APPENDIX A— OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENT

Rationale and Institutional History • integrates, evaluates, and interprets the findings of the Program and discusses the scientific uncertainties The influence of climate permeates life and lifestyles in the associated with such findings; . Year-to-year variations are reflected in such • analyzes the effects of global change on the natural things as the number and intensity of storms, the amount environment, agriculture, energy production and use, of water flowing in our rivers, the extent and duration of land and water resources, transportation, human health snow cover, and the intensity of waves that strike our and welfare, human social systems, and biological coastal regions. Science now suggests that human activities diversity; and, are causing our climate to change. Although details are still • analyzes current trends in global change, both human- hazy about the extent of changes to come in each region of induced and natural, and projects major trends for the the country, changes are starting to become evident. subsequent 25 to 100 years.” Temperatures have increased in many areas, snow cover is not lasting as long in the spring, and total precipitation is Objectives of the Assessment increasing, with more rainfall occurring in intense down- pours. These changes appear to be affecting plants and The USGCRP’s National Assessment of the Potential wildlife. There is evidence of a longer growing season in Consequences of Climate Variability and Change is being northern areas and changing ranges for butterflies and conducted under the provisions of this Act, and seeks to other species. The international assessments of the Inter- answer questions about why we should care about, and governmental Panel on Climate Change (http:// how we might effectively prepare for, climate variability www.ipcc.ch) project that these changes will increase over and change. the next 100 years. The overall goal of the National Assessment is to analyze The Global Change Research Act of 1990 (Public Law and evaluate what is known about the potential conse- 101-606) gave voice to early scientific findings that human quences of climate variability and change for the nation, in activities were starting to change the global climate, the context of other pressures on the public, the environ- reporting that “(1) Industrial, agricultural, and other ment, and the nation’s resources. The National Assessment human activities, coupled with an expanding world process has been broadly inclusive, soliciting and accepting population, are contributing to processes of global change public and private input from academia, government, and that may significantly alter the Earth’s habitat within a few interested citizens. Starting with broad public concerns generations; (2) Such human-induced changes, in conjunc- about the environment, the Assessment is exploring the tion with natural fluctuations, may lead to significant degree to which existing and future variation and change in global warming and thus alter world climate patterns and climate might affect issues that people care about. The increase global sea levels. Over the next century, these Assessment has focused on regional concerns around the consequences could adversely affect world agricultural and U.S. and national concerns for particular sectors, relying marine production, coastal habitability, biological diversity, upon a short list of questions to guide the process; these human health, and global economic and social well-being.” questions are: • What are the current environmental stresses and issues To address these issues, Congress established the U.S. that form the backdrop for potential additional impacts Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and of climate change? instructed federal research agencies to cooperate in • How might climate variability and change exacerbate or developing and coordinating “a comprehensive and ameliorate existing problems? What new problems and integrated U.S. research program that will assist the Nation issues might arise? and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond • What are the priority needs for research and informa- to human-induced and natural processes of global change.” tion that can better prepare the public and policymakers Furthermore, Congress mandated that the USGCRP “shall to reach informed decisions about climate variability prepare and submit to the President and the Congress an and change? What research is most important to assessment which: complete over the short term, and over the long term?

2 • What coping options exist that can build resilience to USGCRP hopes to cultivate broad understanding of current environmental stresses, and possibly also lessen climate-related issues and their importance for the nation, the impacts of climate change? and a full range of perspectives about how best to respond.

Structure of the Assessment Extensive information about the Assessment, about members of assessment teams, and about links to activities The National Assessment has three major components: in various regions and sectors, is available over the Web at • Regional analyses— these consist of workshops and http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov, or by inquiry to the Global assessments conducted to identify and define the Change Research Information Office / P.O. Box 1000 / 61 potential consequences of climate variability and change Route 9W / Palisades, New York 10964. in regions spanning the U.S. Twenty workshops were held around the country, with the Native Peoples/ Prepared by Michael MacCracken Native Homelands Workshop being national in scope National Assessment Coordination Office rather than regional. To date, sixteen workshop groups Revised October 5, 1999 have prepared assessment reports that address the particular interests of people in their regions by focusing on regional patterns and textures of changes where people live. Most workshop reports are already available at http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov, with the final reports becoming available in late 1999. • Sectoral analyses— these consist of workshops and assessments carried out to characterize the potential consequences of climate variability and change for broad sectors that encompass environmental, economic, and societal concerns. The sectoral reports analyze how the consequences in each region affect the nation, making the reports widely interesting and national in scope. The sectors studied in the first phase of the ongoing National Assessment include agriculture, forests, human health, water, and coastal areas and marine resources. Publications and assessment reports became available starting in late 1999. • The National Overview— which consists of a summary and integration of findings from the regional and sectoral studies, and conclusions about the importance of climate variability and change for the United States. The National Assessment Synthesis Team was respon- sible for this report, which became available in the spring of 2000.

Each of the regional, sectoral, and synthesis activities was led by a team of experts from the public and private sectors, including university and government personnel and a wide spectrum of stakeholders from our communi- ties. Their reports went through an extensive review process involving experts and other interested stakeholders. The assessment process is supported cooperatively by USGCRP agencies including the Departments of Agriculture, Energy, Health and Human Services, Interior, and Commerce (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), as well as the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Science Foundation. Through this collaboration, the

3 APPENDIX B— MEMBERS OF THE PACIFIC ASSESSMENT CORE SCIENTIFIC TEAM

Principal Investigator: Key Scientific Contributors: Eileen L. Shea Anthony Barnston Climate Project Coordinator Head, Forecast Operations East-West Center International Research Institute for Climate Prediction Columbia University Project Co-Investigators: Michael P. Hamnett Gerald Meehl Director, Social Science Research Institute Climate and Global Dynamics Division University of Hawai‘i National Center for Environmental Research

Glenn Dolcemascolo Nancy Lewis Research Associate Acting Dean, College of Social Sciences East-West Center University of Hawai‘i

Cheryl L. Anderson Charles (Chip) Guard Planner and Policy Analyst Water and Environmental Research Institute Social Science Research Institute University of University of Hawai‘i Johannes Loschnigg Post-doctoral Fellow International Pacific Research Center University of Hawai‘i

4 APPENDIX C— MEMBERS OF THE PACIFIC ASSESSMENT STEERING COMMITTEE

Mr. Clement Capelle Dr. Robert Richmond Chief, National Disaster Management Office Professor of Marine Biology Republic of the University of Guam Marine Laboratory

Professor Thomas Giambelluca Ms. Kitty Simonds, Executive Director Department of Geography Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council University of Hawai‘i , Hawai‘i

Dr. Sitiveni Halapua Dr. Thomas Schroeder, Director Director, Pacific Islands Development Program Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research East-West Center University of Hawai‘i

Dr. John Hay Federal Liaisons to the Steering Committee International Global Change Institute University of Waikato, . Richard Hagemeyer Mr. Clyde Mark1 National Weather Service-Pacific Region Outrigger Hotels and Resorts National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Honolulu, Hawai‘i Mr. Charles Karnella2 Dr. Gerald Meehl Pacific Islands Area Office Climate & Global Dynamics Division National Marine Fisheries Service National Center for Atmospheric Research National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Mr. Gerald Miles, Head Mr. David Kennard Environmental Management and Planning Division Region IX, Pacific Area Office South Pacific Regional Environment Programme Federal Emergency Management Agency

Mr. John Mooteb Dr. David Kirtland Climate Coordinator U.S. Geological Survey Government of the Federated States of U.S. Department of the Interior

Dr. Wali Osman Mr. Joe Lees Vice President & Regional Economist Pacific Disaster Center Bank of Hawai‘i Maui, Hawai‘i Honolulu, Hawai‘i Dr. James Maragos Mr. Lelei Peau Pacific Islands Ecoregion Economic Development & Planning Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Government of American U.S. Department of the Interior

Mr. Techur Rengulbai, Chief Dr. Roger Pulwarty Bureau of Public Utilities Office of Global Programs Ministry of Resources and Development National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Republic of Dr. Thomas Spence Geosciences Directorate National Science Foundation

1 Mr. Mark resigned from the Steering Committee upon leaving Outrigger in the summer of 2000. 2 In Mr. Karnella’s absence, the Pacific Islands Area Office was represented by Mr. Kelvin Char.

5 APPENDIX D— WORKSHOP ON CLIMATE AND ISLAND COASTAL COMMUNITIES— NOVEMBER 2000

Workshop Summary the concept of climate vulnerability. This conceptual November 6-8, 2000 framework enabled participants to explore not only issues East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i of climate sensitivity and exposure but also the ability of communities, ecosystems, and businesses to respond In November 2000, the East-West Center hosted an (adapt) to climate impacts. Reflecting this focus on exciting, three-day Workshop on Climate and Island identifying and promoting appropriate action, most of the Coastal Communities that provided a unique forum for Workshop deliberations took place in highly-interactive business leaders, scientists, government representatives, working-group discussions of the implications of climate public interest groups and community leaders to jointly variability and change for key aspects of island life; these explore opportunities to address the significant challenges include: that climate variability and change present to Hawai‘i and • providing access to fresh water; other island jurisdictions throughout the Pacific and the • protecting public health; Caribbean. The Workshop was organized as part of a • ensuring public safety and protecting community Pacific Islands Regional Assessment project funded by the infrastructure; National Science Foundation (NSF), on behalf of NSF, the • sustaining tourism and agriculture as key economic National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the sectors; and, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.S. Department of the Interior. The results of this project • promoting wise use of coastal and marine resources. will provide a Pacific regional contribution to the first U.S. National Assessment of the Consequences of Climate In each of these areas, Workshop participants provided Variability and Change; the National Assessment was valuable insights into how Pacific Island jurisdictions can organized under the auspices of the U.S. Global Change reduce climate sensitivity and exposure and enhance their Research Program and the White House Office of Science adaptive capacity — build resilience - to the significant and Technology Policy. challenges presented by climate variability and change. Detailed findings and recommendations in each of these critical areas are being incorporated into the Pacific Islands The November 2000 Workshop was designed to achieve two mutually-supportive objectives: Regional Assessment report scheduled to be completed in spring 2001. • To develop a more complete understanding of the regional consequences of climate variability and change for Pacific Island jurisdictions in the context of other EWC Climate Project Coordinator Eileen Shea has economic, social and environmental stresses; and summarized a number of important general findings that emerged from the Workshop. First is the strong endorse- • To initiate and sustain a dialogue among scientists, ment of a commitment to continuing a Pacific Islands governments, businesses and communities in the Pacific region that promotes use of climate information to climate dialogue that engages experts from all knowledge support practical decision-making. groups— each bringing its own unique insights and experience to the table in a joint effort to understand and As EWC President Charles Morrison noted in his letter of respond to a shared challenge. Establishing and sustaining welcome to Workshop participants, “climate variability and these critical partnerships in research, dialogue and change, like so many critical issues facing the Asia-Pacific education emerged throughout the Workshop as the Region, require creative approaches that bring govern- fundamental key to effectively responding to the challenges ments, businesses, communities and scientists together in of climate variability and change. Embedded within this innovative, new partnerships.” The theme of sustaining commitment should be the meaningful integration of critical partnerships was reflected throughout the Work- traditional knowledge and practices into the paradigm of shop and provided the focus for an inspirational closing western science and technology. Kumu Hula John keynote address by Puanani Burgess. Ka‘imikaua set the stage for this important concept in his keynote presentation of story, chant and dance, which provided exciting examples of the insights that can be Rather than the traditional approach of identifying and drawn from traditional knowledge of weather and climate quantifying impacts, the Workshop was organized around

6 in the Native Hawaiian community. Other key findings Workshop Agenda included recommendations related to: Workshop on Climate and Island Coastal Communities • Enhancing efforts to interpret and communicate November 6-8, 2000 climate information; • Pursuing proactive (rather than reactive) policy options with a sustained commitment to adaptation and MONDAY, NOVEMBER 6 (PLENARY) integration of climate information into planning, decision-making and policies at all levels of government; 8:00 a.m. Workshop Registration • Using climate information to address today’s problems Continental Breakfast today— e.g., responding to the dramatic year-to-year climate fluctuations like the 1997–1998 El Niño; 9:00 a.m. Opening Plenary • Recognizing the special characteristics of island Oli Aloha communities, including their unique natural and Welcome cultural assets, the limitations imposed by their Opening Remarks geographic size and isolation, and their dependence on critical natural resources (e.g., coral reefs) and climate- Opening Keynote: sensitive economic sectors (e.g., agriculture and Huli Ka Lani Kanu Pono Ka Honua tourism); “When the Heavens Change, the Earth • Addressing the consequences of extreme events (e.g., is Planted Acccordingly” changes in patterns of droughts and tropical storms) as Kumu John Ka’imikaua and well as long-term trends (e.g., rising sea level); and, Halau Kukunaokala • Filling critical information gaps, including the develop- ment of regional and local-scale information on climate 10:30 a.m. Break processes and consequences. 11:00 a.m. Overview of Workshop Objectives and The November 2000 Workshop on Climate and Island Organization Coastal Communities reflected an emerging paradigm of Eileen L. Shea – East West Center climate (and other environmental) assessments as a sustained process that combines scientific exploration with 11:15 a.m. The Concept of Vulnerability an effective science<>policy dialogue. This paradigm Ricardo Alvarez – International suggests that, in a practical sense, a commitment to a Hurricane Center climate assessment mission means a commitment to supporting the emergence of a climate information system 12:15 p.m. Lunch (Imin Center Garden Level) designed to meet the needs of decision-makers. As EWC Video Presentation: President Charles Morrison noted in his letter of welcome, A Mau A Mau: To Continue Forever “The Workshop’s approach of combining research, dialogue and education mirrors the mission of the East- 1:30 p.m. The Honorable Neil Abercrombie: West Center itself, supporting the emergence of such new U.S. House of Representatives partnerships in progress toward an Asia-Pacific community committed to shared learning and joint problem-solving.” 1:45 p.m. Discussion of Working Group Structure and Goals Contact: Eileen L. Shea Mike Hamnett— Social Science Research Climate Project Coordinator Institute East-West Center Eileen Shea Phone: (808) 944-7253 Ricardo Alvarez e-mail: sheae@ewc..edu • Anticipated Goals and Products -Why are we here? • Introduction of Working Group Topics/Key Issues • Access to Fresh Water • Protecting Public Health

7 • Ensuring Public Safety in Extreme Events and 5:30 p.m. Working Groups Adjourn Protecting the Built Environment/Community Infrastructure 5:30-6:30 p.m. OPTIONAL—Working Group Chairs, • Sustaining Tourism and Agriculture Rapporteurs and Workshop Chairs meet • Promoting Wise Use of Coastal and Marine briefly] Resource 7:00 p.m. Workshop Banquet (Hawaiian Regent Overview of Key Working Group Questions Hotel) • What systems, activities, communities (and popula- tions) are particularly sensitive to climate and how? WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 8 (PLENARY) • How might we respond to enhance the adaptive capacity of these systems, activities communities (and 8:30–10 a.m. Continental Breakfast Available populations)? • What information/research is needed to reduce Working Group Chairs and Rapporteurs sensitivity or enhance adaptive capacity (build resil- complete reports individually ience)?

• How can information about climate be used to enhance 10:30 a.m. Workshop Convenes in Plenary planning, policy formulation and decision-making? Summary of Working Group Findings • What cooperative partnerships could be pursued to & Recommendations (approx. 15 enhance adaptive capacity? minute presentations followed by 15 minutes general discussion; complete 2:45 p.m. Break three before lunch)

3:15 p.m. Overview of Climate Change Scenarios 12:00 noon Lunch Presentation: for Workshop Deliberations Islands Hanging in the Balance: Tony Barnston: Testimonials from Yap International Research Institute for (Eric Metzgar, Triton Films) Climate Prediction 1:30 p.m. Complete Working Group Reports 4:00–5:30 p.m. Convene in Working Groups (Introductions, summary of key issues, 3:00 p.m. Afternoon Tea work plan) 3:30 p.m. Summary Remarks and Plenary 6:15–8:30 p.m. Opening Reception ( Aquarium) Discussion Ricardo Alvarez Mike Hamnett TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 7 (WORKING GROUPS) Eileen L. Shea

8:00 a.m. Continental Breakfast 4:30 p.m. Closing Keynote: Sustaining Critical Partnerships 9:00 a.m. Working Groups Reconvene Puanani Burgess

12:00 (noon) Convene in Plenary for Quick Updates 5:15 p.m. Closing Ceremonies and Identification of Issues/Problems (Boxed Lunches Provided) 5:30–7:30 p.m. Closing Reception (Imin Garden Level)

1:30 p.m. Working Groups Reconvene

8 Workshop Steering Committee Workshop on Climate and Island Coastal Communities

Cheryl L. Anderson Michael P. Hamnett Social Science Research Institute Social Science Research Institute University of Hawai‘i University of Hawai‘i

Ricardo Alvarez Stephen T. Kubota International Hurricane Center Ahupua‘a Action Alliance Florida International University Kane‘ohe, Hawai‘i

Kelvin Char Nancy Lewis Pacific Islands Area Office College of Social Sciences National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA) University of Hawai‘i

Lynette Hi‘ilani Cruz Lelei Peau Ahupua‘a Action Alliance Economic Development and Planning Office Honolulu, Hawai‘i Government

Glenn Dolcemascolo Robert Richmond Research Associate Marine Laboratory East-West Center University of Guam

Eileen L. Shea East-West Center

9 Working Group Chairs and Rapporteurs3 Workshop on Climate and Island Coastal Communities

Providing Access to Freshwater Sustaining Tourism Working Group Co-Chairs Working Group Co-Chairs Techur Rengulbai Jill Lankford Bureau of Public Utilities School of Tourism Industry Management Republic of Palau University of Hawai‘i

Tom Giambelluca Alan Parker, Director Geography Department Center for Tourism and Technology University of Hawai‘i Florida International University

Robert Hadley Rapporteur Government Water Engineer Glenn Dolcemascolo Federated States of Micronesia Research Associate East-West Center Rapporteur Cheryl Anderson Sustaining Agriculture Social Science Research Institute Working Group Co-Chairs University of Hawai‘i Michael Hamnett Social Science Research Institute Protecting Public Health University of Hawai‘i Working Group Chair Nancy Lewis, Acting Dean Eric Enos School of Social Sciences Ka‘ala Farms University of Hawai‘i Hawai‘i

Rapporteur Rapporteur Juli Trtanj Michael Hamnett Office of Global Programs Social Science Research Institute National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration University of Hawai‘i

Ensuring Public Safety and Protecting Community Promoting Wise Use of Coastal and Marine Resources Infrastructure Working Group Co-Chairs Working Group Co-Chairs Robert Richmond Paul Kench Marine Laboratory International Global Change Institute University of Guam University of Waikato, New Zealand Andy Tafileichig Lelei Peau Yap Marine Resources Management Economic Development and Planning Office Federated States of Micronesia Government of American Samoa Rapporteur Rapporteurs Lynne Carter Pene Lefale National Assessment Coordination Office South Pacific Regional Environment Programme

Chip Guard Water and Environment Research Institute University of Guam

3 These individuals were responsible for leading discussions of vulnerability in each of the six key activity areas addressed during the November Workshop; the reports of their deliberations provided a foundation for the final Pacific Islands Regional Assessment Report.

10 Participants Workshop on Climate and Island Coastal Communities

Neil Abercrombie Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Hotel Nikko Guam Congressman Tel: 808-956-3908 245 Gun Beach, Tumon 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Room 4104 Fax: 808-956-2889 Tamuning, Guam 96931 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96850 Email: [email protected] Tel: 671-649-8815 Tel: 808-541-2570 [email protected] Fax: 671-646-0031 Fax: 808-533-0133 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] David Aranug Meteorologist-in-Charge Puanani Burgess Simpson Abraham National Weather Service Office, Yap President Program Director PO Box 10 Pu’a Foundation Island Resource Management Program Yap, Micronesia 96943-0010 86-649 Puuhulu Road PO Box DRC Tel: 691-350-2194 Waianae, Hawai‘i, USA 96792 Kosrae, Micronesia 96944 Fax: 691-350-2446 Tel: 808-696-5157 Tel: 691-370-2076 Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-696-7774 Fax: 691-370-2867 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Bernard M. Aten Official-in-Charge Pat Caldwell Shardul Agrawala National Weather Service Office, FSM Klaus Wyrtki Center for Climate Prediction Associate Research Scientist PO Box A Department of Oceanography Applications Research Division , Micronesia 96942-2548 University of Hawai‘i International Research Institute for Climate Tel: 691-330-2548 1000 Pope Road Prediction (IRI) Fax: 691-330-4494 Marine Science Bldg Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Columbia University Tel: 808-956-4105 118 Monell, 61 Route 9W James Bannan Fax: 808-956-2352 Palisades, New York, USA 10964-8000 Pacific Resources for Education and Learning Email: [email protected] Tel: 845-680-4460 1099 Alakea Street, 25th Floor Fax: 845-680-4864 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 John Campbell Email: [email protected] Tel: 808-441-1300 Chairperson Fax: 808-441-1385 Department of Geography Rothwell (Rock) Ahulau Email: [email protected] University of Waikato Director Private Bag 3105 American Red Cross Disaster Services Anthony Barnston Hamilton, New Zealand 4155 Diamond Head Road Head, Forecast Operations Tel: 647-838-4046 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96816-4417 International Research Institute for Climate Fax: 647-838-4633 Tel: 808-739-8134 Prediction Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-735-9738 Columbia University Email: [email protected] 227 Monell, 61 Route 9W Clement Capelle Palisades, New York, USA 10964-8000 Chief Disaster Manager/Administrator Apelu Aitaoto Tel: 914-680-4447 National Disaster Management Office Community Liaison Officer Fax: 914-680-4865 Office of the Chief Secretary American Samoa Coastal Zone Management Email: [email protected] PO Box 15 Program , Marshall Islands 96960 Department of Commerce Peter Black Tel: 692-625-5181 American Samoa Government Professor of Anthropology Fax: 692-625-6896 , American Samoa 96799 Dept of Sociology and Anthropology Email: [email protected] Tel: 684-633 5155 George Mason University Fax: 684-633-4195 MS 3G5 Lynne Carter Fairfax, Virginia, USA 22030 National Assessment Coordination Office Ricardo A. Alvarez Tel: 703-993-1334 USGCRP Deputy Director Fax: 703-993-1446 PO Box 121 International Hurricane Center Email: [email protected] Slocum, Rhode Island, USA 02877 Florida International University Tel: 401-268-3820 10555 West Flagler Street Joseph F. Blanco Fax: 401-268-3820 FIU CEAS Room #2710 Executive Assistant Email: [email protected] Miami, Florida, USA 33174 Special Advisor, Technical Development [email protected] Tel: 305-348-1865 Office of the Governor Fax: 305-348-1605 State of Hawai‘i Kelvin Char Email: [email protected] State Capitol, 5th Floor Policy Analyst Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 Pacific Islands Area Office Cheryl L. Anderson Tel: 808-586-0022 National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Planner and Policy Analyst Fax: 808-586-0006 1601 Kapiolani Blvd, Suite 1110 Social Science Research Institute Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96814 University of Hawai‘i Tel: 808-973-2937 Joe Blas 2424 Maile Way Fax: 808-973-2941 Board Member Social Sciences Building 719 Email: [email protected] Guam Restaurant and Hotel Association

11 Pao-Shin Chu Glenn Dolcemascolo Jefferson Fox Professor Research Associate, Climate Project Senior Fellow Department of Meteorology East-West Center Research Program University of Hawai‘i 1601 East-West Road East-West Center 2525 Correa Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96848-1601 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822-2291 Tel: 808-944-7250 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96848-1601 Tel: 808-956-2567 Fax: 808-944-7298 Tel: 808-944-7248 Fax: 808-956-2877 Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-944-7490 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Deanna Donovan Christopher Chung Fellow Thomas Giambelluca Office of Planning Research Program Professor PO Box 2359 East-West Center Department of Geography Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96804 1601 East-West Road University of Hawai‘i Tel: 808-587-2820 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96848-1601 2424 Maile Way, Social Sciences Building Fax: 808-587-2899 Tel: 808-944-7246 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-944-7490 Tel: 808-956-7683 Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-956-3512 Delores Clark Email: [email protected] Public Affairs Officer, Pacific Region Ahser Edward US National Weather Service, NOAA Sea Grant Extension Agent Gary Gill 737 Bishop Street, Suite 2200 College of Micronesia, FSM Deputy Director for Environmental Health Grosvenor Center, Mauka Center PO Box 159 Environmental Health Administration Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813-3214 , , Micronesia 96941 Department of Health Tel: 808-532-6411 Tel: 691-320-2480 1250 Punchbowl Street, Room 325 Fax: 808-532-5569 Fax: 691-320-2479 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: 808-586-4424 Fax: 808-586-4368 Glasstine Cornelius Tom Eisen Email: [email protected] Administrator Marine Program Specialist Crop Production and Research Division Ocean Resources Branch Stanley Goldenberg Dept of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries Hawai‘i DBEDT Research Meteorologist Kosrae, Micronesia 96944 PO Box 2359 Hurricane Research Division Tel: 691-370-3017 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96804 AOML/NOAA Fax: 691-370-3952 Tel: 808-587-2663 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-587-2777 Miami, Florida, USA 33149-1026 Email: [email protected] Tel: 305-361-4362 Richard H. Cox Fax: 305-361-4402 Former Commissioner Johnson S. Elimo Email: [email protected] Commission on Water Resource Management Meteorologist 1951 Kakela Drive National Weather Service Office, Chuuk Kevin Gooding Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 PO Box A Hydrologist-Geologist Tel: 808-949-0853 Chuuk, Micronesia 96942-2548 Board of Water Supply Tel: 691-330-2548 City and County of Honolulu Lynette Hi’ilani Cruz Fax: 691-330-4494 630 S. Beretania Street Coordinator Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96843 Ahupua‘a Action Alliance Tel: 808-527-5285 2505-C La‘i Road Eric Enos Fax: 808-527-5703 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96816 Director Email: [email protected] Tel: 808-738-0084 Kaala Learning Center Fax: 808-738-1094 PO Box 630 Gail Grabowsky Kaaialii Email: [email protected] Waianae, Hawai‘i, USA 96792 Environmental Studies Program Advisor Tel: 808-696-7241 Chaminade University Paul Dalzell Fax: 808-696-7411 3140 Waialae Avenue Pelagics Coordinator Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96816 Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Tel: 808-735-4807 Council Sumner Erdman Email: [email protected] 1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1400 Ulapalakua Ranch Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 PO Box 901 Charles (Chip) Guard Tel: 808-522-8220 Uluapalakua, Maui, USA 96790 Water and Environmental Research Institute Fax: 808-522-8226 Tel: 808-878-1202 University of Guam Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Pacific ENSO Applications Center 303 University Drive Gerald W. Davis Katherine C. Ewel UOG Station Acting Chief Research Ecologist Mangilao, Guam 96926 Department of Agriculture Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Tel: 671-735-2695 Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources USDA Forest Service Fax: 671-734-8890 192 Dairy Road 1151 Punchbowl Street, Rm 353 Email: [email protected] Mangilao, Guam 96923 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 Tel: 671-735-3979 Tel: 808-522-8230 x109 Fax: 671-734-6570 Fax: 808-522-8236 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

12 Gregorio A. Deleon Guerrero John Hawkins Charles Karnella Director Professor National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Emergency Management Office Graduate School of Education 1601 Kapiolani Blvd, Suite 1110 Office of the Governor University of California, Los Angeles Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96814 PO Box 10007 Los Angeles, California, USA 90024 Tel: 808-973-2937 , Mariana Islands 96950 Tel: 310-825-8312 Fax: 808-973-2941 Tel: 670-322-8001 Email: [email protected] Fax: 670-322-7743 Elden Hellan Email: [email protected] Executive Officer Paul Kench Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency Senior Research Fellow John Gutrich Government International Global Change Institute Visiting Fellow Kolonia, Pohnpei, Micronesia 96941 University of Waikato Research Program Tel: 691-320-2927 Private Bag 3105 East-West Center Fax: 691-320-5265 Hamilton, New Zealand 1601 East-West Road Email: [email protected] Tel: 647-858-5026 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96848-1601 Fax: 647-838-4289 Tel: 808-944-7249 Francis Itimai Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-944-7490 Head, Fisheries Section Email: [email protected] Division of Sector Development Shahram Khosrowpanah Department of Economic Affairs Professor of Civil Engineering Ceasar L. Hadley PO Box PS -12 Water Environment Research Institute Staff Meteorologist Palikir, Pohnpei, Micronesia 96941 University of Guam Weather Service Office, Pohnpei Tel: 691-320-2620 UOG Station PO Box 69 Fax: 691-320-5854 Mangilao, Guam 96923 Kolonia, Pohnpei, Micronesia 96941-0069 Email: [email protected] Tel: 671-735-2691 Tel: 691-320-2248 Fax: 671-734-8890 Fax: 691-320-5787 Ehson D. Johnson Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] FSM Disaster Management Office Office of the President Maheta Kilafwasru Robert Hadley PO Box PS-53 Mayor— Malem Municipal Government Assistant Secretary for Infrastructure Palikir, Pohnpei, Micronesia 96941 Resource Management Advisory Council Government of the Federated States Tel: 691-320-8815 Malem, Kosrae, Micronesia 96944 of Micronesia Fax: 691-320-8936 Tel: 691-370-4501 PO Box PS2 Email: [email protected] Fax: 691-370-3162 Palikir, Pohnpei, Micronesia 96941 Tel: 691-320-2865 John Ka’imikaua Ann Kitalong Fax: 691-320-5833 Kumu Hula Special Assistant to the Vice President Email: [email protected] 92-622 Newa Street PO Box 6010 Makakilo, Hawai‘i, USA 96707 Koror, Palau 96940 Richard H. Hagemeyer Email: [email protected] Tel: 680-488-2702 Director, Pacific Region Fax: 680-488-1310 U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Keith T. Kaneko Email: [email protected] 737 Bishop Street, Suite 2200 East West Center Grosvenor Center, Mauka Tower 94-1009 Haalau Street Hirao Kloulchad Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813-3214 Waipahu, Hawai‘i, USA 96797 Official-in-Charge Tel: 808-532-6416 Tel: 808-677-1143 National Weather Service Office, Koror Fax: 808-532-5569 Email: [email protected] PO Box 520 Email: [email protected] Koror, Palau 96940-0520 Annette Kaohelaulii Tel: 680-488-1034 Michael Logan Ham Ecotourism Consultant Fax: 680-488-1436 Program Administrator Annette’s Adventures Email: [email protected] Micronesia Conservation Society 45-403 Koa Kahiko Street PO Box 4016 Kaneohe, Hawai‘i, USA 96744 Cindy Knapman Hagatna, Guam 96932 Tel: 808-235-5431 Protected Species Coordinator Tel: 671-472-2569 Fax: 808-247-4113 Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Fax: 671-646-6633 Email: [email protected] Council Email: [email protected] 1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1400 Stephen G. Karel Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 Michael P. Hamnett Executive Director Tel: 808-522-8220 Director Pacific Island Health Officers Association Fax: 808-522-8226 Social Science Research Institute 1451 S. King Street, Suite 211 Email: [email protected] University of Hawai‘i Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96814 2424 Maile Way Tel: 808-945-1555/1557 Gi-Won Koh Social Sciences Building 704 Fax: 808-945-1558 Water Resources Development of Cheju Province Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Email: [email protected] c/o Board of Water Supply Tel: 808-956-7469 [email protected] City and County of Honolulu Fax: 808-956-2884 630 S. Beretania Street Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96843 Tel: 808-527-5286 Fax: 808-527-6195 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

13 Joseph Konno Sam Lemmo Mark Merrifield Executive Director Planner Klaus Wyrtki Center for Climate Prediction Environmental Protection Agency Dept of Land and Natural Resources Department of Oceanography Chuuk State Government PO Box 521 University of Hawai‘i PO Box 189 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96809 1000 Pope Road Weno, Chuuk State, Micronesia 96942 Tel: 808-587-0381 Marine Science Bldg Tel: 691-330-4158 Fax: 808-587-0455 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Fax: 691-330-2613 Tel: 808-956-6161 Email: [email protected] Nancy D. Lewis Email: [email protected] Acting Dean Stephen Kubota College of Social Sciences Eric Metzgar Program Director University of Hawai‘i Director Ahupua‘a Action Alliance 1601 East-West Road Triton Films 44-281 Mikiola Drive Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96848 5177 Mesquite Street Kane‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA 96744 Tel: 808-956-6070 Camarillo, CA, USA 93012-6724 Tel: 808-235 1279 Fax: 808-956-2340 Tel: 805-484-2199 Fax: 808-235-1279 Email: [email protected] Fax: 805-484-2199 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Lloyd Loope Atran Lakabung Research Scientist John F. Miller Official-in-Charge U.S. Geological Survey Meteorologist-in-Charge Weather Service Office, Majuro Biological Resources Division Weather Forecast Office, Guam PO Box 78 c/o Haleakala National Park 3232 Hue Neme Road Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960-0078 PO Box 369 Barrigada, Guam 96913 Tel: 692-625-3214/5705 Makawao, Hawai‘i, USA 96768 Tel: 671-472-0944 Fax: 692-625-3078/5106 Tel: 808-572-4470 Fax: 671-472-0980 Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-572-1304 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Jill Lankford Katharine Miller School of TIM/STEP Johannes Loschnigg Natural Resources Planner University of Hawai‘i Post-doctoral Fellow Division of Fish and Wildlife 112A George Hall UORC, 2525 Correa Road Dept of Lands and Natural Resources Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 University of Hawai‘i Commonwealth of the Northern Tel: 808-956-8025 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Mariana Islands Email: [email protected] Tel: 808-956-7595 Lower Base, PO Box 10007 Fax: 808-956-9425 Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950 Sam Lankford Email: [email protected] Tel: 670-664-6025 Associate Professor Fax: 670-664-6060 School of TIM/STEP G. Kem Lowry Email: [email protected] University of Hawai‘i Dept of Urban and Regional Planning 112A George Hall University of Hawai‘i Patty Miller Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Social Science Bldg 107F Teleschool Teacher Tel: 808-956-80253804 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Hawai‘i Department of Education Fax: 808-956-7976 Tel: 808-956-6868/944-7793 1122 Mapunapuna Street, Suite 201 Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-956-6870 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96819 Email: [email protected] Tel: 808-837-8004 Chester Lao Fax: 808-837-8010 Board of Water Supply Russell J. Maharaj Email: [email protected] City and County of Honolulu CFTC Export 630 S. Beretania Street Geologist and Engineer Vinod Mishra Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96843 SOPAC Secretariat Fellow Tel: 808-527-5286 Private Mail Bag, GPO Research Program Fax: 808-527-5703 , East West Center Email: [email protected] Tel: 679-381-377 1601 East West Road Fax: 679-370-040 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96848-1601 Joseph E. Lees Email: [email protected] Tel: 808-944-7452 Director Fax: 808-944-7490 Pacific Disaster Center Paul Matsuo Email: [email protected] 590 Lipoa Parkway #259 Administrator and Chief Engineer Kihei, Hawai‘i, USA 96753 Agricultural Resource Management Division John E. Mooteb Tel: 808-891-0525 x17 Department of Agriculture PICCAP Coordinator Fax: 808-891-0526 PO Box 22159 Department of Economic Affairs Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96823-2159 FSM National Government Tel: 808-973-9473 PO Box PS-12 Penehuro Lefale Fax: 808-973-9467 Palikir, Pohnpei, Micronesia 96941 Climatology/Meteorology Officer Email: [email protected] Tel: 691-320-2646 South Pacific Regional Environmental Program Fax: 691-320-5854 PO Box 240 Email: [email protected] , Samoa [email protected] Tel: 685-21929 Fax: 685-20231 Email: [email protected]

14 Frederick Muller Kevin Parnell Samuel C. Rawlins Secretary of Resources and Development Senior Lecturer Entomologist Ministry of Resources and Development Dept of Geography Caribbean Epidemiology Centre PO Box 1727 University of Auckland Pan American Health Organization (CAREC/ Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 PB 92019 PAHO) Tel: 692-625-3206 Auckland, New Zealand 16-18 Jamaica Boulevard, Federation Park Fax: 692-625-3821 Tel: 649-373-7999 PO Box 164 Email: [email protected] Fax: 649-373-7434 Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago Email: [email protected] Tel: 868-622-2324 Karen K. Muranaka Fax: 868-628-9084 Community Affairs and Customer Relations Eric E. Paul Email: [email protected] The Queen’s Medical Center Coordinating Disaster Officer 1301 Punchbowl Street Disaster Coordinating Office Techur Rengulbai Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 PO Box 189 Chief, Water Branch Tel: 808-547-4988 Weno, Chuuk, Micronesia 96942 Bureau of Public Utilities Fax: 808-537-7804 Tel: 691-330-4324 Minister of Resources and Development Email: [email protected] Fax: 691-330-3810 PO Box 100 Email: [email protected] Koror, Palau 96940 Elsie Nagamine Tel: 680-488-2438 Outrigger Hotels and Resorts Lelei Peau Fax: 680-488-3380 2375 Kuhio Street Economic Development and Planning Office Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96815-2992 Department of Commerce Tel: 808-921-6571 American Samoa Government Cynthia K.L. Rezentes Fax: 808-921-6505 Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 West O’ahu Soil and Water Tel: 684-633-5155 Conservation District Barry Nakasone Fax: 684-633-4195 87-149 Maipela Street Pacific Resources for Education Email: [email protected] Wai’anae, Hawai‘i, USA 96792-3154 and Learning Tel: 808-696-0131 1099 Alakea Street, 25th Floor Sam Pooley Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 Economist Tel: 808-441-1300 NMFS Honolulu Laboratory Robert Richmond Fax: 808-441-1385 2570 Dole Street Professor of Marine Biology Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 University of Guam Marine Lab Tel: 808-983-5320 UOG Station Arthy Nena Fax: 808-983-2902 Mangilao, Guam 96923 Hospital Administrator Email: [email protected] Tel: 671-735-2188 Dept of Health Services Fax: 671-734-6767 Kosrae State Government Biman C. Prasad Email: [email protected] Kosrae, Micronesia 96944 Senior Lecturer in Economics Tel: 691-370-3199 The University of the South Pacific Jean E. Rolles Fax: 691-370-3073 Fiji Center Assistant Corporate Secretary Email: [email protected] Suva, Fiji Vice President, Community Relations Tel: 679-382049 Outrigger Enterprises, Inc. Maria Ngemaes Fax: 679-382059 2375 Kuhio Avenue Meteorologist Email: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96815-2992 National Weather Service Office, Koror Email: [email protected] PO Box 520 Roy C. Price Koror, Palau 96940-0520 Past President Eileen Shea Tel: 680-488-1034 National Emergency Management Project Coordinator Fax: 680-488-1436 Association East-West Center Email: [email protected] 1994A 9th Avenue 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96816 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96848-1601 Mark S. Pangelinan Tel: 808-737-1163 Tel: 808-944-7253 Response/Recovery Coordinator Fax: 808-737-1163 Fax: 808-944-7298 Commonwealth of the Northern Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Mariana Islands Emergency Management Office Peter Rappa Kim Small Caller Box 10007 C.K. Extension Agent Fellow Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950 Sea Grant Extension Service Pacific Islands Developmet Program (PIDP) Tel: 670-322-8001/3 Sea Grant Program East West Center Fax: 670-322-7743/9500 University of Hawai‘i 1601 East West Road HIG 237 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 968-1601 Alan Parker 2525 Correa Road Tel: 808-944-7752 Director Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Fax: 808-944-7670 Center for Tourism and Technology Tel: 808-956-3974 Email: [email protected] School of Hospitality Management Fax: 808-956-3980 Florida International University Email: [email protected] 2912College Avenue, Suite 226 Davie, Florida, USA 33314 Tel: 954-236-1516 Fax: 954-236-1597 Email: [email protected]

15 Celia Smith Jeyan Thirugnanam Likiak Westley Associate Professor Planner Department of Botany Office of Environmental Quality Control ‘Aulani Wilhelm University of Hawai‘i State of Hawai‘i Public Information Officer 3190 Maile Way 235 Beretania Street, Room 702 Dept of Land and Natural Resources Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 130 Tel: 808-956-6947 Tel: 808-586-4185 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 Fax: 808-956-3923 Fax: 808-586-4186 Tel: 808-587-0330 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-587-0390 Email: [email protected] John Sohlith Daniel Thompson Chief of Planning for Board of Directors Sanphy William Office of Planning and Budget Kosrae Island Resource Management Assistant to the Governor Government of Yap Program Health and Environment PO Box 471 PO Box DRC Chuuk State Government Colonia, Yap, Micronesia 96943 Kosrae, Micronesia 96944 Disaster Coordinating Office Tel: 691-350-2166/2145 Tel: 691-370-2076 PO Box 189 Fax: 691-350-4430 Fax: 691-370-2867 Governor Office Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Weno, Chuuk, Micronesia 96942 Tel: 691-330-2324 Hannah Kihalani Springer Murray Towill Fax: 691-330-3810 Trustee President Email: [email protected] Office of Hawai‘ian Affairs Hawai‘i Hotel Association 711 Kapi’olani Blvd., Suite 500 2250 Kalakaua Avenue, Suite 404-4 Yasuo I. Yamada Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813 Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96815 Vice President Tel: 808-594-1888 Tel: 808-923-0407 Cooperative Research and Extension Email: [email protected] Fax: 808-924-3843 Education Email: [email protected] College of Micronesia, FSM Andy Tafileichig, Director Box 159 Yap Marine Resources Management Division Juli M. Trtanj Kolonia, Pohnpei, Micronesia 96941 PO Box 251 Climate and Health Program Manager Tel: 691-320-8181/2132 Colonia, Yap, Micronesia 96943 NOAA Office of Global Programs Fax: 691-320-2972 Tel: 691-350-2294 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1225 Email: [email protected] Fax: 691-350-4494 Silver Spring, Maryland, USA 20910 Email: [email protected] Tel: 301-427-2089 x134 Edward Young Fax: 301-427-2082 Chief, Technical Services Division Thomas Tarlton Email: [email protected] National Weather Service National Weather Service Pacific Region Headquarters 3232 Hueneme Road Caleb Ulitch Grosvenor Center, Mauka Tower Barrigada, Guam 96913 Administrative Specialist 737 Bishop Street, Suite #2200 Tel: 671-472-0946 National Emergency Management Office Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96813-3213 Fax: 671-472-7405 PO Box 100 Tel: 808-532-6416 Email: [email protected] Koror, Palua 96940 Fax: 808-532-5569 Tel: 680-488-2249/2422 Email: [email protected] Ramsay Taum Fax: 680-488-3312 Volunteer Coordinator Email: [email protected] Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Program Kailua Bay Advisory Council (KBAC) Karen Umemoto 45-270 William Henry Road, Room 201-4 Assistant Professor Kaneohe, Hawai‘i, USA 96744 Urban and Regional Planning Tel: 808-234-0702 University of Hawai‘i Fax: 808-234-0645 Social Science Bldg 107 Email: [email protected] 2424 Maile Way [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 Tel: 808-956-7383 Michael A. Taylor Fax: 808-956-6870 Department of Physics Email: [email protected] University of the West Indies Mona, Kingston 5 Leslie Walling Jamaica, West Indies Deputy Project Manager Tel: 876-927-2480 Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Fax: 876-977-1595 Global Climate Change Project (CPACC) Email: [email protected] Regional Project Implementation Unit Lazaretto Complex, Black Rock Frank Te St. Michael, Barbados, West Indies Marine Science Program Coordinator Tel: 246-417-4580/4582 College of Marshall Islands Fax: 246-417-0461 PO Box 1258 Email: [email protected] Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 Tel: 692-625-3394 Fax: 692-625-7203 Email: [email protected]

16 APPENDIX E— WORKSHOP ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE FOR HAWAI‘I AND THE PACIFIC: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES— MARCH 1998

Workshop Summary participants reconvened to discuss response strategies and March 3–6, 1998 develop recommendations for future action. Key findings East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawai‘i and recommendations from each working group were presented in plenary during the final day of the Workshop, This document provides a brief summary of the Workshop after which the Chair closed the Workshop with a discussion on the Consequences of Climate Variability and Change of common themes and next steps. for the Hawai‘i-Pacific Region: Challenges and Opportuni- ties. The Workshop was organized under the auspices of Plenary Presentations the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Opening ceremonies on Monday, March 3 included video and the U.S. Global Change Research Program as part of presentations from Vice President Al Gore and Senator the initial phase of the first U.S. National Assessment of Daniel K. Inouye (D-HI) and written statements from the Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Senator Daniel K. Akaka (D-HI), Representative Neil Additional details on the history, rationale, objectives and Abercrombie (D-HI) and Representative Patsy T. Mink (D- organization of the Workshop can be found in the Work- HI). Their comments highlighted the vulnerability of the shop Background Paper generated as a supplement to this Pacific Region to the consequences of climate variability and summary. Following is a brief summary of the Workshop change, took note of the important role that research about deliberations. the Region plays in understanding local, regional and global climate processes and impacts, and commended the Objectives and Organization Workshop organizers, sponsors and participants for their The March 1998 Workshop was designed to provide commitment and leadership. representatives of business, government, public interest groups and the scientific community with an opportunity During the opening plenary, the Honorable Maizie Hirono, to: Lieutenant Governor of the State of Hawai‘i, welcomed Workshop participants and highlighted the importance of • Initiate a long-term, interactive dialogue on the sensitivity of communities, businesses and ecosystems to establishing an effective connection between the private climate change; and sector and scientists to help address issues related to climate variability and change. The Lieutenant Governor noted that • Explore opportunities for use of new scientific informa- climate variability and change was a topic of great urgency tion to adapt to or mitigate the consequences of those changes. for the Pacific and noted that there were “few scientific efforts of greater moment” than emerging regional assess- ment programs like the one the Workshop represented. The During the opening plenary session on March 3, Work- Lieutenant Governor highlighted some of the significant shop participants were provided with a number of indi- contributions that scientists and institutions in Hawai‘i have vidual and panel presentations designed to address what made to the understanding of climate variability and climate variability and change means for the Pacific Region change, including sustained observations of increasing from three points of view: concentrations of CO2 on Mauna Loa; leadership in • A climate system perspective; national and international scientific programs (e.g. the • A community planning and economic development Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program investigating perspective; and, El Niño; the Hawai‘i Ocean Time Series program designed • A habitat and natural resource perspective. to enhance understanding of the global carbon cycle; and the continuing efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on On the second day of the Workshop, participants met in Climate Change). The Lieutenant Governor then delivered small working groups to discuss climate-related vulnerabili- a formal Proclamation from Hawai‘i Governor Benjamin ties in six areas: fisheries; agriculture; community planning, Cayetano proclaiming the week of March 2–7, 1998 to be infrastructure and economic development; water resources; “Climate Awareness Week,” and encouraging the people of biodiversity and endangered species; and public health and Hawai‘i and the Pacific Region to learn more about climate safety. On the third day of the Workshop, working-group variability and its impact on our lives. 17 Dr. John A. (Jack) Gibbons, Assistant to the President for A Climate System Perspective Science and Technology (and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy) presented the Following Dr. Gibbons’ remarks, the Workshop heard Keynote Address. Referring to global climate change as presentations from four representatives of the scientific “perhaps the most pervasive and challenging long-term community: environmental issue that we face as we enter the 21st • Fred MacKenzie (University of Hawai‘i), who provided century,” Dr. Gibbons talked about the importance of some additional comments on the enhanced greenhouse understanding local consequences for ecosystems and effect and global warming; human communities— translating a global problem into • Gerald Meehl (National Center for Atmospheric what matters on regional and local scales where “most of Research), who highlighted some important patterns of the significant consequences will be witnessed.” Dr. climate variability and change and their consequences Gibbons then provided Workshop participants with an for the Pacific, and discussed what the future may hold overview of climate that included: based upon studies using global climate models; • A historical perspective on “disruptions” in the climate • Roger Lukas (University of Hawai‘i), who addressed system, including a look at evidence of large-scale issues related to El Niño and other aspects of seasonal- changes such as glacial/interglacial periods and shorter- to-interannual climate variability, and the development term variations such as the El Niño Southern Oscilla- of an end-to-end climate prediction program for the tion (ENSO) cycle in the tropical Pacific; Pacific; and, • Documentation of the approximately 1.0°F tempera- • Charles (Chip) Guard (Water and Environment ture increase observed over the past century and the Research Institute, University of Guam), who provided concomitant rise in global sea level of approximately 4– examples of the practical applications of seasonal-to- 10 inches during the same period; interannual climate predictions based on the experiences • Evidence of the role of human activities in enhancing of the Pacific ENSO Applications Center (PEAC) during the 1997–1998 El Niño. the global greenhouse effect by adding CO2 and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial activities; Presentations by these panelists were designed to provide • The consequences of year-to-year variability in the Workshop participants with a scientific overview of the climate system, such as El Niño and the potential climate system, including the nature of processes that benefits of using emerging forecasting capabilities to determine climate variability and change on a global scale; support decision-making; the regional manifestations of those climate processes; • Some of the potential consequences of climate change emerging capabilities to forecast climate variability on associated with increasing concentrations of greenhouse seasonal and year-to-year time scales, and the potential use gases in the atmosphere (based on model simulations), of this information to address practical problems; and including accelerated sea-level rise; intensification of the prospects for assessing the regional consequences of longer- water cycle; and possible changes in the frequency and/ term climate change. or intensity of tropical storms and other extreme events; and, Key points raised during Dr. MacKenzie’s presentation • Some of the potential actions that he believes should be included: taken to address the challenges and opportunities • The possible role of sulfate, soot, and other aerosol presented by climate variability and change, including particles in producing a regional cooling effect in the an increase in scientific understanding of climate change Pacific, with particular attention to an anticipated and its relationship to other stresses, particularly at increase in aerosol concentrations associated with fossil regional scales; continued engagement in international fuel emissions (SO ), biomass burning and volcanic policy discussions; and development and deployment of 2 eruptions. In this context, Dr. MacKenzie highlighted clean technologies for cost-effective reductions in the importance of addressing regional cooling associated greenhouse gas emissions, including identifying with aerosols in model-based projections of climate opportunities for U.S. leadership. change in the Western Pacific; • Projections of sea level changes that would have In closing, Dr. Gibbons commended Workshop partici- significant consequences for Pacific Islands, including pants for accepting the challenge of creating a framework increased shoreline erosion, saltwater intrusion and a for regional assessment of climate issues, and noted that the reduction in the volume of groundwater (the freshwater Workshop was an early step in a sustained effort to lens) in many islands; and understand and cope with the consequences of climate variability and change.

18 • The importance of anticipating potential “surprises” in impacts associated with tropical storms and other the way the Earth’s climate system responds to global extreme events; and, warming associated with greenhouse gases— with • The practical application of climate predictions in particular attention to potentially significant changes in supporting decision-making in the public and private ocean circulation and biological feedbacks, neither of sectors, particularly in the Pacific Region. which are adequately represented in current global climate models. In this context, Dr. Lukas provided participants with a useful primer on the ENSO cycle in the tropical Pacific, Dr. Meehl described the results of a number of studies and associated changes in rainfall, winds and tropical using global climate models to highlight potentially storms; waterborne disease vectors, and ocean temperature important patterns of climate change in the Pacific, and circulation patterns (with implications for coral reefs, including possible changes in El Niño or the persistence of fisheries and other coastal and marine resources). Dr. Lukas El Niño-like conditions. Using the 1997–1998 El Niño as described the intricate interactions between the ocean and an example, Dr. Meehl highlighted what such conditions atmosphere that give rise to the ENSO cycle, and reviewed might mean for rainfall, temperature and tropical storms the historical record of ENSO events. He then summarized throughout the Pacific. He also informed the Workshop current capabilities in ENSO prediction and provided a that climate change might also affect longer-term (decadal) comparison of forecasts and observations of the 1997– patterns of variability in the climate system, such as the 1998 El Niño by way of example. Pacific Decadal Oscillation characterized by periods of warmer and cooler sea-surface temperatures that appear to Mr. Chip Guard then shared a story about forecasting oscillate on timescales of around twenty years, with impacts drought conditions associated with the 1997–1998 El similar to those associated with the ENSO cycle. Niño, in order to provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of using forecasts of year-to-year climate Dr. Meehl used some of his own research on prolonged variability in the Pacific. He began with an overview of the droughts in Kapingamirangi, and periods of increased PEAC, a joint effort involving the National Oceanic and tropical storm activity in American Samoa, to highlight the Atmospheric Administration (through its Office of Global potentially devastating human consequences of projected Programs, and the National Weather Service’s Pacific climate change. Citing the effects of sea-level rise as well, Region Office), the University of Hawai‘i (through its Dr. Meehl suggested we may face creation of “ecological Social Science Research Institute, and School of Ocean and refugees”— individuals and communities forced to leave Earth Sciences and Technology), and the University of their homes as a result of changes in climate. Dr. Meehl Guam’s Water and Environment Research Institute. Since closed by suggesting steps that could be taken in the near 1994, PEAC has provided forecasts of El Niño for U.S.- term, including capitalizing on emerging capabilities and affiliated Pacific Island jurisdictions and supported a early successes in the use of El Niño forecasts to support complementary program of education and outreach decision making; enhancing research on decadal patterns of designed to promote practical use of those forecasts in climate variability; and conducting additional research and activities like emergency preparedness and water resource model-based studies to understand how and in what ways management. In describing the PEAC experience, Mr. climate change might change El Niño patterns or El Niño- Guard emphasized the importance of combining observa- like conditions in the Pacific. tions with model-based forecasts and local insights, i.e., a team effort that capitalizes on the special expertise and Dr. Roger Lukas introduced Workshop participants to the unique capabilities of individuals and institutions working concept of “end-to-end prediction” of seasonal-to-interan- toward a common goal— the development, provision and nual (year-to-year) climate variability, highlighting three application of climate forecasts for the benefit of Pacific critical elements: Island jurisdictions. • Large-scale prediction of important climate system processes and properties, such as sea-surface tempera- During his presentation, Mr. Guard highlighted a number ture, surface winds, rainfall, sea level, ocean currents of valuable lessons learned from the PEAC experience, and air temperatures; including: • Assessment efforts designed to identify the impacts of • The importance of forecasting not only the onset, climate variability, and determine the extent to which duration and intensity of ENSO events, but also, to the those impacts are reflected as regional stresses on extent possible, the specific impacts that might be resources and sectors such as water resources, fisheries, anticipated, particularly changes in rainfall and tropical coral reefs, and public health and safety, particularly storms;

19 • The value of using historical analogs (i.e., comparisons • Hurricanes and storm surge; with similar ENSO events in the past) to help scientists • Flooding; and users understand what to expect; • Agricultural losses; • The challenge and importance of making scientific information understandable, useful and usable; • Health effects; and, • The need to develop a clear understanding of both • Economic losses from business interruptions (such as impacts and available response options, with an eye those suffered on the island of Kaua‘i following toward understanding (and addressing) the scientific, Hurricane Iniki). technical, institutional and policy constraints (and opportunities) on the use of climate forecasts; and, Mr. Campaniano specifically mentioned the emergence of • The importance of sustained face-to-face interaction catastrophic-loss-modeling as an important new tool in the between scientists, forecasters and users of climate insurance sector, and suggested that incorporation of forecast information in governments, businesses and climate information and projections in those models might communities— a sustained dialogue that promotes offer important improvements (e.g., more equitable shared learning and joint problem-solving. premium prices that reflect areas of greater or lower risk, to avoid discounting or inflating the true cost of coverage). A Community Planning and Economic Development While acknowledging these opportunities, Mr. Perspective Campaniano cautioned that there are significant scientific, A second panel provided Workshop participants with a view institutional, economic and ethical challenges associated of climate variability and change from the perspective of with changes to the way in which the insurance industry people who represented what the panel Chair called “users does business. He noted specifically the need to address the of scientific information,” noting that their livelihoods and timeliness and accuracy of climate predictions, as well as that of their employees and customers are affected by the evaluation of response options. In conclusion, he noted climate variability and change. This perspective was that it was “economically essential that we develop a more presented by: complete understanding of climate events.” • Robin Campaniano (AIG Insurance Hawai‘i); • Robert Fraser Ripp (GST Telecom Hawai‘i); Mr. Robert Ripp provided some insights into the impor- tance of climate information for the telecommunications • Richard Cox, Hawai‘i Sate Water Commission; and, industry, noting the dual role of telecommunications in • Richard Ha, President of Kea‘au Banana Farms. both collecting data and communicating information. Mr. Ripp pointed out that telecommunications businesses are This second panel was organized to provide an overview of primarily concerned with avoiding service interruptions some critical regional issues in community planning and associated with disturbances such as winds. He added that economic development; particular attention was given to understanding weather and atmospheric conditions is vital sectors and communities that are sensitive to climate to planning decisions regarding what type of systems to variability and change, and the goal was to identify oppor- install (e.g., choosing fiber optics or satellite options vs. tunities to improve decision-making through the use of new microwave systems, which are more vulnerable to wind scientific information. disturbances). Mr. Ripp noted that these could be “life or death decisions” for both companies and communities, Mr. Robin Campaniano provided insights into how and particularly in isolated island settings. In addition to why climate matters to individuals and businesses con- system design and planning decisions, Mr. Ripp also cerned with insurance. He specifically highlighted the discussed Hurricane Iniki to highlight the potential benefit challenges of providing property and casualty insurance in of improved weather and climate information in support- areas subject to natural hazards such as hurricanes and ing decisions about positioning fall-back systems. In tropical storms. Referring specifically to wind damage from summary, he said that information about climate variability storms, Mr. Campaniano described the importance of and change would be important for both strategic planning current efforts to reduce damages— through better building and disaster preparedness in the telecommunications sector. codes, for example— but also noted the potential benefits associated with improving emergency planning and Mr. Richard Cox spoke from the perspective of someone preparedness through incorporation of information on who has been involved in water resource management, climate variability (particularly El Niño) and change. In this providing interesting insights into how and why climate context, he suggested that the insurance industry’s interests matters in that sector. He began his comments by noting in climate change would most likely involve issues such as: that current climate conditions (including issues related to

20 natural variability like ENSO) are already concerns for abundant rainfall that “irrigates” his Big Island farm (130 communities and businesses, and highlighted the impor- inches/year, compared to Hawai‘i’s average of 32 inches/ tance of understanding what changes are likely to occur, year); this translates into 3.5 billion gallons/acre/year of and what steps would be appropriate to build systems that “free water” for his farm. He added that when he consid- can adjust to those changing conditions. Mr. Cox noted ered expanding his activities on either the Big Island or that weather and climate information and research are O‘ahu (which is closer to markets), his decision “turned on already important to the water sector (e.g., hurricane and water” and led him to expand his Big Island site. drought forecasting and preparedness). He noted that changes in rainfall, tropical storms and other extreme Mr. Ha acknowledged that anticipation of drought is a events, sea-level rise, and increasing temperatures, were persistent factor in farm operations, and said he recently important issues from a water resources perspective. He installed an irrigation system (in-ground pipes and drip also identified some related issues that could benefit from tape). This irrigation system allows him to prepare for enhanced information on climate variability and change, droughts and reduce losses and, in fact, helped him including: minimize the effects of the dry conditions associated with • Incorporation of information about climate-related the 1997–1998 El Niño. This same irrigation system can natural hazards into planning for major new facilities also provide him with the flexibility to diversify by growing and developments (e.g., information on changing other crops when rains are abundant. He expressed a patterns of tropical storms, or changes in rainfall specific interest in having access to climate forecast patterns that could affect flooding and slope stability); information (such as El Niño forecasts) to further enhance and, his ability to prepare for and deal with droughts and other • Improved information on rainfall and water resources extreme events. He went on to say that hurricanes are also for agriculture, which he noted is the largest consumer an important factor in a farmer’s decisions— noting that of water on all Hawaiian islands except O‘ahu. “we expect drought and we expect to get flattened” periodically. As a result, better information about what Mr. Cox noted that most decisions about water resources climate variability and change might mean for hurricanes are based on historical rainfall data and long-term averages, would also be useful to the agricultural sector. and suggested that some consideration be given to incorpo- rating emerging forecasting capabilities (like El Niño A Habitat and Natural Resources Perspective forecasts) and new insights about the possible consequences A third panel looked at the implications of climate of climate change; he said information on climate variabil- variability and change for critical habitats and unique ity and change might, for example, be useful in reassessing natural resources in Pacific Island settings. This perspective aquifer capacities. In addition, he said that exploring the was presented by: direct and indirect consequences of climate variability and • Oliver Chadwick, University of California at Santa change could help resolve possible response conflicts by Barbara; providing an opportunity to conduct “what if” scenarios to • Peter Vitousek, Stanford University; and, identify problem areas and review response options (such as water reuse and conservation measures). Noting that he is • Ray Carter, CASAMAR, Guam. naturally somewhat conservative or skeptical about new ideas and projections of future conditions, he emphasized This final panel of the opening day was organized to the importance of conducting more research on climate provide an overview of key issues related to the unique variability and change, and sustaining a dialogue among ecosystems and resources of the region, including how government agencies, businesses, scientists and communi- climate variability and change interacts with human ties in order both to anticipate what might happen and to activities such as land use to affect biodiversity; what can develop effective response strategies. be learned from islands as models of climate change; and what the implications are for climate variability and change Richard Ha provided Workshop participants with insights for critical resources such as water and fisheries. into climate and weather from the perspective of a com- mercial farmer in Hawai‘i. He started his presentation by Dr. Chadwick cited his work on the Big Island to offer highlighting the importance of agriculture’s contribution to some insights into the importance of island settings in Hawai‘i’s economy: an annual contribution of $.5 billion helping to understand ecosystem processes and climate/ in direct crop value, and a value-added contribution of $1 ecosystem interactions. He noted that climate is one of the billion. Mr. Ha provided a brief description of his banana systems that can be analyzed when studying ecosystems farming enterprise, noting the critical importance of the (along with specific organisms, topical relief, parent

21 material and time). He said the ‘ohi‘a tree is the dominant introduced species of mosquito that serves as a vector for a plant species in his study area, which simplifies his choice of particularly virulent form of avian malaria. Populations of an organism to study. And because the parent material (a these birds now tend to be concentrated at higher eleva- lava base) is pretty much the same everywhere in the area, tions where temperatures aren’t warm enough to sustain the and as a result, time can be calculated pretty accurately by mosquito populations. Dr. Vitousek noted that increasing determining distance (time) from the geologic hotspot that temperatures associated with climate change might allow gave rise to the Hawaiian islands, he has the opportunity to the mosquito populations to move upslope, exposing focus on determining and understanding how changes in native birds to additional malaria risk with potentially climatic conditions might account for historic and current devastating effects; these effects are particularly likely if the variations in ‘ohi‘a in different parts of the island; he noted birds are forced so far upslope that they encounter a loss of in particular the value of marked changes in rainfall habitat beyond the “hard boundary” where forested areas conditions at different elevations along the Big Island’s give way to pasture lands toward the top of Mauna Kea. mountain slopes. He added that on the island of Kaua‘i, the situation is a bit worse because there is no area that would fall above the Focusing specifically on rainfall as a key climate factor, Dr. survivability threshold for the mosquitoes that carry avian Chadwick noted that the Big Island is characterized by malaria. In contrast, the island of Maui contains sufficient diverse environmental conditions above and below the upslope forest to provide habitat for birds as temperature inversion layer, which lies at about 7,000 feet and marks a increases and populations move higher. transition to a relative “polar desert” at the top of Mauna Kea. He also noted that there are two principal sources of Dr. Vitousek noted that his research reinforces the impor- rainfall that affect vegetation on the Big Island— storms tance of considering the impacts of and responses to carried by tradewinds that do not get over the mountains, climate change in the context of other stresses such as land- and cyclonic storms (Kona storms) that bring rain to all use change. While variations in climate have occurred in parts of the island. Understanding (and comparing) the the past— with species and ecosystems adapting and vegetation regimes that result from these two different changing in response— many species may find the sources of rainfall can help clarify how vegetation and combination of climate change with other stresses (like ecosystems might vary in response to climate-induced biological invasions and land transformations) impossible changes in rainfall patterns. He cautioned, however, that his to accommodate. Recalling Dr. Chadwick’s comments, Dr. research has revealed a high variability in rainfall at some Vitousek reminded Workshop participants that under- sites, and suggested that this variability might justify standing and responding to the consequences of climate reconsidering concepts like “median rainfall,” which is change in islands could provide valuable models for commonly used in climate-vegetation studies. Dr. Chadwick scientists and decision-makers in other regions. closed his remarks by suggesting that Hawai‘i and Pacific Islands in general could be called a “microcosm of nature” Mr. Ray Carter used the results of some recent work on the with very few external factors to complicate studies of how impacts of the 1997–1998 El Niño on Pacific tuna fisheries and why climate matters to island ecosystems. to provide insights into the relationship of climate to this important component of Pacific Island economies; his Dr. Peter Vitousek offered some thoughts on what his work has been conducted in collaboration with Dr. research on certain bird species in Hawai‘i suggests about Michael Hamnett and Ms. Cheryl Anderson at the the consequences of climate variability and change. He University of Hawai‘i. As Mr. Carter noted, commercially began his discussion by noting that climate change is only important stocks of yellowfin and skipjack tuna are highly one of a number of important factors affecting ecosystem migratory species whose behavior responds, in part, to and species change, including land-use change, biological climate variations such as El Niño. Confirming previous invasions/exotic species, and biodiversity. He noted, for work by others, Mr. Carter’s catch statistics indicate that El example, how changes in land cover associated with Niño-related increases in ocean temperature in the Eastern agricultural activity have been a factor throughout Hawai‘i’s Pacific were associated with an eastward shift in the catch history. Dr. Vitousek also emphasized the importance of of tuna; he cited specific examples drawn from areas understanding the interplay among these various factors as around the Federated States of Micronesia. In explanation, well as understanding individual factors like climate change. he said the temperature of the water affects the availability of food organisms, which, in turn, affects the tuna stocks. He offered a specific example from his own research, which has clarified how the range of certain native bird species is This eastward shift in stock distribution can have signifi- now determined in part by temperature constraints on an cant economic implications. A shift out of a country’s

22 Exclusive Economic Zone, for example, means less income • Biodiversity and Endangered Species— including issues from license fees for Distant Water Fishing Nations. of species protection, ecosystem conservation and Similarly, changes in stock distribution can affect the level management, resource development, tourism, and the of effort (and income) that must be expended by canneries cultural concerns and rights of indigenous peoples; and, or transshipment facilities; conversely, knowledge of stock • Public Health and Safety— including issues of climate- distribution can help those facilities prepare for either related changes in water- and vector-borne diseases, air enhanced opportunities or reductions in business. In and water quality, and health and safety as it relates to addition, information about the effect of climate change on natural hazards like hurricanes and tropical storms. tuna stocks would be important for island businesses and governments planning to install new transshipment Following guidelines provided to all regional workshops facilities or canneries, or anticipating the emergence of within the U.S. National Assessment, participants were tuna fisheries as an important source of income. Mr. Carter asked to address the following: noted that his data also showed a change in species • What issues concern you (your sector) today? composition — an increase in more valuable stocks of • In what way are these issues (your sector) sensitive to yellowfin with a decrease in skipjack stocks. Thus, while climate variability and change? and, overall catch in the region was down, the economic value • What challenges do affected businesses, communities for an individual vessel might have been even. and ecosystems face in reducing risks or capitalizing on opportunities associated with climate variability and Mr. Carter emphasized that while his research, and that of change? others, clearly shows a link between climate and tuna, there is a need for considerably more data and research. En- On the third day of the Workshop, participants discussed hanced information about how climate variability like El response strategies that provide an opportunity to: Niño affects commercially important tuna stocks from one • Identify critical information needs; year to the next could be extremely valuable to businesses • Explore ways to overcome obstacles that inhibit the use and governments throughout the Pacific. Similarly, a better of climate information to support decision-making in understanding of how climate change might affect stock various sectors; and distribution could help inform important decisions about • Recommend near- and long-term actions that could the role tuna fisheries can play in the future Pacific Island remove those obstacles. economies.

These working groups were asked to evaluate scientific and Working Group Discussions of Vulnerability and technical gaps in understanding (What should we know Response Strategies that we don’t?); institutional and policy barriers to effective On the second and third days of the Workshop, partici- use of climate information (Are changes required in pants convened in small working groups for an in-depth policies or in public and private institutions to enhance exploration of regional vulnerabilities to climate variability decision-making); and limitations on our ability to convey and change, and discussions of near- and long-term and apply new scientific insights and research results (How strategies for response to climate variability and change for can we improve the dialogue between scientists and key different sectors and communities. On the second day of decision-makers?). the Workshop, participants considered climate-related vulnerabilities in six areas: Key Findings and Recommendations • Fisheries— including issues for commercial and Following a review of the findings and recommendations recreational fisheries, coastal and marine habitats, and contained in the final working group reports, the Chair the concerns and rights of indigenous peoples; summarized key findings and recommendations under • Agriculture— including issues for commercial agricul- three categories: ture, ranching and subsistence farming; • Vulnerability issues common to all working groups and • Community Planning, Infrastructure and Economic jurisdictions in the Pacific region; Development— including issues for tourism and recreation, energy, transportation, housing, communica- • Shared principles that could guide the development of tions, and industry; effective response strategies; and, • Water Resources— including issues of fresh water • Critical information needs that should help shape availability, access and management; future research.

23 Common Vulnerability Issues and natural systems in the region as well as the unique • Climate variability and change are superimposed on circumstances of island communities and the special many other stresses, but information on interactions insights of local (indigenous) peoples; and feedbacks is often lacking; • Management and policy options should be flexible in • In all sectors, year-to-year climate variability such as order to adapt to year-to-year natural variability in the that associated with ENSO and extreme events already climate system and accommodate potential surprises; poses significant challenges to communities, businesses, • Effective responses require strengthened and new governments and resource managers throughout the partnerships involving scientists/scientific institutions, region— and it is essential to understand how this businesses, governments and communities; variability might change; • Proactive (precautionary) rather than reactive approaches • The geographic size and isolation of island communi- are preferred—integrate climate information into ties creates special circumstances (e.g., limited land and decisions on a regular and continuing basis; water) and may constrain response options, while • Look for future opportunities while addressing today’s conversely, island communities can be “models” for problems; understanding and responding to the consequences of • Enhance education activities – formal and informal climate variability and change; education programs; address all ages; including informa- • The absence of a long-term, strategic planning structure tion on both anticipated changes and response options; or management vision enhances vulnerabilities in most • Identify, secure and sustain the necessary human and sectors; financial resources; • Required data sets are often missing or inaccessible, • Involve information users in the development of new including biological and socioeconomic data and climate information products; users and providers should information on the physical environment: regularly (and jointly) evaluate the usefulness and • Monitoring, research and modeling programs are usability of climate information products and assess essential; progress; and, finally, • Localized research is critical but difficult to support; • A continuing, interactive dialogue among scientists and • There is an absence of research on the consequences decision makers in the public and private sectors is and costs of mitigation options. essential; this requires a sustained commitment to the • Infrastructure and community support services are translation and communication of research results and an already stressed in most areas, and there is a need for effective program of outreach and education… this may additional vulnerability assessments; require the creation of new institutional arrangements. • Integration of climate information in decision-making is limited and often based on historical data, creating a Critical Information Needs demonstrable need to anticipate conditions and • Regular and reliable access to emerging forecasting incorporate emerging predictive capabilities and new capabilities on year-to-year time scales; scientific insights; and • Improved understanding of the physical, social and • Scientific, institutional and communication barriers are economic implications of climate variability and change creating an information gap between scientists studying for key sectors to support near-term decision making and climate variability and change and the intended users/ long-term planning; potential beneficiaries in governments, businesses and • Improved understanding of regional trends in demo- communities. graphics and economic development to support local/ regional planning and assess the consequences of climate Shared Principles for the Design of Response Strategies variability and change; • Take advantage of and build on previous and ongoing • Improved understanding of the effects of climate efforts to identify and address the consequences of variability and change on unique (Pacific) island climate variability and change for island states and ecosystems, critical habitats and key species in the region; communities and start by linking existing institutions • Improved understanding of the health-related conse- and programs; quences of climate variability and change in the region; • Start by enhancing access to currently available data and while new information is being developed; there is value • Maintenance of a continuing dialogue among scientists in what we have now so get it out there (e.g., integrating and public and private sector interests to identify ENSO forecasts into decision making now); changing information needs, support decision-making • Appropriate response strategies should recognize and and take advantage of new scientific insights and respect differences among political, cultural, economic emerging technologies. 24 Next Steps ment of new institutional capabilities. In this context, the The March 1998 Workshop participants identified a initial Pacific Islands Regional Assessment is supporting a number of next steps which have subsequently been series of workshops and small-group meetings (“roundtable pursued by the Workshop organizers and sponsors in the discussions”) designed to provide opportunities for in- context of a Pacific Islands regional contribution to the first depth exploration of how and why climate variability and National Assessment of the Consequences of Climate change matter for key sectors (e.g., tourism), resources Variability and Change for the United States. The key (e.g., coastal resources, water resources) and communities findings and recommendations from the March 1998 (e.g., the Native Hawaiian community). The process of Workshop were provided to the National Assessment shared learning and joint problem solving characterized by Synthesis Team and used to design an 18-month initial this program of outreach and education is the program- Pacific Islands Regional Assessment Project. Funding for matic backbone of the emerging Pacific Islands Regional this initial assessment project was provided to the East- Assessment. The Assessment process is providing the West Center (Honolulu, HI) through a grant from the central support structure around which a new, regional National Science Foundation (NSF) on behalf of NSF, climate information service is taking shape— a service that NOAA, NASA and the Department of the Interior. The responds to the findings and recommendations of the project is scheduled to be completed at the end of calendar March 1998 Workshop. year 2000.

Building on the findings and recommendations of the March 1998 Workshop, the initial Pacific Islands Regional Assessment has been organized to achieve the overarching goal of nurturing the critical partnerships necessary to develop and use climate information to enhance the ability of scientists and decision makers throughout the Pacific to understand and respond to the challenges and opportuni- ties presented by climate variability and change.

Based on the findings of the March 1998 Workshop, highest priority in the Pacific Islands Regional Assessment is being given to: water resources; public health and safety (with an emphasis on extreme events); and the special challenges of climate variability and change for island coastal communities and ecosystems.

Like the March 1998 Workshop and the National Assess- ment, the Pacific Islands Regional Assessment is pursuing dual, mutually reinforcing objectives: • Conducting research and analysis to develop a more complete understanding of regional consequences; and • Initiating and sustaining an interactive dialogue to support decision-making.

This latter objective responds to the March 1998 Workshop’s call to maintain the momentum initiated by that gathering and establish a regional network of individu- als and institutions who will: further explore the conse- quences of climate variability and change for communities, businesses, governments and natural systems; identify and pursue opportunities for long-term partnerships to support the development and use of climate information; and identify and pursue opportunities for near- and long-term support for ongoing and new programs and the develop-

25 Workshop Steering Committee Workshop on the Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for Hawai‘i and the Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities

Joseph Blanco1 Roy Price Office of the Governor Hawai‘i State Office of Civil Defense State of Hawai‘i Honolulu, Hawai‘i

Scott Clawson Kitty Simonds Hawai‘i Hurricane Relief Fund Western Pacific Fishery Management Council Honolulu, Hawai‘i Peter Vitousek Tony Costa Stanford University Pacific Ocean Producers Honolulu, Hawai‘i Diane Zachary Maui Pacific Center Charles (Chip) Guard Water and Environmental Research Institute Steering Committee Ex-officio Members University of Guam Margaret Cummisky Richard Hagemeyer Office of the Honorable Daniel K. Inouye National Weather Service-Pacific Region U.S. Senate National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paul Dresler Michael P. Hamnett Office of Water and Science Social Science Research Institute U.S. Department of the Interior University of Hawai‘i J. Michael Hall Alan Hilton Office of Global Programs Pacific ENSO Applications Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration University of Hawai‘i/NOAA

David Kennard Dean Barry Raleigh Region IX, Pacific Area Office School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology Federal Emergency Management Agency University of Hawai‘i Roger Lukas School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology Debra Wada University of Hawai‘i Office of the Honorable U.S. Senate Fred Mackenzie School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology Alan Yamamoto University of Hawai‘i Office of the Honorable Neil Abercrombie Clyde Mark U.S. House of Representatives Outrigger Hotels and Resorts Hawai‘i Public Relations and Local Arrangements Delores Clark Jerry Norris National Weather Service—Pacific Region Pacific Basin Development Council National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Honolulu, Hawai‘i

Jeffrey Polovina National Marine Fisheries Service, Honolulu Laboratory

1 In Mr. Blanco’s absence, the Governor’s Office was represented by Mr. Kelvin Char, of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, who was on an Intergovernmental Personnel Act assignment to the Governor’s Office.

26 Working Group Chairs and Rapporteurs4 Workshop on the Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for Hawai‘i and the Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities

Working Group on Fisheries Working Group on Water Resources Moderators Moderators Tony Costa Tom Giambelluca Pacific Ocean Producers Geography Department Honolulu, Hawai‘i University of Hawai‘i

Jeff Polovina Phil Moravcik National Marine Fisheries Service Geography Department NOAA Honolulu Laboratory University of Hawai‘i

Rapporteur Rapporteur Ray Clarke Alan Hilton Pacific Islands Area Office Pacific ENSO Applications Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA University of Hawai‘i/NOAA

Working Group on Agriculture Working Group on Biodiversity and Endangered Species Moderators Moderator Kelvin Char Peter Vitousek Office of the Governor Stanford University State of Hawai‘i Rapporteur Wil Orr Susan Bassow Prescott College Office of Science and Technology Policy Arizona Executive Office of the President

Rapporteur Working Group on Public Health and Safety David Cash Moderators Harvard University Joseph Chung United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs Working Group on Community Planning, Infrastructure and Economic Development Roy Price Moderators Hawai‘i State Office of Civil Defense Kem Lowry Department of Urban and Regional Planning Rapporteur University of Hawai‘i Susi Moser Harvard University Craig MacDonald Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism State of Hawai‘i

Rapporteur Blair Henry Pacific Northwest Climate Council

4These individuals were responsible for leading discussions of regional climate vulnerability during the March 1998 Workshop; the reports of their deliberations provided a foundation for the final Pacific Islands Regional Assessment Report.

27 Participants Workshop on the Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Hawai‘i-Pacific Region:Challenges and Opportunities

Steven Alber Prof. John Bardach Dr. Pao-Shin Chu Hawai‘i Department of Business, Economic Professor Emeritus Associate Professor, Department of Meteorology Development and Tourism University of Hawai‘i East-West Center University of Hawai‘i Energy, Resources, and Technology Division Environmental Programs 2525 Correa Road P.O. Box 2359 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822-2291 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96804 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96848-1601 PHONE: 808/956-2567 FAX: 808/956-2877 PHONE: 808/587-3837 FAX: 808/587-3839 PHONE: 808/944-7266 FAX: 808/944-7298 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Susan Bassow Delores Clark Dr. Bruce Anderson U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy Public Affairs Officer, Pacific Region Deputy Director for Environmental Health Environment Division U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Hawai‘i Department of Health 17th and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. 737 Bishop Street, Suite 2200, P.O. Box 3378 Old Executive Office Building Grosvenor Center, Mauka Tower Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96801 Washington, D.C. U.S.A. 20015 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813-3214 PHONE: 808/586-4424 FAX: 808/586-4444 PHONE: 202/456-6083 FAX: 202/456-6025 PHONE: 808/532-6411 FAX: 808/532-5569 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Dr. Carter Atkinson Biological Resources Division Abra Bennett Scott D. Clawson U.S. Geological Survey, DOl Vice President Hawai‘i Hurricane Relief Fund Pacific Island Field Center Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, 841 Bishop Street, Davis Pacific Center, Suite 807 P.O. Box 218 Ltd. Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 Hawai‘i National Park, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96718 1218 Third Avenue, Suite 1207 PHONE: 808/586-3100 FAX: 808/586-3109 PHONE: 808/967-8119 x271 FAX: 808/967-8545 Seattle, Washington U.S.A. 98101 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 206/447-1805 FAX: 206/447-0956 EMAIL: [email protected] Christopher H. Boggs Dr. Anthony G. Barston Pacific Area Office Climate Prediction Center Joseph Blanco U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA U.S. National Weather Service Office of the Governor, State of Hawai‘i 2570 Dole Street W/NP51 State Capitol Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822-2396 5200 Auth Road, World Weather Building, Room 806 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/948-9706 FAX: 808/973-2941 Camp Springs, Maryland U.S.A. 20746-4304 PHONE: 808/586-0022 FAX: 808/586-0782 EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 301/763-8155 x7515 FAX: 301/763-8395 EMAIL: [email protected] Robin Campaniano Sam Bellu Dr. Cary Bloyd President and Chief Executive Officer KAJUR Director, Asia-Pacific Sustainable Development AIG Hawai‘i Insurance Company P.O. Box 5159, Jokada Center 500 Ala Moana Boulevard, Six Waterfront Plaza, Ebeye RMI 96970 University of Hawai‘i East-West Center Fourth Floor PHONE: 692/329-3081 FAX: 692/329-3188 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96848 PHONE: 808/543-9708 FAX: 808/521-1802 David Blake PHONE: 808/944-7249 FAX: 808/944-7559 EMAIL: [email protected] Office of the President EMAIL: [email protected] Government of the Republic of the Marshall David Cash Islands James Buizer Center for Science and International Affairs P.O. Box 2 U.S. NOAA Office of Global Programs Harvard University Majuro RMI 96960 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1225 79 John F. Kennedy Street PHONE: 692/625-3445 FAX: 692/625-3685 Silver Spring, Maryland U.S.A. 20910 Cambridge, Massachusetts U.S.A. 02138 PHONE: 301/427-2089 FAX: 301/427-2082 PHONE: 617/496-9330 FAX: 617/495-8963 Marita Allegre EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Pacific Region Headquarters U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Ray Carter Kelvin Char 737 Bishop Street, Grosvenor Bldg., Mauka CASAMAR Office of the Governor , State of Hawai‘i Tower, Room 2200 178 Industrial Avenue State Capitol Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813-3213 Piti, Guam 96925 Honolulu, HI U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/532-6426 FAX: 808/532-5569 PHONE: 671/472-1468 FAX: 671/477-4800 PHONE: 808/586-0131 FAX: 808/586-0122 or 0006 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected]

Cheryl L. Anderson Dr. Oliver Chadwick Joseph Chung University of Hawai‘i Department of Geography Chief Technical Advisor Social Science Research Institute University of California U.N. Department of Humanitarian Affairs South 2424 Maile Way Santa Barbara, California U.S.A. 93106 Pacific Programme Office Social Sciences Building 719 PHONE: 805/893-4223 FAX: 805/893-8686 Private Mail Bag, c/o UNDP Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA 96822 EMAIL: [email protected] Suva, Fiji Tel: 808-956-3908 PHONE: 679/303-239 FAX: 679/304-942 Fax: 808-956-2889 EMAIL: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

28 Raymond P. Clarke Paul Dalzell Dr. Michael Hamnett Pacific Islands Area Office Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management University of Hawai‘i Social Science Research U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Council Institute 2570 Dole Street 1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1400 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/956-7469 FAX: 808/956-2880 PHONE: 808/973-2986 FAX: 808/973-2941 PHONE: 808/522-8220 FAX: 808/522-8226 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Dr. Jack Ewel Jimmy Hicks Jack M. Colbourn Director, Institute for Pacific Island Forestry Government of the Federated States of Micronesia U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S.D.A. Forest Service P.O. Box PS-87 75 Hawthorne Street, Mail Code AD-8 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 323 Palikir, Pohnpei Micronesia 96941 San Francisco, California U.S.A. 94105 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 691/320-2609 FAX: 691/320-5500 PHONE: 415/744-1239 FAX: 415/744-1076 PHONE: 808/522-8230 FAX: 808/522-8236 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Douglas E. Collinson The Honorable Mazie K. Hirono Architectural Design Richard Fontaine Lieutenant Govemor Cosanti Foundation Water Resources Division State of Hawai‘i 1088 Bishop Street, 3009 Executive Center U.S. Geological Survey, DOl Hawai‘i State Capitol Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 677 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 415 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/599-4911 FAX: 808/599-4911 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/586-0255 PHONE: 808/522-8290 FAX: 808/522-8298 Richard H. Cox EMAIL: [email protected] Bill Horvath Commission on Water Resource Management Oahu Civil Defense Agency P.O. Box 621 Steven L. George 650 South King Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96809 Project Analyst, Division of Planning and Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/587-0214 FAX: 808/581-0219 Statistics PHONE: 808/523-4121 FAX: 808/524-3439 Kosrae State Government EMAIL: [email protected] James Doherty Department of Administration U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Tofol, Kosrae FSM 96944 Richard Ha 1325 East-West Highway, W/OSO1, Room 16301 PHONE: 691/370-3163 FAX: 691/370-2004 Kea’au Banana Plantation Inc. Silver Spring, Maryland U.S.A. 20910 EMAIL: [email protected] P.O. Box 787 EMAIL: [email protected] Kea’au, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96749 Dr. John H. Gibbons PHONE: 808/966-7408 Dr. Katherine C. Ewel Director Institute for Pacific Island Forestry U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy Richard H. Hagemeyer U.S.D.A. Forest Service Executive Office of the President Director, Pacific Region 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 323 17th Street and Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 Old Executive Office Building, Room 424 737 Bishop Street, Suite 2200, PHONE: 808/522-8230 FAX: 808/522-8236 Washington, D.C. U.S.A. 20500 Grosvenor Center, Mauka Tower EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 202/456-7116 FAX: 202/456-6021 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813-3214 PHONE: 808/532-6416 FAX: 808/532-5569 Dr. Jefferson M. Fox Bob Gough EMAIL: [email protected] Senior Fellow, Program on Environment Rosebud Sioux Tribe Utility Commission University of Hawai‘i East-West Center Intertribal Council on Utility Policy Steve Hambalek 1601 East-West Road P.O. Box 25 U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96848-1601 Rosebud, South Dakota U.S.A. 52570 Region IX, Pacific Area Office PHONE: 808/944-7266 FAX: 808/944-7298 PHONE: 715/426-1415 FAX: 715/426-1415 x51 Building T -112, Stop 120 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Fort Shafter, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96858-5000 PHONE: 808/851-7926 FAX: 808/857-7908 Dr. Thomas Giambelluca Chip Guard EMAIL: [email protected] Department of Geography Water and Energy Research Institute University of Hawai‘i at Manoa University of Guam Blair Henry 2424 Maile Way, Porteus Hall UOG Station, Lower Campus Northwest Council on Climate Change Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Mangilao, Guam 96923 4540 Second Avenue, N.E. PHONE: 808/956-7683 FAX: 808/956-3152 PHONE: 671/735-2695 FAX: 671/734-8890 Seattle, Washington U.S.A. 98105 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 206/547-3871 FAX: 206/634-3192 EMAIL: [email protected] Kevin Gooding Robert Hadley Board of Water Supply Water Engineer Alan Hilton City and County of Honolulu Government of the Federated States of Micronesia Pacific ENSO Applications Center 630 South Beretania Street P.O. Box PS4 NOAA Office of Global Programs Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96843 Palikir, Pohnpei Micronesia University of Hawai‘i PHONE: 808/527-5285 FAX: 808/527-6195 PHONE: 691/320-2821 FAX: 691/320-5832 2525 Correa Road, Department of Meteorology, EMAIL: [email protected] HIG 331 Mike Ham Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 GIasstine Cornelius CZM Program Manager PHONE: 808/956-2324 FAX: 808/956-2877 Adminstrator, Division of Crops Production and Government of Guam EMAIL: [email protected] Research Bureau of Planning Kosrae State Government P.O. Box 2950 Department of Agriculture and Land Agana, Guam 96932 Kosrae State FSM 96944 PHONE: 671/475-9672 FAX: 671/477-1812 PHONE: 691/370-3017 FAX: 691/370-3952 EMAIL: [email protected]

29 Daniel J. Hoover Russell Ito Dr. Craig MacDonald Oceanography Department Honolulu Laboratory Branch Chief, Ocean Resources Branch University of Hawai‘i U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Hawai‘i Department of Business, Economic 1000 Pope Road 2570 Dole Street Development and Tourism Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822-2396 P.O. Box 2359 PHONE: 808/956-3285 FAX: 808/956-9225 PHONE: 808/943-1221 FAX: 808/943-1290 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96804-2359 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 808/587-2690 FAX: 808/587-2777 EMAIL: [email protected] Dr. Joseph Huang Dr. John Kaneko U.S. Country Studies Management Team Pacific Management Resources Clyde R. Mark 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., PACMAR, Inc. Outrigger Hotels and Resorts P.O. 6/GP-180, CSMT 3615 Harding Avenue, Kaimuki Business Plaza, 2375 Kuhio Street Washington, D.C. U.S.A. 20585 Suite 408/409 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96815-2992 PHONE: 202/586-3090 FAX: 202/586-3485 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96816 PHONE: 808/921-6575 FAX: 808/921-6505 EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 808/735-2602 FAX: 808/734-2315 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] The Honorable Iso Salvador Iriarte Dr. Gerald Meehl Office of the Governor, and Chairman David N. Kennard Climate and Global Dynamics Division Pohnpei Council for a Sustainable Future U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency National Center for Atmospheric Research Kolonia, Pohnpei FSM 96941 Region IX, Pacific Area Office P.0. Box 3000 PHONE: 691/320-2235 FAX: 691/320-2505 Building T -112, Stop 120 Boulder, Colorado U.S.A. 80307-3000 Fort Shafter, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96858-5000 PHONE: 303/497-1331 FAX: 303/497-1333 Hoyt Johnson III PHONE: 808/851-7917 FAX: 808/857-7908 EMAIL: [email protected] Technical Systems Coordinator EMAIL: [email protected] Prescott College Sustainability and Global Mark Minton Change Program Michael Kitamura Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management 220 North Grove Street Office of Senator Daniel Akaka Council Prescott, Arizona U.S.A. 86301 Prince Kuhio Federal Building, Room 3104 1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1400 PHONE: 520/717-6070 FAX: 520/717-6073 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96850 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 808/224-3934 FAX: 808/224-6747 PHONE: 808/522-8220 FAX: 808/522-8226

Maurice Kaya Joseph M. Konno John E. Mooteb Administrator Executive Director, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia Hawai‘i Department of Business, Economic Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box PS-121 Development and Tourism, Government of Chuuk Palikir, Pohnpei Micronesia 96941 Energy, Resources, and Technology Division P.O. Box 189 PHONE: 691/320-2228 FAX: 691/320-2785 P.O. Box 2359 Weno, Chuuk FSM 96942 EMAIL: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A 96804 PHONE: 691/330-4158 PHONE: 808/587-3807 FAX: 808/586-2536 FAX: 691/330-2613/2233 Lloyd Loope EMAIL: [email protected] Biological Resources Division Dr. Mark Lander U.S. Geological Survey, DOI Dr. John L. Kermond Water and Energy Research Institute P.O. Box 369, Haleakala Field Station NOAA Office of Global Programs University of Guam Makawao, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96768 1100 Wayne Avenue, Room 1225 University of Guam Station PHONE: 808/572-9306 x5936 Silver Spring, Maryland U.S.A. 20910 Mangilao, Guam FAX: 808/572-1304 PHONE: 301/427-2089 x22 PHONE: 671/349-5286 FAX: 671/734-8890 EMAIL: [email protected] FAX: 301/427-2073 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Dr. Roger Lukas Penehuro Lefale Department of Oceanography Roberto Knott South Pacific Regional Environment Programme University of Hawai‘i Environmental Specialist P.O. Box 240 1000 Pope Road, MSB 312 Hawai‘ian Electric Company, IQC. Apia, Samoa Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 P.O. Box 2750 PHONE: 685/219.29 FAX: 685/202.31 PHONE: 808/956-7896 FAX: 808/956-9222 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96840-0001 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 808/543-7517 FAX: 808/543-7023 EMAIL: [email protected] Glenn Lockwood Dr. Fred T. Mackenzie Director, Disaster Services Department of Oceanography George Krasnick American Red Cross Hawai‘i State Chapter University of Hawai‘i Dames & Moore 4155 Diamond Head Road 1000 Pope Road, SOEST, MSB 525 1050 Queen Street, Suite 204 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96816-4417 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96734 PHONE: 808/739-8114 FAX: 808/735-9738 PHONE: 808/956-6344 FAX: 808/956-7112 PHONE: 808/593-1116 x25 EMAIL: [email protected] FAX: 808/593-1198 Dr. G. Kem Lowry EMAIL: [email protected] Professor, Department of Urban-Regional Joseph H. McDermott Planning Marshall lslands-FSM-Navassa-Palmyra-Wake Chester Lao University of Hawai‘i Desk Officer Board of Water Supply Porteus Hall 107F U.S. Department of the Interior City and County of Honolulu Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Office of Insular Affairs 630 South Beretania Street PHONE: 808/956-6868 FAX: 808/956-9225 1849 C Street, N.W., Room 4328 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96843 Washington, D.C. U.S.A. 20240 PHONE: 808/527-5285 FAX: 808/527-6195 PHONE: 202/208-6816 FAX: 202/208-5226 EMAIL: [email protected]

30 Francisco Mendiola Robert Fraser Ripp Eileen Shea Chief, Water Division Telecommunication Technology Advisor Center for the Application of Research on the Pohnpei Utilities Corporation Office of the Governor Environment, Pohnpei FSM State Capitol, Fifth Floor IGES PHONE: 691/320-2374 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 4041 Powder Mill Road, CARE, Suite 302 PHONE: 808/586-0104 Calverton, Maryland U.S.A. 20705-3106 Dean Mizumura EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 301/902-1272 FAX: 301/595-9793 Hawai‘ian Electric Company, Inc. EMAIL: [email protected] P.O. Box 2750 Suzanne Moser Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96840-0001 J.F. Kennedy School of Government Dr. John Sibert PHONE: 808/543-7041 FAX: 808/543-7725 Harvard University Manager, Pelagic Fisheries Research Program EMAIL: [email protected] Belfer Center for Science, International Affairs University of Hawai‘i 79 John F. Kennedy Street Joint Institute for Marine/Atmospheric Research Dr. Phillip Moravcik Cambridge, Massachusetts U.S.A. 02138 1000 Pope Road, MSB 312, JIMAR Water Resources Research Center PHONE: 617/496-9330 FAX: 617/495-8963 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 University of Hawai‘i EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 808/956-4109 FAX: 808/956-4104 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall, Room 283 EMAIL: [email protected] Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Arthy Nena PHONE: 808/956-3097 FAX: 808/956-5044 Hospital Administrator, Department of Health John Skoda EMAIL: [email protected] Services Industrial Meteorology Staff Kosrae State Government U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Dr. Mark Morrissey Kosrae State Micronesia 96944 Attn: W/IM, Room 18102,1325 East-West Hwy Oklahoma Climate Survey PHONE: 691/370-3199 FAX: 691/370-3073 Silver Spring, Maryland U.S.A. 20910 University of Oklahoma EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 301/713-0258 FAX: 301/713-0662 Schools of the Pacific Rainfall Climate Experi- EMAIL: [email protected] ment Wilson W. Orr 100 East Boyd, Suite 1210 Directory, Sustainability and Global Change Patrick Spears Norman, Oklahoma U.S.A. 73019 Program Intertribal Council on Utility Policy PHONE: 405/325-2638 FAX: 405/325-2550 Prescott College 30607 SD Highway 1806, Box 116 EMAIL: [email protected] 220 South Grove Fort Pierre, South Dakota U.S.A. 57532 Prescott, Arizona U.S.A. 86301 PHONE: 605/223-9526 FAX: 605/856-2140 Susan Murray PHONE: 520/717-6070 FAX: 520/717-6073 U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency EMAIL: [email protected] Annie Szvetecz Building T -112, Stop #120 Sierra Club Fort Shafter, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96858-5000 Lelei Peau P.O. Box 2577 PHONE: 808/851-7900 FAX: 808/851-7940 Economic Development and Planning Office Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96803 EMAIL: [email protected] American Samoa Government PHONE: 808/988-1011 FAX: 808/988-1011 Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 Jerry Norris PHONE: 684/633-5155 FAX: 684/633-4195 Togipa Tausaga Executive Director EMAIL: [email protected] Director, Environmental Protection Agency Pacific Basin Development Council American Samoa Government 711 Kapiolani Boulevard, Suite 1075 Dr. Usha K. Prasad American Samoa Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813-5214 4410 Puu Panini Avenue PHONE: 684/633-2304 FAX: 684/633-5801 PHONE: 808/596-7229 FAX: 808/596-7249 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96816 EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 808/737-4537 Don Schug EMAIL: [email protected] Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Eric Ermes Paul Council Assistant Disaster Control Officer Benedict J.G. Reyes 1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1400 Government of Chuuk Deputy Director Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 P.O. Box 189 Guam Civil Defense PHONE: 808/522-8220 FAX: 808/522-8226 Chuuk FSM 96942 P.O. Box 2877 PHONE: 691/330-4324 FAX: 691/330-2233 Agana, Guam 96910 Temmy L. Shmull PHONE: 671/475-9672 FAX: 671/472-2569 Chief of Staff, Office of the President Dr. Jeffrey Polovina Republic of Palau Chief, Ecosystem and Environment Investigation Dr. John Roads P.O. Box 100 U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Scripps Institution of Oceanography Koror, Palau 96940 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu Laboratory 9500 Gilman Drive, USCD 0224, NH 441 PHONE: 680/488-2541 FAX: 680/488-1662 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822-2396 La Jolla, California U.S.A. 92093-0224 PHONE: 808/943-1218 FAX: 808/943-1290 PHONE: 619/534-2099 FAX: 619/534-8561 Lynn M. Sicade EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] RMI Desk Officer U.S. Department of State Roy Price Browny Salvador 2201 C Street, N.W. Vice Director Special Assistant to the President Washington, D.C. U.S.A. 20520 Hawai‘i State Civil Defense Republic of Palau PHONE: 202/736-4710 3949 Diamond Head Road P.O. Box 100 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96816-4495 Koror, Palau 96940 John Sohlith PHONE: 808/733-4300 FAX: 808/733-4287 PHONE: 680/488-2532 FAX: 680/488-1662 Office of Planning and Budget EMAIL: [email protected] Government of Yap P.O. Box 471 Colonia, Yap FSM 96943 PHONE: 691/350-2166 FAX: 691/350-4430 EMAIL: [email protected]

31 Jeff Sutton The Honorable Terry Nui Yoshinaga Diane Zachary Hawai‘ian Volcano Observatory Chair, Committee on Energy and President U.S. Geological Survey, DOI Environmental Protection Maui Pacific Center P.O. Box 51 Hawai‘i House of Representatives 590 Lipoa Parkway, Suite 202 Hawai‘i National Park, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96718 235 South Beretania Street, State Capitol Kihei, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96753 PHONE: 808/967-8805 FAX: 808/967-8890 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/875-2310 FAX: 808/875-2306 EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 808/586-5450 FAX: 808/586-8454 EMAIL: [email protected]

Brooks H. Takenaka Doug Tom Assistant General Manager Chief, Coastal Zone Management Program United Fishing Agency, Ltd. Hawai‘i Office of State Planning 117 Ahui Street P.O. Box 2359 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96804-2359 PHONE: 808/536-2148 FAX: 808/526-0137 PHONE: 808/587-2875 FAX: 808/587-2899 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected]

Melissa J. Taylor Ray A. Tulafono National Assessment Coordination Office Director, Department of Marine and Wildlife U.S. Global Change Research Program Resources 400 Virginia Avenue, S.W., Suite 750 American Samoa Government Washington, D.C. U.S.A. 20024 P.O. Box 3730 PHONE: 202/314-2239 FAX: 202/488-8681 Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 684/633-4456 FAX: 684/633-5944 EMAIL: [email protected] Jan TenBruggencate Honolulu Advertiser Leah May B. Ver P.O. Box 524 Oceanography Department Lihue, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96766 University of Hawai‘i PHONE: 808/245-3074 1000 Pope Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 Andrea Torrice PHONE: 808/956-7633 FAX: 808/956-9225 University of Oklahoma EUAC Phil Weigant 430 South Pickard Avenue U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Norman, Oklahoma U.S.A. 73069 2667 South Toledo PHONE: 405/579-0658 FAX: 405/579-7441 Tulsa, Oklahoma U.S.A. 74114 EMAIL: [email protected] PHONE: 918/625-7585 EMAIL: [email protected] Paolo A. Ulloa Ramirez Director for Ocean Dynamics Deborah Woodcock National Fisheries Institute Department of Geography Pitágoras No. 1320-Piso 4, Col. Sta. Cruz Atoyac University of Hawai‘i Mexico D.F. C.P. 03310 Mexico 2424 Maile Way, Porteus Hall PHONE: 525/604-23-52 x118 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. FAX: 525/604-48-87 PHONE: 808/956-7526 FAX: 808/956-3652 EMAIL: [email protected] Faustino Yangmog Dr. Peter Vitousek Assistant Manager Hawai‘i Ecosystems Project Yap State Public Service Corporation Stanford University P.O. Box 667 Department of Biological Sciences Colonia, Yap FSM 96943 Stanford, California U.S.A. 94305 PHONE: 691/350-4427 FAX: 691/350-4518 PHONE: 415/725-1866 FAX: 415/725-1856 EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected] Edward H. Young, Jr. Michael D. Wilson Chief, Technical Services Division, Pacific Region Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Resources 737 Bishop Street, Mauka Tower, Suite 2200 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 130 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96813 PHONE: 808/532-6412 FAX: 808/532-5569 PHONE: 808/587-0404 FAX: 808/587-0390 EMAIL: [email protected]

Dr. Hiroshi Yamauchi Tracy Young Professor, Water Resources Research Center Honolulu Forecast Office University of Hawai‘i U.S. National Weather Service, NOAA Agricultural and Resource Economics Depart- 2525 Correa Road, Suite 250 ment Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822-2219 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall, Room 104 Honolulu, Hawai‘i U.S.A. 96822 PHONE: 808/956-8293 FAX: 808/956-2811 EMAIL: [email protected]

32 APPENDIX F— PROCLAMATION BY THE GOVERNOR OF HAWAI‘I

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