Bebop -Ross Russell

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Bebop -Ross Russell Bebop -Ross Russell- “Bebop”, por Ross Russell, en: Martin Williams (ed.), The Art of Jazz, Nueva York, Grove Press, 1959. (Traducción: Pablo Sekine) Esta serie de artículos dieron como resultado una pelea y una paradoja. Con la llegada del Bebop surgió una clase de periodismo militante que parecía insinuar, por un lado, que el estilo había barrido con todo lo anterior y por otra parte, insinuaba que el Bebop era una aberración. Sin embargo, estos artículos fueron publicados en el Record Changer durante los años 1948/49, medio que tenía la reputación de ser un baluarte de lo reaccionario. Los ensayos de Russell no sólo corren con la ventaja de incluir las mejores críticas del estilo antes de Jazz: Itʼs Evolution and Essence de André Hodeir, sino también estaban dirigidas a gente que respetaba el estilo, que entendía mejor los logros antes obtenidos y para quienes Russell podía situar al Bebop desde una perspectiva histórica. Esta serie de artículos se publican aquí (con ligeras modificaciones) con el permiso de Record Changer y del propio Russell (los comentarios acerca de Lester Young fueron extraídos del artículo de Stanley Dance en Melody Maker de 11/02/1956). Russell escribió sobre el Bop durante los años 1948/49, y claro está, su reticencia a la hora de discutir más ampliamente sobre su mayor figura, Charlie Parker, resulta un poco moderada. Como el jefe de Dial Records, fue responsable de los más brillantes discos de Parker. Tal vez, subestimó también la grandeza de Bud Powell como solista de Bop, pero Powell estuvo en actividad intermitentemente tanto en conciertos como en grabaciones. La verdadera madurez de Miles Davis como solista se consolidaba al momento de publicarse estos artículos. Bebop 1-Ritmo Prácticamente cada década en los últimos treinta, o cuarenta años, el Jazz norteamericano ha experimentado un cambio pronunciado. En 1910 estaba representado por la música de las bandas de Nueva Orleans y Jelly Roll Morton, luego por el Hot Five de Armstrong en los años 20ʼ, por Basie y Ellington en los 30ʼ y en nuestro tiempo por Charlie Parker y Dizzy Gillespie. Esta capacidad de crecimiento es la mejor muestra de que el Jazz goza de buena salud. Alcanza un más alto nivel que la música folklórica (música autóctona antigua, música de gitanos), la cual es rígida, para convertirse en una forma musical que desafía al mundo de la cultura musical. Cualquier estilo contemporáneo, ya fuere el caso de James Joyce o Arnold Schönberg, es controversial, y el Bebop no es la excepción. Los críticos y aficionados al Jazz deberían tener en cuenta que no son ellos sino los músicos los que la crean y legitiman sus cambios. Casi diez años atrás (1940) los músicos más progresivos y hábiles comenzaron a reunirse en el Mintonʼs Playground para protestar contra el movimiento del Swing, trillado y ya viejo. Desde ese entonces, la historia del Jazz estuvo representada por estos insurgentes de Mintonʼs, con su cruzada militante y contra la obstinación de los conservadores del Jazz a aceptar nuevas ideas. Los años 40 constituyeron un período de fermentación, en el cual las viejas ideas chocaban con las nuevas y a menudo se fusionaban; un período en el cual todo el lenguaje del Jazz era cuestionado, purgado, modificado y reafirmado. El estilo emergente apenas podía ser aceptado como una forma acabada, pero dispuso el nuevo nivel al que el Jazz llegaría en el futuro. Bebop -Ross Russell- Las dos voces que lideraban la nueva música, Parker y Gillespie, pueden ser entendidas en términos de la tradición del Jazz. Dizzy deriva del estilo de Roy Eldridge, el cual derivó del padre de la trompeta moderna, Louis Armstrong. Charlie Parker es un exponente del estilo de Kansas City en lo general y de Lester Young en lo particular. Su forma de tocar es siempre melódica y rítmica y habla el lenguaje del Blues de un modo moderno. Por esto, es el contemporáneo más fácil de entender. Quizás el aspecto más controversial del Bop es su organización rítmica. El ritmo en el nuevo estilo, o bien, su polirritmia, fue tan revolucionaria que ha sido verdaderamente malentendida, y dado que ninguna variante del Jazz puede existir sin un pulso sólido, el Bop estuvo bajo sospecha por muchos oyentes desinformados. Solían decir que el Bebop no tenia un pulso, que era rítmicamente incoherente, que no sonaba relajado, que carecía de sentido y que vino de la nada para dirigirse al vacío. Nada puede estar más lejos de la verdad. La sección rítmica del Bebop es la más funcional en la historia del Jazz. Mantiene escrupulosamente el pulso básico del 4/4 sobre el cual se han basado todas las grandes figuras del género. Históricamente mantiene las raíces en la tradición. Vamos a abordar el ritmo en el Bebop comparándolo con su antecesor, el Swing. El Bop, en principio, difiere formalmente con respecto al del Swing por ser más complejo y por enfatizar lo polirritmico. También es distinto emocionalmente al crear mayor tensión, por lo que refleja el espíritu y carácter de las emociones contemporáneas con mayor precisión. También es radicalmente distinto en cuanto a su mecánica y técnicamente constituye un método nuevo para los bateristas. El estilo del Swing, perfeccionado por Chick Webb, Gene Krupa, Sid Catlett y Jo Jones tocaba, como base rítmica, las cuatro negras del compás en el bombo, recurso el cual los bateristas de Bop dejaron de utilizar para marcar el tempo. En el Swing se utilizaba repetidamente el hi-hat, principalmente para acentos en los upbeats y mientras que el Bebop había abandonado su uso. Por otra parte, en el Swing, los platos (top cymbals) se utilizaban escasamente, y, en el lenguaje de los bateristas del nuevo estilo, se convirtieron en su principal herramienta. Estos se esmeran por encontrar un sonido más ligado, mientras que los de Swing buscarán uno más staccato. Obviamente, notamos un cambio estructural en la percusión. Entonces, ¿cuáles son los aspectos positivos del nuevo estilo? Su objetivo principal es producir un sonido legato, y para lograrlo, el baterista utiliza constantemente el Ride. Por lo general, este plato se usa siguiendo la técnica de Jo Jones o al tocar en blancas (Half-time). Sin embargo, esta técnica se ha modificado tanto que se ha efectuado una corriente rítmica. No se marcan acentos dentro del compás. La vibración del Ride, una vez puesto en marcha, se mantiene a lo largo de todo el tema, produciendo una textura que apoya, agita e inspira a los solistas. Esta es la materia prima tonal del Bebop. De esta manera, el Ride adquiere dos roles, tonal y rítmico, al mismo tiempo. Existen variaciones en el 4/4 clásico. La mano derecha (palos/sticks) puede tocar el hi- hat, el cual puede estar cerrado usando el pedal, o por la mano izquierda (cabe señalar que algunos bateristas son lo suficientemente hábiles para tocar seis golpes -beats- en el compás y cerrarlo con la misma mano). La mano derecha puede, de la misma forma, atacar distintos platos de acuerdo a su afinación y timbre. El baterista moderno le presta una particular atención al sonido y dinámicas de sus platos, los cuales les permiten conseguir el efecto tonal que desean. Por último, pueden conseguir una textura más seca al usar escobas en el tambor, tocando con ambas manos. Es indudable que aquellos que confían en los discos para estar en contacto con las nuevas ideas musicales hayan fallado en apreciar el cambio radical en lo técnico y en también, en apreciar sus objetivos, esto es resultado, en gran medida, de lo mal que se han grabado los platos en estos discos. En la mayoría, el reluciente sonido producido por Bebop -Ross Russell- un baterista como Max Roach se pierde casi por completo o se confunde con el sonido ambiente. Al escucharlo en vivo, esta clase de bateristas parecen poner en movimiento al aire que los rodea y logran así un efecto estimulante en oyentes y músicos. El tremendo avance logrado por este cambio del bombo al ride, será apreciado cuando el lector considere que, además de haberle agregado dinámicas tonales al ritmo, el baterista de Bebop se ha caracterizado por ser notablemente económico en su accionar. Su mano izquierda, ambos pies (por no hablar sólo del bombo, hi-hat, tambor y toms) están libres para lograr una variedad de efectos de improvisación nunca antes previstos. Con estos elementos, los bateristas de la nueva escuela comienzan a construir sus propios estilos; la discusión acerca de este tópico va más allá del objeto de este artículo. Sin embargo, el objeto secundario del baterista permanece igual que todos sus antecesores, es decir, inspirar al solista. Pueden emplearse los siguientes métodos para lograr esto. El pedal de bombo puede usarse para acentuar, fácilmente reconocible en la mayoría de los discos, ya que suenan como explosiones silenciadas. La mano izquierda se usa también para marcar acentos en el tambor, que suenan como el disparo de un arma. Ocasionalmente, el pie izquierdo opera el pedal de hi-hat produciendo un sonido (“Chah” ) como un acento aleatorio. Por último, y dentro del patrón rítmico general, se pueden combinar distintos rudimentos de naturaleza más o menos convencional. Cualquiera de los palos puede tocar los toms. Distintos rudimentos (flams, press rolls) son usados para acentuar. Sin duda alguna, estas revelaciones sorprenderán a bateristas que han pasado años desarrollando un pie derecho sólido, un buen hi-hat y una técnica convencional. El Bebop representa una innovación drástica que exige un nuevo abordaje al instrumento. Podemos citar unos pocos bateristas de Swing que han sido capaces tocar Bebop exitosamente como Cozy Cole (en Groovinʼ High), Sidney Catlett (en Shawʼ Nuff) y Harold West (en Red Cross), aunque también podemos decir que su obra no está completamente dentro de la nueva tradición.
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