Competing Fundamental Values: Comparing

Law’s Role in American and Western- m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a Introduction w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g 1h Roe v. Wade (1973) s .a w w 2 w Declaring a judicially mandated

m o .c te a g h s .a w 3 w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s 4 .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s Abortion Law and Politics Today (Houndmills: Macmillan .a w w w

m o International Handbook on Abortion (New York: Greenwood .c te a g h s .a Abortion and Divorce in Western Law w w w © Copyrighted Material Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material Although these explanations that the legal process acted in a different social capacity

m o .c te a g and Western Europe. h s .a w w (i) w

m Integrativeo .c te a and facilitates social order; and (ii) Transformativeg h s .a w w w m o .c te in an attempt to generate social and cultural changea g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h as a mechanism of social and cultural order s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w Abortion: New Directions

m for Policy Studieso .c te a g h s .a w Brigham Young University Law Review w w Abortion: The Clash of AbsolutesAbortion in m o .c the Unitedte States: A Reference Handbook a g h th s Law and Society 7 .a w w w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values © Copyrighted Material

m o .c te a g h s .a w w Abortion Politics in the United States w

m o .c te a g h s .a w 7 w The w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w 9 the newer Catholic immigrants raised fears among whitem Protestants; o .c te a g h s .a w 10w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m 11 o .c (i) widespread clandestine te a g h s .a w the workforce and openness toward w female sexuality; and (iii) shifting attitudes w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w Roe’s m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h th s Abortion, Medicine and the Law 4 .a w w w

m o .c te a University of Pittsburghg Law Review h s .a 9 w Contemporary Crises w w Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy m o 1800-1900.c te a g h s Abortion in the United States, .a w w w

m o Yale Law .c te Journala Before Roe v. Wade: Voices g h s that.a Shaped the Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court’s Ruling (New York: Kaplan w w w © Copyrighted Material Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy’.12 13

m o .c te 14 a g not only after the [Roe Notwithstandingh these s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w (a) m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w 12 Roe v. Wade, w w

m o Yale Law .c te Journal a g h s The Supreme Court Review.a w w w American Bar Association Journal m o .c North te a g h Carolina Law Review s , .a w New York University Law Revieww Abortion and Divorce w in Western Law,m 79 California o .c te Law Review a g h s Fordham.a Law Review w w What Roe v. Wade Should wHave Said

m o Law’s Allure:.c How Law Shapes, Constraints, Saves and Kills Politics (New te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood a g h s .a Abortion Politics: Mutiny in the Ranks of the Right w w w

m o Crime and Delinquency .c te a g h s .a Abortionw Politics: Public Policy in Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: w w No Neutral Ground? Abortion Politics in an Age m o .c of Absoluteste The Pro-Life/Pro-Choice a g h Debates Abortion in the USA and the UK .a w w w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values © Copyrighted Material Roe. Examples at the

m o .c or in cases of rape and incest; te a g h s .a w 17 w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w amicus curiae generated certain judicial limitations on the scopew of the woman’s w

m o .c te a Roe’s trimesterg framework and the h s .a w w w

m o 19 .c te the course of the pregnancy. a g h s 20 .a w w w m 21 o .c te a g h were initially held unconstitutional were replaceds with meticulous consultations .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w Beal v. Doe,w Maher v. Roe, Poelker v. w

m Doe, o Williams v. Sbaraz, Harris v. McRae, .c te a Websterg v. Reproductive Health Services, Rust v. Sullivan h s .a ,w w w 19 Planned Parenthood v. Casey, m o 20 Planned.c Parenthood Association of Kansas City v. Ashcroft, te a g h Simonopouloss v. Virginia,WebsterMazurek v. Armstrong .a w ,w w

m 21o Bellotti v. Baird H. L. v. Matheson .c te Planneda Parenthood Association of Kansas City v. Ashcroft supra note 20. Hodgson v. g h s Minnesota,.a Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health w w (1990);w Casey supra note 19; Lambert v. Wicklund © Copyrighted Material 390 Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material 22 23 Roe 24 The Right to Know legislation

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w Roe’s m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w 27 guarantees for the parameters laid out in Roe w With w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w Other w

m o .c te 29 a g Nearly four h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h 22 Casey 19. s .a w 23 Gonzales v. Carhart w w

Abortion in them USA and the UKAbortion o .c te Under State Constitutions: A State-By-Statea Analysis g h s .a w w w

m o th .c te a rd g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a 20 The Journal w w of Federalismw

m o Understanding the New Politics of Abortion .c te a g Abortion Under State Constitutions h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h st s .a w nd rd w w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values 391 © Copyrighted Material

m o .c Abortion Law in Europe te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s 30 .a w w w

m o .c te rights discourse or the assigning of moral weight a either to the women’s choice g h 31 s or the fetus’ life. Allocating decision-making authority.a to the medical system w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m 32 o .c te a g h s .a w w w 33 m o .c te a g h s .a w rd w th w Cong. (19 April 2007)

th m Cong. (19 April o2007). .c te a Regulatingg Reproduction: Law, Technology and Autonomy (Oxford: h s .a w Abortion in the USA and the UK w w The Abortion Act 1967 m o .c te a g h s The Sceptical Feminist: A Philosophical Enquiry .a w w w

m o How Claims Spread: Cross- .c te a National Diffusiong of Social Problems h s .a w (New York: w w m o .c Regulating Reproduction: Law, Technology and Autonomy, supra note te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a The New Politics of Abortion. g h s .a 33 w w wPlanned Parenthood in Europe © Copyrighted Material 392 Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material 34

m o .c te a g h s .a w w Conseil w

m Constitutionnel o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m 37 o was re-enacted with minor changes. One such change.c was the inclusion of the te a g h s .a w w w

m compromise for the Netherlands as well followingo years of political opposition .c te a g h s .a w w w law came into force after additional regulationsm were issued designed to ensure o .c te a g h s .a of the fetus and the rights of the mother.w w w

m o .c te a g h 34 Ex: Paton British Pregnancys Advisory Service Trustees R. (on .a w the application of Axon) v. Secretaryw of State for Health and Another w

(Admin). m o .c te a 47 Parliamentary Affairs g h s .a w w w

m o .cAbortion and Divorce in Western Law te a g h s .a w Abortion Politics: Public Policy in Cross- w w

Cultural Perspectivem o .c te a g h s Abortion.a in the New Europe: A Comparative Handbook (Westport: Greenwood w w w

m o International Handbook .c te a on Abortiong h s .a w The New w w Politics of Abortion m o .c te a g h Abortions Politics, Women’s Movements and the Democratic State: A Comparative Study .a w ofw State Feminism in w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values 393 © Copyrighted Material the Federal Constitutional Court.39 The Court constructed a constitutional hierarchy that the state’s duty to protect the fetus’s right to life and human dignity exists m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m 40 o social. .c te a g 41 this constitutionally mandated construction increasingly unsatisfactory.h The s .a w w w

m as the Indication o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o 42 .c te period and a doctor’s performance of the procedure. a Once again the Court annulled g h s .a w 43 w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w Abortion in thew New Europe: A Comparative Handbook

m o .c Women and Politics te nd a g in a Global World h s .a w w w

m John Marshall Journal of Practice and o .c Procedure te a g h s The Constitutional.a Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of w w Germany w

m oShaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public .c te a Sphere in Germany and the Unitedg States h s .a w w w Constituting Equality: Gender Equality and m o .c Comparative Constitutionalte Law a g h s .a w w German Yearbook of International w

m Law o .c te a Parliamentaryg Affairs h s .a w w w Reproducing m o Gender: Politics,.c Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism (Princeton: Princeton te a g h s .a w w w

m 3 Cardozoo Women’s Law Journal .c te a g h s .a German Constitutional Law: The Protection of w w wCivil Liberties © Copyrighted Material 394 Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material 44

m o .c te a g necessity. h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m 47 o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w German Constitutional Law Shaping Abortion m o Discourse.c te a g h s 43 American Journal of Comparative Law .a w w w

m International Journal of Law, Policy and o .c te Family a g h s .a w w w Comparative Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials

m o .c te a g Abortionh and Divorce in Western Law s .a w Abortion Politics, w w

Women’s Movementsm and the Democratic State: A Comparative Study of State Feminism o .c te a g h s 47 .a w w w

m o .c te a g International Handbook on Abortion h s .a w Abortion and Constitutional w w Law: A Comparative European-American Study m o .c te Parliamentary Affairs a g h s Conceiving Life: Reproductive Politics and the Law in .a w Contemporaryw Italy w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values © Copyrighted Material 49 The 1990 reform m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g day to allow the law to pass. h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w only take place following mandatory waiting periods and counseling processes m o .c te a g h for life with a child. s .a w w w

m o .c te a g A Comparative Outlook on Law’s Roleh in Abortion Politics s .a w w w

m o .c te a Political Liberalismg h s .a w w w m o .c entrenching the discourse ofte fundamental rights as the principal paradigm for the a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o Law, Medicine and Health Care .c te a g Abortion in the New Europe: A Comparative h s .a Handbookw w w Abortion Politics, Women’s Movements m o and the Democratic.c State: A Comparative Study of State Feminism (Oxford: Oxford te a g h s .a w w w

m o Abortion Politics: Public Policy in .c te Cross-Culturala Perspectives g h s .a , w w w Liberalism and the Moral Life © Copyrighted Material Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material the society as a whole. Accordingly analysts not only employed this philosophical

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a constitutional politics more than Westerng Europe for two main reasons: h s .a w w w m o .c Roete a g h s actors that courts can entrench their.a moral preferences when the political system w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w Ideals, Beliefs, Attitudes and the Law: Private Perspectives on a w w

Public Law Problemm Abortion and o .c Divorce in Westernte Law a g h s .Abortion:a The Clash of Absolutes,Beyond Control: w w Medical Powerw and Abortion LawAbortion in

m the USA ando the UKConceiving Life .c te a g h s .a Constitutingw Equality: Gender Equality and Comparative Constitutional Law (New York: w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w Abortion in the USA and the UK w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values 397 © Copyrighted Material the

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a the Conseil Constitutionnel g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c Comparing existing legalte rules on either side of the Atlantic suggests a a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a and Fundamentalg Freedoms into English Law. h s .a w w w The Troubled Pregnancy: Legal Wrongs and Rights in Reproduction m o .c te a g h s .a w w Michigan Law Review w

m o Sociology of Religion .c te a Public Religions in the Modern World g h s .a Religion in Modern Britain Since 1945: Believing without Belonging w w w © Copyrighted Material Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material the locations differ in the length of mandatory waiting periods and consultation

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w gestational characteristics. m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m only for good reasons.’ o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w The recent stream of pro- m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te Rethinkinga Abortion: Equal Choice, the Constitution and g h s Reproductive Politics.a w w Abortionw and Divorce in Western Law, supra note 4 at 20.

m o What Roe.c v. Wade Should Have Said te a g h s .a w Political Research Quarterly Abortion in w w the United Statesm o .c te a g h s Abortion.a Politics: Public Policy in Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: w w w

m o Rethinking Abortion Pregnancy .c te a and Power:g A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America (New York: New York h s .a w w w The Oxford Handbook on Law and Politics m o .c te a g h s .a w w Social Forces w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values 399 © Copyrighted Material

m o .c te a g h s .a w w rule of law and the integrity of the legal system as a whole’. w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w Conclusion m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes te a g h s .a w w w

m o Management of .c te Unintendeda and Abnormal Pregnancy g h s .a w w 42w Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review © Copyrighted Material 400 Law, Religion, Constitution © Copyrighted Material

70 m o nature of the legal process. .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h s .a w w 71 w m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w m o .c te a g h 72 s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w Thew Impact of Alternative Constitutional Regimes on Religious

m o Freedom in Canada and .cEngland’, 32 Boston College International and Comparative Law te a g Review h s .a w Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law w w

m o .c te a g h s .a Boston College International and Comparative Law w w Revieww

m 71 o .c te a Texas Lawg Review h s .a w Governing with Judges: Constitutional w w Politics in Europe m o .c te International Journal of Constitutional a g h Laws European and US Constitutionalism .a w w w © Copyrighted Material Competing Fundamental Values 401 © Copyrighted Material 73 systematic search within American legal proceedings of a shared approach as two-sided disputes American courts are still engaged in the creation of general m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o 74 .c te a g h s .a w w w

m o .c te a g h s .a w w w

m 73o New York .c te Universitya Journal of Legislation and Public Policy g h s .a w w w Law and Disagreement © Copyrighted Material