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The Art of Company Valuation and Financial Statement Analysis The Art of Company Valuation and Financial Statement Analysis For other titles in the Wiley Finance Series please see www.wiley.com/finance The Art of Company Valuation and Financial Statement Analysis A Value Investor’s Guide with Real-life Case Studies Nicolas Schmidlin This edition first published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd © 2014 Verlag Franz Vahlen GmbH Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permis- sion to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respec- tive owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in prepar- ing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 9781118843093 (hardback) ISBN 9781118843055 (ebk) ISBN 9781118843048 (ebk) Set in 10/12pt Times by Sparks Publishing Services Ltd Printed in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. Albert Einstein Contents Acknowledgements xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Importance and development of business accountancy 1 1.1.1 Limited significance of financial statements 5 1.1.2 Special features of the financial sector 7 1.2 Composition and structure of financial statements 7 1.2.1 Income statement 7 1.2.2 Balance sheet 21 1.2.3 Cash flow statement 24 1.2.4 Statement of changes in equity 37 1.2.5 Notes 38 2 Key Ratios for Return and Profitability 41 2.1 Return on equity 42 2.2 Net profit margin 45 2.3 EBIT/EBITDA margin 48 2.4 Asset turnover 50 2.5 Return on assets 52 2.6 Return on capital employed 54 2.7 Operating cash flow margin 56 3 Ratios for Financial Stability 59 3.1 Equity ratio 59 3.2 Gearing 63 3.3 Dynamic gearing ratio 66 3.4 Net debt/EBITDA 70 3.5 Capex ratio 72 viiiâContents 3.6 Asset depreciation ratio 75 3.7 Productive asset investment ratio 78 3.8 Cash burn rate 79 3.9 Current and non-current assets to total assets ratio 80 3.10 Equity to fixed assets ratio and equity and long-term liabilities to fixed assets ratio 82 3.11 Goodwill ratio 84 4 Ratios for Working Capital Management 85 4.1 Days sales outstanding and days payables outstanding 86 4.2 Cash ratio 89 4.3 Quick ratio 90 4.4 Current ratio/working capital ratio 91 4.5 Inventory intensity 94 4.6 Inventory turnover 95 4.7 Cash conversion cycle 96 4.8 Ratios for order backlog and order intake 98 5 Business Model Analysis 101 5.1 Circle of competence 102 5.2 Characteristics 103 5.3 Framework conditions 105 5.4 Information procurement 106 5.5 Industry and business analysis 107 5.6 SWOT analysis 108 5.7 Boston Consulting Group (BCG) analysis 109 5.8 Competitive strategy 115 5.9 Management 116 6 Profit Distribution Policy 117 6.1 Dividend 117 6.2 Share buyback 119 6.3 Conclusion 123 7 Valuation Ratios 125 7.1 Price-to-earnings ratio 126 7.2 Price-to-book ratio 131 7.3 Price-to-cash flow ratio 137 7.4 Price-to-sales ratio 140 7.5 Enterprise value approach 143 7.6 EV/EBITDA 148 7.7 EV/EBIT 151 7.8 EV/FCF 154 7.9 EV/sales 156 Contents ix 8 Company Valuation 159 8.1 Discounted cash flow model 161 8.1.1 Equity approach 162 8.1.2 Entity approach 170 8.1.3 Adjusted-present-value (APV) approach 174 8.1.4 Operating and financial leverage 177 8.1.5 Alternative use of DCF models 180 8.1.6 DCF case studies 181 8.2 Valuation using multiples 188 8.2.1 Fair price-to-earnings ratio 190 8.2.2 Fair price-to-book ratio 200 8.2.3 Fair price-to-sales ratio 213 8.2.4 Fair enterprise value-to-EBIT ratio 216 8.2.5 Fair EV/sales 218 8.2.6 Multiple valuation: mathematical background 222 8.2.7 Liquidation approach/net-asset-value approach 223 8.3 Financial statement adjustments 225 8.3.1 Pro-forma statements and one-off effects 227 8.4 Overview of the valuation methods 228 9 Value Investing 231 9.1 Margin of safety approach 233 9.2 Value investing strategies 233 9.2.1 Quality investments 233 9.2.2 Cigarbutt investments 234 9.2.3 Net-nets/arbitrage 234 9.3 The identification of investment opportunities 235 9.4 Portfolio management 237 9.4.1 Diversification 237 9.4.2 Risk 238 9.4.3 Cash 239 9.5 Buying and selling: investment horizon 239 9.5.1 Buying 237 9.5.2 Selling 238 9.6 Conclusion 241 Table and Figure Credits 243 Index 245 Acknowledgments This book could not have been written without the help of my investment partner and friend Marc Profitlich. Oscar Erixon, Karim Hmoud, Rutger Mol, Matthew Smith, and Frida Suro were extremely supportive, both through the writing process as well as away from the desk, during the creation of the English version. I would also like to thank Rabab Flaga, Carl- Christoph Friedrich, Ann-Katrin Göpfert, Julian Gruber, Dirk Heizmann, Markus Herrmann, Dominik Hügle, Thomas Junghanns, Fabian Kaske, Sven Kluitman, Lars Markull, Lukas Mergele, Simon Vogt, Philipp Vorndran, and Steffen Zollondz. Thomas Hyrkiel from Wiley and Dennis Brunotte from Vahlen did a great job supporting me throughout the project. Thank you also to Sigrid Mikkelsen for helping me with the translation. Last but not least, thank you to my parents Fritz and Lioba for always having supported me. Errors and shortcomings belong to me alone. The author’s email address is: [email protected] Preface We all know that Art is not truth. Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth, at least the truth that is given to us to understand. Pablo Picasso This book looks at the valuation and financial statement analysis of listed companies. Another suitable title could have been ‘Not another book on company valuation!’ Amazon.com displays more than 5,000 hits for this topic and a further 4,000 hits for financial statement analysis. Why do we need another book on this subject? Maybe you have noticed that the introductory quotation stems not from a famous economist, entrepreneur or investor, but from an artist. Company valuation is more art than science. The figures and ratios that we obtain from any fundamental analysis do give us an overview, but figures are not everything. If pure calculation and comparison of key figures and ratios were sufficient for identifying undervalued or promising enterprises, this book would be superfluous and a computer could carry out all the necessary work in seconds. This is not the case. The findings that we derive from fundamental analysis only let us draw conclusions about how a company has developed thus far. Factors from a variety of areas, especially qualitative ones, will contribute to its future development. Financial market theory struggles with this fact. Most of today’s textbooks consist of abstract formulae, are full of Greek letters, and tend to be difficult to understand. This book, however, attempts to convey company valuation and fundamental analysis in a pragmatic, lively and case study-oriented style. It aims to give comprehensive and practical insight into company analysis and valuation in particular by considering alternative approaches in addition to established methods. The analysis described in this book is carried out with an entrepreneur in mind. It is analysis intended for shareholders who understand that they own shares in a real company, with real employees, real products and (hopefully) real cash flows. The aim of this book is to be a tool that aids the analysis and decision making of such an enterprising investor, rather than a short-term-oriented speculator.
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