Redes de interação plantas-visitantes florais e a restauração de processos ecológicos em florestas tropicais
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Redes de interação plantas-visitantes florais e a restauração de processos ecológicos em florestas tropicais
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A Resumo Abstract Capítulo 1 Capítulo 2 A Capítulo 3 Capítulo 4 Capítulo 5
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A A A A riqueza de espécies em flor similaridade florística A
14 A redes de interação flores e visitantes A diversidade funcional A A
15 A
A A A richness of species in flower floristic similarity flower-visitor networks
16 functional diversity
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et al. et al et al. et al. et al. A et al. et al. A et al. et al. et al.
18 et al. A et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A et al. et al. A et al. et al. et al. et al. A et al A et al A apud A
19 A et al. A et al. A A et al. A Caesalpina echinata A Eucalyptus A A et al. strictu sensu A et al. A A et al. A
20 et al. A A et al. A et al. et al. A A
21 et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A et al A A et al. et al. et al. et al.
22 et al. et al. et al. et al. A A et al. et al. et al. et al A A et al
23 A A A A A et al et al et al.
24 et al. A A A A et al. et al. et al. A A A A et al. et al. A
25 et al. A et al. et al. A et al. et al. et al. A et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A et al. Bombus A
26 et al. A A A et al. A et al.
27 A capítulo 2 capítulo 3 capítulo 4 capítulo 5
28 A A A
29 et al.
Área de estudo ca et al A A A et al A
30 A
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A A
31 A A
32 et al A et al. A A A A A
33 A
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Amostragem A
34 A
A A A Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Antropologia A A A A . Plos Biology A A Oikos A Journal of Animal Ecology A A Restoring natural capital: science, business and practice A Annual Review of Anthropology A A A Restoration Ecology
35 A A A A Oecologia A A A A Biotropica A A A A A A Science Restoration Ecology A A A Journal of Applied Ecology A A A Landscape Planning A A A A A A A A Conservation Biology A A A High diversity forest restoration in degraded areas: methods and projects in Brazil A A Annual Review of Energy and Environment A Handbook of ecological restoration: volume 1. Principles of restoration A A A A A Trinia glauca Journal of Applied Ecology
36 A A A A A A A A A A Nature . A Science Restoration Ecology Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation A A Ecological Restoration Biodiversity and Conservation A A Foundations of Restoration Ecology A A With broadax and firebrand. The destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Science A A A Restauração ecológica de ecossistemas naturais A A Nature ., A A A Journal of Applied Ecology
37 Principles of Conservation Biology. A A Global Ecology and Biogeography A A A PloS Biology A Journal of Applied Ecology Oikos A A A Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Ciências Humanas A A A A A Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica e ecossistemas associados no período de 1995–2000. A A A A Interciencia Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic A Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London – Series Biological Sciences
38 A Ecology A A A Journal of Nature Conservation Restoration Ecology Journal of Applied Ecology A A A A A A A A A A A A Ecological Monographs Biological Conservation A Restoration Ecology A A Environmental Management A A Restoration Management A A Ecology Letters A A A A Biodiversity and Conservation A Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics A Ecology
39 A A Journal of Vegetation Science A A A A Science A A A A Forest Ecology and Management A . A Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia Plant Ecology A A A A A A A A Biological Conserv A A A A A Ecology Letters A Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences A A A A A A A A A A A Science Ecosystems Journal of Biogeography A A
40 A A A A A A A ´ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London – Series Biological Sciences A Principles of Conservation Biology A A Principles of Conservation Biology A A A Scientia Florestalis Ecology Letters A A A A A A Journal of Ecology A Biological Conservation A A Nature A Ecology Letters A A A A A High diversity forest restoration in degraded areas: methods and projects in Brazil
41 A A A A Biodiversity and Conservation A A A . Ecological Modeling Science A A A A Biotropica A A A Restoration Ecology A Restoration Ecology A A Restoration Ecology a sustainable development A A Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature conservation and management. A A A A A Applied Vegetation Science A A A Applied Vegetation Science
42 A A A Fundamentos de Conservación Biológica: Perspectivas Latinoamericanas A A A A A A Natureza & Conservação A A A A Biological Conservation A A Advances in Historical Ecology A Matas ciliares: conservação e recuperação. (eds. R.R. A A A A A A Biological Conservation A A A Conservation Biology A A A A A A A A A A A A A Science A A A Biological Conservation
43 Tropical forests in transition A A A A A A A Biogeochemistry A A Restoration Ecology A Recuperação Florestal: da muda à floresta. A A A A Forest Ecology and Management A A A A A A A Conservation Biology A A A A A A A Biological Conservation in press The ecological basis of conservation: heterogeneity, ecosystems, and biodiversity. A A A Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences A A A Science
44 A A Science A Science A A Ecology and Society A FAO A A Oecologia A A A Biological Conservation Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment A Science The diversity of life A Biological Conservation A A . Ecology Letters
45 Evaluation of Atlantic rain forest restoration based on the diversity of species in flower and its life history traits
46 ABSTRACT
A A A Bacharis Croton A A Key words dominance-diversity curves; forest regeneration; life-history traits; restoration ecology; richness; succession; tropical forest.
47 INTRODUCTION et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A et al. A et al. et al. et al. et al.
48 et al. et al. et al. A A
49 MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY SITE A et al. A A A et al. A et al. et al. A A
50 A
SPECIES IN FLOWER AND LIFE -HISTORY TRAITS SURVEYS A et al.
DATA ANALYSES et al.
51 et al. A
RESULTS A A A Schinus terebinthifolia A Solanum granulosoleprosum A Croton urucurana Croton celtidifolius
52 Baccharis semiserrata A Croton celtidifolius Cuphea calophylla Solanum granuloso-leprosum Psychotria suterella Rudgea jasminioides X2 A X2 X2 X2 A Bacharis
53 A X2 A X2 X2 X2 X2 A DISCUSSION
A et al et al A A
54 et al. et al. et al et al et al. A A et al. A A
55 Croton urucurana Croton celtidifolius A Croton urucurana A A et al. et al. A et al et al. A Baccharis A Croton celtidifolius ca. Luehea divaricata L. grandiflora Bauhnia forficata
56 A ca. et al A A A A A
57 LITERATURE CITED A A Journal of Vegetation Science A A A A A A A Proceedings of National Academics Sciences USA American Journal of Botany American Journal of Botany A A Plant form – an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology. A A Science Trends in Ecology and Evolution A In High Diversity Forest Restoration in Degraded Areas: Methods and Projects in Brazil
58 A A Ecology Letters Oecologia Science Ecological Monographs Ecolog EstimatesS With broadax and firebrand A The principles of pollination ecology. Designing field studies for biodiversity conservation A A A A A Towards an ecologically-sustainable forestry in the Atlantic Forest A Biotropica Ecology Letters Ecology Letters
59 Journal of Environmental Management A A Biodiveristy and Conservation Ecological relationships of plants and animals A unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography A Restoration Ecology A Science A Trends in Ecology and Evolution A Restoration Ecology Biotropica In A A La Selva: Ecology and natural history of a Neotropical rain forest A Biological Conservation A A A A Biological Conservation
60 Journal of Applied Ecology A Ecology A Restoration Ecology A A Journal of Ecology Ecological Applications A A Nature A A Ecology Letters A A Restoration Ecology A A Forest Ecology and Management A Restoration Ecology : A Applied Vegetation Science A In Restauração Ecológica de Ecossistemas Naturais
61 A A Biological Conservation A A A Biological Conservation A A Restoration Ecology Forest Ecology and Management A A A A Biological Conservation in press Resource competition and community structure A A A Journal of Ecology In: A Gender and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants Taxon Biostatisical Analysis
62 Table 1 ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑
63
Figure 1
64 Figure 2 A
65 Figure 3
66 A B
C D Figure 4 A
67
A B
C D
Figure 5 A
68 Appendix A
A Mendoncia velloziana A Lithraea molleoides *
Schinus molle *
Schinus terebinthifolia *
A
A Guatteria nigrescens
A Aspidosperma . A
Ditassa burchellii vestita A
Forsteronia A
Orthosia urceolata A
Oxypetalum wightianum A
A Anthurium sellowianum
A
A Schefflera morototoni A
A Achyrocline satureioides A
Ageratum conyzoides A
Ambrosia psilostachya A
Baccharis anomala A
Baccharis caprariifolia A
Baccharis cf. mesoneura A
Baccharis dracunculifolia A
Baccharis semiserrata A
69 Baccharis A
Baccharis trimera A
Chromolaena aff. Aspirrima ex A
Elephantopus mollis A
Erichites valerianeafolius ex . A
Erigeron maxinus ex A
Eupatorium maximiliani A
Eupatorium A
Gochnatia polymorpha A
Grazielia intermedia A
Heterocandylus cf. alatus A
Mikania cordifolia A
Mikania vauthieriana A
Pentacalia desiderabilis A
Piptocarpha axillaris A
Piptocarpha reitziana A
Senecio brasiliensis A
Sonchus oleraceus A
Symphyopappus campessus A
Vernonia diffusa A
Vernonia scorpioides A
Wulffia stenoglossa A
A A
A A
Begonia cucullata A
Amphilophium dolichoides A
Anemopaegma chamberlayinii A
70 A
Cordia discolor
Cordia monosperma
Cordia salicifolia *
Cordia sellowiana
Aechmea coelestis A
Aechmea nudicaulis A
Tillandsia sp. A
Tillandsia stricta ex A
Tillandsia tenuifolia A
Vriesea flava A A
Vriesea incurvata A
Buddleja brasiliensis A
Lepismium cruciform
Rhipsalis elliptica ex
Rhipsalis paradoxa ex
Rhipsalis teres
Rhipsalis sp.
Trema micrantha
Licania sp.
Commelina benghalensis
Commelina oblique
Dichorisandra pubescens A
Ipomoea sp.
Wilbrandia sp.
Erythroxylum deciduum A
Croton celtidifolius
Croton urucurana *
71 Dalechampia ficifolia A
Bauhinia forficata *
Chamaecrista sp.*
Pterogyne nitens *
Senna macranthera ex *
Senna multijuga *
Dahlstedtia pentaphylla
Desmodium cf. adscendens
Erytrina speciosa A *
Abarema langsdorfii
Acacia polyphylla *
Inga vera *
Mimosa scrabrella *
Casearia sylvestris
Voyria aphylla A
Nematanthus cf. teixeiranus
Hypoxis decumbens
Sisyrinchium hasslerianum A
Aegiphyla sellowiana *
Marsypianthes chamaedrys A
Vitex polygala
Ocotea brachybotrya
Psittacanthus cordatus
Struthanthus concinnus
Struthanthus fluxicaulis ex
Cuphea calophylla A
Heimia myrtifolia A
Heteropterys nitida A
72 Stigmaphyllon tomentosum A A
Guazuma ulmifolia * A
Luehea divaricata * A
Luehea grandiflora * A
Pavonia communis A A
Sida sp. A
Triumfetta semitriloba
Bertolonia mosenii A
Leandra áurea
Leandra cardiophylla
Leandra hirta
Leandra lacunosa
Leandra niangaeformis
Leandra purpurascens
Leandra refracta
Leandra sericea
Leandra sp.
Tibouchina cerastifolia A
Mollugo sp. A
Eugenia sp.
Myrcia fallax
Ouratea parvifolia
Heisteria silvanii
Fuchsia regia
Bifrenaria sp. A
Eulophia alta A
Oncidium longipes A
Oncidium A
73 Sauroglossum nitidum A
A
A
Oxalis debilis A
Oxalis tenerrima A
Passiflora amethystina
Passiflora cf. actínia
Passiflora foetida
Piper malacophyllum
Stemodia trifoliate
Polygala lancifolia A A
Anagallis filiformis A
Prunus myrtifolia
Rubus rosaefolius
Alibertia myrciifolia ex
Borreria sp.
Chomelia catharinae
Coccocypselum lanceolatum
Diodia sp.
Psychotria longipes A
Psychotria suterella A
Rudgea jasminioides A
Esembeckia grandiflora
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium
Allophylus edulis A A
Paulinia cf. carpopodea
Serjania sp.
Smilax cf. elastica
74 Acnistus arborescens *
Cestrum mariquitense *
Solanum aculeatissimum
Solanum americanum
Solanum cinnamomeum
Solanum concinnum *
Solanum granuloso-leprosum *
Solanum leucodendron
Solanum vaillantii
Solanum variabile
Lantana camara
Lantana cf. fucata
Lantana trifolia
Stachytarpheta cayannensis A
Verbena litorallis
Anchieta pyrifolia A
Cissus sicyoides
75
Flower-visitor network: the pros and cons of planting native trees to restore tropical forest
76 SUMMARY
Synthesis and applications A Key-words: Brazilian Atlantic forest, ecological restoration, networks, plant- animal interaction, pollinator, tree planting
77 INTRODUCTION A et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A A A et al. A et al et al. et al. et al. et al. et al.
78 et al. A et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A A et al. et al. et al. et al.
79 METHODS
The Field Site A et al. A A A A et al. A A A A et al. et al.
80 et al. et al. A A
Construction of the flower-visitor networks
81 A
n VFji = ∑( iV ÷ Fj ÷T j) ∗ Fj plot j=1 visitation frequency (VF) plant species (j) flower visitor (i) number of visits (V) corrected number of flowers (F) observation time (T).
82 Objective 1: Effect of treatment on floral abundance and visits, and the specialization of the flower-visitor networks A A A et al. et al.
83 et al. et al.
Objective 2: Effect of planted trees on the visitation of naturally regenerated plants
Objective 3: Robustness to species losses of flower-visitor networks et al et al
84 Apis Bombus et al. et al.
RESULTS
Objective 1: Effect of treatment on floral abundance and visits, and the specialization of the flower-visitor networks
X A A Apis mellifera
85 X X
Objective 2: Effect of planted trees on the visitation of naturally regenerated plants
A X A X
86 X X X X Objective 3: Robustness to species losses of flower-visitor networks
87 A
DISCUSSION
Limitations of the study ca.
88 Effect of treatment on floral abundance and visits, and the specialization of the flower-visitor networks
et al. et al. A et al. A
89
Effect of planted trees on the visitation of naturally regenerated plants A A A et al A A Robustness to species losses of flower-visitor networks et al et al
90 et al. A et al. et al. et al. et al.
PRATICAL IMPLICATIONS
91 et al. et al. et al. References A A In Ecology and Evolution of flowers
92 A A Plos Biology A Journal of Animal Ecology Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA A Science BioMed Central Ecology Ecology A In High diversity forest restoration in degraded areas: methods and projects in Brazil Journal of Applied Ecology Ecology The R Book With broadax and firebrand A A Journal of Animal Ecology
93 Scienc A R news The Open Ecology Journal A Ecology Letters A Ecology Letters Restoration Ecology Journal of Applied Ecology Annual Review of Entomology Ecology Ecology Letters Ecology Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics A Ecology Letters
94 A Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics A Science Ecology Letters Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. A Proceeding of the Royal Society of London B Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B A A A Journal of Ecology A A Ecological Economics Ecological Applications Nature In High diversity forest restoration in degraded areas: methods and projects in Brazil A Journal of Ecology
95 A A Ecology Letters ´ A PloS Biology Oikos A A Restoration Ecology A Forest Ecology and Management A Restoration Ecology A Applied Vegetation Science Oikos R: a language and environment for statistical computing. In Dynamics of tropical communities Nature A A Biological Conservation A A A Biological Conservation
96 A Biological Conservation Proceeding of Royal Society of London B Forest Ecology and Management A Ecology A A A A Biological Conservation in press. A Conservation Biology Nature A A PNAS A A Ecology Oikos Journal of Applied Ecology
97 Table 1
T P A I P%
98 Table 2
A 19.97 19.62 12.75 7 11 8 80 28 39
99 Table 3 random least most random least most
100
Figure 1
101
Figure 2
102
Figure 3
103 b a
d c
e f
Figure 4
104
A A
A A
A A
Figure 5 A
105 Appendix 1 A A
A Lithraea molleoides *
Schinus terebinthifolia *
Schinus molle *
A Rollinia sylvatica A
A Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon A
Aspidosperma ramiflorum A
Tabernaemontana catharinenesis A
A Araucaria angustifolia
A Syagrus romanzoffiana
A Gochnatia polymorpha *
Jacaranda cuspidifolia
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Tabebuia chysotricha ex A
Tabebuia heptaphyla
Tabebuia impetiginosa A
Bixa orellana
106
Cordia ecalyculata *
Cordia myxa
Cordia trichotoma A ex
Terminalia brasiliensis ex A
Connarus regnellii
Alchornea triplinerva A
Croton floribundus
Croton urucurana
Joannesia principes
Sapium glandulatum
Sebastiania serrata A
Bauhinia purpurea
Bauhinia forficata
Caesalpinia peltophoroides
Cassia tora
Copaifera langsdorffii
Copaifera trapezifolia
Hymenea courbaril
Peltophorum dubium
Pterogyne nitens
107
Schizolobium parahyba
Senna alata
Senna macranthera ex *
Senna multijuga *
Senna pendula ex
Chamaecrista sp. *
Centrolobium tomentosum ex
Erythrina speciosa A *
Lonchocarpus campestris ex
Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus
Machaerium hirtum
Machaerium nyctitans
Myroxylon puruiferum
Platypodium elegans
Poecilanthe parviflora
Pterocarpus violaceus
Sesbania sesban
Acacia polyphyla *
Albizia hassleri
108
Anadenanthera falcata
Anadenathera macrocarpa
Enterolobium contortisiliquum
Inga marginata
Inga sessilis
Inga vera *
Mimosa bimucronata
Mimosa scabrella *
Piptadenia gonoacantha
Piptadenia paniculata
Casearia sylvestris
Aegiphyla sellowiana *
Vitex montevidensis
Cryptocarya aschersoniana
Nectandra leucantha
Nectandra megapotamica
Strychnos brasiliensis
Lafoensia glyptocarpa
Chorisia speciosa A
Guazuma ulmifolia *
109
Heliocarpus popayanensis
Luehea divaricata *
Luehea grandifolia *
Pachira aquatica A
Cedrela fissilis
Rapanea ferruginea
Campomanesia neriiforme
Eugenia bocainensis
Eugenia cerastifolia
Eugenia florida
Eugenia involucrata
Eugenia platysema
Eugenia pluriflora
Eugenia pruinosa
Eugenia uniflora
Hexachlamys edulis
Psidium catlleyanum
Psidium guajava
Guapira opposita
Seguiera langsdorffii
110
Triplaris americana
Eribotrya japonica
Prunus myrtifolia
Couterea hexandra
Randia armata
Esenbeckia febrifuga A A ex
Zanthoxylum chiloperone
Zanthoxylum hyemale A
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium
Cupania vernalis
Dilodendron bipinnatum
Chrysophylum marginatum A
Acnistus arborescens *
Cestrum mariquitiense *
Solanum concinnum *
Solanum granuloso -leprosum *
Cecropia pachystachya
Aloysia virgata
Cytharexyllum myrianthum
111 Diversidade funcional mensurada por flores e visitantes florais em florestas tropicais restauradas
112 Resumo
A A A A A A Apis mellifera
113
Palavras-chaves:
114 INTRODUÇÃO et al. A et al. et al. A A et al. A et al. et al.
115 et al. et al. et al. et al. forbidden links et al. A et al A et al et al.
116 A et al.
MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS
Área de estudo A et al.
117 A et al. et al. A A et al. A Construção das redes de interação flores-visitantes
Plantas. A A
118 et al A A A
119 Visitantes florais. A A A A
120 A A Apis mellifera Apis mellifera A
n TVji = ∑(Vi ÷ Fj ÷T j) j=1 taxa de visitação (TV) espécie de planta (j) espécie de visitante floral (i) número de visitas (V) número de unidades florais (F) tempo de observação (T). A
Análise de Dados
A Unwighted pair-group average
121 A A A Apis mellifera A A Apis mellifera A A et al.
122 et al. et al.
RESULTADOS A A A
123 X2 A A A A A
124 Senna multijuga Bauhinia forficata A Erytrina speciosa A Mimosa scrabella Acacia poliphylla Senna multijuga Solanum granuloso-leprosum A A A A
125 Apis mellifera Apis mellifera Apis mellifera A DISCUSSÃO A
126 A A et al. A A A A et al. A
127 et al. et al A A
128
Referências bibliográficas
A High diversity forest restoration in degraded areas: methods and projects in Brazil Annual Review of Energy and Environment Trinia glauca Journal of Applied Ecology With broadax and firebrand. The destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest A Journal of Animal Ecology 71 A R news 8 The Open Ecology Journal 2 Em Principles of Conservation Biology A Journal of Ecology PloS Biology
129 Journal of Applied Ecology A A Palaeontologia Electronica Proceeding of Royal Society B A A A Ecological Monographs A Restoration Ecology A American Naturalist 129 Ecology Letters Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
130 Ecology Letters A Restoration Ecology Ecology Letters Cognitive Ecology of Pollination Ecology Taxon A A Restoration Ecology A Restoration Ecology a sustainable development R Foundation for Statistical Computing
131 A A Biological Conservation A A A Biological Conservation Science Science Oikos : Ecology 77 Oecologia Cognitive Ecology of Pollination Biological Conservation
132 Reg
Superfície de Pouso g Res 30 a 20 d 100 25 15 80 Nat 20 60 15 10 40 10 5 5 20 0 0 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 >30 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 >30 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 >30 mm Comprimento da corola b h 40 30 e 150 25 30 20 100 20 15 10 50 10 5 0 0 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 >30 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 >30 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 >30 mm Número deespécies Diâmetro de abertura da corola 50 40 120 c f i 100 40 30 80 30 20 60 20 40 10 10 20 0 0 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 mm Figura 1
133 * / ‘ * + ‘ ‘ ‘ Licania sp. Licania discolor Cordia Bacchariscf. meso Baccharissemiserr Baccharissemiserr Bacchariscaprarii Baccharisdracuncu Baccharisdracuncu molleoide Lithraea moroton Schefflera poliphylla Acacia polystach Ambrosia reitzi Piptocarpha celtidifoli Croton urucurana Croton mollis Schinus Bacharis trimera Baccharissp. cf. flumine Smilax myrcifol Alibertia Bacchariscaprarii terebenthi Schinus Bacharis trimera terebenthi Schinus Baccharisanomala edulis Allophylus Zanthoxylum rhoifo sp. Serjania cf. carpo Paulinia celtidifoli Croton sellowia Anthurium Arac_sp Cissussicyoides malacophyllu Piper malacophyllu Piper Erythroxylum decid fluxi Struthanthus sp. Mollugo lancifoli Polygala sp.2 Rhipsalis sp.4 Rhipsalis trifolia Lantana molli Elephantopus teres Rhipsalis Forsteronia sp. cf. klot Aegiphyla conci Struthanthus Ditassa burchellii sp. Diodia salicifolia Cordia Achyrocline sature polymorp Gochnatia as aff. Chromolena axilla Piptocarpha cordifolia Mikania cordifolia Mikania vaultheria Mikania Achyrocline sature sp. Eupatorium intermedi Graziela difusa Vernonia Orthosiaurceolata monosperma Cordia monosperma Cordia Orthosiaurceolata Esembeckiagrandif elliptic Rhipsalis paradoxa Rhipsalis Acnistuscf. arbor sp. Eugenia refracta Leandra hirta Leandra refracta Leandra hirta Leandra crucifor Lepismium sellowiana Cordia Casearia sylvestri Erythroxylum decid purpuresce Leandra Psychotria longipe Oxypetalumwightia Psychotria suterel jasminioide Rudgea Cestrummariquiten maximil Eupatorium astlil_2 sericea Leandra niangaefor Leandra conizoide Ageratum astlil_1 filiform Anagallis Coccocypselum lanc camp Symphyopaplus valerian Erichites trifoliat Stemodia cf.adsc Desmodium scorpioid Vernonia Heterocandylus cf. cf. fucata Lantana Marsypianthes cham stricta Tillandsia tenuifo Tillandsia nudicaulis Aechmea pyrifolia Anchieta nitid Sauroglossum calophylla Cuphea Stachytarfeta caya calophylla Cuphea Stachytarfeta caya camara Lantana coelestis Aechmea litorallis Verbena Heteropterys nitid sp. Sida Ourateabrachybotr Ourateaparvifolia Heteropterys nitid hasle Sisyrinchium maxinus Erigeron stenogloss Wulttia stenogloss Wulttia Oxalis tenerrima aurea Leandra aurea Leandra Sonchus oleraceus myrtifolia Heimia cardiophyl Leandra cardiophyl Leandra lacunosa Leandra lacunosa Leandra Hypoxisdecumbens brasiliens Senecio sp. cf.Wilbrandia semitri Triunfetta silvani Heisteria desider Pentacalia brasilien Buddleia mosenii Bertolonia concinnum Solanum cinnamomeu Solanum cerasti Tibouchina aculeatiss Solanum leucodendr Solanum vaillantii Solanum americanum Solanum cucullata Begonia scrabella Mimosa granulosol Solanum Dichorisandrapube cerasti Tibouchina Oxalis debilis granulosol Solanum benghalen Commelia obliqua Commelina multijuga Senna ficifo Dalechampia longipes Oncidium sp. 2 Oncidium tome Stigmaphyllon nigresce Guatteria nigresce Guatteria cf. Passiflora act foetida Passiflora alta Eulophia vera Inga langsdorfi Abarema variabile Solanum amethys Passiflora Cassiasp. cf.Chamaecristas macranthera Senna communis Pavonia communis Pavonia grandiflora Luehea myrtifolia Prunus divaricata Luehea sp. Borreria Oxypetalumwightia Rubusrosaefolius polygala Vitex forficata Bauhinia dolic Amphilophium Bign_lilas sp. Ipomoea chambe Anemopaegma cord Psittacanthus Fuchsiaregia cf. fa Dahlstedtia vellozia Mendoncia incurvata Vriesea Erytrina speciosa cf.te Nematanthus aphylla Voyria flava Vriesea Anac_tree sp. Aspidosperma Myrciafallax Casearia sylvestri Guazumaulmifolia Tremamicrantha
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Similarity 0,75
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Figura 2
134 a Lantana camara Lantana pyrifolia Anchieta nitid Sauroglossum aphylla Voyria calophylla Cuphea Stachytarfetacaya purpuresce Leandra aurea Leandra cardiophyl Leandra lacunosa Leandra Heterocandyluscf. trifoliat Stemodia scorpioid Vernonia camp Symphyopaplus maximil Eupatorium sericea Leandra sylvestri Casearia Erythroxylumdecid sellowiana Cordia hirta Leandra refracta Leandra Oxypetalumwightia as aff. Chromolena axilla Piptocarpha Forsteroniasp. cordifolia Mikania vaultheria Mikania Achyroclinesature fluxi Struthanthus Ditassaburchellii monosperma Cordia sp. Mollugo intermedi Graziela difusa Vernonia Orthosiaurceolata lancifoli Polygala Cissussicyoides malacophyllu Piper cf. carpo Paulinia terebenthi Schinus Trema micrantha Bacchariscf. meso Baccharissemiserr Baccharisdracuncu celtidifoli Croton Baccharisanomala Bacharistrimera Bacchariscaprarii cf.flumine Smilax Heteropterysnitid maxinus Erigeron stenogloss Wulttia nigresce Guatteria foetida Passiflora langsdorfi Abarema variabile Solanum communis Pavonia granulosol Solanum cerasti Tibouchina leucodendr Solanum vaillantii Solanum
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0,6 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56
135 b Erytrinaspeciosa celtidifoli Croton polystach Ambrosia urucurana Croton mollis Schinus Bacchariscaprarii Baccharisdracuncu Baccharissemiserr molleoide Lithraea discolor Cordia Guazumaulmifolia Baccharissp. Bacharistrimera terebenthi Schinus brasilien Buddleia Cestrummariquiten sp. cf.Wilbrandia Hypoxisdecumbens brasiliens Senecio myrtifolia Heimia aurea Leandra Sonchusoleraceus cardiophyl Leandra lacunosa Leandra semitri Triunfetta Oxalistenerrima stenogloss Wulttia desider Pentacalia hasle Sisyrinchium calophylla Cuphea Stachytarfetacaya litorallis Verbena malacophyllu Piper cf. klot Aegiphyla Achyroclinesature cordifolia Mikania sp. Eupatorium molli Elephantopus trifolia Lantana polymorp Gochnatia salicifolia Cordia sp. Diodia americanum Solanum hirta Leandra monosperma Cordia Orthosiaurceolata Acnistuscf. arbor conizoide Ageratum astlil_1 astlil_2 niangaefor Leandra filiform Anagallis Coccocypselumlanc cf. adsc Desmodium valerian Erichites cf. fucata Lantana Marsypianthescham cucullata Begonia concinnum Solanum sp. Borreria Oxypetalumwightia aculeatiss Solanum divaricata Luehea Rubus rosaefolius benghalen Commelia obliqua Commelina scrabella Mimosa poliphylla Acacia sp. Sida cerasti Tibouchina Oxalisdebilis multijuga Senna granulosol Solanum forficata Bauhinia Cassiasp. cf.Chamaecristas macranthera Senna alta Eulophia amethys Passiflora vera Inga grandiflora Luehea communis Pavonia sp. Ipomoea tome Stigmaphyllon
0,96
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0,72 Similarity
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
136 c Anac_tree sp. Aspidosperma Myrciafallax sylvestri Casearia sp. Licania reitzi Piptocarpha moroton Schefflera silvani Heisteria myrcifol Alibertia sp.2 Rhipsalis sp.4 Rhipsalis teres Rhipsalis conci Struthanthus Erythroxylumdecid sp. Eugenia refracta Leandra Psychotrialongipe sp. Serjania Esembeckiagrandif elliptic Rhipsalis paradoxa Rhipsalis crucifor Lepismium Psychotriasuterel jasminioide Rudgea Prunusmyrtifolia edulis Allophylus rhoifo Zanthoxylum sellowia Anthurium Arac_sp mosenii Bertolonia cinnamomeu Solanum Ourateabrachybotr Ourateaparvifolia Heteropterysnitid Dichorisandrapube polygala Vitex ficifo Dalechampia longipes Oncidium sp. 2 Oncidium nigresce Guatteria cf. act Passiflora dolic Amphilophium Bign_lilas chambe Anemopaegma cord Psittacanthus Fuchsiaregia cf. fa Dahlstedtia vellozia Mendoncia incurvata Vriesea cf. te Nematanthus flava Vriesea nudicaulis Aechmea stricta Tillandsia tenuifo Tillandsia coelestis Aechmea
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Figura 3
137 Heteropterysnitid camara Lantana aphylla Voyria maxinus Erigeron stenogloss Wulttia foetida Passiflora langsdorfi Abarema maximil Eupatorium Heterocandyluscf. scorpioid Vernonia camp Symphyopaplus granulosol Solanum sellowiana Cordia Erythroxylumdecid Oxypetalumwightia cardiophyl Leandra lacunosa Leandra cf. carpo Paulinia Bacchariscaprarii celtidifoli Croton Bacchariscf. meso Baccharissemiserr Baccharisdracuncu Baccharisanomala micrantha Trema terebenthi Schinus Cissussicyoides Ditassaburchellii fluxi Struthanthus intermedi Graziela cordifolia Mikania Orthosiaurceolata lancifoli Polygala foetida Passiflora fluxi Struthanthus Cissussicyoides camp Symphyopaplus sellowiana Cordia maximil Eupatorium intermedi Graziela Heteropterysnitid cf. carpo Paulinia burchellii Ditassa Oxypetalumwightia stenogloss Wulttia maxinus Erigeron lacunosa Leandra scorpioid Vernonia Erythroxylumdecid Heterocandyluscf. Baccharisanomala Baccharisdracuncu cordifolia Mikania terebenthi Schinus langsdorfi Abarema urceolata Orthosia granulosol Solanum celtidifoli Croton lancifoli Polygala Bacchariscf. meso Baccharissemiserr Bacchariscaprarii aphylla Voyria camara Lantana cardiophyl Leandra micrantha Trema foetida Passiflora fluxi Struthanthus Cissussicyoides camp Symphyopaplus sellowiana Cordia maximil Eupatorium intermedi Graziela Heteropterysnitid cf. carpo Paulinia burchellii Ditassa Oxypetalumwightia stenogloss Wulttia maxinus Erigeron lacunosa Leandra scorpioid Vernonia Erythroxylumdecid Heterocandyluscf. Baccharisanomala Baccharisdracuncu cordifolia Mikania terebenthi Schinus langsdorfi Abarema Orthosiaurceolata granulosol Solanum celtidifoli Croton lancifoli Polygala Bacchariscf. meso Baccharissemiserr Bacchariscaprarii aphylla Voyria camara Lantana cardiophyl Leandra micrantha Trema
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0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Erytrina speciosa Erytrina forficata Bauhinia grandiflora Luehea sp. Borreria divaricata Luehea rosaefolius Rubus sp. Cassia cf.Chamaecrista s macranthera Senna amethys Passiflora vera Inga tome Stigmaphyllon brasilien Buddleia Cestrummariquiten Acnistuscf. arbor calophylla Cuphea molli Elephantopus sature Achyrocline cordifolia Mikania polymorp Gochnatia sp. cf.Wilbrandia Hypoxisdecumbens cardiophyl Leandra lacunosa Leandra Oxalisdebilis Oxalistenerrima sp. Sida scrabella Mimosa poliphylla Acacia multijuga Senna granulosol Solanum cerasti Tibouchina conizoide Ageratum valerian Erichites Bacchariscaprarii Baccharisdracuncu Baccharissemiserr molleoide Lithraea urucurana Croton mollis Schinus discolor Cordia Baccharissp. terebenthi Schinus celtidifoli Croton cardiophyl Leandra valerian Erichites cordifolia Mikania sp. Cassia celtidifoli Croton tome Stigmaphyllon sature Achyrocline cf.Acnistus arbor Oxalisdebilis macranthera Senna vera Inga discolor Cordia Oxalistenerrima forficata Bauhinia sp. cf.Wilbrandia Hypoxisdecumbens polymorp Gochnatia amethys Passiflora sp. Sida cerasti Tibouchina conizoide Ageratum terebenthi Schinus Baccharisdracuncu Baccharissemiserr Bacchariscaprarii speciosa Erytrina lacunosa Leandra cf.s Chamaecrista Baccharissp. molli Elephantopus sp. Borreria rosaefolius Rubus urucurana Croton calophylla Cuphea molleoide Lithraea mollis Schinus divaricata Luehea scrabella Mimosa poliphylla Acacia granulosol Solanum brasilien Buddleia grandiflora Luehea mariquiten Cestrum multijuga Senna cardiophyl Leandra valerian Erichites cordifolia Mikania grandiflora Luehea brasilien Buddleia Bacchariscaprarii speciosa Erytrina lacunosa Leandra scrabella Mimosa cf.Chamaecrista s Baccharissp. molli Elephantopus mollis Schinus conizoide Ageratum terebenthi Schinus Baccharisdracuncu Baccharissemiserr sp. Cassia celtidifoli Croton tome Stigmaphyllon Achyroclinesature molleoide Lithraea sp. Borreria divaricata Luehea discolor Cordia Oxalistenerrima polymorp Gochnatia amethys Passiflora sp. Sida cerasti Tibouchina poliphylla Acacia Acnistuscf. arbor Oxalisdebilis macranthera Senna vera Inga forficata Bauhinia sp. cf.Wilbrandia Hypoxisdecumbens granulosol Solanum urucurana Croton rosaefolius Rubus calophylla Cuphea Cestrummariquiten multijuga Senna
0,96 0,96 0,96
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Erythroxylum decid Eugenia sp. Ps ychotria longipe Serjania sp. R hipsalis teres Lepism ium crucifor R hipsalis elliptic R hipsalis paradoxa Psychotria suterelR udgea jas minioide Anac_tree Aspidosperma sp.Casearia sylvestriLicania sp. Piptocarpha reitzi Sc hefflera moroton Anthurium sellowia Allophy lus edulis Zanthoxylum rhoifo H eteropterys nitid O uratea brachybotrO uratea parvifolia Solanum cinnam omD ahlstedtia eu cf. fa M endoncia vellozia N ematanthus c f.Vriesea te flav a Aechm ea nudic aulis Tillandsia s tricta Aechm ea c oelestis Vitex polygala Am philophium dolic Bign_lilas Ps ittac anthus cFuchs ord ia regia Schefflera moroton Schefflera Anac_tree jasminioide Rudgea reitzi Piptocarpha sp. Aspidosperma sp. Licania Erythroxylumdecid teres Rhipsalis cinnamomeu Solanum polygala Vitex Bign_lilas paradoxa Rhipsalis crucifor Lepismium sp. Serjania Psychotrialongipe Caseariasylvestri Ourateaparvifolia edulis Allophylus sellowia Anthurium dolic Amphilophium Psychotriasuterel cf. fa Dahlstedtia elliptic Rhipsalis Fuchsiaregia cord Psittacanthus vellozia Mendoncia cf. te Nematanthus coelestis Aechmea stricta Tillandsia nudicaulis Aechmea flava Vriesea sp. Eugenia Heteropterysnitid Ourateabrachybotr rhoifo Zanthoxylum Schefflera moroton Schefflera Anac_tree jasminioide Rudgea sp. Aspidosperma sp. Licania sp. Eugenia reitzi Piptocarpha Erythroxylumdecid teres Rhipsalis sylvestri Casearia parvifolia Ouratea Bign_lilas paradoxa Rhipsalis cinnamomeu Solanum polygala Vitex crucifor Lepismium sp. Serjania Psychotrialongipe rhoifo Zanthoxylum edulis Allophylus sellowia Anthurium dolic Amphilophium Psychotriasuterel cf. fa Dahlstedtia elliptic Rhipsalis Fuchsiaregia cord Psittacanthus vellozia Mendoncia cf. te Nematanthus coelestis Aechmea stricta Tillandsia nudicaulis Aechmea flava Vriesea Heteropterysnitid brachybotr Ouratea
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0,55 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Figura 4 Apis mellifera
138
Figura 5
139 A A A A et al et al A A et al. 140 A A A A
141 A A A A A A
142 A A et al
143 A A A
144
Referências bibliográficas
A A Ecology and Evolution of flowers A A Science A A Biodiveristy and Conservation Proceeding of Royal Society B A A A Biological Conservation
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