AN INTRODUCTION TO

PHONATION TYPES

Míša Hejná Postgridiots, 2014 INTRO

 What are phonation types?  different voice qualities we all use without realising  e.g. whisper  e.g. creak, and more!

 Why should we care about them?  sociolinguistic functions  phonological functions  paralinguistic functions OUTLINE

 larynx

 local and global phonation

 overview of phonation types & their functions

 How do we measure/analyse them?

LARYNX YOU ARE ALL FAMILIAR WITH SOME LOCAL PHONATION

 voiceless aspiration  [ph], [th], [kh]

 glottals  /h/, /ɦ/, /ʔ/

 these can be stretched out  aspiration a subsegmental unit, but we could say a whole sentence in whisper  we can glottalise in a word (/bʌʔə/), but also a whole sentence  we can say a whole sentence in a breathy voices

GLOBAL PHONATION

 six basic phonation types

 modal voice (neutral voice)  breathy voice  whisper  harsh voice  creaky voice (vocal fry)  falsetto example = Czech malina “raspberry”

 there are more, sometimes combining glottal and supraglottal  e.g. whispery-creak (lax-creak), tense, lax (Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2003)  other

 and there are more classifications as well

GLOBAL PHONATION: A CONTINUUM?

creaky falsetto

modal

breathy

harsh voice whisper MODAL VOICE (MY MODAL VOICE A BIT BREATHY) CREAKY VOICE CREAKY VOICE

 most often studied  usually described as aperiodic (but can be periodic)  different things have been said about creaky voice

 paralinguistic  various (what are your thoughts?)

 pragmatic  e.g. turn-taking (Finnish  Ogden 2002)

 sociolinguistic  e.g. young American women often discussed recently https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbkETbHpyF4

 language internal:  e.g. Jalapa Mazatec – phonemic contrast of sonorants based on presence or absence of creaky voice (Silverman et al 1995)

CREAKY VOICE

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=NSNBH-YS36I “RUG”

 ejectives

 implosives

BREATHY VOICE BREATHY VOICE

 vocal folds still vibrate  voiced  more lax  generating friction, reflected esp in F3+ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2okeYVclQo

 paralinguistic:  sultriness, seductiveness (Marilyn Monroe) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iH3oOVKt0WI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxDdEPED0h8  freaky? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMj_KWftpBM  sociolinguistic:  gender: breathiness may contribute to the perception of femininity (e.g. Borsel et al 2007, references therein)  X sex (physiological)  language internal:  e.g. Jalapa Mazatec – phonemic contrast of sonorants based on presence or absence of breathy voice (Silverman et al 1995) WHISPER

 ejectives

WHISPER

 vocal folds not vibrating, but close enough so that  friction is created in the glottis

 paralinguistic  secrecy, fear (e.g. Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2003)

 linguistic  as far as I know, only subphonemic  voiceless post- and pre-aspiration

FALSETTO FALSETTO

 vocal folds stretched and tense  only the edges vibrating

 Paralinguistic  excitement https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv4CHjtiWng  parodies, fairy-tale characters https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR3bB2NGPOM

 Sociolinguistic  Podesva 2007: “Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona”  barbecues, friends – a phonetic component of gay styles  more frequent as well as longer durations of falsetto HARSH VOICE

 high tension, aperiodicity  false vocal folds participating  epiglottis may be involved too

 Paralinguistic  anger, violence  other

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2VCwBzGdPM

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u56hqFp3oiE

 Sociolinguistic  working class Edinburgh English (Coadou 2006) OTHER VOICES

 aging of the larynx starts after 30yrs (Hollien 1987: 3)  old people often described as having vocal fry  may be perceived as creakiness  but also as harshness  or breathiness e.g.  Biever & Bless 1989  Ringel & Chodzko-Zajko 1987  Ryan & Burk 1974  Hollien 1987

OTHER VOICES

 aging

MEASURING PHONATION

 we have seen a lot of spectrograms and soundwaves and listened to audios as well

 the best method considering the respondents (the least invasive)

 but acoustic analyses are far from unproblematic MEASURING PHONATION: ACOUSTIC ANALYSES

 auditory combined with spectral and waveform information (e.g. Gordeeva & Scobbie 2013)

 Inverse filtering  “a process of cancelling the formant structure thereby generating a replica of the glottal volume velocity time function or its derivative” (Fant 1993: 8.)  various other sources of irregularities complicating this process (also investigated considerably by Gobl & Ní Chasaide 1992)

MEASURING PHONATION: OTHER ANALYSES

 videostroboscopy & videokymography (Švec et al 2000) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kX0mEQW6i6s

 EGG - electroglottography / laryngograph MEASURING PHONATION: PGG – PHOTOGLOTTOGRAPHY / TRANSILLUMINATION

 used e.g. by Ní Chasaide 1985 (pre-aspiration)  picture taken from Gerratt et al (1991): 101 TO FIND OUT MORE…

 see the references  I included more than just those on the slides

THANK YOU BIBLIOGRAPHY Biever, D. M., and D. M. Bless. (1989) “Vibratory Characteristics of the Vocal Folds in Young Adult and Geriatric Women”. Journal of Voice 3, 2. 120-31. Borsel, J. V., Janssens, J., and M. De Bodt. (2007) “Breathiness as a Feminine Voice Characteristic: A Perceptual Approach”. Journal of Voice 23, 3. 291-4. Coadou, M. (2006) “Voice quality and variation: a pilot study of the Liverpool accent”. Speech Prosody 2006. Childers, D. G., and C. K. Lee. (1991) “Vocal quality factors: Analysis, synthesis, and perception”. Journal of Acoustic Society of America 90, 5. 2394-2410. Fant, G. (1993) “Some problems in voice source analysis”. Speech Communication 13. 7-22. Gerratt, B. R., et al. (1991) “Photoglottography: A Clinical Synopsis”. Journal of Voice 5, 2. 98-105. Gobl, C., and A. Ní Chasaide. (2003) “The role of voice quality in communicating emotion, mood and attitude”. Speech Communication 40. 189-212. Gobl, C., and A. Ní Chasaide. (1992) “Acoustic Characteristics of voice quality”. Speech Communication 11. 481-90. Gordeeva, O., and J. Scobbie. (2013) “A phonetically versatile contrast: Pulmonic and glottalic voicelessness in Scottish English obstruents and voice quality”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, 3. 249-71. Gordon, M., and P. Ladefoged. (2001) “Phonation types: a cross-linguistic overview”. Journal of Phonetics 29, 4. 383-406. Hollien, H. (1987) “‘Old Voices’: What Do We Really Know About Them?” Journal of Voice 1, 1. 2-17. Kane, J., and C. Gobl. (2013) “Evaluation of glottal closure instant detection in a range of voice qualities”. Speech Communication 55. 295-314. Keating, P. A., et al. (2010) “Phonation Contrasts Across Languages”. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics. 188-202. Ní Chasaide, A. (1985) Preaspiration in Phonological Stop Contrasts. PhD thesis, Bangor. Ogden, R. (2002) “Creaky voice and turn-taking in Finnish”. BAAP 2002handout. http://www- users.york.ac.uk/~rao1/BAAP.handout.pdf [accessed March 2014]. Ringel, R. L., and W. J. Chodzko-Zajko. (1987) “Vocal Indices of Biological Age”. Journal of Voice 1, 1. 31-7. Ryan, W. J., and K. W. Burk. (1974) “Perceptual and acoustic correlates of aging in the speech of males”. Journal of Communication Disorders 7. 181-92. Shahin, K. (2011) “Pharyngeals”. In Blackwell Companion to Phonology. Eds M. Oostendorp et al. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 604-27. Silverman, D., et al. (1995) “Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec”. Anthropological Linguistics 37, 1. 70-88. Švec, J. G., et al. (2000) “Resonance properties of the vocal folds: In vivo laryngoscopic investigation of the externally excited laryngeal vibrations”. Journal of Acoustic Society of America 108, 4. 1397-1407.