charles DiekenB, Jan.] PROTECTIVE MIMICRT. tJimD8,lS71.] 17 pillars, which never conceal themselves, as to a close, as we approach the vertebrate those of the Magpie moth, the Burnet moth, sub-kingdom. While in the animals we &c., were then offered to the birds, some­ have hitherto examined (insects and spiders) times alone and sometimes mixed with other almost any amount of change of form and larvae, but in every case they were left unno­ appearance may take place without any ticed. The last set of experiments was made essential internal modifications; in the on duU-coloured and protected larvae, and it vertebrata, on thie other hand, the outer was found that "all caterpillars whose habits form is almost entirely dependent on the are nocturnal, which are dull-coloured, with internal skeleton; it cannot be rapidly fleshy bodies and smooth skins, are eaten modified by variation, nor does the thin with the greatest avidity; every species of and flexible integument admit of the de­ green caterpillar is also much reUshed, and velopment of such marvellous protuber­ larvae, resembling twigs as they stand out ances, as are often seen in insects. More­ from the plant, are invariably eaten." Mr, over, the number of species of each group in Butler, of the British Museum, has shown the same country is always comparatively that hzards, frogs, and spiders have exactly small, and the chances of a first accidental the same likes and dislikes as Mr. Weir's variation in the right direction are much little birds. Lizards, that would fight with diminished. In one group of the verte­ and finally devour humble-bees and frogs, brata, the snakes, there is, however, such which would catch the bees flying over their general similarity of form that a very heads, and swallow them regardless of their slight modification, if accompanied by stings, would always drop with disgust one identity of colour, would produce the ne­ of the objectionable caterpillars, although cessary degree of resemblance. In tropical they frequently seized them, as it were, by America there are many species of the accident. Hence, as a general rule, gaudily numerous genus Elops, which are orna­ •coloured caterpillars are protected by an mented with certain brilliant colours in a manner not exhibited by snakes in any agency which renders mimicry in their other part of the world. The ground case unnecessary, and yet, strangely enough, colour is of a bright red, on which are the most extraordinary instance of imita­ black bands of various breadths, and some­ tion Mr, Bates ever met with occurred in times divided into two or three by yellow one of these creatures inhabiting the rings. In the same country can be found Amazon valley. " A very large caterpillar," several genera of harmless snakes, having he observes, " stretched itself from amidst no affinity with the genus Elops, but the foliage of a tree which I was one day coloured exactly the same. There are at examining, and startled me by its re­ least three species of Elops which are thus semblance to a small snake. The first closely imitated by harmless snakes, living three segments behind the head were di­ in the same localities. And, what makes latable at the will of the insect, and had on the case still stranger, there is in South each side a large black pupillated spot, America another perfectly distinct genus which resembled the eye of the reptile; it of snakes, Oxyropus, doubtfully venomous, was a poisonous or viperine species mi­ which has the same curious distribution of micked, and not an innocuous or colubrine colours (namely, variously arranged rings snake. This was proved by the imitation of yellow and black on a red ground), and of the keeled scales on the crown, which which inhabit the same districts. In all was produced by the recumbent feet as these cases no one but a naturahst could the caterpillar threw itself backwards. I discover which was a harmless and which carried it off, and alarmed every one in the a poisonous species, their size, form, and village to whom I showed it. It unfortu­ colour being so much alike. nately died before reaching the adult state." In the Arachnidans, or spiders, a few Mr. Wallace regards many of the small oases of mimicry have been observed by Tree-frogs as true mimickers. In the course Mr. Bates in his explorations of the Ama­ of his explorations in the tropics he has zon valley. He describes a genus of small often been unable at first sight to distin­ spiders, which feed on ants, and are exactly guish them from beetles and other insects like the prey on which they live, and states sitting upon leaves. that some are exactly like flower-buds, and In birds, in addition to various cases of take their station in the axils of leaves, imperfect mimicry, such as the resemblance where they remain motionless, waiting for of the cuckoos—a weak and defenceless the approach of their victims. group—to hawks, there are in tropical Our cases of mimicry are now drawing regions a few known cases of mimicry as 18 [June 3,1871.1 ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [Conducted hy perfect as those which are presented by servation it would seem that the Accipiteu insects. In Australia and the Moluccas assumes the red-brown colour, with the there is a genus of honey-suckers called view of being mistaken for the insect-eat­ Tropidorhynchus, good sized birds, very ing Harpagus, of which birds are not afraid, strong and active, having powerful grasp­ and throws off its disguise when it can no ing claws, and long, curved, sharp beaks. longer be of service. They assemble together in groups and Amongst ttiammals there is only one small flocks, and they have a very loud known case of true mimicry, and for our bawHng note, which can be heard at a great acquaintance with it we have again to distance, and serves to collect a large num­ acknowledge our obligations to Mr. Wal­ ber together in time of danger. They are lace. In the course of his researches into very plentiful and very pugnacious, fre­ the natural history of the Malay Archi­ quently driving away crows and even pelago, he met with an insectivorous genus, hawks. They are all of rather dull and Cladobates, of which several species very obscure colours. Now in the same countries closely resemble squirrels. " The size is there is a group of orioles, forming the about the same, the long bushy tail is genus Mimeta, much weaker birds, which carried in the same way, and the colours have lost the gay colouring of their allies, are very similar. In this case the use of the golden orioles, being usually olive-green the resemblance must be to enable the or brown; and in several cases these most Cladobates to approach the insects or small curiously resemble the Tropidorhynchus birds on which it feeds, under the disguise of the same island. In the island of Bouru of the harmless, fruit-eating squirrel" there is a species of honey-sucker which is As our chief object has been rather to so closely imitated by a species of oriole, that on a superficial examination the birds lay before our readers the most remarkable appear identical, although they have im­ phenomena of mimicry than to theorise on portant structural differences, and cannot the causes inducing it, we have little left be placed near each other in any natural to add to this article. It is sufficient here arrangement. In the island of Ceram there to remark that while, until lately, the re­ are allied species of both genera, in which semblances we have been describing were the imitation is equally complete, and in regarded as accidental, or as instances of two other islands, Timor and Morty, there the " curious analogies" in nature which is an approximation in species of the two must be wondered at, but could not be ex­ genera towards mimicry, although it is not plained, they have recently multiphed to so perfect as iu the preceding cases. In such an enormous extent as to force them­ three of these four cases the pairs that re­ selves on the attention of naturalists, and, semble each other are found together in the as the nature of the resemblances has been same island, to which they are peculiar. In more carefully studied, it has been found all four cases the honey-sucker is rather that they are often carried out into such larger than the oriole, but the difference is minute details as almost to imply a purpose not beyond what occurs normally in the of deceiving the observer. We are indebted variation in species, and the two genera to the pntient researches of Mr. Wallace are somewhat ahke in form and proportion. for the discovery of certain definite laws or It is obviously to the advantage of the conclusions that all these phenomena seem weak oriole to be mistaken for a strong, regularly to foUow, which again all indicate pugnacious honey-sucker, who can soon their dependence on the more general law collect its alhes by its noisy outcries. of the Survival of the Fittest, or the Pre­ servation of Favoured Races in the Struggle In the neighbourhood of Rio Janeiro is for Life. These laws, which will in future an insect-eating hawk, a Harpagus, and a be probably known as Wallace's Laws of bird-eating hawk, an Accipiter, which Mimicry, have, as we think our readers closely resembles it. Both, says Mr. Salvin, will admit, a firm foundation on the accu­ who was the first to notice this instance of mulated facts that have been adduced iiL mimicry, are of the same ashy tint beneath, the preceding pages. with the thighs and under wing-coverts The first law is, that almost without ex­ reddish brown, so that when on the wing, ception the animals (or the groups) which and seen from below, they are undistin- resemble each other inhabit the same guishable. The Accipiter has, however, a country, and the same disti'icts, and in far wider range than the Harpagus, and in most cases are to be found together on the the region where the former alone occurs, very same spot. the resemblance ceases, the under wing- The second law is, that these resemblances coverts varying to white. From this ob­ are not indiscriminate, but that the animals '^^

//. Charles Dickens, Jan.] TWO SIDES OF A STORT. [June 8,1871.] 19 resembled are limited to certain groups, his stories of the woirld. When I had which in every case are abundant in species reached my sixteenth year he found that I and individuals, and can usually be found was an idle young scapegrace, and had to have some special protection. robbed him long enough. It was high time The third law is, that the species which I was learning how to earn my bread. I resemble or " mimic" these dominant unfolded to him eagerly my dear wish to groups are comparatively less abundant in be an artist. But he pooh-poohed all that, individuals, and are often very rare. yet compromised the matter, and appren­ When the natural history of the tropics ticed me to an engraver. shall have been further studied on the spot He allowed me so much a week until by future observers, with a full appreciation such a time as I might find myself clever of what has been already done in this depart­ enough to earn my own support, I had ment, we cannot doubt that marvellous dis­ nothing to spare for idleness, but I never coveries will be made. " The varied ways," lacked a meal, I had a humble lodging, says Mr. Wallace, " in which the colouring and a second suit of clothes. I had a shelf and form of animals serve for their protec­ stocked with books, picked up from time to tion, their strange disguises as vegetable or time at the book-staUs, chiefly of art and mineral substances, their wonderful mimicry history, besides a goodly group of the of other beings, offer an almost unworked poets. At evening, when, with my day's and inexhaustible field of discovery for the work done, I conned one of these over my zoologist, and will assuredly throw much fire, there was not a happier lad in all her light on the laws and conditions which have Majesty's dominions. My days, too, were resulted in the wonderful variety of colour, pleasant, for my work was congenial, though shade, and marking which constitutes one it was not aU that I aspired to. I liked of the most pleasing characteristics of the my master, an enthusiast in- his art, a good animal world, but the immediate causes of master to me, and a gfentle companion. which it has hitherto been most difficult to We sat in a crooked room, at the top of a explain." high house, in one of the narrowest streets in the heart of London. We had one win­ dow, which, though never opened, com­ ;' TWO SIDES OF A STORY, manded a view of many chimney - pots. NED'S FIEST CHAPTEE. OUR COTJETSHIP. We had a stove, and a table, and a cup­ IN sketching this little history, I do not board, and some benches. It was a bare reveal my own name, but my wife shall be little workshop; but I peer back into its called Gretchen, her own sweet name which corners with reverence and love, for it was she brought with her from Germany. there I first met Gretchen. i : I was eighteen years old when I first She came with her father one November knew Gretchen, and my position in the day, I remember distinctly how angry I world was curious enough, I was an en­ felt when I saw a woman in the room. She graver's apprentice, and working might was aU covered up in a black cloak and and main for independence, I had been bonnet, and she hung back behind her brought up on the charity of a whimsical father, so that I could not see her face. I relative, to whose memory I am grateful, did not want to see it, and bit my lips with though his oddities caused to some extent annoyance as I bent over my work, and the trouble of after years. He had a fine heard the audacious errand on which the house at the West-end of London, where visitors were come. Nevertheless, my he lived with great magnificence. He had master listened to the request of these in­ neither wife nor child, and the thing that truders, and, after some hesitation, agreed he hated worst in the world was a woman. to their proposal. From that day forth When I was quite a httle child he used to there were to be two pupils instead of one stand me between his knees, and make me in our workroom. promise never to marry. He had married Next morning I came in bad humour to himself, and evil had come of it. At five my work. I looked askance at the chair years old I had vowed to lead a single life. placed between mine and my master's,, He kept me at a good school till I was thinking discontentedly that now our plea­ sixteen years of age. During all this time sant conversations were at an end. When he used to invite me often to spend a Sun­ I heard the stranger coming, I would not day with him. His Sundays he spent in raise my eyes. My master greeted her retirement, and we dined tete-a-tete. He kindly, and showed her a peg in the cup­ was a hard old cynic, and he amused him­ board where she might hang her cloak and self by starthng my young simplicity with bonnet. She was coming out of the shadows .

^^^

jf ^-%. ^ cfi. 20 iJnne 3,1871.] ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [Condnotedby of the corner when I looked up. I saw a making the ragged room more pleasant for tender, pale, child-like face, with a sweet, the day. The fire was made bright, and weary mouth, and large white eyehds droop­ the hearth was swept clean, and waste ing as if with the weight of habitual paper made away with, and books put in patience. She had a supple little figure, their places. Our mid-day cup of tea was clad in a russet - coloured gown of the prepared with a careful hand. plainest material. There was a strange, Her love of the beautiful was as ardent unconscious expression of sorrow in the as my own, and her feminine way of view­ whole air of the young creature, and yet ing things had a delightful charm of there was a natural radiance about her novelty to me. She was distrustful of her­ which assured me that a smile could make self, and liked being led, but her fancy was her shine like a sunbeam. A heap of so rich, and her taste so perfect, that it smooth gold hair lay above her white brows, was delightful to teach her, and helpful to and two thick gold braids half covered her learn with her. I think we two young ears. Her lips, though somewhat bleached, things were as happy in our workroom, as had a soft touch of vermilion just where it is possible for mere mortals to be. In they parted, and her cheeks were so fair and spite of our meagre surroundings, we lived dimpled, that it seemed as if some mo­ in a charmed atmosphere. Scraps of pic­ mentary fear must have driven the laugh tures were always floating round us, and and rose-tinge out of her face. things of beauty, finished and unfinished, My dislike seemed to die a sudden death always passing through our hands. Our when I saw Gretchen coming toward me master impressed upon Gretchen the as­ out of the corner. I no longer grudged surance that she had abiUty to do well in her the seat between me and my master, course of time at the work which she had nor did I feel that there must be an end of undertaken, if only she would be patient all pleasant conversation. I felt eager to and persevered to the end. Patient! It talk, and to make my master talk, so that seemed an absurdity to talk to Gretehen she might be led to forget her shyness, and about patience. Her steady blue eye was to listen and speak. She listened very brimming full of it. It lay firm at the readily, and in time she spoke. The winter foundation of her nature. But perse­ days fled swiftly while Gretchen's true self verance ? Even I owned to myself with became slowly revealed to the knowledge sorrow that in this might Gretchen fail. of us, her friends. Gradually the genial For there were times when she was rest­ nature threw off the cloud of reserve and less and nervous over her work, and days depression that had obscured it. Day by when she stayed away, and other days day a little less of the shadow came with when she begged hard for a Uttle work to her fece to our busy table, and the happy do at home, so that she might have an soul within her shone more fearlessly in her excuse for staying away from the work­ eyes. And at last Gretchen appeared be­ room. It is true that she had always a fore us, in the true and vivid colours with reason for such irregularity—her father which Nature had illumined her. was not well, or her sisters were in need of She was but sixteen, and I eighteen. her. But I knew little of home life, and We were girl and boy, though I had a looked upon these reasons as mere excuses. man's ambition, and she had all the cares of These were the only occasions on which I a woman upon her shoulders. Being daily was angry at our Gretchen, and I wondered companions, we soon became friends. She at our master that he tolerated this fault. talked to me freely about everything but But my master was wiser than I, and her home, yet I did not notice this, being though not so absorbed in worship of content that she seemed happy in our Gretchen as was his pupil, he had far more workroom. She was an apt pupil, and her penetration as to her difficulties. delicate work made me ashamed of my It had never occurred to me to think of more clumsy fingers. We had many a Gretchen in her home, I knew so little of merry joke over this, and many a conference natural ties that my mind never pictured as to the ways and means by which I was to me the scenes of family life. She was to win fame as an artist, I no longer our Gretchen, and her place was in our thought it an odd thing that my master workroom. Anything that took her from should take a girl as an apprentice. Wo it must be wrong in the extreme; any one felt the comfort of her presence in more who disputed our right to her must be im­ ways than one. If she came to work ten pertinent. It was my master who first minutes earlier than usual in the morning, lifted for me a corner of the veil that hid she would spend the time of waiting in Gretchen's other life. ^= y :CS. =4b Charles Dickens, Jun,] TWO SIDES OP A STORT. [Jane 3.1S71.1 21 One day she absented herself according was very little done of the work she had to arrangement, and when the next morn­ had at home. ing came, again she did not appear. I After this there seemed to me to be two sulked aU day. My master, too, was un­ Gretchens, the happy one who sat between usually silent. He was busy over some us every day, and the other about whom delicate work, but when darkness began to there was a mystery of trouble, I began come on, he laid it aside and spoke, to ootice sometimes a cloud on her face "Lance," he said, "I am uneasy about when she arrived in the mornings, an air our httle friend Gretchen," of sorrowful quiet, which gradually wore " Uneasy about her 1" I said, prepared to away as the beloved occupation engaged defend her if he accused her of idleness, as all her attention. Her pleasant laugh and I almost expected he must do, word grew more rare, I tried to think at " Tes; I fear her father is a scamp. And first that I only fancied this, because my she has two sisters to battle with the world thoughts were always running in the track for. Somebody must be ill, I think, or she which had been opened to them by my would not stay away from us two days master's remarks. When Gretchen said running." good-night to me in the Strand of an even­ I dropped my graver, and sat gazing at ing, I often followed her for a mile or more my master. Stupid that I was, such an on her way, keeping the little black bonnet idea as this had never entered my mind. in view. It then seemed to me that she Gretchen in trouble in some unknown was travelling away into a land of mist and corner of London! Gretchen's father a trouble into which I dared not track her. scamp! Who then was there to protect I returned to my own lodging and laid her? And she had been sitting beside plans all night for the discovery and de­ me all these months and I had not been struction of her special grief or care. I aware of it. often went to work in the morning re­ " Her father!" 1 stammered, I remem­ solved to gain some information as to her bered the tall, showily dressed, rather life at home'. But I feared to give her fihabby-looking man who had brought her pain. There was a delicate pride about to our place. her which I could not bear to hurt. And "Yes, I have heard something about in spite of her friendliness I was daunted him by the merest chance, I have heard by the fear that she might not think me him spoken of as having had to fly from sufficiently privileged to be taken into con­ Homburg, where he lived by the gaming­ fidence, or allowed to offer help. table. What he is doing in London I do I knew that her home was a cottage in not know. I believe there is no mother. some east-lying suburb. A feeling of Is the girl always silent as to her family honour prevented me from following her affairs ?" to the place. But, towards the spring, I "Always to me," I said, and relapsed cheated myself into thinking that it was into bitter silence. rational I should wish for a longer walk in " After all there may be nothing wrong, my evenings and my mornings. Eastern and she may be with us to-morrow," were air would be good for a certain restless­ my master's last words to me as we parted ness which now worried me, so I left my in the Strand going home that evening. I lodging and settled myself in the neigh­ spent a restless night. My books were all bourhood of Gretchen's cottage. When I stupid. My fire would not burn, and the told Gretchen of the change she coloured rain drifted drearily on my windows. In and looked troubled. And this vexed me. the morning I could scarcely eat my break­ And for some time I carefully avoided fast for impatience, and set out towards the meeting her, or even passing by her home. workroom an hour earlier than usual. I One day no Gretchen arrived at the could not get in so early, and walked about workroom,' I had noticed her looking down­ the streets, scowling at every tall man who cast for some days past, and armed with a had an air like Gretchen's father. In the message from our master I set out to seek end I was rather late arriving to work, and for her in her cottage. I found it a very running up our narrow stairs nearly little house, and very poor and dreary-look­ stumbled over Gretchen. ing. It was early in the morning, before I did not rush at her with questions as I my walk to town, I was taken for the longed to do, but I said, " Oh, you have milkman, and Gretchen opened the door. come back!" and drew a long breath of She was in a very shabby old gown, not reUef. Her father had not been well, but the pretty russet one which she wore in the was better; and she was sorry to say there workroom, and she wore a coarse apron, =^ ^

•22 [June 3,1871.] ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [Conducted by and her sleeves were rolled up above her I was sorry to find that her sister had met pretty pink elbows. Her face burned up with an accident. with confusion when she saw me, but it " Oh !" cried Kitty, "there was no acci­ quickly paled again, and she regained her dent at all. It was father who knocked self-possession. her down." " Oh, Mr. Lance, I am so sorry for stay­ " Kitty, Kitty !" cried the little one from ing away. Is Mr. Jackson displeased ?" the bed, " No, not displeased; but he is anxious " Oh, Kitty!" cried Gretchen, sinking her about you. He feared you might be sick." head with a sob of shame upon Fan's pillow. *'No, not I. But we have sickness. " There, there, Gretchen ! Don't make Won't you come in ?" She gave the in­ a scene !" said Kitty, unabashed. "What's vitation reluctantly, and I felt that perhaps the use of pretending ? If Mr. Lance I ought not to go in. But I was eager to comes here often he'll see plenty of it; know whether I could help her or not. and if he don't come often he had better It was a sad little room into which she have stayed away. Chance visitors do us ushered me, with a pinched look of poverty no good that I could ever see. Cheer up about it, in spite of dams and patches and now, Gretchen ! If father don't do any- much cleanliness. There was some fire, thing for us there are other folks that will. however, and a great deal of neatness. At Lady Bernard gave me that, and we'll one end of the room an old sofa had been have meat for our dinner !" turned into a temporary bed. And Kitty fiung a half-sovereign into " Fan has met with an accident," said her sister's lap. I thought at the time Gretchen, as a Httle figure stirred on the that it might be payment for work. But coudi. My eyes having got used to the later I heard more of Lady Bernard, shaded light, I saw a small bandaged head, The money sHpped off Gretchen's lap, and one half of a very lovely little face. and rolled away into a corner. Gretchen "Who is it, Gretchen ?" .asked a soft raised her head again, and looked up, so young voice, with a note in it like the crushed and ashamed that my heart ached music of a reed. " If it's the taxman you for her. She put her hand in littie Fan's, mustn't let him in. If Kitty were here and looked me piteously in the &.ce. she w^ould fidghten him away." "Don't mind Klitty, please," she said; " Hush, darling! It is not the taxman. " she means no harm. And it was an It is my friend Mr. Lance." accident all the same. Father did not do " Is it ? I am so glad. Ah! dear old it intentionally." Gretchen, can you not let me see him ?" Kitty tossed her head, and glanced at " I don't know, darling, I am so afraid her elder sister with scorn and pity. of hurting you." "That's you, Gretchen!" she cried. She shifted the bandage very gently, so "Keep up a fair appearance, and suffer, that one velvet-like brown eye became free. suffer, suffer, till the flesh drops off your A drop of blood trickled from the fore­ bones ! That's your way we know, and head, and dropped down the cheek. Gret­ you are teaching it to Fan; but I tell you chen shuddered as she wiped it away, and very plainly that it's not going to be mine. her cheeks grew a shade paler. And what's more, if you stick to it we'll The little one fixed that one bright eye all be in the graveyard before a year. At on me, and caught my hand in hers. least I may be able to make some shght "I am glad you have come," she said. shift for myself; but I don't see anythmg *' I have been watching for you so long. better for you and Fan." Ton have stopped away till you are quite "Oh, Kitty!" moaned poor <3retchen. a grown man, Gretchen told us at first " Oh, Kitty, Mr. Lance !" that you were a boy," "Bother Mr. Lance!" cried the out­ The door was here pushed open, and spoken Kitty. " If he can't bear to hear another young girl came in. She was as of it, then we don't want to see him. If tall as Gretchen, and looked almost as old. it's good enough for us to bear with every She was wonderfully pretty and brilliant, day, it won't kill him just to know of but somewhat hard and defiant-looking. it. However, I don't want to tease you, " This is Mr. Lance, Kitty," said Gretchen. so I'll go and buy the dinner," " Always glad to see a friend," said Kitty, And Kitty picked her half-sovereign out dashing off her bonnet, " They are very of the corner where it lay, and tied on her rare here." bonnet again, and was gone, I was a little disconcerted by her off­ I turned as she disappeared and caught hand manner, but I said to the effect that I that bright brown eye of Pan's fixed ^= y X Charles Diokens, Jun,] TWO SIDES OF STORY, [Jtme 3,1871.] 23 eagerly on my face, Gretchen was weep­ budding poplars down the road; and I ing silently by the bedside, could not be certain. I walked up and " Little Fan," I said, " you must comfort down before the cottage all that night. I your sister. Kitty has been very naughty, used to think that if he ever hurt Gretchen and has vexed her." I would kill him. "No," said Fan, thoughtfuUy, "Kitty In the mean time Gretchen kept pretty does not mean to be naughty. She has steadily to her work, and we should have not got kind ways ; but she can't help it." had happy days in the workroom, had it "Why be ashamed of poverty?" I said not been for the scene that lay in the back­ to Gretchen, as she dried away her tears, ground of our thoughts, I fancied now ajid looked ready to be talked to. " I am that I could read Gretchen's face, that I poor. More than half the world is poor," could know when the trouble at night had " Oh, I am not ashamed of it," she said, been very heavy, or when a special fear . brightening, as I could see, because I had was hanging over her. passed over the deeper agony of her One night there was a full moon, round father's ill-conduct. "It is not our fault, and clear, and a sort of hushed expectation and we get along somehow. Father has of the summer that was coming was hang­ not much for us, and girls need a great ing about the half-clad hedges and trees, and deal. But by-and-bye I shall be able to earn floating in the air with the breath of the something respectable. And we shall have fresh, yielding earth, whose bosom teemed abetter home, and Fan will go to .school." with flowers that had not yet seen the light. I left her that morning, promising to There was an air of exceeding peace and Ixring her some work which she might do promise about the night. I strolled down at home, I could easily understand that the road, and passed Gretchen's cottage. with such a father, and with only Kitty to All there was still. After lingering a httle leave as mistress of the house, poor Gret­ about the gate I turned up the road, on the chen must quit her home with an uneasy way towards London, heart. I became a frequent visitor at the There was a tavern on the roadside, about cottage, early in the mornings, when the a mile from the cottage, just where the road father was not to be seen. I dreaded meet­ became a street, and wandered away and ing him, and it was long before I ventured lost itself in the city, I had often passed it to come in the evening. It was enough that when coming home by this way of an even­ I was able to be useful to the three little ing, and seen idlers crowding into it, and sisters. With Kitty's aid I did many a little lounging about its doors. It was by this service which else I could not have accom- time very late at night, yet the blood-red pKshed. Fcfl" there was soon a good under­ lantern stiU burned over the door, and a standing between me and Miss Kitty. Kitty knot of disreputable-looking characters still knew from the first that I wished to help ; clustered under its glare. While some dis­ and I knew as well that Kitty only valued tance away 1 saw a very young girl go up to me in proportion to the help I was able to this group and scan the faces timidly, then give. sHp through the crowd into the bar, " What After a time Gretchen was able to return a place !" I thought, " for such a girl, at to her work, and Fan went about looking such an hour !" Ajid I was sorry that I as pale as a spirit, and with a scar on her had seen her. For Gretchen had ma4f ^ ?Use brow. The spring evenings were getting pitiful towards all lonely girls.-, ,., ,',>Si,;' long and clear, and instead of poring over I waited at some distance to see her m.y books and fixe, I was fond of wander­ come out. It was high time for me to turn ing about the roads, not feeling ready for back and go home to my bed, but I felt a sleep until I had passed Gretchen's cottage lively curiosity as to the timid-looking some half-dozen times, and gazed at the young girl who had passed into the tavern lighted windows, and seen the shadows on at such an hour of the night. Yet what the bUnds, More than once I had seen the was it to me ? She was probably some father stagger across the little threshold daughter, or servant of the house. I could which was so sacred in my eyes. Many a not account to myself for my anxiety on time I felt incHned to fly at the wretch's the subject, except that she had just been throat, and punish him for his iniquity. Gretchen's height, and had something of But after all he was Gretchen's father, Gretchen's air. Great Heavens! a horrible I used to lean on the little gate, holding idea came rushing across my mind, , Could my breath intently, and listening for cries. it be Gretchen ? Once I fancied I heard weeping, but the I hurried up to the spot, and made my wind was sighing through the newly- wSiij with difficulty through the brawlers at

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y X 24 ALL THE TEAR ROUND. [June 3,1871.] the door. There was light flaring bril­ tion, and I tasked all my strength to liantly within, and three men, half in­ take the huge man in my arms, and drag toxicated, were jabbering, and gesticulat­ him up the stairs. It was more than I ing, and quarrelling at a counter. At could do, for, after all, I was but a strip- the other side of the place a man was Ung. At a turn in the narrow staircase I lying, totally unconscious, upon a bench. was obliged to call for Gretchen to come And Gretchen, with her bonnet falling off, and help me. She came, trembling, but and her golden head gleaming in the wicked helpful and quiet. We got him placed on flare of the gas, with the tears gathered his bed, and returned together down to the thick under her innocent eyelids, had got sad little daily room below. one arm round his neck, and with the other And now I must go and leave her alone was dragging urgently at his hand. A in this lonely house, with only the sleeping bold, frowzy-looking woman, evidently just children, and that dreadful man up-stairs ! wakened out of a nap, was leaning on her I took both her hands, and gazed yearn­ elbows, and watching the scene, with in­ ingly in her sweet scared eyes. She burst difference, out of her half-shut eyes, into wild weeping, not loud, but frantic. "Tou'd better hurry him out of this, All her pent-up agonies were set free un­ young miss," she said, " for it's coming on awares. She shuddered, and moaned, and shutting time, and we ain't a going to be clung to my clasping arm. Her terror fined for such as he," and misery let loose all my love and pas­ The poor child lifted up her face despair­ sionate longing. ingly, and her lips parted as if to make " Listen to me, my love," I said; "look some appeal, up, and listen to me, Tou are not to be "Gretchen !" I said, coming behind her, afraid nor ashamed of anything while I Uve. " Good Heavens, Gretchen ! run home, and And you are not to grieve too much, or you leave the rest to me," will break my heart, I love you, Gretchen, She looked up with a great start and a and I have nothing in the wide world to love sigh of relief. Never had I seen such a look besides you. Gretchen, I will ask you by- of mingled joy and shame as quivered on and-bye to be my wife. Could you he her face when she saw me standing by her. happy with me ?" " Do what I bid you," I added, almost Her sobs suddenly ceased, and she be­ sternly, for it was horrible to see her there, came quite still. After a minute's waiting with those tipsy men staring at her. She I raised the golden head that was bowed turned and fled away without speaking a upon my arm, and turned up the tearful word. And for the moment I felt a rap­ face and kissed it. ture which I can yet recal, finding myself " Say yon love me, Gretchen." so trusted, so obeyed. " I do," she said, simply, and hid her It was a hard task, even to me, to bring face again. the unconscious man home. I hailed a " God bless you, my darling. Now we passing cart, a cart going for hay out away are pUghted, are we not ?" into the sweet country, and gave the man She raised her head again. " But " some money for leave for Reginald Fairfax she began, eagerly. to lie across the planks, like a stricken " I will listen to no buts," I said. " I bullock, till his cottage was reached, where know what you would say. Remember Gretchen stood waiting at the door. He how young we are. Seventeen and nine­ was laid down at his threshold, and the teen can afford to wait." horses trotted off again countrywards in Thus, after all, with our youth and our search of a wholesomer burden. And there love, we wrought magic, and turned misery we stood, in the fair moonhght of the fresh into joy. I was happier than any monarch, spring night, Gretchen and I, with the walking homeward in the moonlight of that creature that was unhappily her father, fair spring night. lying prone between us, a loathsome human shape, senseless and helpless. Now ready, price 5B, 6d,, bound in green cloth, The younger girls were luckily in bed, " Show me his room," I said to Gretchen, THE FIFTH VOLUME " and do you go away to the children till I 07 IHB NBW SBBIES 07 come back again," ALL THE YEAR ROUND. Once more she obeyed me without ques­ To be had of all Booksellers.

The Right of Translating Articles from ALL THE YBAK ROUUD it reserved by the Authors. eut>iMhed at Ute Office, 3«, WeUington ^\ Strand. Prtatad by a WHITUTO* Beanfort Hoaae, Duke tSt^ Unooln'a Ian Field=s1