AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PIGEONPEA
1900 - 1977
B. S. DAHIYA GRAM BREEDER
HARYANA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
HISSAR
ICRISAT
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICRISAT Patancheru P.O. Andhra Pradesh, India 502 324
M a y 1 9 8 0 T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r o p s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e S e m i - A r i d T r o p i c s ( I C R I S A T ) i s a n o n - profit scientific educational institute receiving suppo r t f r o m a v a r i e t y o f d o n o r s , g o v e r n m e n t s , a n d f o u n d a t i o n s . A l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n r e s t s w i t h I C R I S A T . To those people who are devoted to the improvement of
C a j a n u s c a j a n with the aim o f upgrading the n u t r i •
tional standard of the diets of people in the devel•
oping countries.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD i x
PREFACE x i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT x i
L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S 1
AGRONOMY 1 3
BIBLIOGRAPHIES 3 8
BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION 3 8
BOTANY 5 5
BREEDING 6 0
CYTOGENETICS 7 5
ECONOMICS 8 0
ENTOMOLOGY 8 1
GENETICS 9 4
MICROBIOLOGY L 0 7
PATHOLOGY L 1 0
PHYSIOLOGY 1 4 1
UTILIZATION 1 5 1
AUTHOR I N D E X 1 5 9
S U B J E C T I N D E X 1 7 1
WORD I N D E X 1 7 5
A P P E N D I X , P I G E O N P E A SYNONYMY 183
v i i
FOREWORD
I C R I S A T i s p l e a s e d t o p u b l i s h t h i s a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y o f p i g e o n - p e a l i t e r a t u r e , w h i c h r e s u l t s c h i e f l y f r o m t h e e f f o r t s o f a c l o s e a s s o c i a t e , D r . B . S . D a h i y a o f H a r y a n a A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , w h o w a s a t P u n j a b A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y w h e n t h e s e r e f e r e n c e s w e r e c o m p i l e d . O u r j o i n t e f f o r t e x e m p l i f i e s t h e t w o - w a y c o o p e r a • t i o n t h a t m u l t i p l i e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e r e s e a r c h d o n e b y b o t h I C R I S A T a n d t h e I n d i a n n a t i o n a l p r o g r a m s . I n t e r e s t i n p i g e o n p e a , n o w g r o w n m o s t l y i n I n d i a , i s i n c r e a s • i n g o n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l b a s i s . A r e c e n t r e p o r t o f t h e U . S . N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , r e c o m m e n d e d r e s e a r c h t o e x p l o r e t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e c r o p t o m a r g i n a l l a n d s i n t h e U S A . I t i s o u r h o p e t h a t e a s i e r a c c e s s t o e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e o n pigeonpea will help all concerned scientists in planni ng effective r e s e a r c h f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u p p l y o f a h i g h l y n u t r i t i v e f o o d c r o p o f i m p o r t a n c e t o m a n y m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e .
L . D . S w i n d a l e D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l
PREFACE
T h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y w a s p r e p a r e d t o p r o v i d e u p - t o - d a t e i n f ormation on pigeonpea literature. It contains 1275 citations dating from 1900 t h r o u g h 1 9 7 7 , i n c l u d i n g a l l t r a c e a b l e r e f e r e n c e s p r i o r t o 1 9 0 0 a n d s o m e o f 1 9 7 8 . T h e a n n o t a t i o n s a r e t h e a u t h o r s ' o r i g i n a l a b s t r a c t s o r s u m m a r i e s , w i t h s o m e e d i t i n g . W h e r e t h e p a p e r s o r p u b l i c a t i o n s d o n o t d e a l d i r e c t l y w i t h p i g e o n p e a , o n l y t h e p o r t i o n r e l a t i n g t o p i g e o n p e a i s s u m m a r i z e d . T h e a b s t r a c t s o f p a p e r s n o t d i r e c t l y a v a i l a b l e w e r e t a k e n f r o m s o u r c e s s u c h a s B i o l o g i c a l A b s t r a c t s , C h e m i c a l Abstracts, or CAB Abstracts. Titles are presented only in English transla t i o n , w i t h o n e o r t w o e x c e p t i o n s w h e r e t h e E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e . T h e s u b j e c t i n d e x i s b r i e f b u t a d e q u a t e , I t h i n k , t o b e u s e f u l . S i n c e t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y i s o n p i g e o n p e a , t h e t e r m " p i g e o n p e a " h a s b e e n o m i t t e d f r o m t h e i n d e x . A l i s t o f p i g e o n p e a s y n o n y m y i s g i v e n a t t h e e n d . I n a p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s n a t u r e , o m i s s i o n s a n d e r r o r s a r e i n evitable. I should appreciate having such omissions and errors bro u g h t t o m y a t t e n t i o n , i n o r d e r t o i m p r o v e f u t u r e s u p p l e m e n t s .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I a m g r a t e f u l t o D r s . L . D . S w i n d a l e , D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l , a n d J . S . K a n w a r , Director of Research, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, for providing f a c i l i t i e s a t I C R I S A T , w h e r e I c o u l d d e v o t e m y s e l f e n t i r e l y t o t h i s a s s i g n m e n t , a nd to the authorities o f P u n j a b A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y ( P A U ) , L u d h i a n a , f o r g r a n t i n g l e a v e f r o m m y d u t i e s t h e r e t o w o r k o n t h i s p r o j e c t . I a m i n d e b t e d t o m y c o l l e a g u e s a n d p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s a t P A U a n d t h e s t a f f o f t h e l i b r a r i e s c o n s u l t e d f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n c o m p i l ing the references. T h e i n p u t o f t h e p i g e o n p e a s c i e n t i s t s a n d s e c r e t a r i a l s t a f f o f I C R I S A T i s gratefully acknowledged; I especially appreciate the ea r l y i n t e r e s t e x p r e s s e d i n t h e p r o j e c t b y D r . J o h n M . G r e e n , L e a d e r o f t h e P u l s e P r o g r am at ICRISAT, a n d h i s s u s t a i n e d e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o c o m p l e t e i t . S p e c i a l m e n t i o n m u s t b e m a d e o f t h e d e d i c a t e d e f f o r t o f A . J . R a m a R a o , I C R I S A T p u l s e p r o g r a m s e c r e t a r y , w i t h o u t w h o m t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l t e s t o f t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y w o u l d h a v e b e e n m u c h m o r e d e l a y e d . F i n a l l y , I a m d e e p l y g r a t e f u l t o V r i n d a K u m b l e f o r h e r e d i t o r i a l a s s i s t a n c e , a n d t o I C R I S A T , t h e p u b l i s h e r , f o r m a k i n g t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e s c i e n t i s t s t o w h o m i t i s d e d i c a t e d .
B . S . D a h i y a
x i
L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S
A c t a A l i m e n . Hung. A g r i c u l t u r e L i v e - S t k I n d i a A c t a A l i m e n t a r l a H u n g a r i c a e A g r i c u l t u r e and L i v e - S t o c k i n I n d i a
A c t a P h y t o t h e r . Agronomico Compinas Acta Phytotherapeutica Agronomico Compinas
Adm. Rep. D i r . A g r i c . Ceylon A g r o n . J . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Report o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f Agronomy J o u r n a l A g r i c u l t u r e , Ceylon A g r o n . T r o p . , Nogent Agra U n i v . J . Res. Agronomie T r o p i c a l e , Nogent s u r Marne Agra University Journal of Research Allahabad Fmr A g r i c . Anitn. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh A l l a h a b a d Farmer A g r i c u l t u r e and A n i m a l Husbandry, U t t a r Pradesh Am. J . B o t . American J o u r n a l o f Botany A g r i c . C o l l . J . Osmania U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e J o u r n a l , Osmania Analyt. Biochem. U n i v e r s i t y Analytical Biochemistry
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A g r i c u l t u r e , I n d i a Archos Venez. N u t r . A g r i c u l t u r e i n I n d i a A r c h i v o s Venezolanos d e N u t r i c i o n Pigeonpea Bibliography
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A u s t . J . P I . P h y s i o l . B o l . R . Soc. E s p i n o l a H i s t . N a t . A u s t r a l i a n J o u r n a l o f P l a n t P h y s i o l o g y B o l e t i n d e l a Real Sociedad E s p i n o l a d e Historia Natural A . Meet. I n d . S c i . C o n g . , Poona Annual M e e t i n g o f t h e I n d i a n Science Bol. Sec. Agric. Pernambuco Congress, Poona Boletim da Secretaria da Agricultura de Pernambuco A . Rep. A g r i c . D e p t S i e r r e Leone Annual Report, Agriculture Department, B o l . Soc. B o t . Mexico S i e r r e Leone Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica del Mexico
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A. Rep. Dept A g r i c . Kenya Bolm Agric. Sao Paulo Annual R e p o r t , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Boletim de Agricultura Sao Paulo Kenya Bolm M i n i s t . A g r i c . I n d . Com. Rio d e J . A. Rep. Dept A g r i c . Nyasaland B o l e t i m d o M i n i s t e r i o d a A g r i c u l t u r a , Annual Report o f t h e Department o f I n d u s t r i a e Comercio Agriculture, Nyasaland Bombay Dep. Agric. Leafl. A. Rep. Lands F o r e s t . Dep. S i e r r e Leone Bombay Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e L e a f l e t Annual R e p o r t , Lands and F o r e s t s D e p a r t • ment, S i e r r e Leone B o t a n i c a B o t a n i c a A . Rev. Biochem. A p p l . Res. I n d i a Annual Review of t h e B i o c h e m i c a l and B o t . J . L i n n . Soc. A p p l i e d Research i n I n d i a B o t a n i c a l J o u r n a l o f Linnaean S o c i e t y
At ICRISAT B o t a n i q u e (Nagpur) At ICRISAT Botanique (Nagpur)
B o t h a l i a B o t h a l i a
B r a g a n t i a B.A. A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. B r a g a n t i a Bansilal Amritlal Agriculture College Magazine B r a s i l A c u c a r e i r o B r a s i l A c u c a r e i r o B i e t . E n t . E n t o m o l . B i e t . Entomology Entomologie B u l l . A g r i c . Congo Beige B u l l e t i n A g r i c o l e du Congo Beige B i h a r A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. Bihar Agricultural College Magazine Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal B u l l e t i n o f t h e B o t a n i c a l S o c i e t y o f Bengal Biochem. J . B i o c h e m i c a l J o u r n a l B u l l . C a l c u t t a Sch. T r o p . Med. Bulletin of the Calcutta School of Tropical B i o c h i m . B i o p h y s . A c t a M e d i c i n e B i o c h i m i c a e t B i o p h y s i c a A c t a B u l l . E n t . Res. B i o l . Res. Coun. Soc. B i o l . Chem., I n d i a B u l l e t i n o f E n t o m o l o g i c a l Research B i o l o g i c a l Research C o u n c i l , S o c i e t y o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y , I n d i a B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. Bulletin Estacion Experimental Agriculture U n i v e r s i t y o f P u e r t o Rico
2 L i s t o f A b b r e v i a t i o n s
B u l l . G r a i n T e c h n o l . C u r r . Res. B u l l e t i n o f G r a i n Technology C u r r e n t Research
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B . V . J . A g r i c . S c i . Res. The Balwant Vidyapeeth Journal of Agricul- t u r a l and S c i e n t i f i c Research Dep. A g r i c . Econ. Fm Mgmt U n i v . W. I n d i e s Department of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics and Farm Management, U n i v e r s i t y of West I n d i e s
Dep. A g r i c . Tech. Rep. Ceylon Department of Agriculture Technical Reports Cajanus Ceylon Cajanus (Jamaica) Dep. Agric. Poona, Bombay Can. J . Biochem. P h y s i o l . Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , Poona, Bombay Canadian J o u r n a l of B i o c h e m i s t r y and P h y s i o l o g y D i v . P I . P a t h . Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Can. J . Genet. C y t o l . Agriculture, Mauritius Canadian J o u r n a l of Genetics and Cytology
Can. J . P I . S c i . Canadian Journal of Plant Science
C a r i b b . A g r i c . E . A f r . A g r i c . J . Caribbean Agriculture East African Agricultural Journal
C a r i b b . Fmr E . A f r . A g r i c . F o r . J . Caribbean Farmer East African Agricultural and Forestry J o u r n a l C a r y o l o g i a C a r y o l o g i a E l Salvador M i n i s t . A g r i c . Ganad. C i r e A g r i c . El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura Y Cas tanea G a n a d e r i a , C i r e A g r i c u l t u r e Castanea Emp. J . Exp. A g r i c . CRRI, C u t t a c k Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture C e n t r a l Rice Research I n s t i t u t e , C u t t a c k Entomologist C e r e a l Chem. Entomologist C e r e a l Chemistry Entomologists' Newsletter Ceres, Minas G e r a i s Entomologists' Newsletter C e r e s , Minas G e r a i s E u p h y t i c a Commun. Found. NEDERF. Amsterdam E u p h y t i c a Communication Foundation, NEDERF. Amsterdam Experientia Experientia Coton F i b r . T r o p . Coton e t F i b r e s T r o p i c a l e s , P a r i s E x p l A g r i c . Experimental Agriculture Crop S c i . Crop Science
3 Pigeonpea Bibliography
FAO A g r i c . S t u d i e s Gaz. A g r i c . Mozambique Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n A g r i c u l • Gazette Agriculture, Mozambique t u r a l S t u d i e s Genet. Agr. FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . Genetica Agraria Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n B u l l e t i n G e n e t i c a G e n e t i c a FAO/SIDA Seminar Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n , Swedish G e n e t i c s International Development Agency, Seminar G e n e t i c s
Farmer Farmer, I n d i a
Farmer ( K i n g s t o n , Jam.) Farmer. Journal of the Jamaica Agricul• H a r . J . H o r t . S c i . t u r a l S o c i e t y K i n g s t o n Haryana J o u r n a l o f H o r t i c u l t u r a l Science
Fd Fmg HAU J . Res. Food and Farming Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research Fd Fmg A g r i c . Food Farming and A g r i c u l t u r e Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. S t n B u l l . H a w a i i A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n Fd Res. B u l l e t i n Food Research H a w a i i A g r i c . Exp. Stn P r o g . Rep. Fd T e c h n o l . S e r . Fac. Engg U n i v . W. I n d i e s H a w a i i A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n Food Technology S e r i e s , F a c u l t y o f Progress Reports E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f West I n d i e s Hawaii Agric. Exp. Stn Tech. Bull. F e r t i l . News H a w a i i A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n F e r t i l i z e r News T e c h n i c a l B u l l e t i n
F e r t i l . T e c h n o l . Himachal J . A g r i c . Res. Fertilizer Technology Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research
F l d Crop A b s t r . H o p p e - S e y l e r ' s Z. P h y s i o l . Chem. F i e l d Crop A b s t r a c t s H o p p e - S e y l e r ' s Z e i t s c h r i f t f u r P h y s i o l o - gische Chemie Fm F a c t o r y Farm and F a c t o r y H o r t . S c i . Horticulture Science Fm Fare Farm Fare
Fm J . Farm J o u r n a l IAEA Fm News I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency Farm News IARI Res. Ser. Fmg S. A f r . Indian Agricultural Research Institute Farming i n South A f r i c a Research S e r i e s
F m r P a r l i a m . ICAR Farmer and P a r l i a m e n t I n d i a n C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research
F r u i t s d ' o u t r e Mer ICMR F r u i t s d ' o u t r e Mer Indian Council of Medical Research
4 List of Abbreviations
ICRISAT I n d i a n J . E n t . International Crops Research Institute for I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Entomology t h e S e m i - A r i d T r o p i c s I n d i a n J . E x p l B i o l . IDRC I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i m e n t a l B i o l o g y International Development Research Centre I n d i a n J. Fm S c i . IITA Indian Journal of Farm Sciences International Institute of Tropical Agriculture I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Imp. Coun. A g r i c . Res. Pusa Breeding I m p e r i a l C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research, Pusa I n d i a n J . Med. Res. I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f M e d i c a l Research I n d i a n A g r i c . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r i s t I n d i a n J . M i c r o b . I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f M i c r o b i o l o g y I n d i a n A g r i c . News Diges t I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r e , News D i g e s t I n d i a n J . M y c o l . P I . P a t h . I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Mycology and P l a n t I n d i a n C o t t . Grow. Rev. Pathology I n d i a n C o t t o n Growing Review Indian J. Mycol. Res. I n d i a n Fmg Indian Journal of Mycological Research I n d i a n Farming I n d i a n J . Nematol. I n d i a n Fmr D i g e s t I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Nematology I n d i a n F a r m e r ' s D i g e s t Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. I n d i a n F o r e s t e r Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics I n d i a n F o r e s t e r I n d i a n J . P I . P h y s i o l . I n d i a n I n s t . S c i . J . Indian Journal of Plant Physiology I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f Science J o u r n a l I n d i a n J . P I . P r o t . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Chem. Indian Journal of Plant Protection I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Chemistry I n d i a n Lac Res. I n s t . B u l l . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Res. Indian Lac Research Institute Bulletin I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Indian Phytopath. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . Indian Phytopathology I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences I n d i a n Soap J . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . I n d i a n Soap J o u r n a l I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Agronomy I n d i a n V e t . J . I n d i a n J . Anim. S c i . Indian Veterinary Journal I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Animal Sciences I n t . Z . V i t a m f o r s c h . I n d i a n J . A p p l . Chem. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- Indian Journal of Applied Chemistry f o r s c h u n g
I n d i a n J . Biochem. I n t e n s i v e A g r i c . I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y Intensive Agriculture
I n d i a n J . Biochem. B i o p h y s . I n t e r n . B u l l . P l a n t P r o t . I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y and I n t e r n a t i o n a l B u l l e t i n o n P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n B i o p h y s i c s ISI Indian Standards Institution
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J . A g r i c . Res. J. Indian Appl. Chem, J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Journal of Indian Applied Chemistry
J . A g r i c . Res. J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h , N o r t h Journal of the Indian Botanical Society Caucasus J. Indian Chem. Soc. J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. J o u r n a l o f t h e I n d i a n Chemical S o c i e t y J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e , Cambridge J . I n d i a n Soc. S o i l S c i . J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . J o u r n a l o f t h e I n d i a n S o c i e t y o f S o i l J o u r n a l o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y o f Science T r i n i d a d and Tobago J. Jamaica Agric. Soc. J . A g r i c . T r o p . B o t . A p p l . Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society J o u r n a l d ' A g r i c u l t u r e T r o p i c a l e e t d e B o t a n i q u e A p p l i q u e e J . K a r n a t a k U n i v . J o u r n a l o f t h e K a r n a t a k U n i v e r s i t y J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y J . Madras U n i v . o f P u e r t o Rico J o u r n a l o f t h e Madras U n i v e r s i t y
J . Am. Soc. A g r o n . J . Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v . Baroda J o u r n a l o f t h e American S o c i e t y o f Agronomy Journal of the Maharaja Sayajirao Univer• s i t y , Baroda J. Assoc. Advan. Agric. Sect. Africa J o u r n a l o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n o f Advances i n J . Mysore A g r i c . E x p l Union A g r i c u l t u r e S e c t i o n , A f r i c a Journal of the Mysore Agricultural and E x p e r i m e n t a l Union J . A u s t . I n s t . A g r i c . S c i . J o u r n a l o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n I n s t i t u t e o f J . N a t . A g r i c . Soc. Ceylon Agricultural Sciences Journal of the National Agriculture S o c i e t y o f Ceylon J . B d A g r i c . B r . Guiana J o u r n a l o f t h e Board o f A g r i c u l t u r e o f J . N a t . Cancer I n s t . B r i t i s h Guiana J o u r n a l o f t h e N a t i o n a l Cancer I n s t i t u t e
J . C o l l . A g r i c , G w a l i o r J . N e m a t o l . J o u r n a l o f t h e C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r e , J o u r n a l o f Nematology G w a l i o r J . N u t r . J . Coun. S c i . I n d u s t . Res. A u s t . J o u r n a l o f N u t r i t i o n J o u r n a l o f t h e C o u n c i l o f S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h , A u s t r a l i a J . N u t r . D i e t e t . Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics J . C y t o l . Genet. J o u r n a l o f C y t o l o g y and G e n e t i c s J . Papua N . Guinea A g r i c . Journal of Papua New Guinea Agriculture J . Econ. E n t . J o u r n a l o f Economic Entomology J . P r o c . I n s t . Chem. Journal and Proceedings of the Institution J . Empire E x p l A g r i c . o f C h e m i s t s , I n d i a Journal of Empire Experimental Agriculture J . P o s t g r a d . S c h . I A R I , D e l h i J . Fd S c i . J o u r n a l o f the P o s t g r a d u a t e S c h o o l , I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Food S c i e n c e Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi
J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . J . Res. MAU J o u r n a l of Food Science and Technology Journal of Research Maharashtra Agricultu• ral University
6 L i s t o f A b b r e v i a t i o n s
J . Res. Ranchi U n i v . Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a Chem. S e r . J o u r n a l o f Research Ranchi U n i v e r s i t y Memoirs o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e i n I n d i a (Chemical S e r i e s ) J . S c i . F d A g r i c . J o u r n a l of t h e Science of Food and Mem. Imp. C o l l . T r o p . A g r i c . T r i n i d a d Agriculture (Mycol. Ser.) Memoirs o f t h e I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e o f T r o p i c a l J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. Agriculture in Trinidad (Mycological J o u r n a l o f S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l S e r i e s ) Research Mem. Res. D i v . Dep. A g r i c , Uganda J . S o i l Wat. Conserv. I n d i a Memoirs of the Research Division, Depart• J o u r n a l o f S o i l and Water C o n s e r v a t i o n i n ment of A g r i c u l t u r e , Uganda I n d i a Mod. Agric. J . S t o r . P r o d . Res. Modern Agriculture J o u r n a l o f S t o r e d P r o d u c t s Research Mut. Breed. Newsletter J . U n i v . Poona Mutation Breeding Newsletter J o u r n a l o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Poona M y c o l o g i a JNKVV Res. J. M y c o l o g i a Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Research J o u r n a l M y c o l . C i r c . Dep. A g r i c . Tanganyika Mycological Circular, Department of Agriculture, Tanganyika
Mycopath. Mycopathologia Kanpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. Kanpur Agricultural College Magazine Mycopath. M y c o l . A p p l . Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata Kew B u l l . Kew B u l l e t i n Mysore A g r i c . J . Mysore A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l Kew B u l l . ( M i s c . I n f o r m . ) Kew B u l l e t i n ( M i s c e l l a n e o u s I n f o r m a t i o n ) Mysore J. Agric. Sci. Mysore J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Science
Labdev J . S c i . T e c h n o l . Labdev J o u r n a l of Science and Technology Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. Nagpur Agricultural College Magazine L e a f l . Dep. A g r i c . U.P. L e a f l e t Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Res. No.) U t t a r Pradesh Nagpur A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine (Special Research Number)
Nature N a t u r e
Madras A g r i c . J . Naturwissenschaften Madras A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l Naturwissenschaften
Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . Nematropica Mahatma Phule Agricultural University Nematropica Research J o u r n a l N u t r . A b s t r . Rev. Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a B o t . S e r . Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews Memoirs o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e i n I n d i a ( B o t a n i c a l S e r i e s )
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N u t r . Rep. I n t e r n . P I . S c i . L e t t e r s N u t r i t i o n Reports I n t e r n a t i o n a l (USA) Plant Science Letters
N u t r i t i o n P I . S o i l N u t r i t i o n P l a n t and S o i l
Poona Agric. Coll. Mag. Poona A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine
Poult. Sci. PAG B u l l . P o u l t r y Science P r o t e i n A d v i s o r y Group B u l l e t i n PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . Med. P a k i s t . J . Biochem. P u e r t o Rico J o u r n a l o f P u b l i c H e a l t h and P a k i s t a n J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y T r o p i c a l M e d i c i n e
P a k i s t . J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. P r o c . A g r i c . Soc. N i g e r i a P a k i s t a n J o u r n a l o f S c i e n t i f i c and Proceedings of the Agricultural Society I n d u s t r i a l Research o f N i g e r i a
PANS P r o c . B i h a r Acad. A g r i c . S c i . P e s t i c i d e A r t i c l e s and News Summaries Proceedings of t h e B i h a r Academy of Agricultural Sciences Pantnagar J . Res. Pantnagar J o u r n a l of Research P r o c . B d A g r i c . I n d i a Proceedings o f t h e Board o f A g r i c u l t u r e PAU Res. J . o f I n d i a Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Research J o u r n a l Proc. Caribb. Soc. Fd Crop Sci. Proceedings o f t h e Caribbean S o c i e t y o f P b H o r t . J . Food Crop Science Punjab H o r t i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l P r o c . E i g h t h I n t e r n a t . B o t . Congr. P e r f . E s s e n t . O i l s Res. Proceedings of the Eighth International Perfumes and E s s e n t i a l O i l s Research B o t a n i c a l Congress
P e s t i c i d e s Proc. Eleventh Int. Grassland Congr. P e s t i c i d e s Proceedings o f t h e E l e v e n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Grassland Congress P h i l i p p . A g r i c . Philippine Agriculturist Proc. First E. Afr. Hort. Symp. Proceedings o f the F i r s t East A f r i c a n Phytochem. Horticulture Symposium Phytochemistry Proc. First Nigerian Grain Legume Conf. P h y t o p a t h . Proceedings o f t h e F i r s t N i g e r i a n G r a i n Phytopathology Legume Conference
P h y t o p a t h . Z . Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Sect. B) Phytopathologische Zeitschrift Proceedings of the I n d i a n Academy of Sciences ( S e c t i o n B) PKV Res. J . Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth Research Proc. Indian General Congr. N. Delhi J o u r n a l P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I n d i a n General Congress, New D e l h i P I . Biochem. J . P l a n t B i o c h e m i s t r y J o u r n a l P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Congr. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress P I . D i s . R e p t r Plant Disease Reporter P r o c . L i n n . Soc. London Proceedings o f t h e L i n n a e a n S o c i e t y o f P I . P r o t . B u l l . London P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n B u l l e t i n , New D e l h i
8 List of Abbreviations
P r o c . N a t . Acad. S c i . , I n d i a Qd.Agric. J. Proceedings of t h e N a t i o n a l Academy of Queensland Agricultural Journal Sciences o f I n d i a Q u a l . P l a n t . P I . Fds Hum. N u t r . P r o c . N i n t h I n t . Grassland Congr. Q u a l i t a s P l a n t a r u m , P l a n t Foods f o r Human Proceedings o f t h e N i n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l N u t r i t i o n Grassland Congress
P r o c . N o r t h Qd. A g r o s t . Conf. Proceedings of the North Queensland Agrostology Conference R a d i a t . B o t . P r o c . Second E n t . Meet., Pusa Radiation Botany Proceedings of the Second Entomologists' M e e t i n g , Pusa, I n d i a R a j . J . A g r i c . S c i . Rajasthan Journal of Agricultural Science P r o c . Seventh Ann. Meet. C . F . C . S . , Martinique, Guadeloupe Ranchi A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . Proceedings of t h e Seventh Annual Meeting Ranchi A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Research of C e n t r a l Food Crop S o c i e t y , M a r t i n i q u e , J o u r n a l Guadeloupe Ranchi Univ . J. A g r i c . Res. P r o c . S i x t h I n t e r n . Congr. M i c r o b i o . Ranchi University Journal of Agricultural Proceedings o f t h e S i x t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Research Congress on M i c r o b i o l o g y Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i P r o c . Soc. Exp. B i o l . Med. Report of Agricultural Research Institute, Proceedings o f t h e S o c i e t y f o r E x p e r i m e n t a l New D e l h i B i o l o g y and M e d i c i n e Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bermuda P r o c . S o i l Crop S c i . Soc. F l a . Report, Department of Agriculture, Bermuda Proceedings of t h e S o i l and Crop Science S o c i e t y o f F l o r i d a Rep. Dep. A g r i c . B i h a r O r i s s a Report, Department of Agriculture, Bihar P r o c . Symp. F e r t i l . I n d . S o i l s and O r i s s a Proceedings of the Symposium on Fertility o f I n d i a n S o i l s Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bombay Report, Department of Agriculture, Bombay P r o c . Symp. G. B. Pant U n i v . A g r . Tech. Pantnagar Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Cent. P r o v . Berar Proceedings of the Symposium, Govind Report o f the Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B a l l a b h Pant U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s and Berar and Technology, Pantnagar Rep. Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s P r o c . Symp. P r o t e i n s Mysore Report of the Department of Agriculture, Proceedings of the Symposium on Proteins, M a u r i t i u s Mysore Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Uganda P r o c . T w e n t i e t h Ann. Meet. I n d . S c i . Congr. Report o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Poona Uganda Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the I n d i a n Science Congress, Poona Rep. D i v . A g r i c . B r . Guiana Report, Division of Agriculture, British P r o g . Fmg Guiana P r o g r e s s i v e Farming Rep. D i v . P l a n t I n d . A u s t r a l i a Punjab Fmr Report, Division of Plant Industry, Punjab Farmer A u s t r a l i a
Rep. M i n i s t . A g r i c . Rhod. N y a s a l d . Report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rhodesia, Nyasaland
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Revta A g r i c . Guatem. S c l e n t . Rep. Imp. Inst. A g r i c . Res. Pusa R e v i s t a A g r i c o l a Guatemala S c i e n t i f i c Reports o f the I m p e r i a l Institute of Agricultural Research, Pusa Revta Cubana C i e n c i o A g r i c . Revista Cubana de Ciencio Agricola Seed Fm Seed Farms Revta de la F a c u l t a d e de Agronomica R e v i s t a de la F a c u l t a d e de Agronomica Seed Res. Seed Research Revta Fac. A g r i c . U n i v . C e n t . Venez. R e v i s t a de la F a c u l t a d de A g r i c u l t u r a , Seed Wld Universidad Centralde Venezuela Seed World
Revta P e r u . E n t . A g r i c . Senckenberg. biol. Revista Peruana de Entomologia Agricola Senckenbergiana biologia
Rhodesia A g r i c . J . Soil Sci . Soc . Am. J . Rhodesia A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l S o i l Science S o c i e t y o f America J o u r n a l
Riz R i z i c . Span Riz e t R i z i c u l t u r e Span
Rur. I n d i a Sunshine S t . A g r i c . Res. Rep. R u r a l I n d i a Sunshine State Agriculturnl Research Report
R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . S u r i n . Landb. R u r a l Review S o c i e t y o f R u r a l B r a s i l Surinaamse Landbouw
SABRAO J. Technology S o c i e t y f o r Advancement o f B r e e d i n g Technology Researches in Asia and Oceania Journal The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n Society for Advancement of Breeding Researches in Asia and Oceania Newsletter Toxicon T o x i c o n S. A f r . Sug. J . South A f r i c a n Sugar J o u r n a l T r . P r i k l . B o t . Genet. S e l e k . (USSR) Trudy Prikladnoi Botanike Genetikei Samaru A g r i c . N e w s l e t t e r S e l e k t s e i , L e n i n g r a d (USSR) Samaru A g r i c u l t u r a l N e w s l e t t e r T r a n s . Bose Res. I n s t . S c i . C u l t . Transactions of the Bose Research Institute Science and C u l t u r e
10 L i s t o f A b b r e v i a t i o n s
T r a n s . B r . M y c o l . Soc. Z. Angew. E n t o m o l . Transactions of the British Mycological Zeitschrift fUr Angewandte Entomologie S o c i e t y , London Z. Angew. Zoo. T r a n s . P r o c . B o t . Soc. E d i n b . Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie T r a n s a c t i o n s and Proceedings of t h e B o t a n i c a l S o c i e t y o f Edinburgh Z. Ernahrwiss. Suppl. Zeitschrift ftlr Ernahrwissenschaft Suppl. T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) Tropical Agriculturist (Trinidad) Z. N a t u r . Zeitschrift fur Natur Forschung T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r e , Ceylon Z . p f l a n z k . p f l a n z s . Z e i t s c h r i f t f U r p f l a n z e n k r a n k h e i t e n und T r o p . A g r i c . Res. S e r . , Japan pflanzenschutz T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r a l Research S e r i e s , Japan Z b l . B a k t . Z e n t r a l b l a t t f U r B a k t e r i o l o g i e T r o p . E c o l . T r o p i c a l Ecology Z u c h t e r Zuchter T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . T r o p i c a l G r a i n Legume B u l l e t i n
T r o p . Grasslands T r o p i c a l Grasslands
T r o p . S c i . T r o p i c a l Science
Tropenpflanzer Tropenpflanzer
T u r r i a l b a T u r r i a l b a
USAID U n i t e d S t a t e s Agency f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development
W . A f r . J . B i o l . A p p l . Chem. West A f r i c a n J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l and A p p l i e d Chemistry
Wealth o f I n d i a Wealth o f I n d i a
World Crops World Crops
11
Agronomy
AGRONOMY Three Cajanus v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d d u r i n g 1972 gave similar seed yields, but in 1973 cv T-21 gave a h i g h e r y i e l d t h a n Pusa A g e t i and Sharda. In 1973, d i f f e r e n c e s were observed between the varieties in the five yield characters studied. Early planting ABRAMS, R. 1975. and 50-cm row spacing were better than S t a t u s of r e s e a r c h on pigeonpeas in P u e r t o l a t e p l a n t i n g and 75-cm row s p a c i n g . R i c o . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n Legumes, 13-16 J a n , 1975. ICRISAT, Hyderabad, I n d i a . 141-148. 1 AIYER, A.K.Y.N. 1949. Mixed cropping in India. Indian J. Agric. Discusses importance o f t h e c r o p ; i t s S c i . 1 9 : 4 3 9 - 4 4 3 . 5 c u l t i v a t i o n , weed c o n t r o l , l i m e and f e r t i • l i z e r s , date o f p l a n t i n g , row w i d t h , p l a n t D e t a i l s o f the v a r i o u s crops w i t h which populations, cultural practices. Breeding pigeonpea i s grown i n m i x t u r e and o f t h e programs, inheritance, variety-environment p r o p o r t i o n s i n which i t i s sown. The interactions, diseases and insects, proces• l i s t s are f o r m i d a b l e — f o r example, i n the s i n g , and o t h e r q u a l i t y aspects a r e a l s o case of Cajanus indiaus, the reporting d i s c u s s e d . s t a t e s and p r o v i n c e s g i v e a t o t a l of 65 types o f m i x t u r e s .
ABRAMS, R., and F . J . JULIA. 1973. AIYER, A.K.Y.N. 1949. Effect of planting time, plant population, Mixed cropping in India. Part II. Mixed and row s p a c i n g on y i e l d and o t h e r c h a r a c • c r o p p i n g w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o some p r i n c i p a l t e r i s t i c s of pigeonpeas, Cajanus aajan ( L . ) c r o p s : Redgram. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . M i l l s p . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 1 9 ( 4 ) : 5 2 4 - 5 2 7 . 6 5 7 ( 4 ) : 2 7 5 - 2 8 5 . 2 Red gram is grown in mixture with one other The e f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g d a t e , p o p u l a t i o n , c r o p , o r w i t h two o r more o t h e r s , u p t o s i x . and row s p a c i n g was s t u d i e d w i t h s p e c i a l The t o t a l number o f m i x t u r e s i s 6 5 ; o f these r e f e r e n c e to mechanized pigeonpea p r o d u c • 17 c o n t a i n more t h a n two c r o p s . Pulses t i o n . Date o f p l a n t i n g , row s p a c i n g , and enter into 36 mixtures. The proportions in p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n had no e f f e c t on seed s i z e w h i c h seeds of the d i f f e r e n t components are or number of seeds per p o d , b u t pods per mixed a l s o v a r y w i d e l y . The d i f f e r e n t p r o • p l a n t i n c r e a s e d markedly w i t h i n c r e a s e d p o r t i o n s f o r r e d gram are l i s t e d . s p a c i n g and w i t h e a r l y p l a n t i n g s . Y i e l d tended to be h i g h e r at l o w e r s p a c i n g between rows and at h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n s , AKINOLA, J.O., and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1975. r e g a r d l e s s of row s p a c i n g . Agronomic s t u d i e s on pigeonpea (Cajanus aajan (L.) Millsp.). 1. Field responses t o sowing t i m e . A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. ABRAMS, R., and F . J . JULIA. 1974. 26(1) : 4 3 - 5 6 . 7 E f f e c t o f m e c h a n i c a l , c u l t u r a l , and c h e m i • c a l weed c o n t r o l o n y i e l d and y i e l d compo• Vegetative and reproductive responses of nents of pigeonpeas, Cajanus aajan ( L . ) two e a r l y m a t u r i n g and two l a t e - m a t u r i n g M i l l s p . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico C. aajan a c c e s s i o n s to e i g h t sowing dates 5 8 ( 4 ) : 4 6 6 - 4 7 2 . 3 were investigated. Preflowering to pod- r i p e n i n g d u r a t i o n s v a r i e d , depending upon Prometryne (preemergent), paraquat (post- interactions between climatic factors and emergent) , m e c h a n i c a l , and handweeding the photoperiodic responses of the acces• t r e a t m e n t s i n c r e a s e d green-pod y i e l d and sions. Quantitative short-day, day-neutral, pod number per p l a n t , i n f o u r d e t e r m i n a t e o r n e a r l y d a y - n e u t r a l , and i n t e r m e d i a t e and f o u r i n d e t e r m i n a t e l i n e s , w i t h t h e photoperiodic forms were identified. Rela• chemicals g i v i n g t h e g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e . tionship between day length, radiation, The t r e a t m e n t s had no e f f e c t , however, on growing degree-days, and seed yield/ha p l a n t h e i g h t , number o f days t o f l o w e r , based on i n d i v i d u a l m o n t h l y h a r v e s t s and seed w e i g h t , or seed number per p o d . harvest index were established for a sowing density of 2,990 plants/ha. Optimum sowing AHLAWAT, I . P . S . , C.S. SARAF, and A. SINGH. dates were late November to mid-January for 1975. dry seed p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e l a t e - m a t u r i n g S t u d i e s on t h e performances of pigeonpea accessions, and not later than December for v a r i e t i e s t o dates o f p l a n t i n g and row p e r i o d i c green-pod p i c k i n g i n t h e e a r l y spacing. Indian J. Agron. 20(3): maturing accessions. 245-247. 4 Pigeonpea Bibliography
AKINOLA,. J . O . , and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1975. I n f o r m a t i o n (much o f i t b r i e f ) i s reviewed Agronomic studies on pigeonpea (Cajanue on taxonomy and n o m e n c l a t u r e , v a r i e t i e s , aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 2 . Responses t o cytology, pollination, hybridization, sowing density. Aust. J. Agric. Res. h e r i t a b i l l t y , induced m u t a t i o n s , g r o w t h 2 6 ( l ) : 5 7 - 6 6 . 8 period and sowing dates, yield components, protein levels and quality, and resistance V e g e t a t i v e and seed y i e l d s in Cajanue aajan to fusarium udum. a c c e s s i o n UQ-1 were i n v e s t i g a t e d a t n i n e sowing d e n s i t i e s r a n g i n g f r o m 6,727 t o 215,278 plants/ha. Dry-matter yield/plant ALLES, W.S. 1958. declined asymptotically with increasing Some studies on run-off and infiltration. sowing density, while the dry-matter yield/ T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 1 1 4 ( 3 ) : 1 9 7 - 2 0 6 . 1 1 h a v s . d e n s i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p was d e s c r i b e d I n C e y l o n , r u n - o f f p e r m e a b i l i t y o f s o i l by a p a r a b o l i c c u r v e . The h i g h e s t d r y - profile, infiltration capacity, and soil m a t t e r y i e l d / h a , 22.95 m e t r i c t o n s , was l o s s have been s t u d i e d o n p l o t s p l a n t e d produced at a s p a c i n g of 0.305 x 0.305 m with sorghum/pigeonpea (C. aajan) and w i t h (107,639 plants/ha). At higher densities, cotton, both clean-cultivated and mulched. i n c r e a s e d s t a n d m o r t a l i t y and reduced numbers o f pods per p l a n t r e s u l t e d i n severe y i e l d r e d u c t i o n s . Reduced pod AMBIKA, SINGH, and S.K. SHARMA. 1969. number per p l a n t was r e l a t e d t o s i g n i f i • Red gram is a paying guest. Intensive c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e number o f p o d - A g r i c . 6 ( 1 1 ) : 1 8 - 1 9 . 12 producing branches and in the inflorescence- b e a r i n g stem l e n g t h . I n t e r a c t i o n s o f y i e l d Red gram (Pigeonpea) y i e l d s w e l l and fetches component, leaf-area index, and other plant good profits. The different aspects of c h a r a c t e r s a r e d i s c u s s e d . red gram cultivation discussed are mixed cropping with legumes and others, rotation c r o p p i n g , methods and time of g r o w i n g and AKINOLA, J . O . , and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1975. pests and d i s e a s e s . Agronomic s t u d i e s on pigeonpea (Cajanue aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 3. Responses to ANONYMOUS. 1924. defoliation. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2 6 ( l ) : 6 7 - 6 9 . 9 D h o l l (Cajanue indicus): A N a t a l f a r m c r o p . Notes o n i t s c u l t i v a t i o n . S . A f r . Sug. J . Two e a r l y - m a t u r i n g and two l a t e - m a t u r i n g 8 : 2 3 9 . 13 accessions of C. aajan grown in t h e f i e l d f o r 161 days were c u t to s t u b b l e s 90 cm in ANONYMOUS. 1927. h e i g h t every 4, 8, 1 2 , and 16 weeks d u r i n g Maize and t u r in Gokak c a n a l a r e a . Bombay a 72-week p e r i o d . Evidence f r o m t o t a l and Dep. A g r i c . L e a f l . 1 3 . 1 4 seasonal dry-matter and nitrogen yields, s t a n d s u r v i v a l , and s t u b b l e y i e l d a t t h e end o f t h e t r i a l suggested t h a t 8 - and 1 2 - ANONYMOUS. 1943. week cutting frequencies could be success• Cajanue i n d i c u s Spreng. B o l . M i n . A g r i c . f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d t o i n c o r p o r a t e c a t t l e B r a z i l . 3 2 ( 1 ) : 9 5 - 9 6 . 15 grazing and forage and seed production i n t o a s i n g l e management s y s t e m . The l a t e - ANONYMOUS. 1945. maturing accessions were better adapted to Shaping the future of Hawaii's agriculture. cutting, provided that basal green leaves Report of the Hawaii Agricultural Experi• always remained o n t h e s t u b b l e . R e d u c t i o n ment Station for the Biennium ending June o f p l a n t h e i g h t b y d e f o l i a t i o n i n a c c e s s i o n 2 0 , 1944. p. 115. 16 UQ-50 to facilitate subsequent harvesting l e d to a reduced annual seed y i e l d . The In Hawaii reduced vigor and higher morta• f i r s t seed crop was l o s t , because t o p p i n g l i t y were r e p o r t e d i n t h e C . aajan r a t o o n removed t h e r e p r o d u c t i v e m a t e r i a l . c r o p t h a n i n t h e p l a n t c r o p . A f u r t h e r d e c l i n e o c c u r r e d f o l l o w i n g t h e second r a t o o n c r o p , d u r i n g w h i c h m o r t a l i t y was AKINOLA, J . O . , P.C. WHITEMAN, and E.S. i n c r e a s e d f r o m 12.9% by c u t t i n g at 76 cm WALLIS. 1975. to 32.6% by c u t t i n g at 7.6 cm above ground The agronomy of pigeonpea (Cajanue cajan), l e v e l : I t was found t h a t m e c h a n i c a l Rev. S r . Pas. CAB. F d . Crops 1 : 5 7 . 10 harvesting with an oscillating-type cutter bar (instead of a corn binder) caused root snapping, particularly with cutting heights of l e s s t h a n 30 cm.
14 Agronomy
ANONYMOUS. 1946. ANONYMOUS. 1953. Annual report of the Department of Science L i n e sowing of a r h a r and J a u r . A l l a h a b a d and A g r i c u l t u r e , Barbados, f o r t h e y e a r Fmr 2 7 ( 3 ) : 1 1 6 - 1 1 8 . 22 1944-45. 17 Line sowing (sowing in straight lines or I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e work summarized o n rows) does n o t i n i t s e l f g i v e crops more c o t t o n and s u g a r , t h e s e l e c t i o n o f I n d i a n p l a n t food o r w a t e r b u t i t does h e l p each maize and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i t h Cajanus p l a n t t o get i t s share o f food and w a t e r . indiaus, Phaseolus aureus , P. mungo , and I t s advantages o v e r broadcast method are perennial kavironda sorghum are reported. given. Also Jowar (Sorghum vulgare) can be very successfully grown in combination w i t h a r h a r . The d i s t a n c e between t h e l i n e s ANONYMOUS. 1949. of a r h a r s h o u l d be 6 to 8 ft ( 1 . 8 to 2.4 m); Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i • between seeds in a row, 2 inches (5 cm). culture, Colony of Sierra Leone for the I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f o t h e r crops w i t h a r h a r i s y e a r 1948. F r e e t o w n . 51 p p . 18 a l s o s u g g e s t e d . Pigeonpea is expanding as a c r o p ; f i v e varieties are under trial and experiments ANONYMOUS. 1956. o n t h e e f f e c t o f f e r t i l i z e r s o n d i f f e r e n t crops i n c l u d e p i g e o n p e a . The Agricultural resources of Mysore State (Tur—Cajanus oajan). Mysore A g r i c . J. 31(4):207-213. 23 ANONYMOUS. 1950. Cajanus oajan. In Wealth of I n d i a . (Raw ANONYMOUS. 1958. m a t e r i a l ) 1 1 : 6 - 1 1 . New D e l h i : C o u n c i l o f Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i • S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h . 1 9 culture, Ghana. Agronomic Research. A monotypic genus c o m p r i s i n g C. oajan, an 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 : 8 . 24 i m p o r t a n t leguminous c r o p , w i d e l y d i s t r i • A t Kwadoso, t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t f a l l o w b u t e d i n t h e t r o p i c s and c u l t i v a t e d e x t e n • crops grown f o r 3 years was measured by a s i v e l y f o r i t s e d i b l e seeds. S a n s k r i t : f i r s t t e s t c r o p o f maize. F a l l o w crops and A d h a k i , t u v a r i , t u v a r i k a ; H i n d i , B e n g a l i maize y i e l d s ( d r y g r a i n ) w e r e : pigeonpea and Marakan-Tagore: Mal-Thuvara. An {Cajanus oajan) 1,691 l b / a c r e (1,896 kg/ha); annual o r p e r e n n i a l s h r u b . P l a n t i s p r o • permanent c r o p p i n g (no f a l l o w ) 1,127 l b / a c r e b a b l y n a t i v e o f A f r i c a and i t i s now grown (1,243 kg/ha). i n almost a l l t h e t r o p i c a l c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d i n c l u d i n g A f r i c a , A m e r i c a , I n d i a , Australia, Hawaii, East and West Indies. ANONYMOUS. 1959. D e t a i l s o f c u l t i v a t i o n , p e s t s , d i s e a s e s , The work of IRCT d u r i n g 1957 ( F r e n c h ) . and y i e l d . Coton F i b r . T r o p . 1959. 1 4 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 2 8 5 . 25 I n a t r i a l w h i c h s t a r t e d i n 1956, compa• ANONYMOUS. 1950. risons were made between maize, Canavalia Tanganyika Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , s p . , and Cajanus oajan, as p r e c e d i n g crop Annual Report f o r 1948. D a r - e s - S a l a a m . f o r c o t t o n ; maize was c o n s i d e r e d t h e b e s t 173 p p . 20 because i t y i e l d s a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f green m a t t e r , w h i c h i s r e l a t i v e l y easy t o Investigations reported include the effect plow i n . o f a 3 - y e a r r o t a t i o n o f e l e p h a n t g r a s s , p i g e o n p e a , or c o n t i n u o u s maize on a subse• quent maize c r o p . ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 1 . Crop production trials and new crops. Rep. D i v . A g r i c . B r . Guiana 1959 ( n . d . ) ; ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 1 . 3 6 - 3 7 . 26 Nyasaland P r o t e c t o r a t e . Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e f o r t h e year Cajanus oajan and some o t h e r crops were 1948. P t . 2 . E x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k , Zomba. s u c c e s s f u l l y grown o n w e l l - d r a i n e d beds o f 15 p p . 21 coastal and pegassy clay. The possibility o f i n c l u d i n g t h e s e crops i n a r i c e r o t a t i o n Organic manuring and mulching experiment was a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . Dhal (C. oajan) designed to determine the effect of burying grown o n w e l l - d r a i n e d c o a s t a l c l a y w h i c h crop r e s i d u e s , t o i n v e s t i g a t e v a r i o u s o t h e r r e c e i v e d 0.25 to 0.5 tons (560 to 1,120 methods of a d d i n g humus to t h e s o i l , and k g / h a ) o f l i m e s t o n e + 0 . 5 cwt (56 k g / h a ) t o a s c e r t a i n t h e e f f e c t o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e each of sulfate of potash and triple super• s o i l d u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n , e i t h e r b y means p h o s p h a t e / a c r e y i e l d e d 600 t o 700 l b dry of a cover crop (pigeonpea) or by m u l c h i n g .
15 Plgeonpea Bibliography
s e e d / a c r e (672 t o 785 k g / h a ) a t t h e f i r s t Emphasized t h a t s p e c i f i c areas s h o u l d b e p i c k i n g , and a f t e r r a t o o n i n g , a f u r t h e r identified where cropping intensity can be 600 to 700 l b / a c r e 5 to 6 months l a t e r . i n c r e a s e d w i t h t h e use o f p u l s e s . Formu• l a t e d a s t u d y on ways and means of r e d u c i n g losses of fixed nitrogen. Though experi• ANONYMOUS. 1968. m e n t a l evidence i s n o t c o n c l u s i v e , i t i s Green manure. Seed Wld 1 0 3 ( 8 ) : 2 2 . 27 assumed t h a t a s m a l l b u t s i g n i f i c a n t Plgeonpea (Cajanue c a j a n ) cv Norman has amount o f n i t r o g e n i s l e f t b e h i n d b y g r a i n been developed as a new green manure c r o p legumes f o r u t i l i z a t i o n b y t h e succeeding f o r N and S C a r o l i n a , USA. In t r i a l s c r o p . d u r i n g 4 y e a r s , average y i e l d s f r o m Norman were 3.75 t o n s DM/acre (8,407 k g / h a ) , ANONYMOUS. 1974. compared with 2.5 tons/acre (5,605 kg/ha) Report o f t h e F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , f r o m C r o t a l a r i a and h a i r y i n d i g o (lndigo- 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 . U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , fera hireuta) • Norman is r e s i s t a n t to t h e St. Augustine, Trinidad. 186 pp. 32 two main r o o t - k n o t nematodes (Meloidogyne s p p . ) found i n N C a r o l i n a . T r i a l s r e p o r t e d i n c l u d e s t u d i e s o f v a r i e t a l c h a r a c t e r s and t h e e f f e c t o f sowing d a t e , plant density, fertilizer application, ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 1 . growth regulators, and herbicides on yields P r o f i t s t r i p l e i f a r h a r i s a d e q u a t e l y of plgeonpea and o t h e r c r o p s . Work on f e r t i l i z e d . F m J . 1 2 ( 1 1 - 1 2 ) : 1 4 - 1 5 . 2 8 agronomic c h a r a c t e r s and d r y - m a t t e r p r o d u c • P r o f i t s p e r h e c t a r e under t h e s t a n d a r d tion, dry-matter intake, and apparent practice amounted to Rs. 964.52; this d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f v a r i o u s p a s t u r e s p e c i e s p r o f i t i n c r e a s e d t o Rs. 1 , 6 8 6 . 4 0 , (including pangola grass and Cyanodon Rs. 1,947.22, and Rs. 2,341.29 when the dactylon) is d e s c r i b e d . crop received low, medium, and high rates respectively of the phosphatic fertilizers. ANONYMOUS. 1975. These a r e about 7 5 , 1 0 2 , and 143% i n c r e a s e s New r e d gram pays w i t h b e t t e r p r a c t i c e s . i n p r o f i t over t h e s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e a s Fm J. 1 6 ( 1 1 ) : 5 - 6 . 33 a g a i n s t t h e i n c r e a s e of a b o u t 24 and 57% i n c o s t s i n c u r r e d . The new r e d gram, P-4785, is e a r l y and h i g h y i e l d i n g and gave a p r o f i t as h i g h as Rs. 1622/ha in as s h o r t a t i m e as 150 d a y s . ANONYMOUS. 1972. New varieties of red gram with new manage• Know y o u r f o o d s : Red gram. N u t r i t i o n . ment practices are bound to give a better 6 ( 4 ) : 2 7 - 2 9 . 29 r e t u r n o v e r t h e o l d v a r i e t i e s . Red gram is a p o p u l a r p u l s e c r o p grown t h r o u g h o u t I n d i a . A v e r y hardy c r o p , i t ANTICHAN, C. 1952. is grown g e n e r a l l y as a mixed c r o p w i t h Cover crops for Guinea plantations. Fruits j o w a r , b a j r a , m a i z e , and c o t t o n . The p l a n t d ' o u t r e Mer. 7 : 3 3 9 - 3 4 1 . 34 can t h r i v e o n a l l s o i l s ; u s e f u l a s a hedge and p r e v e n t s s o i l e r o s i o n . The n u t r i t i v e A l i s t of 23 e r e c t and 16 c r e e p i n g l e g u m i • v a l u e o f r e d gram and i t s use i n commercial nous p l a n t s s u i t a b l e f o r use as cover consumption a r e t a b u l a t e d . c r o p s , and amount of seed necessary per h e c t a r e , average h e i g h t , r e s i s t a n c e t o drought, and tolerance to cutting back. ANONYMOUS. 1974. For middle Guinea Cajanus i n d i c u s was A r h a r has a b i g r o l e . Fm f a r e 1 ( 9 ) : found one o f t h e most s a t i s f a c t o r y e r e c t 1 1 - 1 3 . 30 s p e c i e s . Researchers have identified quick-growing, compact breeds o f t h i s p u l s e w h i c h g i v e i t APONTE APONTE, F. 1963. a s i g n i f i c a n t p l a c e i n t h e c o u n t r y ' s f o o d Plgeonpea cultivation in Puerto Rico. economy. These v a r i e t i e s a l s o a v o i d f r o s t C a r i b b . A g r i c . 1 ( 3 ) : 1 9 1 - 1 9 7 . 3 5 and f i t w e l l i n r o t a t i o n s . The c u l t i v a t i o n i s v e r y s i m p l e and i s m o s t • l y conducted o n t h e p o o r e s t s o i l s i n t h e ANONYMOUS. 1974. southwestern part of the island. Among the Symposium on inter and multiple cropping of t h r e e v a r i e t i e s i n u s e , Kaki i s t h e most s h o r t d u r a t i o n v a r i e t i e s o f p u l s e s f o r a p o p u l a r w i t h t h e c a n n e r i e s . I t i s a n e a r l y major advance i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b i o l o • variety, yielding a first crop in December g i c a l n i t r o g e n and p r o t e i n r e s o u r c e s . Aug. and a second crop in February. 1 3 - 1 4 , 1974. I A R I , New D e l h i . 31
16 Agronomy
APPADURAI, R. and K.V. SELVARAJ. 1974. and combined as u r e a and t r i p l e s u p e r • Note o n t h e g r o u n d n u t - r e d g r a m m i x t u r e i n phosphate respectively. Foliar-applied l o w e r Bhawani P r o j e c t a r e a . Madras A g r i c . nutrients did not have significant effects J . 6 1 ( 9 ) : 8 0 3 - 8 0 4 . 3 6 on green-pod yield, plant height, seed weight, protein content, or seed-to-pod Three y e a r s o f t r i a l s i n b o t h seasons r a t i o o f t h e two c u l t i v a r s . C v K a k i showed s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n a l income i n yielded more green pods with heavier seeds mixed c r o p o v e r t h e p u r e crop o f g r o u n d n u t . and grew t a l l e r t h a n d i d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l The r e d gram v a r i e t y 1141 (Co-1) can be line 2B-bushy. The seed-to-pod ratio for r a i s e d p r o f i t a b l y a s a mixed c r o p w i t h 2B-bushy was h i g h e r t h a n t h a t f o r K a k i , groundnut cv TMV-2. b u t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was almost t h e same in t h e two c u l t i v a r s . ARGIKAR, G.P. 1968. Growing o f p u l s e s i s b e s e t w i t h many BAINS, S.S. 1968. p r o b l e m s . I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 5 - 1 8 . 37 Pulses are p o p u l a r f o r mixed c r o p p i n g . Some causes o f low p u l s e y i e l d s i n I n d i a Indian Fmg 17(11):19-22. 42 are discussed, particularly susceptibility Profitable crop mixtures generally comprise to diseases. Drought tolerance; resistance a c e r e a l and a p u l s e and t h e r e a r e good t o pod b o r e r s , b r u c h i d s , and mealy b u g s ; reasons for the popularity of sowing pulses n u t r i t i v e q u a l i t y ; c o o k i n g , c a n n i n g , and mixed w i t h o t h e r c r o p s . Recent d e v e l o p • parching qualities; breeding for heavy ments on i n t e r c r o p p i n g of p u l s e s a r e summa• manuring, irrigation, and nitrogen fixation r i z e d . a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d .
BALASUBRAMANYAM, R., and SUNDARAM, S. 1947. ARIYANAYAGAM, R.P. 1975. A r e v i e w of experiments w i t h legumes Status of research on pigeonpeas in Trini• p r e c e d i n g c o t t o n i n Madras p r o v i n c e . I n d i a n dad. Proc. First International Workshop on C o t t o n Grow. Rev. 1 : 8 7 - 9 5 . 43 G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 J a n , 1975. ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. 131-140. 38 The r e v i e w has amply demonstrated t h a t in planning future trials, it would be unwise Importance of pigeonpea research organiza• t o g o i n f o r p u l s e s o t h e r t h a n g r o u n d n u t , tion, microbiology, microclimatology, tur (C. cajan), gram, and h o r s e gram f o r drought hardening, crop physiology, seed and p i l l i p e s a r a , i n d i g o , and guara agronomy, breeding, germplasm collection, f o r green manure. Pulses f i g u r e i n most problems o f agronomic and n u t r i t i o n a l of t h e m i x t u r e s as a c h i e f component. q u a l i t y a r e d i s c u s s e d .
BHAN, V.M., M. SINGH, and R.A. MAURYA. 1970. ARW00TH, N.L. 1974. Weed c o n t r o l i n f i e l d crops a t Pantnagar. P r o d u c t i o n and r e s e a r c h on food legumes in I n d i a n Research Report 1968-69. PANS T h a i l a n d . T r o p . A g r i c . Res. S e r . 16(4):690-701. 44 6 : 9 3 - 1 0 0 . 39 Trifluralin, alachlor (CP 50144), and The main r e s e a r c h problems concern v a r i e t a l prometryne were a p p l i e d a t v a r i o u s concen• improvement, crop management, soil ferti• t r a t i o n s to c o n t r o l weeds in Cajanus aajan: l i t y , and seed m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f pigeonpea All three chemicals gave significantly and o t h e r legumes. h i g h e r y i e l d s over c o n t r o l . Pigeonpea i n plots receiving prometryne at 1.5 kg/ha AYYAR, A . K . Y . N . 1958. and trifluralin at 1.5 kg/ha produced Red gram. In F i e l d Crops of I n d i a . 5 t h e d . considerably higher yields. Alachlor had B a n g a l o r e : Govt. P r e s s . 113-118. 40 some toxic effect on the crop plants. H i g h e s t d r y m a t t e r of weeds at 3 0 t h day was shown after application of prometryne BADILL0-FELICIAN0, J . , R. ABRAMS, and a t 1.5 k g / h a . However, d r y m a t t e r o f t h e R. P I E T R I . 1977. c r o p was n o t a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y E f f e c t o f f o l i a r - a p p l i e d f e r t i l i z e r s o n application of the three herbicides. pigeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n ) . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P. Rico 6 1 ( 2 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 2 0 . 41 BHATAWADEKAR, P . U . , S.S. CHINOY, and Two pigeonpea c u l t i v a r s were t e s t e d : N u t r i - K.M. DESHMUKH. 1966. l e a f a t a r a t e o f 2.24 k g / h a was f o l i a r - Response of bajra-tur mixed crop to nitrogen a p p l i e d a t w e e k l y , b i w e e k l y , t r i w e e k l y , and phosphate fertilization under dry farm• and m o n t h l y i n t e r v a l s . E q u i v a l e n t amounts i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f S h o l a p u r . I n d i a n J . of N and P were a p p l i e d b i w e e k l y , separately A g r o n . 1 1 : 2 4 3 - 2 4 6 . 45
17 Plgeonpea Bibliography
N i t r o g e n and p h o s p h o r i c a c i d were t r i e d a t control plots. The relatively high yield four levels, each singly and in combination. o f t h e u n f e r t i l i z e d p l o t s i s a t t r i b u t e d t o Bajra responds to both nitrogen and phos• weed and p e s t c o n t r o l . E x a m i n a t i o n of p h o r i c a c i d i n t h e form o f s i n g l e s u p e r • c o s t s and r e t u r n s showed t h a t t h e use of phosphate. Tur responds t o p h o s p h o r i c a c i d fertilizer and manure was highly profitable. a p p l i e d i n t h e f o r m o f s i n g l e s u p e r p h o s • p h a t e . Y i e l d s t e n d t o decrease w i t h CHOWDHURY, S . L . , and P.C. BHATIA. 1 9 7 1 . increased dosage of nitrogen. Ridge-planted kharif pulses: high yield despite waterlogging. Indian Fmg BRAR, Z . S . , J . S . G I L L , and MUKAND SINGH. 2 1 ( 3 ) : 8 - 9 . 5 1 1976. I n 1968-69 t r i a l s i n t h e k h a r i f (summer T - 2 1 , a new a r h a r f o r P u n j a b . I n d i a n Fmg monsoon) season, sowing Cajanus c a j a n on 2 6 ( 3 ) : 2 8 - 2 9 . 46 r i d g e s i n c r e a s e d average seed y i e l d s b y The new a r h a r (Cajanue aajan) cv T-21 gave 30.7% over y i e l d of 2,180 k g / h a when sown seed y i e l d s o f 640 t o 1,160 k g / h a a t t h r e e in flat. In a second trial in 1968-69, l o c a t i o n s i n P u n j a b . The n e t p r o f i t was C. aajan sown at a spacing of 20, 30, and h i g h e r i n a r h a r / w h e a t r o t a t i o n t h a n i n 40 cm between p l a n t s in 50-cm rows gave maize/wheat rotation. average y i e l d s o f 2 , 8 7 0 , 2 , 3 7 0 , and 2,010 k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . CARRIERE, E.A. 1874. Cajanue indicus. Revue Horticole. CROSS, L . C . , and S.M. THOMAS. 1968. 191-193. 47 Plgeonpea. Texaco Food Crop Demonstration Farm, U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , S t . A u g u s t i n e . 52 CHANDRA MOHAN, J. 1969. E f f e c t o f l i m i t e d i r r i g a t i o n o n t h e y i e l d o f p u l s e s . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 6 ( 2 ) : DAFTARDAR, S.Y., and N.K. SAVANT. 1971. 8 5 - 8 6 . 48 Influence of competition between root c o l l o i d s f o r c a t i o n s o n K/Ca r a t i o i n Reports t h e e f f e c t o f l i m i t e d i r r i g a t i o n p l a n t t o p s . P I . S o i l 3 4 ( 1 ) : 2 0 1 - 2 0 2 . 5 3 on y i e l d of r e d gram (Cajanue aajan) and h o r s e gram (Dolichos biflorus) grown in P e a r l m i l l e t and pigeonpea were grown i n t h e l o w e r Bhawani P r o j e c t A y a c u t , d u r i n g mixed stands i n p o t s o f c l a y loam s o i l . the main cropping season of 1967-68. The K:Ca r a t i o i n p l a n t tops i n c r e a s e d with increasing representation of pearl millet in the mixture. CHOWDHURY, S . L . 1969. Pulse crops - more p r o d u c t i v e t h a n you t h i n k . I n d i a n Fmg 1 9 ( 6 ) : 2 3 - 2 5 . 49 DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and J . N . KAUL. 1974. The news of a r h a r (pigeonpea) y i e l d i n g o v e r Changes i n g r o w t h h a b i t o f pigeonpea 5000 kgs of g r a i n per h e c t a r e may come as (Cajanue aajan ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) due to l a t e a surprise. Suitably spaced and adequately sowing. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 83(2): f e r t i l i z e d , t h e crop produced 5200 kgs a t 3 7 9 - 3 8 0 . 54 Pantnagar. T h i s i s about f i v e times t h e average y i e l d o f a r h a r i n t h e s t a t e . A Four e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s were sown i n s t i l l h i g h e r g r a i n y i e l d ( 7 , 9 9 0 kgs) o f mid-June (normal) and mid-July (late). t h i s crop has a l s o been r e p o r t e d f r o m Effect of late sowing was greatest on the o u t s i d e I n d i a . highest yielding variety (Pant-A2) for plant width and height, pod number per CHOWDHURY, S . L . , and P.C. BHATIA. 1 9 7 1 . main branch and per plant, and grain yield. P r o f i t s t r i p l e when a r h a r i s a d e q u a t e l y The v a r i e t y T-21 gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d s fertilized. Indian Fmg 20(12):27-30. 50 under late-sown conditions. In f e r t i l i z e r e x p e r i m e n t s on a poor sandy loam s o i l t r e a t e d w i t h superphosphate a t DALAL, R.C. 1974.
r a t e s of 3 3 , 6 7 , and 100 kg of P2 O 5 /ha and Effect of intercropping maize with pigeon- w i t h 1 5 , 3 0 , and 45 m e t r i c tons of manure/ peas o n g r a i n y i e l d and n u t r i e n t u p t a k e . ha Cajanue c a j a n yielded 2,030, 2,340, and E x p l A g r i c . 1 9 ( 3 ) : 2 1 9 - 2 2 4 . 55 2,760 k g / h a r e s p e c t i v e l y , o n t h e s u p e r • Maize cv X-306 and pigeonpea cv G1-274A phosphate p l o t s and 1 , 9 0 0 , 2 , 3 6 0 , and ( d w a r f ) were sown ( i ) as pure s t a n d s , (11) 2,840 k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y , on the manured in a mixed s t a n d (sown t o g e t h e r on t h e same p l o t s , a s a g a i n s t 1,290 k g / h a f o r t h e h i l l i n t h e same row) and ( i i i ) i n a l t e r n a t e
18 rows. A s i m i l a r t r i a l was g i v e n f o u r levels different aspects of fertilizer application of N at s o w i n g . G r a i n y i e l d of maize and irrespective of rainfall, the possibilities seed y i e l d o f pigeonpea were l o w e r i n ( i i ) of d r i l l i n g aqueous N and P f e r t i l i z e r s , of and ( i i i ) than i n ( i ) . Maize i n ( i ) applying film-forming and reflectant anti- produced t h e h i g h e s t g r a i n y i e l d / h a per transpirants, and of double-cropping without week. Maize/pigeonpea i n ( i i i ) gave t h e i r r i g a t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d . h i g h e s t p r o t e i n y i e l d / h a per week and absorbed t h e h i g h e s t amounts of K, Ca, and DERIEUX, M. 1970. Mg. Y i e l d s of seed and p r o t e i n / h a per week R e s u l t s o f p r e l i m i n a r y t r i a l s o n two l e g u • and n u t r i e n t uptake were l o w e s t w i t h mes used f o r f o o d : Cajanus c a j a n and Vigna pigeonpea i n ( i ) . The problem o f i n t e r • sinensis. Proc. 7th Ann. meet. C.F.C.S. c r o p p i n g maize and pigeonpea under optimum Martinique - Guadeloupe. 1969. c o n d i t i o n s o f f e r t i l i z e r N a p p l i c a t i o n i s 164-172. 58 d i s c u s s e d . Pigeonpea t r i a l s i n d i c a t e d t h a t y i e l d s o f fresh seeds around 2,750 kg/ha are attain• DALAL, R . C . , and P. QUILT. 1977. able with a daylength-insen8ltive and a E f f e c t of N, P, l i m i n g , and Mo on n u t r i t i o n s h o r t - d a y v a r i e t y sown i n J u n e ; l a t e r and g r a i n y i e l d o f pigeonpea. Agron. J . sowing g r e a t l y reduced t h e y i e l d . A p l a n t 6 9 ( 5 ) : 8 5 4 - 8 5 7 . 56 density of 32,000/ha resulted in somewhat The main N t r e a t m e n t s ( 0 , 1 2 , 20 and 30 kg h i g h e r y i e l d s t h a n l o w e r d e n s i t i e s . N / h a ) , P CO, 5 0 , 100 and 250 kg P / h a ) , and l i m e ( 0 , 1,250, 2,500 and 5,000 kg CaCO / 3 DERIEUX, M . , C. SUARD, and C. VINCENT. ha) were arranged in b l o c k s in a m o d i f i e d 1 9 7 1 . central composite design. The subtreatment Some data on the behaviour of pigeonpea in Mo was a p p l i e d at two r a t e s (0 and 0.25 Guadeloupe (French West I n d i e s ) . A n n l s . k g / h a ) . N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n a s measured b y Amel. P I . 2 1 : 3 7 3 - 4 0 7 . 5 9 acetylene reduction assay, nodule weight, d r y m a t t e r and g r a i n y i e l d , and n u t r i e n t Compared germination in nine varieties and uptake by pigeonpea were o b s e r v e d . growth and development in five collected Although fertilizer N significantly from Trinidad, the West Indies, Pakistan, reduced t h e N f i x a t i o n , t h e t o t a l K and N and Guadeloupe. V a r i a b i l i t y i n m o r p h o l o • u p t a k e , g r a i n y i e l d , and Fe and Cu c o n c e n • gical and some physiological characters, t r a t i o n s i n t h e p l a n t were n o t a f f e c t e d . such a s p h o t o p e r i o d i s m , i s d e s c r i b e d i n A p p l i e d Mo had no e f f e c t on any of t h e studies of a large collection including p l a n t parameters c o n s i d e r e d , p o s s i b l y t a l l and dwarf v a r i e t i e s f r o m 200 sources because i t was p r e s e n t i n s u f f i c i e n t in the West Indies, Africa, and Pakistan. amounts i n s o i l . L i m i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y T r i a l s f o r f e r t i l i z e r response and s o i l i n c r e a s e d t o t a l Ca, Mg, and P u p t a k e by a d a p t a t i o n a r e r e p o r t e d , u s i n g t h e T r i n i d a d pigeonpea b u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y decreased Mn cv G-154/32 as s t a n d a r d . The p o s s i b i l i t y c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e p l a n t b y r a i s i n g s o i l o f b r e e d i n g and s e l e c t i o n i n Guadeloupe i s pH. F e r t i l i z e r P s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d . d r y - m a t t e r y i e l d ( a t 7 weeks of c r o p growth) and t o t a l P uptake b u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y decreased Z n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e p l a n t . DHILLON, MANMOHAN SINGH. 1972. The tendency f o r i n c r e a s i n g g r a i n y i e l d E f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g d a t e s o n t h e performance w i t h h i g h e r r a t e s o f l i m i n g and o f P of pigeonpea (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) suggested t h a t optimum r a t e s of P and T - 2 1 sown under d i f f e r e n t row s p a c i n g s i n l i m i n g s h o u l d b e f u r t h e r s t u d i e d . arhar-wheat rotations. M.Sc. (1972) Thesis. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, P u n j a b , I n d i a . 6 0 DE, R. 1974. Development of agronomic p r a c t i c e under DORASAMI, L . S . 1940. unfavourable rainfed conditions. Proc. The c u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s i n Mysore S t a t e . F i r s t FAO/SIDA seminar on improvement and J . Mysore A g r i c . E x p l . U n i o n . 1 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : p r o d u c t i o n o f f i e l d f o o d c r o p s f o r p l a n t 6 3 - 6 8 . 61 scientists from Africa and the Near East. The most i m p o r t a n t p u l s e s grown in t h e C a i r o , E g y p t . 4 9 5 - 5 0 4 . 57 s t a t e a r e Dolichos biflorus, pigeonpea D u r i n g t h e r a i n y seasons o f 1970-1973, r e d (Cajanus indicue), Dolichos lablab, Cicer gram (Cajanua c a j a n ) c v . Pusa A g e t i gave arietinum, Phaseolus mungo, and Phaseolus t h e most s t a b l e y i e l d ( 1 , 9 0 0 kg) and cowpea aureus. C. indicue o c c u p i e s 120,000 a c r e s and g r a i n sorghum were l e a s t s t a b l e . The (48,600 hectares) and is grown as a pure
19 Pigeonpea Bibliography
d r y crop or in some cases as a mixed c r o p . I n r a i n f e d f i e l d t r i a l s o n a r e d s o i l near I t i s d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n t and s u c c e s s f u l i n Hyderabad, India, various intercropping dry seasons, when other crops have failed. p a t t e r n s o f sorghum, p l g e o n p e a , c a s t o r , There a r e many v a r i e t i e s of C. indious b u t pearl millet, cowpea, lablab, finger millet, t h e two main t y p e s a r e : ( i ) t h e p e r e n n i a l soybean, and b l a c k gram were s t u d i e d f o r t y p e , w h i c h assumes a t r e e - l i k e appearance mutual competitive effects. Highest total and is a l l o w e d to grow more t h a n a y e a r , y i e l d s were o b t a i n e d when sorghum was grown and ( i i ) t h e annual v a r i e t y w h i c h i s grown at the highest population tested (220,000 a s a f i e l d c r o p . B r e e d i n g work t o e v o l v e plants/ha) and intercropped with sorghum or good s t r a i n s i s i n p r o g r e s s . with plgeonpea. Reducing the population of sorghum to better accommodate intercrops reduced y i e l d f o r w h i c h t h e i n t e r c r o p s d i d ENYI, B.A.C. 1973. n o t compensate. I n b o t h y e a r s g r a i n y i e l d s Effects of intercropping maize or sorghum o f sorghum grown a t h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n s w i t h cowpea, p l g e o n p e a , o r beans. E x p l ( a t l e a s t 220,000 p l a n t s / h a ) g e n e r a l l y A g r i c . 9 ( 1 ) : 8 3 - 9 0 . 6 2 surpassed y i e l d s f r o m p l o t s o f sorghum All intercropping treatments decreased LAI, intercropped with plgeonpea. p l a n t f r e s h w e i g h t a t a n t h e s i s , and s t o v e r and g r a i n y i e l d s o f t h e c e r e a l s compared w i t h t h e p u r e s t a n d s . I n sorghum, g r a i n GAHLOT, K . S . N . , RAM VISHAL, and y i e l d was decreased more by cowpeas and S . J . VISHWAKARMA. 1978. pigeonpeas t h a n b y beans, b u t i n m a i z e , Urd 'T.9' as intercrop with Arhar 'T.21.' cowpeas and beans decreased y i e l d s more I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 1 0 ) : 7 - 8 . 67 than pigeonpeas. Intercropping sorghum The yield data of arhar and urd and econo• w i t h pigeonpeas i n c r e a s e d t o t a l g r a i n mics of intercropping are presented. One y i e l d b y 65.9%. row of T-9 between two rows of a r h a r p l a n t e d 80 cm a p a r t produced 27.47 q u i n t a l s EVANS, A . C . , and H.W. MITCHELL. 1962. (2,747 kg) of arhar and 6.61 quintals S o i l f e r t i l i t y s t u d i e s i n T a n g a n y i k a . 1 . (661 kg) of mash/ha. Improvement to c r o p and g r a s s p r o d u c t i o n on a leached sandy s o i l in Bukoba. E. A f r . GALBAN, E. 1955. A g r i c . F o r . J . 2 7 ( 4 ) : 1 8 9 - 1 9 6 . 6 3 Cajanus i n d i c u s - F l o r i d a herbs and p l a n t s . T r i a l s d u r i n g 1957-60 w i t h N , P , K , Ca, A c t a P h y t o t h e r . 2 ( 2 ) : 1 - 7 . 6 8 and f a r m y a r d manure on maize and plgeonpea on poor grassland. Plgeonpea responded GIDWANI, H . M . , M.C. AGARWAL, and most to K and Ca in t h e absence of FYM; L . N . DUBEY. 1967. b o t h crops responded w e l l to FYM even at Crop rotation for reclaimed ravine lands. o n l y 5 t o n s / a c (5 m t / h a ) . J . S o i l Wat. Conserv. 1 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 5 - 6 0 . 6 9 The d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s showed t h a t ( i ) FAO. 1 9 6 1 . B a j r a + A r h a r - Mustard and ( i i ) B a j r a - A g r i c u l t u r a l and h o r t i c u l t u r a l seeds - Cowpea a r e t h e b e s t r o t a t i o n s f o r t h e t r a c t t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n , c o n t r o l , and d i s t r i b u • as compared to Bajra continuously, which is t i o n . FAO A g r i c . S t u d i e s . 5 5 : 2 5 9 - 2 6 0 . 64 at present the usual practice followed by the cultivator. These rotations also build FOREMAN, A. 1965. u p s o i l f e r t i l i t y and cause l e s s s o i l and Plgeonpea t r i a l s . Farmer ( K i n g s t o n , w a t e r l o s s t h a n B a j r a c o n t i n u o u s l y . Jamaica) 7 0 : 1 0 5 - 1 0 8 . 65 Comparative t r i a l s o f t h e v a r i e t i e s K a k i G I R I , R., and R. DE. 1977. and Saragateado u n d e r t a k e n f r o m 1963 to Canopy managements under rainfed conditions. 1965 in Jamaica a r e d e s c r i b e d . A new w h i t e I n d i a n Fmg 27(1) : 2 1 - 2 2 . 70 " n o - e y e " t y p e , s m a l l e r t h a n any known The seed y i e l d s in plgeonpea (Cajanus v a r i e t y and b e l i e v e d to be a m u t a n t , is c a j a n ) cv Pusa Ageti grown at a s p a c i n g of m e n t i o n e d . I t appears t o breed t r u e . 50 x 20 cm in pure stands or when i n t e r • cropped w i t h b l a c k gram (Vigna mungo) cv FREYMAN, S . , and J. VENKATESWARLU. 1977. T-9 between the rows were 1,700 and 1,580 I n t e r c r o p p i n g o n r a i n f e d r e d s o i l s o f t h e k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Seed y i e l d s o f Deccan P l a t e a u , I n d i a . Can. J . P I . S c i . V. mungo were 700 kg/ha. Similar results 57(3) : 6 9 7 - 7 0 5 . 66 were also obtained in the following year.
20 GOODING, H . J . 1962. and number of branches between c u l t i v a r s The agronomic a s p e c t s of p l g e o n p e a s . Fld and spacings were significant. Fresh-pod Crop A b s t r . 1 5 : 1 - 5 . 71 y i e l d s were 0.5 to 1 0 . 0 t / h a . Cv 17 spaced a t ( i i ) averaged 4.96 t / h a , b u t a t ( i ) This Is a r e v i e w of pigeonpea agronomy, y i e l d e d < 1.5 t in f i v e sowings and > 4 t including sowing, spacing, manuring, har• i n t h r e e s o w i n g s . Sowing i n l a t e May v e s t i n g , and diseases and p e s t s . The appeared t h e most e f f i c i e n t , g i v i n g a l a r g e importance of this legume in India and the number of pods per d a y , per f l o w e r i n g t r o p i c s and s u b t r o p i c s i s d i s c u s s e d and b r a n c h , and per meter o f h e i g h t . D a y l e n g t h i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d o n i t s r o t a t i o n a l and had a dominant i n f l u e n c e on growth and green m a n u r i a l v a l u e s , and i t s use as a y i e l d , b u t p a r t o f t h i s e f f e c t c o u l d have f o r a g e and p a s t u r e c r o p . Gives a b r i e f been a response to r a d i a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a c c o u n t o f b r e e d i n g w o r k . t o p h o t o p e r i o d .
GUPTA, T . N . 1970. HAMMERTON, J . L . , and R.E. PIERRE. 1 9 7 1 . Varietal-cum-row spacing-cum plant popula• Cajanus cajan - t h e p i g e o n or gungo p e a , t i o n s t u d i e s on p i g e o n p e a . 86 p p . M.Sc. Cajanus. T r i n i d a d 4 ( 2 ) : 8 1 - 8 8 . 76 (1970) T h e s i s . G.B. Pant U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and T e c h n o l o g y , P a n t n a g a r , In t h e West I n d i e s , t h e pigeonpea (Cajanus U t t a r P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 7 2 cajan) is a v e r y i m p o r t a n t p r o t e i n source in the human diet. General information is g i v e n o n v a r i e t i e s , v a r i e t y s e l e c t i o n , HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 1 . agronomy, sowing date, spacing, control of A spacing/planting date trial with Cajanus weeds, i n s e c t s and d i s e a s e s , and y i e l d s . cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . T r o p . A g r i c . T r i n . A n o t e i s i n c l u d e d o n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f 4 8 ( 4 ) : 3 4 1 - 3 5 0 . 73 mechanical h a r v e s t i n g o f t h e c r o p . The e f f e c t o f s p a c i n g and p l a n t i n g d a t e o n t h e g r o w t h and y i e l d o f two dwarf l i n e s HANAGODIMATH, S.B. 1976. of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) r e c e n t l y Effect of skip row cultivation and mixed developed i n T r i n i d a d was s t u d i e d . Where c r o p p i n g of t u r (Cajanus cajan L.) on the t i m e o f p l a n t i n g had n o e f f e c t , y i e l d p e r yield of main and ratoon crop of CSH-1 p l a n t i n c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g area per sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) p l a n t f r o m 0 . 2 1 t o 2.32 m 2 . Y i e l d per h a Thesis A b s t r a c t s . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 6 - 1 7 . (M.Sc. decreased with increasing area per plant. T h e s i s ) . 77 Y i e l d components were n o t a f f e c t e d b y c l o s e s t spacings (30,000 - 42,000 p l a n t s / h a ) . HERRERA, P.G. 1967. E f f e c t o f h e i g h t o f c u t t i n g o n pigeonpea and k a o h a o l e . A g r i c . T r o p . 2 3 : 3 4 - 4 2 . 78 HAMMERTON, J . L . 1972. Weed c o n t r o l work i n p r o g r e s s a t t h e U n i • Pigeonpea p l a n t s c u t at 0.15 or 0.75 m v e r s i t y of t h e West I n d i e s . P a r t 2. PANS a f t e r h a v i n g a t t a i n e d a h e i g h t o f 0.50 t o 1 8 ( 2 ) : 1 7 3 - 1 8 2 . 74 1.50 m d i d n o t v a r y markedly i n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . The number of c u t s and d e r i v e d I n t r i a l s w i t h p i g e o n p e a s , t h e y i e l d o f t o t a l y i e l d s i n c r e a s e d a s c u t t i n g h e i g h t s d r y peas from unweeded p l o t s was 1,020 k g / rose from 0.15 to 0.75 m, and as p l a n t ha and f r o m weeded p l o t s 1,160 k g / h a . height before defoliation increased from Y i e l d s were f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d t o 1 , 3 8 0 , 0.50 t o 1.50 m. 1 , 2 2 0 , and 1,200 k g / h a by pre-emergence applications of 1.1 kg prometryne, 1.1 kg prometryne + 2.2 kg d i p h e n a m i d , and 1.7 kg HORTA FERREIRA, A. 1960. chloroxuron/ha, respectively. The g r o w i n g of m a i z e . Gaz. A g r i c . Mozam• bique. 12(138) :325-331. 79
HAMMERTON, J . L . 1976. One of the aspects of maize cultivation E f f e c t s o f p l a n t i n g d a t e o n g r o w t h and discussed is its association with other y i e l d of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) p l a n t s such as Cajanus cajan and Vigna M i l l s p . ) . J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 8 7 ( 3 ) : n i l o t i c a . 6 4 9 - 6 6 0 . 75 In 1972 dwarf pigeonpea cv 17 and cv 20 HORTA FERREIRA, A. 1960. were sown at 4-week i n t e r v a l s at s p a c i n g s Fodder plants for ensilage. Gaz. Agric. o f ( i ) 0.9 x 0.9 m and ( i i ) 0.45 x 0.45 m. Mozambique. 12(132):133-136. 80 P l a n t h e i g h t a t f l o w e r i n g was l e s s i n e a r l y sown p l o t s . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p l a n t h e i g h t
21 Plgeonpea Bibliography
I n Mozambique s t o c k b r e e d e r s have d i f f i • organic matter for plowing in per c u l t y f e e d i n g c a t t l e d u r i n g d r y months. a l q u e i r e ( 1 a l q u e i r e = 24,200 s q . m . ) . Cajanus oajan and four other leguminous p l a n t s have been found s u i t a b l e f o r IRVINE, F.R. (EDITOR). 1963. p r o d u c i n g enough r e s e r v e f o d d e r f o r these s c a r c e p e r i o d s . A t e x t book o f West A f r i c a n a g r i c u l t u r a l s o i l s and crops (2nd e d ) . London: O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . 86 HUBBELL, D.S. (EDITOR). 1963. A f i e l d guide t o t r o p i c a l a g r i c u l t u r e f o r JOSHI, K . R . , and P.M. KULKARNI. 1936. t h e Union of Burma. USAID, Burma. 81 Bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) and t u r (Cajanus indiaus) in J a i p u r S t a t e . P r o c . I L J I N , W.S. 1954. I n d i a n S c i . Congr. 2 3 : 4 3 3 . 8 7 Yield and chemical composition of commer• This s t u d y t e s t e d p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f ( i ) c i a l l y f e r t i l i z e d p l a n t s i n t h e t r o p i c s . s e c u r i n g s u p p l i e s o f s i l a g e cheaply and P l a n t a n a l y s i s and f e r t i l i z e r p r o b l e m s . conveniently and (ii) introducing early P r o c . E i g h t h I n t e r n a t . B o t . Congr. M a l v i t u r , w h i c h escapes f r o s t , as a s u b - 1 4 3 - 1 5 0 . 82 c r o p by s p a c i n g a d j u s t m e n t s . The row Cajanus indiaus is one of t h e c r o p s i n c l u • s p a c i n g of 8 inches f o r b a j r a gave maximum ded in use on r e d l a t e r i t i c and more f o d d e r y i e l d b u t was l e s s p r o f i t a b l e t h a n fertile clay soils. Tables show the effect b a j r a and t u r w i t h a s p a c i n g of 1 5 " (38 cm) of fertilizers on the chemical composition o r 2 1 " (53 cm) grown a l o n e o r i n a s s o c i a • o f t h e c r o p s . t i o n . A mixed c r o p o f f o u r rows o f b a j r a and two rows of t u r was found s u i t a b l e b o t h f o r income and s u p p l y of g r a i n and INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, f o d d e r . NEW DELHI. 1 9 7 1 . New v i s t a s in p u l s e p r o d u c t i o n . New D e l h i : I A R I . 109 p p . 83 KALYAN SINGH. 1972. P l a n t d e n s i t y , r h i z o b i a l i n o c u l a t i o n and The a s p e c t s d i s c u s s e d a r e ; p l a n t p r o d u c t i o n : fertilization studies in pigeonpea (Cajanus g e n e t i c improvement, agronomy of p u l s e oagan Millsp.) under rainfed conditions. c r o p s , r h i z o b i a l i n o c u l a t i o n , use o f p u l s e Ph.D. (1972) T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l crops i n r o t a t i o n s , improvement o f n u t r i • Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 88 t i o n a l q u a l i t y , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , diseases and i n s e c t p e s t s o f p u l s e c r o p s . KALYAN SINGH, and R. PRASAD. 1976. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and rhizo- INDIAN CENTRAL COTTON COMMITTEE. 1954, bium i n o c u l a t i o n o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and T h i r t y - t h i r d Annual R e p o r t . 1954. n u t r i e n t uptake o f p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . 3 0 - 6 3 . 84 Agron. 21(3):266-270. 89 Intercropping of cotton with groundnut, I n t r i a l s w i t h f o u r Cajanus oajan c u l t i - t u r (Cajanus indicus), mung, and maize. vars, increasing the P O r a t e s f r o m 0 to The most r e m u n e r a t i v e p r a c t i c e was g r o w i n g 2 5 100 kg/ha increased seed N and protein two rows o f c o t t o n a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h t e n c o n t e n t s and N and P u p t a k e in seeds + rows of g r o u n d n u t s . si.ems; seed P c o n t e n t s were n o t s i g n i f i • c a n t l y a f f e c t e d . A p p l i c a t i o n o f 2 5 k g INFORZATO, R. 1947. N/ha at sowing or seed inoculation with Note on t h e r o o t i n g system of Cajanus rhizoblum strain Arhar-U had inconsistent oajan and i t s i m p o r t a n c e as a g r e e n e f f e c t s on seed N, P, and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t manure. Bragantia. 7:125-126. 85 and n u t r i e n t u p t a k e i n d i f f e r e n t y e a r s . On an a v e r a g e , c r o p s t o o k up 115 kg N Cajanus oajan (C. indicus) is an A s i a t i c and 16 kg P2 0 5 / h a . legume v a l u a b l e in Sao Paulo as green feed f o r c a t t l e and f o r r e s t o r i n g f e r t i l i t y t o KALYAN SINGH, and RAJENDRA PRASAD. 1975. exhausted soils. The rooting system was I t pays t o f e r t i l i z e a r h a r under r a i n f e d s t u d i e d in a row of e i g h t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c o n d i t i o n s . F e r t i l . News 2 0 ( 2 ) : 2 - y e a r - o l d p l a n t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 . 5 m i n 2 8 - 3 0 . 90 h e i g h t . The t o t a l r o o t w e i g h t was 1,237.04 g , o f w h i c h 90.67% was found i n t h e t o p Pigeonpea responded well to phosphorus and 3 0 cm; t h e w e i g h t o f t h e a e r i a l p a r t s was t o b a c t e r i a l f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The g r a i n 17,200 g. As a green manure it can yield increased significantly with increa• f u r n i s h 14,968 k g r o o t s and 208,124 k g s i n g l e v e l s o f phosphorus, w i t h t h e h i g h e s t
22 Agronomy
y i e l d o b t a i n e d f r o m 100 k g P 2 O 5 / h a . R h i z o - Date of planting significantly influenced bium c u l t u r e t r e a t m e n t was found t o b e t h e y i e l d a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e p l a n t i n g s done o n b e s t among s e e d l i n g t i m e t r e a t m e n t s . The June 1 and June 15. P o d s / p l a n t and t o t a l v a r i e t y P-4785 y i e l d e d t h e h i g h e s t amount d r y - m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n were reduced by t h e o f g r a i n / h a . l a t e r s o w i n g s . H a r v e s t i n d e x i n c r e a s e d with delay in planting. KALYAN SINGH, RAJENDRA PRASAD, and S . L . CHOUDHURY. 1975. KAUL, J . N . , H.S. SEKHON, and B.S. DAHIYA. E f f e c t o f v a r i e t y row s p a c i n g and p l a n t 1975. p o p u l a t i o n o n p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . Inter-cropping studies with arhar (Cajanus 20(4) : 3 3 1 - 3 3 6 . 91 cajan). I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . The optimum value of plant rectangularity, 3 5 ( 2 ) : 2 4 2 - 2 4 7 . 96 a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e maximum g r a i n y i e l d o f The planting of one row of either mash t h e c r o p , was at a row s p a c i n g of 50 cm (V. mungo) or mung (V. r a d i a t a ) in between and a p o p u l a t i o n of 75,000 p l a n t s / h a . two rows of a r h a r , spaced 75 cm a p a r t , V a r i e t y P-4785 y i e l d e d t h e most g r a i n . increased the arhar yield, whereas ground- n u t and soybean s l i g h t l y reduced a r h a r KASASIAN, L. 1964. yield. Intercropping with maize reduced Chemical weed control in pigeonpeas. the arhar. The intercropping of maize and C a r i b b . A g r i c . 2 ( 4 ) : 7 2 1 - 7 4 3 . 9 2 soybean proved to be a losing proposition. D u r i n g 2 y e a r s , e x c e l l e n t weed c o n t r o l f o r at l e a s t 3 weeks, w i t h no e f f e c t on t h e KHAN, A . R . , and B.P. MATHUR. 1962. y i e l d of p i g e o n p e a s , was g i v e n by preemer- S t u d i e s o n t i l l a g e . X I I I . E f f e c t o f v a r i a • gence a p p l i c a t i o n of 1 kg p r o m e t r y n e / h a . t i o n i n t h e depth o f c u l t i v a t i o n w i t h Subsequent c o n t r o l was m a i n t a i n e d by d i f f e r e n t methods o f phosphate a p p l i c a t i o n d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f 0.5 l b p a r a q u a t / a c . o n t h e y i e l d o f pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). ( 0 . 6 k g / h a ) . Indian J. Agric. Sci. 32:35-38. 97 The r e s u l t s c o n f i r m those o f p r e v i o u s experiments conducted with different KASASIAN, L. 1968. c r o p s . Deep p l o w i n g (up to 25 cm) was n o t Chemical weed c o n t r o l i n t r o p i c a l r o o t and conducive to significant increase in vegetable crops. Expl Agric. 4:1-16. 93 pigeonpea y i e l d . The c o u n t r y plow was Chemical weed c o n t r o l i n s i x r o o t crops found to be a suitable implement on weed- and f o u r t e e n v e g e t a b l e c r o p s commonly free land and the broadcast method of grown i n t h e t r o p i c s i s r e v i e w e d . Preemer- phosphate a p p l i c a t i o n was found s u p e r i o r gence a p p l i c a t i o n of 2 to 4 lb ( 0 . 9 to t o placement. 1.8 kg) Amiben is recommended in West I n d i e s f o r C . c a j a n ; also after emergence, KHAN, T . N . , and J . K . ASHLEY. 1975. d i r e c t e d s p r a y s o f p a r a q u a t . I n T r i n i d a d , Factors affecting plant stand in pigeonpea. n o i n j u r y was caused b y p r e p l a n t i n g a p p l i • E x p l A g r i c . 1 1 ( 4 ) : 3 1 5 - 3 2 2 . 98 c a t i o n s of 3 to 6 lb ( 1 . 3 to 2.7 kg) EPTC if 3 days elapsed between s p r a y i n g and Some f a c t o r s t h a t may i n f l u e n c e emergence s o w i n g , whereas sowing a f t e r o n l y 1 day and establishment of pigeonpea (Cajanus retarded emergence and growth of pigeon• c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n Uganda i n c l u d e p e a s . In Guyanese e x p e r i m e n t s a b a s a l l y seeding depth, seed dressing, seed grading, d i r e c t e d spray o f a l i q u a t gave e x c e l l e n t seeding rate, variety, and temperature. weed c o n t r o l w i t h l i t t l e o r n o c r o p The e f f e c t of seeding r a t e was dependent injury. Fourteen to 35-day-old plants on mean g e r m i n a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e in t h e were s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d by MCPB. f i e l d , but c i r c u m s t a n t i a l o b s e r v a t i o n s o n other factors of possible consequence in KATYAL, S . L . 1956. determining plant stand are also discussed. Your c r o p s . No. 17 - A r h a r . Fd Fmg 8 ( 1 2 ) : 3 5 2 - 3 5 4 . 94 KILLINGER, G.B. 1958. New agronomic crops f o r F l o r i d a . Sunshine KAUL, J . N . , and H.S. SEKHON. 1975. S t . A g r i c . Res. Rep. 1 3 : 3 - 5 . 99 Response o f pigeonpea t o d a t e s o f p l a n t i n g The nonsynchrony of p o d - r i p e n i n g has made and phosphorus l e v e l s . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . mechanical h a r v e s t i n g o f pigeonpea d i f f i • 2 0 ( 4 ) : 3 7 6 - 3 7 7 . 95 c u l t . As pigeonpea was a new crop in
23 Pigeonpea Bibliography
F l o r i d a , t h e use o f combine h a r v e s t e r s was KYNEUR, G.W., and R.W. WALKER. 1962. extended t o t h i s c r o p a l s o , but t h e r e were The performance of legume introduction at some l o s s e s due to h a r v e s t i n g . Kairi Research Station, Queensland. Proc. N o r t h Qd. A g r o s t . Conf. 1 4 / 4 . 103 KRAUSS, F.G. 1932. C. cajan has been found u s e f u l as a compo• The pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus): i t s nent in mixed grass/legume stands. In improvement, culture, and utilization in p r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s pigeonpea was H a w a i i . H a w a i i A g r i c . Exp. S t n B u l l . c o n s i d e r e d a p r o m i s i n g legume in mixed 6 4 : 1 - 4 6 . 100 s t a n d s . It may a l s o be used as a legume The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f pigeonpea a r e i n monsoon e n v i r o n m e n t s . Other a s p e c t s o f d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l . I n t r o d u c t i o n . B o t a n y , mixed cropping have also been discussed. h i s t o r y and n o m e n c l a t u r e , improvement: breeding, need of classification, sugges• LAKER, J . S . 1970. t i o n s , c l i m a t i c and s o i l a d a p t a t i o n s , Pigeonpea - Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp. culture: Tillage, planting, fertilizing, In Agriculture in Uganda (Ed.) J.D. Hameson, irrigation, harvesting, curing, threshing, p p . 245-246. London: Oxford' U n i v e r s i t y and m i l l i n g . Uses o f t h e p i g e o n p e a . P r e s s . 104 Feeding v a l u e . Pigeonpeas as a c o v e r green manure and r o t a t i o n c r o p . P l o w i n g under p i g e o n p e a s : I n s e c t p e s t s o f p i g e o n - LAL, R. 1976. p e a s . P r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e o f g r o w e r s . N o - t i l l a g e e f f e c t s o n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s under d i f f e r e n t crops i n Western N i g e r i a . S o i l S c i . Soc. Am. J. 4 0 ( 5 ) : 7 6 2 - 7 6 8 . 105 KULKARNI, L.G. 1969. I n t r i a l s i n 1973-1974, d i f f e r e n t c r o p I n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r e d gram rotations such as early/late maize, (Cajanus c a j a n ) with special reference cowpea/cowpea, maize/cowpea, soybean/ t o Andhra P r a d e s h . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. soybean, maize/soybean and pigeonpea/ Assoc. 5 6 ( 4 ) : 5 2 . ( A b s t r a c t ) . 101 maize were grown on p l o t s on w h i c h n o - Red gram o c c u p i e s l a r g e areas b u t i t s tillage maize had grown since 1970 and y i e l d s a r e as low as 350 to 375 1 b s / a c w h i c h had t h e n been c o n v e n t i o n a l l y t i l l e d (392 t o 420 k g / h a ) i n A . P . T h i s i s or t r e a t e d w i t h 2.5 kg p a r a q u a t / h a 1 week because p l a n t t y p e i s b u s h y , accommodating before sowing. During the early season, a p o p u l a t i o n o f o n l y about 10,000 p l a n t s continuous no-tillage maize yielded higher p e r a c r e , and has a d u r a t i o n of 210 to than plowed maize. Maize in rotation with 240 d a y s . Because o f i t s l o w y i e l d , i t pigeonpea y i e l d e d more t h a n c o n t i n u o u s is p l a n t e d as a mixed or b o r d e r c r o p , or m a i z e . p l a n t e d i n m a r g i n a l l a n d s o f low w a t e r - r e t e n t i v e c a p a c i t y . I t s p r o d u c t i v e LAL, S. 1977. s t a g e c o i n c i d e s w i t h d r y p e r i o d s a f t e r I n c r e a s i n g p u l s e p r o d u c t i o n . I n d i a n Fmg r a i n y s e a s o n . Thus, n e i t h e r t h e c r o p 2 7 ( 7 ) : 3 - 5 . 106 has been t r i e d as a pure c r o p n o r Some measures based on available technology have a t t e m p t s been made t o r a i s e i t are suggested for increasing the produc• under fertilized or irrigated conditions. t i o n o f p u l s e s t h r o u g h i n c r e a s i n g y i e l d s and area under pulses. KUMAR, P . , and N.S. CHAUHAN. 1976. Problems and p r o s p e c t s o f l a c - h o s t LANDRAU, J . R . P . , and G. SAMUELS. 1959. b r e e d i n g . I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 8 ) : 3 1 . 102 The e f f e c t s o f f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s o n The w i l d t r e e s p e c i e s Butea monosperma y i e l d s o f p i g e o n p e a . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . and Sahleiahera oleosa, t h e u s u a l h o s t s Rico. 43(7):69-72. 107 of t h e l a c i n s e c t Kerria lacca, a r e n o t Data a r e p r o v i d e d o n t h e f e r t i l i z e r r e s • considered suitable material for breeding ponses of C. oagan on c l a y s o i l s in terms programs because of their long life cycle of seed y i e l d . Up to 250 kg each of N, and l a r g e s i z e . P o l y p l o i d p l a n t s o f t h e P O , and K O/ha gave no favorable green shrubby legume M o g h m i a macrophylla, a 2 5 2 pod y i e l d response (on a u n i t area b a s i s ) . suitable host, have been obtained and the p u l s e c r o p Cajanus c a j a n i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d a possible host worth developing.
24 Agronomy
LAXMAN SINGH, S.K. MAHESHWARI, and LENKA, D . , and R.K. SATPATHY. 1976. D. SHABMA. 1 9 7 1 . Response of plgeonpea varieties to levels E f f e c t o f d a t e o f p l a n t i n g and p l a n t p o p u • o f n i t r o g e n and phosphate i n l a t e r i t e s o i l . lation on growth, yield, yield components I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 2 1 ( 3 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 2 0 . 1 1 1 and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f plgeonpea (Cajanus The t r i a l s w i t h t h r e e plgeonpea c u l t i v a r s c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). Indian J. Agric. Sci. showed t h a t average seed y i e l d s were 4 1 ( 6 ) : 5 3 5 - 5 3 8 . 108 i n c r e a s e d f r o m 880 k g / h a w i t h o u t N to Row s p a c i n g and p l a n t i n g d a t e s d i d n o t 1,070 k g / h a w i t h 20 kg N/ha, were n o t i n f l u e n c e y i e l d s o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d w i t h 40 kg N/ha and were plgeonpea s i g n i f i c a n t l y . The h i g h e s t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 830 k g / h a w i t h o u t P to
y i e l d o f 1,124 k g / h a was o b t a i n e d w i t h a 1,070 to 1,170 kg w i t h 80 and 120 kg P2 O 5 / p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n o f 60,000 p l a n t s / h a . P l a n t h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Cv R-60 gave the h i g h e s t h e i g h t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y p l a n t • y i e l d o f 1,370 k g / h a . i n g d a t e s , t h e maximum h e i g h t of 220 cm b e i n g o b t a i n e d w i t h the e a r l y p l a n t i n g o n L0USTAL0T, A . J . , and R. FERROR. 1950. May 2 0 , and t h e minimum of 140 cm w i t h the S t u d i e s on t h e p e r s i s t e n c e and movement of l a t e r p l a n t i n g o n J u l y 5 . I n e a r l y sodium t r i c h l o r o a c e t a t e i n t h e s o i l . A g r o n . p l a n t i n g s h e i g h t and number o f branches J . 4 2 : 3 2 3 - 3 2 7 . 112 were i n c r e a s e d , b u t t h e e f f e c t i v e p o d - b e a r i n g l e n g t h was r e d u c e d . I n greenhouse e x p e r i m e n t s , a s i n f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s , TCA was more t o x i c to Zea mays t h a n to Cajanus indicus.Toxicity to these LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, and p l a n t s decreased w i t h the passage o f t i m e ; S.K. MAHESHWARI. 1973. t h e r a t e and degree of t h i s decrease was Plgeonpea does b e t t e r i n m i x t u r e w i t h g r e a t e s t a t h i g h temperatures and i n s o i l dwarf sorghums. JNKW Res. J . 7 ( 2 ) : s t o r e d a t 45°C. T o x i c i t y e n t i r e l y d i s • 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 . 109 appeared w i t h i n weeks. A t a l l r a t e s o f The g r o s s p r o f i t (sorghum and plgeonpea application TCA toxicity disappeared within seed) i n mixed c r o p p i n g w i t h dwarf v a r i e t y 1 month in s a t u r a t e d s o i l , w i t h i n 2 months of sorghum was h i g h e s t . The s t a n d a r d i n s o i l w i t h a medium m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , and p r a c t i c e o f i n t r a r o w p l a n t i n g o f plgeonpea a f t e r a l o n g e r p e r i o d i n c l a y s o i l . I n i n sorghum rows was b e t t e r t h a n i n t e r r o w . f i e l d t r i a l s , p l o t s t r e a t e d w i t h o n l y 3 0 l b . Sorghum was b e n e f i t t e d i n t h e m i x t u r e a t TCA per acre remained p r a c t i c a l l y f r e e of t h e c o s t of p l g e o n p e a . E a r l y and medium perennial grasses and Cyperus r o t u n d u s v a r i e t i e s o f plgeonpea were e q u a l l y f o r 4 months a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . p r o d u c t i v e i n t h e m i x t u r e s . LOVADINI, L.A.C., and H.A.A. MASCARENHAS. LAXMAN SINGH, and M.P. SHRIVASTAVA. 1976. 1974. C u l t i v a t i o n systems and v a r i e t a l a d a p t a • Time of planting of plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan t i o n o f plgeonpea i n Madhya P r a d e s h . ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . B r a g a n t i a 3 3 : 5 - 7 . 113 I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 3 6 ( 3 ) : S i x p l a n t i n g times were compared i n 293-300. 110 Pindorama, Sao P a u l o . P l a n t i n g i n O c t o b e r , C u l t i v a t i o n systems of plgeonpea (Cajanus November, December, and January i n i t i a t e d c a j a n ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) were s t u d i e d i n 4 3 f l o w e r i n g i n A p r i l . Among t h e f i r s t t h r e e d i s t r i c t s o f Madhya Pradesh t o r e l a t e t h e p l a n t i n g s the d i f f e r e n c e was o n l y 6 d a y s , v a r i a t i o n i n c u l t i v a r a d a p t a t i o n t o whereas f o r p l a n t i n g s i n J a n u a r y , F e b r u a r y , s y s t e m s . Seven broad c a t e g o r i e s of and March t h e d i f f e r e n c e was 1 6 , 3 0 , and 78 c r o p p i n g systems were i d e n t i f i e d , i m p o r • days r e s p e c t i v e l y . Time o f p l a n t i n g a l s o t a n t ones b e i n g : s o l e , i n t e r c r o p p i n g , a f f e c t e d p l a n t h e i g h t , w i t h March p l a n t i n g s mixed cropping, mixed-cum-intercropping, b e i n g s h o r t e s t ( 1 . 1 1 m). The b e s t t i m e o f bund cultivation, and shifting cultivation. p l a n t i n g would thus b e J a n u a r y . Study o f o v e r 900 c u l t i v a r s r e v e a l e d n i n e d i s t i n c t p l a n t and m a t u r i t y types a s MAGISTAD, O . C , and O.N. ALLEN. 1933. adapted t o d i f f e r e n t c r o p p i n g s y s t e m s . E f f e c t o f l i m i n g o n the g r o w t h o f p i g e o n - Minor v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n each group a l s o peas i n Hawaiian s o i l s . P h i l i p p . A g r i c . e x i s t e d . 2 1 : 6 5 4 - 6 6 4 . 114
The f o l l o w i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made on s o i l s f r o m l i m e d and u n l i m e d p l o t s : p H values, replaceable hydrogen, replaceable calcium, total base exchange capacity, and
25 Pigeonpea Bibliography
percentage saturation. Recorded growth of d e p t h , t e x t u r e , and a v a i l a b l e m o i s t u r e pigeonpea p l a n t s , green w e i g h t s , d r y c o n t e n t . The deep, w e l l - d r a i n e d , medium w e i g h t s , and n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e p l a n t s r i c h loamy s o i l s have produced c r o p s w i t h in pounds per a c r e were t a b u l a t e d . The good y i e l d f o r 5 y e a r s or more. The annual r e s u l t s w a r r a n t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t l i m e types could be grown well on light, loose, was b e n e f i c i a l i n r e s t o r i n g t h e c r o p produc• dry, and gravelly soils. On heavy and clay t i v i t y o f t h e s o i l s , w i t h pigeonpea a s a n s o i l s the c r o p was s e n s i t i v e t o w a t e r - i n d i c a t o r c r o p . I n c r e a s e s i n c r o p g r o w t h l o g g i n g . were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g r e a t e r s o i l p H v a l u e s , more r e p l a c e a b l e c a l c i u m , and a greater degree of base saturation. MEHTA, T . R . 1968. Pulses could play a larger role in Indian agriculture. Indian Fmg 17(11):23-25. 120 MAHATIM SINGH, B.S. SAUMITRA, KALYAN SINGH, and R.K. SINGH. 1977. I n s p i t e o f low y i e l d s , the p u l s e c r o p s a r e I n t e r c r o p a r h a r f o r h i g h e r p r o f i t . I n d i a n extensively grown for various reasons, one Fmg 2 7 ( 5 ) : 9 . 115 reason b e i n g t h a t many p u l s e s g i v e p r o f i t • a b l e y i e l d s under c o n d i t i o n s o f m o i s t u r e The h i g h e s t y i e l d was o b t a i n e d w i t h a r h a r stress, with very little cultivation. alone. Intercropping of soybean, setaria, Mixed c r o p p i n g of r e d gram w i t h sorghum and sawan d e l a y e d t h e m a t u r i t y o f a r h a r . and i n u p l a n d paddy a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . H i g h e s t n e t r e t u r n (42.4%) over p u r e c r o p of a r h a r was o b t a i n e d when u r d was used as i n t e r c r o p . MELLO, F . A . F . d e , and M. deO. C. do BRASIL. 1960. Chemical composition of some green manures. MANJHI, S . , S . L . CHOWDHURY, and An. Esc. A g r i c . Queiroz 1 7 : 3 4 7 - 3 5 0 . 121 A . G . KANITKAR. 1974. I n f l u e n c e o f v a r i e t i e s , p l a n t i n g d a t e s , Data on chemical composition are given for row spacings and f e r t i l i z e r n u t r i e n t s o n Cajanus c a j a n and s i x o t h e r legume s p e c i e s . t h e y i e l d and y i e l d components o f p i g e o n • pea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n MENEZES, O.B. d e . 1944. J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 3 ( 1 1 ) : 9 9 8 - 1 0 0 1 . 116 Spacing requirements with pigeonpea. Revta Among t h r e e v a r i e t i e s , T - 2 1 , AS-10, and Agric. Piracicaba. 19:399-412. 122 Sharda ( A S - 8 ) , grown i n 1969-1970 i n I n d i a , Red, yellow, spotted, and black-seeded Sharda had t h e h i g h e s t mean g r a i n y i e l d varieties of pigeonpea were used in ( q / h a ) , T - 2 1 had t h e most pods per p l a n t , s p a c i n g e x p e r i m e n t s . Red- and b l a c k - and AS-10 had t h e h i g h e s t 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t seeded varieties proved inferior. For the i n 1970. Sharda had t h e h i g h e s t p r o t e i n o t h e r s , s p a c i n g at 2 m x 1 m and 1 m x 2 m c o n t e n t i n b o t h y e a r s , and a l s o showed t h e gave h i g h e r y i e l d s than 2 m x 2 m, espe- greatest response to phosphorus application. cially with the spotted variety, which was t h e b e s t . The r e s u l t s seem to be of l e s s i n t e r e s t t h a n t h e manner o f a r r i v i n g a t MARCUS, A. 1933. them, much of the paper b e i n g t a k e n up Die s t r a u c h e r b s e , Cajanus indicus. with statistical computations. Tropenpflanzer. 36(6):245-250. 117
MARTIN, JOHN H . , and W.H. LEONARD. 1967. MILES, J . F . 1939. Cajanus cajan: In Principles of field crop The need for a legume in Northern Queens• production. 2nd Edition. New York: l a n d . P o s s i b i l i t i e s o f Cajanus c a j a n M a c m i l l a n . 732 p p . 118 l o o k e d i n t o . J . Coun. S c i . I n d u s t . Res. Aust. 12:289-293. 123
MEHTA, T . R . 1955. MILLS, P.F.L. 1961. C u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s i n U t t a r P r a d e s h , Pigeonpea as a p a s t u r e legume in t h e h i g h A g r i c . Anim. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh rainfall sandveld region of Southern 6 : 8 - 1 6 . 119 Rhodesia. Rhodesia Agric. J. 56(3): Pigeonpea i s t h e second most i m p o r t a n t 171-1.72. 124 major p u l s e c r o p grown i n I n d i a n e x t t o Some recommendations a r e g i v e n on t h e Bengal gram (C. arietinum), w i t h n e a r l y g r o w i n g o f p i g e o n p e a , Cajanus c a j a n . I t may 2 . 5 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s sown a n n u a l l y and over be used as a dry-season protein supplement 600 kg d r y seed/ha p r o d u c e d . The s u r v i v a l and as green manure. o f p e r e n n i a l pigeonpea depends o n s o i l
26 Agronomy
MISHRA, K . C . , H.N. PANDEY, and K . L . MUKHERJEE. a s p e c t s o f pigeonpea a r e d i s c u s s e d . These 1968. are: nomenclature, origin and distribution, Crop-weed competition for phosphate d e s c r i p t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n , t r a d e and economic n u t r i t i o n . T r o p . E c o l . 9 : 2 4 3 - 2 5 0 . 125 v a l u e , and uses a s food s t u f f , f e e d s t u f f , medicine, and for other purposes, inclu• Pot e x p e r i m e n t s were conducted to s t u d y d i n g r e a r i n g of s i l k w o r m s (Boroceras i n t r a s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t i o n i n gram, p e a r l cajani). m i l l e t , and pigeonpea b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r d e n s i t y . I n t e r s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t i o n b e t • ween these c r o p s and t h e i r dominant weed MUKHERJEE, D. 1960. c o m p e t i t o r s was a l s o e v a l u a t e d . R e s u l t s Studies on spacing of Cajanus cajan ( L . ) i n d i c a t e t h a t i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s s u f f e r M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 0 : b a d l y due to o v e r c r o w d i n g b u t t h e biomass 1 7 7 - 1 8 4 . 129 per u n i t area s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s e i n d e n s i t y . Crop-weed c o m p e t i • In a field experiment with pigeonpea, six t i o n s t u d i e s have r e v e a l e d t h r e e k i n d s o f spacings r a n g i n g from 60 x 60 to 120 x 120 interspecific association effects. cm were compared w i t h b r o a d c a s t sowing at t h e r a t e of 13 kg s e e d / h a . D u r i n g 5 s u c c e s s i v e y e a r s , t h e p l o t s w i t h the MOHAMED A L I , A . , and J. CHANDRA MOHAN. 1973. 60 x 60 cm s p a c i n g (about 30,000 p l a n t s / h a ) Water management practices for redgram and always gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d s . The horsegram i n T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n Fmr average increase over broadcast sowing D i g e s t 6 ( 2 ) : 2 9 - 3 0 . 126 (resulting in a stand of 90,000 to 100,000 p l a n t s / h a ) was 30%, b u t i n y e a r s w i t h The i m p o r t a n c e of one or two " p r o t e c t i v e " unfavorable rainfall distribution, this irrigations when the soil moisture touches difference tended to be reduced. the l o w e s t o f a v a i l a b i l i t y i s emphasized. I r r i g a t i o n a t t h e c r i t i c a l s t a g e s , i . e . , seeding, flowering, and pod formation MUKHERJEE, D. 1962. s h o u l d n o t be a v o i d e d . M o i s t u r e can be Pulses in West Bengal. Indian Agric. conserved d u r i n g c r o p growth b y b u n d i n g , 6 : 5 4 - 6 1 . 130 b a s i n l i s t i n g , c r i s s - c r o s s r i d g i n g , and c h i s e l t r e n c h i n g . The main pulse crops grown in West Bengal a r e gram, l e n t i l s , mung, k a l a i (Mash) and khesari in the post-monsoon season and MOREL, R., and P. QUANTIN. 1964. a r h a r , mung, and k a l a i i n t h e monsoon. The i n f l u e n c e o f f a l l o w s o n s o i l r e g e n e • The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s have been d i s c u s s e d : r a t i o n i n t h e Soudan-Guinean c l i m a t e o f Area and production under different pulses, C e n t r a l A f r i c a . A g r o n . T r o p . production and requirement of pulses in 1 9 ( 2 ) : 1 0 5 - 1 3 6 . 127 West B e n g a l , and i n c i d e n c e of p e s t s and d i s e a s e s . R e g e n e r a t i o n o f s o i l f e r t i l i t y can b e a c c e l e r a t e d b y p r a c t i c i n g a r t i f i c i a l i n s t e a d o f n a t u r a l f a l l o w . Among t h e NAIR, G . G . K . , and B.V. MEHTA. 1958. v a r i o u s legumes t e s t e d , Cajanus i n d i c u s A n o t e on z i n c c o n t e n t s of p l a n t s in Goradu proved t o b e t h e most e f f e c t i v e i n soil. Indian J. Agron. 3(2) :116-117. 131 r e s t o r i n g s o i l f e r t i l i t y . Leaves of fruit-trees have the maximum uptake o f z i n c ; grasses the minimum. I n MORTON, J . F . 1976. d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r , z i n c c o n t e n t s can be The pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) , arranged thus: fruit-trees, legumes, h i g h p r o t e i n , t r o p i c a l bush legume. c e r e a l s , and g r a s s e s . Of the f o u r p u l s e s H o r t . S c i . 1 1 ( 1 ) : 1 1 - 1 9 . 128 a n a l y z e d , t u r was found t o c o n t a i n t h e h i g h e s t amount o f z i n c ( 4 3 . 0 ppm). One o f t h e o l d e s t o f food c r o p s , t h e pigeonpea ranks f i f t h i n i m p o r t a n c e among e d i b l e legumes o f t h e w o r l d and o c c u p i e s NANNE, E. 1934. f i r s t p l a c e i n I n d i a . I n e a s t e r n Kenya, El gandul (Cajanus indicus). R e v t a . A g r i c . i t stands s i x t h among t h e l e a d i n g f o o d Guatem. 1 2 ( 5 ) : 3 1 1 - 3 1 3 . 132 c o m m o d i t i e s . I n Uganda, t h e pigeonpea i s now d e c l a r e d to be t h e f a s t e s t g r o w i n g NATARAJAN, M . , and T.M. VITTAL. 1975. cash c r o p f o r c a n n i n g . T h i s legume has Promising pulse varieties for intercropping been a s t a p l e food in P u e r t o Rico and t h e and multiple cropping in Tamil Nadu. Indian Bahamas f o r g e n e r a t i o n s . In many o t h e r J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 3 5 ( 2 ) : 2 9 1 - 2 9 9 . 133 p a r t s o f t h e t r o p i c s , i t i s a n e g l e c t e d crop w i t h a n u n r e a l i z e d p o t e n t i a l . V a r i o u s
27 Pigeonpea Bibliography
Discusses t h e scope o f e x t e n d i n g t h e c u l t i • phosphorus derived from below the 10-inch v a t i o n of t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) as a mixed (25 cm) layer corresponded with the propor- c r o p w i t h r a g i , g r o u n d n u t , j o w a r , and tion of dicotyledonous roots in the subsoil b a j r a . I n t h e areas where t u r i s grown as a pure c r o p , i n t r o d u c t i o n of green gram and b l a c k gram as m i x t u r e s needs OKE, O.L. 1969. f u r t h e r t r i a l s . Sulphur n u t r i t i o n o f legumes. E x p l . A g r i c . 5 : 1 1 1 - 1 1 6 . 138 A p p l i c a t i o n o f s u l f u r , a l o n e o r i n c o m b i • NEME, N.A. 1955. nation with P, significantly increased the Pigeonpea cultivation. Agronomico number, yield, and nitrogen content of Compinas. 7(11-12):24-28. 134 root nodules on pigeonpea and guar. Sulfur, Information is given on the growing of a p p l i e d a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s w i t h NPK, pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) f o r green manure increased the methionine content and yield i n B r a z i l . o f p l a n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y b u t had n o s i g n i • f i c a n t e f f e c t o n N c o n t e n t . S u l f u r a t 2 0 ppm, a l o n e o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h P , NICHOLS, R. 1964. increased the methionine content of Studies on the major-element deficiencies pigeonpea significantly but the effect of t h e pigeonpea (Cajanus aajan) in sand decreased a t h i g h e r l e v e l s o f S . I n c u l t u r e . 1 . F o l i a r symptoms o f t h e m a j o r - g e n e r a l , h i g h e r v a l u e s o f m e t h i o n i n e were element deficiencies. P1. Soil 21(3): obtained in the presence of S than in its 377-387. 135 absence. A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f f o l i a r symptoms f r o m nodulated and nonnodulated plants grown in PALO, A . N . 1972. sand c u l t u r e and an a n a l y t i c a l key a r e Production of food legumes in the Philip• p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s o f N , P , K , p i n e s w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o leguminous Ca, Mg, and Fe d e f i c i e n c i e s in p i g e o n p e a . vegetables. Trop. Agric. Res. Ser. 6:189-195. 139 NICHOLS, R. 1965. Data a r e g i v e n o n t h e y i e l d s , seed p r o t e i n Studies on the major-element deficiencies c o n t e n t s and v a r i e t i e s of Vigna sinensis, of t h e pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) in sand V. radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris, Visum c u l t u r e . 2 . The e f f e c t s o f m a j o r - e l e m e n t sativum, Cajanus aajan, Doliahos lablab, d e f i c i e n c i e s o n n o d u l a t i o n , g r o w t h and and other legumes grown in the Philippines. mineral composition. P1. Soil 22(1): P r o s p e c t s f o r p r o d u c i n g t h e n o r m a l l y 112-116. 136 i m p o r t e d d r i e d peas and beans a r e a l s o Data a r e g i v e n o n t h e m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n d i s c u s s e d . of the leaves of nodulated and nonnodulated pigeonpeas grown in sand culture at PANDEY, H . N . , K.C. MISHRA, and K . L . MUKHERJEE. d e f i c i e n c y l e v e l s of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, 1 9 7 1 . and F e . The d e f i c i e n c i e s a f f e c t e d r o o t Phosphate uptake and its incorporation in growth, which in turn determined the some c r o p p l a n t s and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d i n t e n s i t y o f n o d u l a t i o n , expressed a s weeds. Ann. Bot. 35(140):367-372. 140 d r y w e i g h t o f nodules o r n u m b e r / p l a n t . D e f i c i e n c i e s of Ca, P, and Mg had t h e I n p e a r l m i l l e t , p i g e o n p e a , w h e a t , and g r e a t e s t e f f e c t i n r e d u c i n g p l a n t g r o w t h c h i c k p e a , and i n s i x weed s p e c i e s r a t e o f and i n t e n s i t y o f n o d u l a t i o n . P 3 2 uptake and incorporation into leaves depended on age and s p e c i e s . Rate of uptake increased with time in all species, NYE, P . H . , and W.N.M. FOSTER. 1 9 6 1 . b u t i n c o r p o r a t i o n of P was at a maximum The r e l a t i v e uptake of phosphorus by crops d u r i n g e a r l y s t a g e s o f g r o w t h . and n a t u r a l f a l l o w f r o m d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e i r r o o t zone. J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 5 6 ( 3 ) : 2 9 9 - 3 0 6 . 137 PANDEY, R.B. 1977. S t u d i e s on c r o p m i x t u r e s . M.Sc. (1977) Maize d e r i v e d 7% and pigeonpea 11% f r o m T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa below 10 in (25 cm) a f t e r 80 d a y s . V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 141 Pigeonpea feeds much c l o s e r t o i t s base t h a n t h e c e r e a l s u n t i l t h e 5 0 t h d a y . Pigeonpea i n i t s second y e a r e x t r a c t e d PANIKKAR, M.R. 1 9 6 1 . l i t t l e more phosphorus f r o m t h e s u b s o i l Growing pulse crops. I I . Redgram. Fertil. t h a n i t d i d i n t h e f i r s t . The amount o f News 6(5):7-10, 15. 142
28 Agronomy
Red gram requires more attention than other PARSONS, D . J . 1962. legumes because i t i s a m u l t i p u r p o s e legume The systems o f a g r i c u l t u r e p r a c t i s e d i n c r o p t h a t y i e l d s n u t r i t i o u s g r a i n and Uganda. 3 . The n o r t h e r n s y s t e m s . P t . 1 . v a l u a b l e f o r a g e and a l s o e n r i c h e s t h e s o i l The L a n g o - A c h o l i s y s t e m . P t . 2. The West by its growth. Production could be stepped N i l e s y s t e m s . Mem. Res. D i v . Dep. A g r i c . u p b y b e t t e r c u l t i v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s , p a r t i • Uganda 3. 1960. 66 p p . 147 cularly manuring; nitrogen and phosphorus The crops grown i n some o r a l l o f t h e applications could double or even triple s e v e r a l e c o l o g i c a l zones i n c l u d e c o t t o n , y i e l d s . finger millet, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), sorghum, sesame, cassava, cowpea, b e a n , PANIKKAR, M.R. 1968. and m a i z e . These d i s t r i c t s of Uganda a r e G r a i n legumes p l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n p r o g r e s • situated at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 s i v e f a r m i n g . I n d i a n Pmg 17(11) : 9 - 1 1 . 143 ft (609 to 1,218 m) and r e c e i v e 35 to 60 inches (87.5 to 150 cm) rainfall/year. Pulses a r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e o v e r a l l c r o p • p i n g s p e c t r u m o f I n d i a n f a r m i n g , e i t h e r a l o n e or as m i x t u r e s , and i n v a r i a b l y as PATHAK, G.N. 1970. t h e l i n c h p i n o f crop r o t a t i o n s . T h e i r Red gram. In Pulse Crops of I n d i a . r o l e i n m u l t i p l e o r r e l a y c r o p p i n g i s a l s o P. Kachroo ( e d i t o r ) . New D e l h i : ICAR. 148 significant. Discussed d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f r e d gram: Importance, area and production, agronomy, PANKAJA REDDY, R., P.P. TARHALKAR, and genetics, plant breeding, cytogenetics, N.G.P. RAO. 1977. n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , and d i s e a s e s and Improved pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s f o r mono- and p e s t s . i n t e r c r o p p i n g . I n d i a n Fmg 27(4) : 3 - 4 . 144
The v a r i e t i e s H Y - 1 , HY-2, and HY-4 have PATRO, G . K . , and G.C. TOSH. 1973. been r e l e a s e d f o r g e n e r a l c u l t i v a t i o n . R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f h e r b i c i d e s o n c o n • Various intercropping systems based on t r o l o f weeds i n r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n c o m b i n a t i o n s o f c e r e a l ( s o r g h u m ) , p u l s e ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Andhra A g r i c . J . (arhar and soybean) and oilseeds (ground- 2 0 ( 3 - 4 ) : 6 5 - 7 0 . 149 n u t and c a s t o r ) were compared f o r t o t a l V a r i t o x (Na s a l t o f TCA), T r o p o t o x (Na s a l t productivity, nutritional efficiency, and of MCPB), and Enbutox (Na s a l t of 2,4-DB) economic profitability. were tried at a dose of 2.24 kg a.i./ha, b o t h as preemergence and postemergence PANNU, J . S . , and J . S . SAWHNEY. 1975. sprays. Of the herbicides tried, Varitox E f f e c t o f a r h a r o n t h e n i t r o g e n r e q u i r e • (TCA), sprayed preemergence or postemer• ments o f t h e s u c c e e d i n g wheat i n a n i n t e n • gence, was found the most effective against s i v e r o t a t i o n . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . dominant weeds and recorded maximum grain 3 5 ( 2 ) : 2 5 3 - 2 5 6 . 145 y i e l d s and n e t p r o f i t s p e r h e c t a r e . Residual phosphorus from arhar showed sig• n i f i c a n t b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o n g r a i n y i e l d PAUL, S . , and R.P. SINGH. 1977. o f succeeding w h e a t . Comparison o f wheat Response o f a r h a r v a r i e t i e s t o methods o f y i e l d s f r o m no-phosphorus p l o t s o f a r h a r - phosphorus application. Allahabad Fmr wheat and f a l l o w - w h e a t r o t a t i o n s showed 48(2):175-177. 150 t h a t each l e v e l o f n i t r o g e n r e c o r d e d s i g • A l l a r h a r v a r i e t i e s e x h i b i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r wheat y i e l d i n t h e f o r m e r yield response to phosphorus application. r o t a t i o n t h a n i n t h e l a t t e r . For l a t e - s o w n Not o n l y t h e number of pods per p l a n t b u t (December 3) wheat succeeding arhar, 100 kg length of pod (cm), number of clusters per N/ha was a d e q u a t e . plant, and 1000-grain weight all showed significant increases. The phosphorus PANSE, V . G . , M.D. DANDAWATE, and placement method gave significantly higher S.B. BOKIL. 1947. yield (938 kg/ha) than the broadcast Summary of p a s t e x p e r i m e n t a l work on w h e a t , method (725 k g / h a ) . m i l l e t s , o i l s e e d s , and p u l s e s . D e l h i : Army P r e s s , p p . 1 1 7 - 1 4 7 . 146 PAUL, W.R.C. 1 9 5 1 . Notes on Legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 107:225-228. 151
29 Pigeonpea Bibliography
Notes o n legumes under t r i a l b o t h a s c o v e r PUGH, B.M. 1958. crops and forage plants. Describes varie• A r h a r . P r o d u c t i o n o f f i e l d crops i n I n d i a . t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a , Cajanus oajan, t h a t w i l l Allahabad: Kitabistan. pp. 188-194. 157 seed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n C e y l o n .
PUTTARAJAPPA, P.K. 1943. PAUL, W.R.C. 1953. Grow more p u l s e s . T o g a r i (Cajanus indiaue). Notes on legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon Mysore A g r i c . J . 2 1 : 1 0 6 . 158 1 0 9 : 2 7 - 3 5 . 152 Togari (pigeonpea), one of the chief pulses, Observations are recorded on the behavior i s grown i n K a r n a t a k a a s a m i x t u r e w i t h o f v a r i o u s legumes under t r i a l i n Ceylon r a g i and n o t as a p u r e c r o p . It grows as green manure and c o v e r c r o p s or as b e t t e r i n s t o n y s o i l t h a n i n b l a c k o r r e d f o r a g e c r o p s . S e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s o f Cajanus s o i l s . T o g a r i t a k e s 1 2 days f r o m sowing t o c a j a n are d e s c r i b e d f o r g r e e n m a n u r i n g . s e e d l i n g . A t seven and h a l f months t h e c r o p i s h a r v e s t e d . P I E T R I , R., R. ABRAMS, and F . J . JULIA. 1 9 7 1 . PYNAERT, L. 1933. I n f l u e n c e o f f e r t i l i t y l e v e l o n t h e p r o t e i n L'Ambrevade, Cajanus indiaue. Bull. Agric. c o n t e n t and agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f p i g e o n - Congo B e i g e . 2 0 : 4 5 9 - 4 7 4 . 159 peas i n a n o x y s o l . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 5 5 ( 4 ) : 4 7 4 - 4 7 7 . 153 QUADROS, A . S . de 1950. I n a t r i a l , pigeonpea c v K a k i was g i v e n Damage by f r o s t to a r h a r ( t u r ) and how to e i t h e r n o f e r t i l i z e r o r v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f prevent it. Rur. India 13(3):134-135. 160 N, P, and K, w i t h and w i t h o u t Ca, Mg, and On the basis of maturity, all Indian types two levels of calcium silicate. Fertilizer o f a r h a r can b e e a s i l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t r e a t m e n t s had n o e f f e c t o n green pod y i e l d , e a r l y and l a t e . I t i s suggested t h a t t h e d a t e o f f l o w e r i n g , p l a n t h e i g h t , 100-seed i n i t i a l seed r a t e i n m i x t u r e s b e reduced t o w e i g h t o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e d r y s e e d . a level below that adopted for single crop, not only to minimize competition for soil POPENOE, W. 1948. moisture between the crops but also to The pigeonpea (Cajanus indious or Cajanus insure arhar against possible damage by oajan). A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e v a l u e of f r o s t . Cajanus for cultivation in central America. Rev. A g r i c . Costa R i c a . 2 0 : 4 7 5 - 4 7 8 . 154 RACHIE, K . O . , and R.T. WURSTER. 1 9 7 1 . The potential of pigeonpea (Cajanus aajan PRASAD, M . V . R . , and R.P. SINGH. 1975. M i l l s p . ) a s a h o r t i c u l t u r a l c r o p i n East Inter-cropping of short duration grain A f r i c a . P r o c . F i r s t E . A f r . H o r t . Symp. legumes i n sown p a s t u r e s and f i e l d c r o p s . Kampala, Uganda. 1970. 161 I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 3 5 ( 2 ) : 271-275. 155 RAJANI, H . J . , and R.B. PATEL. 1956. Suggests d e v e l o p i n g s u i t a b l e systems o f Cajanus indicus - approximate composition intercropping and crop rotation for better o f manures and f e r t i l i z e r s . Poona A g r i c . retention and utilization of fixed nitro• C o l l . Mag. 47(2) : 1 3 0 . 162 g e n . A n i n t e r c r o p o f a r h a r i n r a g i and A v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e p l a n t n u t r i e n t mung and a r h a r i n b a j r a have i n c r e a s e d t h e c o n t e n t s o f v a r i o u s manures and f e r t i l i z e r s y i e l d o f p r i n c i p a l c r o p t o some e x t e n t . i s c o m p i l e d f r o m t h e d a t a o f Bombay S t a t e . Cajanus indicus ( g r e e n manure) has N 1 . 1 2 ;
PREMSEKHAR, S . , and A. SUBRAMANIAM. 1 9 6 1 . P 2 O 5 0 . 3 6 ; K2 O 0 . 7 2 ; and CaO 0 . 4 8 . Time o f sowing e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h s h o r t d u r a - t i o n redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ) No. 1 1 4 1 . RAMANATHAN, G . , N. PALANISAMY, and Madras A g r i c . J. 4 8 ( 3 ) : 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 . 156 K.K. KRISHNAMOORTHY. 1977. I n t r i a l s w i t h t h e e a r l y m a t u r i n g r e d gram Response o f Co-2 redgram t o ' P ' a p p l i c a • 1 1 4 1 , grown under i r r i g a t i o n as a s h o r t - t i o n . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) : duration crop, the mid-March sowing gave 6 7 1 - 6 7 2 . 163 t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d o f d r y pods (1,354 1 b / a c , O f t h e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f P t e s t e d , t h e or 1,516 k g / h a ) and seeds (743 l b / a c , or maximum l e v e l of 76.4 kg P O /ha gave 832 k g / h a ) . 2 5 significant increase in pod and grain yield. I t was e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t P u t i l i z a t i o n and crop response were maximum at 76.4 kg/ha.
30 Agronomy
RAMANUJAM, S. 1972. legumes as a green manure i n c r e a s e s t h e Some s a l i e n t r e s u l t s o f p u l s e r e s e a r c h ( 2 ) . r i c e y i e l d s b y 25%, i f i n i t i a l l e v e l s o f I n d i a n Fmg 2 1 ( 1 1 ) : 1 9 - 2 1 , 2 4 . 164 production are low. The importance of maximum yield per unit of land per year is Summarizes i m p o r t a n t f i n d i n g s of a compre• stressed. It is proposed to introduce hensive and concentrated research program suitable rotation schedules including o n t h e agronomy o f p u l s e crops i n I n d i a . edible legumes. Deals w i t h f e r t i l i z i n g , p l a n t d e n s i t y , i n t e r c r o p p i n g , and time o f p l a n t i n g o f v a r i o u s p u l s e c r o p s . One of t h e i m p o r t a n t RENARD, M. 1949. f i n d i n g s f o r pigeonpea i s i t s response t o R e g e n e r a t i o n o f the exhausted s o i l s o f t h e P f e r t i l i z i n g . The h i g h e s t y i e l d s o f French Sudan. B u l l . A g r i c . Congo B e i g e . pigeonpea were o b t a i n e d w i t h 60,000 p l a n t s / 4 0 : 2 1 7 3 - 2 1 8 8 . 169 h a . Slow s e e d l i n g growth o f p u l s e crops makes chemical weeding essential for high RICHHARIA, R.H. 1948. y i e l d s . D u r i n g t h e e a r l y growth p e r i o d , Progress report of the research scheme on cowpea, mungbeans, or soybeans can be pulses i n B i h a r f o r the year 1947-48. 170 interplanted in pigeonpea without a f f e c t i n g i t s y i e l d . RI0LLAN0, A . , A. PEREZ, and C. RAMOS. 1962. RAO, K . S . 1976. E f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g d a t e , v a r i e t y , and p l a n t Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) p o p u l a t i o n o n t h e f l o w e r i n g and y i e l d o f v a r i e t i e s t o v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus. pigeonpeas {Cajanus aajan L . ) . J. A g r i c . M.Sc. (1976)Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi U n i v . P. Rico 46(2) :126-134. 171 Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 165 Three pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s were sown on t h e 15th of each month from J u l y 1954 to June RATHI, S . S . , D. SINGH, and R.C. MALIK. 1955. Depending on the d a t e of s o w i n g , 1974. the number of days to flowering ranged from Response of short duration arhar (Cajanus 125 to 320 days in the v a r i e t i e s F l o r i d o aajan) to dates of s o w i n g , row s p a c i n g and and K a k i and from 174 to 430 days in t h e phosphate a p p l i c a t i o n . F e r t i l . News l a t e v a r i e t y Saragateado. P l a n t h e i g h t 19(2) : 2 7 . 166 ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 m in the first two Date of s o w i n g , row s p a c i n g , and l e v e l s of v a r i e t i e s and from 1.5 to 4 . 4 m in Saraga• phosphate significantly affected arhar teado. All three varieties flowered in the y i e l d . Sowing of June 10 gave t h e h i g h e s t s h o r t - d a y season, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f sowing y i e l d , and 50-cm row s p a c i n g y i e l d e d h i g h e r date. No significant differences in yield than 7 5 - and 100-cm s p a c i n g s . A s i g n i f i • were observed between planting distances cant i n t e r a c t i o n between d a t e s o f sowing w i t h i n t h e row of 0 . 6 , 0 . 9 , and 1.2 m. and r a t e s of phosphate placement was observed, highest grain yield being obtai• ROCHE, P. et al. 1955. ned when t h e June 10 sowing was f e r t i l i z e d Use o f green manures i n r i c e - f i e l d s i n w i t h 8 0 k g P O / h a . Phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n 2 5 Lake A l a o t r a r e g i o n (Madagascar). R i z . gave c o n s i s t e n t and s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s R i z i c . 1 ( 4 ) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 4 . 172 i n g r a i n y i e l d under a l l d a t e s o f s o w i n g . Soybean and Cajanus indious are recommended a s green manures f o r i n c r e a s i n g r i c e RAVENZA, M . V . B . , and M.A. BARR0TA. 1953. y i e l d s . These legumes a r e grown as c a t c h F i r s t e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h Cajanus indious. crops under i r r i g a t i o n ; t h e i r p l a c e i n t h e Rev. Fac. A g r i c . U n i v . Cent. Venez. r o t a t i o n i s a f t e r r i c e . They a r e sown i n L. 2 1 1 - 2 1 5 . 167 June and plowed under in November, w h i l e r i c e occupies t h e ground from December to REEM, H.W. 1968. May. The p o t e n t i a l f o r legumes i n t r o p i c a l a g r i • c u l t u r e and t h e i r r o l e i n s o l v i n g t h e w o r l d R0CKW00D, W.G., and R. LAL. 1974. food s u p p l y . P r o c . S o i l Crop S c i . Soc. Mulch tillage: A technique for soil and F l a . 2 7 : 3 4 7 - 3 5 7 . 168 w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n i n t h e t r o p i c s . Span The p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f legume p r o d u c t i o n t o 1 7 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 7 9 . 173 improve world food supply are emphasized. Systems of mulch-tillage (Zero tillage) A t t e n t i o n i s p a i d t o soybeans, p u l s e s , and cropping on tropical soils are discussed. groundnuts a s f o o d crops i n B r a z i l , I n d i a , In plot trials, yields of cowpea, maize, I r a n , A f r i c a and Far E a s t . The use o f and pigeonpea were s i m i l a r f o r mulch
31 Pigeonpea Bibliography
t i l l a g e and plowed t r e a t m e n t s , e x c e p t d u r • o f 2 7 d a y s . T h i s f i n d i n g suggests t h e i n g p e r i o d s o f d r o u g h t s t r e s s , when y i e l d s p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a more u n i f o r m p r o d u c t of maize and cowpea were 50 and 25% h i g h e r could be canned by harvesting the peas w i t h mulch t i l l a g e . Y i e l d s o f soybean were o n l y once at a p r e d e t e r m i n e d s t a g e of lower with mulch tillage than with plowed development. treatments.
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1964. SABNIS, T . S . 1943. Application of the shear press to determine Cajanus i n d i c u s - Notes on Agricultural t h e degree o f m a t u r i t y o f p i g e o n p e a s . J . Crops (Arhar), Leafl. Dep. Agric. U.P. 174 A g r i c . U n i v . P. Rico 4 7 ( 3 ) : 2 1 2 - 2 1 6 . 178 T r i a l s demonstrated t h a t t h e Lee-Kramer SAHU, D . , and S. PATTNAIK. 1962. shear p r e s s a f f o r d s a r a p i d and s u f f i c i e n t l y Evaluation of available phosphorus status accurate means of assessing the degree of o f O r i s s a s o i l s b y greenhouse t e s t s . m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas f o r c a n n i n g . M a t u • Pigeonpea - F e r t i l i z a t i o n . P r o c . Symp. r i t y c r i t e r i a used w e r e : a l c o h o l - i n s o l u b l e F e r t i l . I n d . S o i l s . 7 8 - 8 3 . August 3 - 4 , solids content, starch content, total solids 1962, Madras, I n d i a . A l s o i n B u l l . N a t . c o n t e n t , and p e r c e n t a g e o f y e l l o w p e a s . I n s t . S c i . , I n d i a . 2 6 : 7 2 - 8 3 ( 1 9 6 4 ) . 175
The phosphorus s t a t u s o f t w e l v e s o i l s SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F., M.M. CANCEL, and c o l l e c t e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f O r i s s a J . R . BENERO. 1960. was evaluated by the greenhouse technique. M a t u r i t y i n d i c e s f o r p i g e o n p e a s . J . A g r i c . O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e d r y m a t t e r o f t e s t U n i v . P. Rico 4 0 ( 2 ) : 6 0 - 6 9 . 179 p l a n t s (Cajanus c a j a n ) obtained under d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n , The following characters could be used as the soils have been classified into three an i n d e x of m a t u r i t y of pigeonpeas (Cajanus g r o u p s . Group I : S o i l s t h a t responded t o cajan): c o n t e n t o f m o i s t u r e , s t a r c h , a p p l i c a t i o n o f P u p t o 60. k g / a c . Group I I : alcohol-insoluble solids and total solids; Soils that responded to application of s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y ; and i n t e n s i t y o f green phosphorus b u t t h e y i e l d ceased t o i n c r e a s e pigmentation. beyond 4 5 k g / a c . Group I I I : S o i l s t h a t responded t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f P b u t t h e SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , and G. COLOMCOVAS. yield ceased to increase beyond 30 kg/ac. 1964. The d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t response to P Advantages to the farmer of harvesting all application is not correlated with any t h e pods of pigeonpeas at t h e same t i m e . single factor, such as texture, moisture- Bull. Estac. Exp. Agric. Univ. P.R. holding capacity, organic carbon content, 1 3 1 : 1 - 1 3 . 180 o r a v a i l a b l e P 2 O 5 c o n t e n t s . The commercial method of h a r v e s t i n g by r e p e a t e d p i c k i n g s g i v e s h i g h e r y i e l d s t h a n SALETTE, J . E . , and J . M . COURBOIS. 1968. h a r v e s t i n g a l l pods a t once. However, the Agronomic a s p e c t s o f pigeonpea i n M a r i e - wages r e q u i r e d f o r commercial h a r v e s t i n g G a l a n t e . P r o c . C a r i b b . Soc. F d Crop S c i . a r e much h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e f o r t h e new 6 : 3 2 - 3 7 . 176 method. Thus f a r m e r ' s gross income is h i g h e r when he h a r v e s t s o n l y once. A s t r a i n l o c a l to M a r i e - G a l a n t e showed a 34 to 45% y i e l d response to 112 kg P O 2 5 SANDHU, H . S . , S.S. BRAR, and G.S. G I L L . and 134 kg K2 O/ha, whereas an introduction from Puerto Rico showed no response. This 1973. A r h a r - w h e a t i s a good r o t a t i o n . P r o g . i n d i c a t e d t h a t v a r i e t i e s d i f f e r c o n s i d e r • Fmg 9 ( 1 0 ) : 8 . 181 a b l y i n n u t r i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s . Sowing arhar T-21 on June 1, a farmer can sow t h e f o l l o w i n g wheat c r o p by November SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1963. 2 0 , w h i c h i s n o t t o o l a t e f o r w h e a t . The V a r i a t i o n s i n m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas d u r i n g r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e a r h a r - w h e a t r o t a t i o n t h e h a r v e s t i n g p e r i o d . B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. can be adopted profitably. A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 1 7 0 : 1 - 2 1 . 177
The percentage of mature green pigeonpeas SANTON, W.R., J. DOUGHTY, R. ORRACA-TETTEH, (Cajanus indicus) f i t f o r p r o c e s s i n g i n and W. STEDE. 1966. t h e K a k i and Saragateado s e l e c t i o n s i n G r a i n legumes in A f r i c a . Rome: FAO. P u e r t o Rico i s a t i t s h i g h e s t v a l u e d u r i n g 191 p p . 182 t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e h a r v e s t i n g s e a s o n , and decreases to a minimum w i t h i n a p e r i o d
32 Agronomy
SARAF, C . S . , A. SINGH, and I . P . S . AHLAWAT. P a n t n a g a r . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 2 1 ( 2 ) : 1975. 1 3 1 - 1 3 4 . 187 Studies on intercropping of compatible When pigeonpea was grown ( i ) in pure stands crops w i t h p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . in rows 15 cm a p a r t and ( i i ) w i t h seven 2 0 ( 2 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 . 183 soybean cultivars drilled between two rows Cajanus aajan in pure s t a n d s or i n t e r • of pigeonpea, the average seed yields were cropped w i t h V. radiata, V. mungo , cowpea, s i m i l a r : 2,440 k g and 2,130 t o 2,510 k g / h a and soybean gave average seed y i e l d s of r e s p e c t i v e l y . Soybean gave an a d d i t i o n a l 1,630, 1,720, 1,640, 1,530, and 1,690 seed yield of 760 to 1,160 kg/ha, the kg/ha respectively; the intercrops gave h i g h e s t y i e l d b e i n g w i t h c v J - 3 . I n t e r • seed y i e l d s of 1 9 8 , 1 1 0 , 4 2 4 , and 114 cropping with pigeonpea reduced soybean kg/ha, respectively. Intercropping of y i e l d by 50% over p u r e - s t a n d y i e l d s . maize and sorghum in Cajanus aajan marked• l y decreased i t s y i e l d s . SCHAFFHAUSEN, R.V. 1963. Economic methods to f o r m and improve p a s • SARDAR SINGH, and V . B . SAHASRABUDHE. t u r e s w i t h t h e legumes Doliahos lablab, 1957. Cajanus aajan and Glycine javaniaa. R u r a l E f f e c t o f o r g a n i c and i n o r g a n i c s o n t h e Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . 4 3 : 1 6 - 1 7 . 188 y i e l d of j o w a r (Sorghum vulgare), a r h a r T h i s paper d e a l s w i t h t h e problem o f how (Cajanus aajan) and g r o u n d n u t (Araahis to grow green fodder economically during hypogaea) and a f t e r - e f f e c t on r a i n f e d dry w i n t e r months o n poor s o i l s , under c o t t o n . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 1 ( 3 ) : conditions similar to those prevailing in 151-157. 184 the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ammonium s u l f a t e depressed t h e y i e l d o f a r h a r (Cajanus aajan) . There was no a p p r e • SELLSCHOP, J . , and H.M. MULLER. 1953. c i a b l e e f f e c t o f superphosphate o n t h e The pigeonpea or d h a l bean. Fmg S. A f r . arhar crop. Application of superphosphate 2 8 : 1 5 9 - 1 6 0 . 189 o r o f f a r m compost t o t h e p r e c e d i n g crop indicated significant residual response on General n o t e s a r e g i v e n on Cajanus aajan, c o t t o n . w h i c h i n South A f r i c a does b e s t i n t h e warm l o w v e l d where f r o s t s seldom o c c u r .
SAVILLE, A . H . , and W.A. WRIGHT. 1958. Notes o n Kenya a g r i c u l t u r e . 3 . O i l s e e d s , SEN, A . N . 1956. p u l s e s , legumes and r o o t c r o p s . E . A f r . N i t r o g e n economy o f s o i l under r a h a r . J . A g r i c . J . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 9 . 185 I n d i a n Soc. S o i l S c i . 6 ( 3 ) : 1 7 1 - 1 7 6 . 190
Notes on climate, soils, cultivation, and Studies were conducted on nitrogen uptake h a r v e s t i n g methods and m a j o r uses of a of a c r o p of r a h a r (Cajanus aajan), t h e number of legumes, i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea n i t r o g e n s t a t u s o f t h e s o i l a f t e r h a r v e s t , (Cajanus indicus). Spacings, seed rates, and t h e e f f e c t o f f e r t i l i z e r s o n b o t h . y i e l d s per a c r e and t i m e t o m a t u r i t y a r e The o b s e r v a t i o n s r e c o r d e d f o r 3 y e a r s w i t h a l s o t a b u l a t e d f o r each c r o p . a l a t e v a r i e t y of r a h a r (NP-51) showed t h a t the uptake of nitrogen and nitrogen fixa• t i o n b y r a h a r was g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d b y t h e SAXENA, M . C . , and D.S. YADAV. 1975. a p p l i c a t i o n of N and P f e r t i l i z e r s , s i n g l y Some agronomic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of pigeonpeas as w e l l as in c o m b i n a t i o n . Rahar was found and c h i c k p e a s . P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l to be an e x h a u s t i v e crop r a t h e r t h a n a Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 Jan recuperative one. Nitrogen content of the 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, India. s o i l under r a h a r c o u l d b e i n c r e a s e d i f i t s p p . 3 2 - 6 2 . 186 leaves are allowed to be incorporated with D e s c r i b e s t r i a l s o n e f f e c t s o f seedbed t h e s o i l . Rahar d i d n o t d e r i v e a s much preparation methods, sowing methods, sowing b e n e f i t f r o m r o o t n o d u l e organisms a s o t h e r r a t e s and d a t e s , s p a c i n g , f e r t i l i z e r s , legumes. Nodules were found to remain on t r a c e e l e m e n t s , seed i n o c u l a t i o n , weed t h e p l a n t o n l y up to 8 to 12 weeks g r o w t h control, irrigation, growth substances, and the amount of nitrogen fixed by rahar and mixed c r o p p i n g on seed y i e l d s of d u r i n g 36 to 40 weeks t o t a l e d 100 to 250 c h i c k p e a and p i g e o n p e a . 1 b / a c (112 to 280 k g / h a ) .
SAXENA, M . C . , and D.S. YADAV. 1976. Parallel cropping of soybeans with pigeon• pea under humid s u b - t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f
33 Plgeonpea Bibliography
SEN, S . , K. SENGUPTA, S.C. SUR, and SHERIFF, N . M . , and C.K. RAJAGOPALAN. 1970. D. MUKHERJEE. 1966. A s t u d y o n t h e s e e d l i n g m o r t a l i t y i n r e d - A s t u d y on mixed c r o p p i n g of a r h a r (Cajanus gram i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e mode o f a p p l i c a t i o n c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . o f f e r t i l i z e r s . Madras A g r i c . J . 1 1 : 3 5 7 - 3 6 2 . 191 5 7 : 4 3 9 - 4 4 1 . 195 Arhar grown in l i n e s (62 cm x 62 cm), in Sowing of seeds and applying fertilizer in a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h aus paddy sown b r o a d c a s t a s e p a r a t e s m a l l f u r r o w as c l o s e as p o s s i • at 69.21 kg/ha, brought the highest yield ble is the best method for uniform popula• o f g r a i n and t h e maximum n e t p r o f i t per tion stand of red gram. Direct application h e c t a r e . Y i e l d o f a r h a r and a u s each o f f e r t i l i z e r s under d r y l a n d c o n d i t i o n s s u f f e r e d i n t h e mixed c r o p , b u t t h e t o t a l not only reduces germination but also g r a i n y i e l d was h i g h e r . Losses were induces higher seedling mortality. i n c u r r e d when two leguminous crops were grown in m i x t u r e , and a r h a r grown as a pure c r o p b r o u g h t v e r y l i t t l e p r o f i t . SINGH, D., and A.A. SHAH. 1950. Arhar as a green manure. Punjab Fmr 2 : 1 5 . 196 SEN, S . , S.C. SUR, K.C. GUPTA, and T . K . DE. 1970. SINHA, K.S., and M.P. SINGH. 1956. A f u r t h e r s t u d y o n s p a c i n g r e q u i r e m e n t o f Mixed c r o p p i n g of maize (Zea mays). P r o c . Cajanua oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . A l l a h a b a d Fmr B i h a r Acad. A g r i c . S c i . 5 : 1 3 4 - 1 3 7 . 197 4 4 ( 3 ) : 1 5 3 - 1 5 7 . 192 In some p a r t s of I n d i a crops such as a r h a r An e x p e r i m e n t w i t h Cajanua c a j a n showed and groundnut a r e grown a l o n g w i t h m a i z e . t h a t : ( i ) at Berhampore a s p a c i n g of 30 x I n t h i s p r a c t i c e a r h a r (pigeonpea) and 30 cm was b e s t ; ( i i ) at K a l y a n i a s p a c i n g maize are sown in the same row and ground- of 30 x 90 cm was b e s t ; ( i i i ) heavy p r e • n u t i s sown i n between two rows o f maize c i p i t a t i o n s i n September/October reduced and arhar. Early maturing arhar varieties t h e number o f p o d s , and ( i v ) u n i f o r m t o t a l s u i t t h i s p r a c t i c e w e l l . r a i n f a l l d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g p e r i o d f r o m May to A u g u s t , was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r u n i f o r m g r o w t h . SINGH, L . , S.K. MAHESHWARI, and D. SHARMA. 1 9 7 1 . Effect of date of planting and plant popu• SEWA RAM, and GAJENDRA G I R I . 1973. l a t i o n o n g r o w t h , y i e l d , y i e l d components A n o t e on response of redgram (Cajanus and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of pigeonpea (Cajanus oajan L . ) v a r i e t i e s t o v a r y i n g f e r t i l i t y oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . l e v e l s . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 1 8 ( 1 ) : 1 0 3 . 193 41(6):535-538. 198 D i f f e r e n t f e r t i l i t y l e v e l s s i g n i f i c a n t l y Pigeonpea cv T - 2 1 was sown on f o u r d a t e s i n f l u e n c e d b o t h a r h a r g r o w t h and g r a i n a t p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n s o f ( i ) 40,000 ( i i ) y i e l d . The optimum l e v e l o f f e r t i l i t y 50,000 and (iii) 60,000/ha in rows 75 and f o r a r h a r was 2 5 : 5 0 : 0 ( N : P : K ) . V a r i e t a l 100 cm apart. Seed yields were highest differences were not significant. ( 1 . 3 8 t / h a ) in t h e c r o p sown on May 20 and declined with successive later sowings. SHARMA, N.L. 1976. Plant population (iii) gave higher seed E f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n , phosphorus and s u l p h u r y i e l d s ( 1 , 2 1 t / h a ) t h a n ( i ) o r ( i i ) . Seed o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f a r h a r (Cajanua cajan p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was n o t a f f e c t e d b y any o f ( L . ) ) . Seed Fm 2 ( 5 ) : 3 7 - 3 9 . 194 the treatments. Plants were taller in the crop sown f i r s t t h a n i n crops sown l a t e r . The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n i n c r e a s e d The number of p r i m a r y and secondary b r a n • s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h a d d i t i o n s o f n i t r o g e n , ches were h i g h e s t in e a r l y sown crops and phosphorus, and sulfur. The protein a t t h e l o w e s t p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n . The c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 21.78% t o 23.96% number of pods p e r p l a n t was h i g h e r w i t h w i t h n i t r o g e n , f r o m 22.35% t o 23.98% w i t h p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n ( i ) t h a n w i t h ( i i ) o r phosphorus, and 20.89% to 24.00% with ( i i i ) . s u l f u r l e v e l s . Combinations o f two o r t h r e e n u t r i e n t s a l s o r e s u l t e d i n g r a i n w i t h a h i g h e r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . A p o s i t i v e SINGH, S . B . 1947. and s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n was observed A new and lucrative rotation for sugarcane. between p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n and I n d i a n Fmg 8 : 1 8 1 - 1 8 2 . 199 t h e l e v e l s of N, P, and S.
34 Agronomy
The r o t a t i o n is groundnut - a r h a r - The advantages of green manuring f o r s u g a r c a n e . The f i r s t two a r e sown t o g e t h e r sugarcane s o i l s a r e enumerated. Cajanus " w i t h t h e b r e a k o f t h e monsoon" t h e Cajanus c a j a n is one of t h e green manures most 1 2 / 2 t o 3 f t . (76 t o 9 2 cm) a p a r t i n l i n e s i n d i c a t e d f o r Sao Paulo c o n d i t i o n s . 9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m ) a p a r t , w i t h groundnut between i n l i n e s 1 8 i n . (45 cm) a p a r t . A f t e r t h e SUGAWE, G.T.R. 1974. groundnut has been h a r v e s t e d in November, Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) to i t s p l a c e i s t a k e n b y sugarcane p l a n t e d v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus and s p a c i n g . i n F e b r u a r y . The Cajanus i s h a r v e s t e d i n M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru M a r c h , by w h i c h t i m e t h e sugarcane has K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , begun to grow. Some advantages c l a i m e d I n d i a . 205 f o r t h i s r o t a t i o n a r e : t h e two leguminous c r o p s , one d e e p - r o o t e d and t h e o t h e r s h a l l o w - r o o t e d , f e r t i l i z e t h e s o i l f o r t h e SUAREZ, J . J . , and D. HERREARA. 1 9 7 1 . sugarcane and t h e farmer h a r v e s t s two cash Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n and f o o d c r o p s , w i t h o u t i r r i g a t i o n o r Millsp.) at different populations submit- manure, and a good sugarcane c r o p over a t e d t o d i f f e r e n t h e i g h t s o f c u t t i n g . p e r i o d of 2 y e a r s . R e v t a . Cubana C i e n c i o A g r i c . 5 ( 1 ) : 7 1 - 7 5 . 206
SMARTT, J. 1976. Pigeonpeas were sown at 9 0 , 1 0 5 , and 120 Tropical Pulses. Tropical Agriculture cm between rows and 4 5 , 6 0 , and 90 cm S e r i e s . London: Longman. 200 between p l a n t s and c u t a f t e r t h e f i r s t h a r v e s t at 30 or 60 cm. Seed y i e l d s were I n c l u d e s c h a p t e r s : O r i g i n and h i s t o r y o f h i g h e r and times of f l o w e r i n g and m a t u r i t y p u l s e c r o p s . Botany o f P u l s e Crops. Pulses 3.5 months l e s s f o r t h e f i r s t t h a n f o r i n human n u t r i t i o n . P h y s i o l o g y o f g r o w t h , t h e r a t o o n c r o p . Spacing d i d n o t a f f e c t development and reproduction. Mineral nutri• y i e l d . C u t t i n g at 30 cm reduced p l a n t t i o n and p r o d u c t i v i t y , c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s number and y i e l d i n t h e r a t o o n c r o p . and c r o p h a n d l i n g . Pests and pest c o n t r o l . B r e e d i n g and improvement of p u l s e s . The economic i m p o r t a n c e o f p u l s e c r o p s . SURINDER SINGH, and R.C. SINGH. 1976. Economics o f mixed c r o p p i n g i n pigeonpea ( a r h a r ) under Haryana c o n d i t i o n s . HAU J. SOHAN SINGH. 1976. Res. 6(3-4):171-175. 207 A r h a r s h e l t e r s young l i t c h i p l a n t s . P r o g . Fmg 1 2 ( 6 ) : 1 6 . 201 The y i e l d of m i d - m a t u r i n g a r h a r was n o t reduced when i t was sown w i t h s h o r t - d u r a • A r h a r , b e s i d e s p r o t e c t i n g l i t c h i p l a n t s t i o n and dwarf i n t e r c r o p s , whereas t h e a g a i n s t h o t w i n d s , f r o s t , and c a t t l e , y i e l d o f e a r l y m a t u r i n g a r h a r v a r i e t i e s m i n i m i z e s weeding a n d , b e i n g a legume c r o p , was a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . A r h a r + mung gave e n r i c h e s t h e s o i l a s w e l l . t h e h i g h e s t r e t u r n s .
S0L0C0TZI, E.H. 1947. TH0MPST0NE, E. 1920. The beans and others of t h e leguminosae C u l t i v a t i o n of " P e s i n g o n " Cajanus indicus, c u l t i v a t e d i n Chiapas. B o l . Soc. B o t . Burma c u l t i v a t o r s L e a f l e t - 5 5 . Rangoon: M e x i c o . 5 : 4 - 6 . 202 G o v t . P r i n t i n g P r e s s . 208 Phaseolus is t h e legume most commonly grown i n t h e Mexican S t a t e o f Chiapas. I t i s TIWARI, A . S . , L . N . YADAV, L. SINGH, and r e p r e s e n t e d by many s p e c i e s . Cajanus C.N. MAHADIK. 1977. i n d i c u s i s a l s o found i n t h e t r o p i c a l Spreading p l a n t t y p e does b e t t e r i n p i g e o n • p a r t s o f t h e S t a t e . Vigna and Crotalaria p e a . T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 7 : 7 - 1 0 . 209 a r e a l s o f o u n d . I n mixed c r o p p i n g , a s p r e a d i n g t y p e o f pigeonpea does b e t t e r and appears more SOLOMON, S . , and G.P. ARGIKAR. 1956. a d a p t a b l e t o d i f f e r e n t p l a n t s p a c i n g s , P e r e n n i a l t u r . Farmer 7 ( 1 2 ) : 1 3 - 1 5 . 203 showing a higher yield.
SOUSA, J . A . , and C.A. GENTIL. 1959. TRIVEDI, K.A. 1963. Green manuring o f sugarcane f i e l d s . B r a s i l E f f e c t o f ( i ) s p a c i n g and ( i i ) NPK o n t h e A c u c a r e i r o 5 4 ( 5 ) : 1 2 - 1 5 . 204 y i e l d and q u a l i t y o f p i g e o n p e a . M.Sc.(1963) T h e s i s . B.A. A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 6 : 8 8 . 210
35 Pigeonpea Bibliography
UKIRDE, R.H. 1975. VERTEUIL, L . L . 1962. Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) The pigeonpea scheme. J. Agric. Soc. Trin. v a r i e t i e s t o v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus 6 2 ( 2 ) : 2 5 2 - 2 5 5 . . 2 1 7 and spacing. M.Sc. (1975) Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 211 VERTEUIL, L . L . 1963. Some observations on the pigeonpea indus• t r y . J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 6 3 ( 2 ) : UPPAL, B . N . 1952. 2 2 7 - 2 2 9 . 218 Tur - P r o g r e s s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h and development in Bombay S t a t e . Dep. Problems to be solved include the presence A g r i c . Poona. 2 1 . 212 of insect larvae in the peas and fluctua• t i o n s i n t h e s u p p l y ; t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f u t i l i z i n g t h e s h e l l s and t h e b r e e d i n g o f VEERASWAMY, R., V . P . A . RAJASEKARAN, more s u i t a b l e v a r i e t i e s s h o u l d r e c e i v e G. SELVAKUMARI, and N. MOHAMED SHERIFF. a t t e n t i o n . Y i e l d s up t o 4 tons of pods/ha 1972. have been a t t a i n e d . E f f e c t o f p h o s p h o r i c a c i d and o r g a n i c manures on redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) VOELCKER, JOHN AUGUSTUS. 1893. M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 9 ( 5 ) : Cajanus c a j a n . Report on t h e improvement 304-305. 213 o f I n d i a n a g r i c u l t u r e . London: Eyre and The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a b a s a l d r e s s i n g S p o t t i s w o o d . p p . 2 6 , 4 6 - 4 7 , 119, 198, w i t h 22.4 k g o f P2 O 5 i n t h e f o r m o f s u p e r • 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 . 219 phosphate and 5 m t / h a of compost w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e y i e l d o f r a i n f e d r e d gram b y about 13%. WALLIS, E.S. 1976. Agronomy of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). P r o c . T r o p i c a l Grassland Soc. o f A u s t r a l i a . VEERASWAMY, R . , R. RATHNASWAMY, G. SELVA• T r o p . Grasslands 1 0 ( 3 ) : 2 3 0 - 2 4 0 . 220 KUMARI, and P. BADRI NARAYANAN. 1972. C. c a j a n cv UQ-50 was sown on 15 October S t u d i e s on t h e s p a c i n g of redgram (Cajanus and 14 December 1973, and 4 March 1974, to cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . g i v e p l a n t d e n s i t i e s o f 10,000 t o 1 1 0 , 9 9 9 / 5 9 ( 8 ) : 4 3 5 - 4 3 6 . 214 h a . Dry seed y i e l d s ranged f r o m 1,030 k g / A s p a c i n g of 90 cm between rows and 30 cm ha w i t h 10,000 p l a n t s sown on 4 March to between p l a n t s w i t h i n t h e row appears t o 4,480 kg with 33,333 plants sown on b e t h e optimum s p a c i n g . N i n e d i f f e r e n t 14 December. spacings varying from 90 x 20 cm to 150 x 40 cm were t r i e d and a b r o a d c a s t sowing WALLIS, E.S., P.C. WHITEMAN, and was used as a c o n t r o l . The optimum s p a c i n g J . 0 . AKINOLA. 1975. gave a y i e l d i n c r e a s e of 51.78% over t h e Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) c o n t r o l and r e q u i r e d o n l y 9 k g / h a o f seed research in Australia. Proc. First Inter• a s compared w i t h t h e 12.50 k g / h a u s u a l l y national Workshop on Grain Legumes, 13-16 used i n b r o a d c a s t s o w i n g . Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, India. 149-166. 221 VEERASWAMY, R., R. RATHNASWAMY, and D e s c r i b e s t h e agronomic a s p e c t s o f p i g e o n • G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1974. pea, including response to photoperiod, S t u d i e s o n t h e mixed c r o p p i n g o f redgram dry-matter production under different and groundnut under i r r i g a t i o n . Madras conditions, production trials, and aims A g r i c . J . 6 1 ( 9 ) : 8 0 1 - 8 0 2 . 215 and objectives. The e x p e r i m e n t has shown t h a t a mixed c r o p of groundnut TMV-2 and r e d gram Co-1 in t h e WATKINS, J . M . , and J . M . CANO. 1950. r a t i o o f 6 : 1 i s more p r o f i t a b l e t h a n a pure Improve y o u r s o i l s b y sowing legumes. crop o f e i t h e r groundnut o r r e d gram. E1 Salvador Minist. de Agric. y Ganaderia. C i r e . A g r i c . No. 2 3 . 222 VERMA, G. 1955. A number of legumes a r e recommended as Mixed cropping with arhar (Cajanus cajan). green manure, including pigeonpea (Cajanus A g r i c . A n i m . H u s b . , U t t a r P r a d e s h . cajan). Seeding r a t e s f o r g r o w i n g p i g e o n - 6 ( 2 - 3 ) : 4 2 - 5 3 . 216 pea as a seed c r o p and f o r green manure a r e g i v e n .
36 Agronomy
WATSON, K . A . , and P.R. GOLDSWORTHY. 1964. a d a p t a t i o n , number of seeds per pound, S o i l f e r t i l i t y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e s e e d l i n g r a t e s , and s u i t a b l e s p a c i n g s . m i d d l e b e l t o f N i g e r i a . Emp. J . Exp. Agric. 32(128):290-302. 223 WILLIAMS, S . J . A . , and J . A . SPENCE. 1 9 7 1 . Experiments w i t h d i f f e r e n t types and l e n g • Dwarf pigeonpeas as a row c r o p . C a r i b b . t h s of f a l l o w have shown t h a t where o n l y a Fmr 3(1) : 1 9 . 227 s h o r t f a l l o w can be a l l o w e d , Cajanus cajan or Andropogon gayanus as p l a n t e d covers I n T r i n i d a d , p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o f f i e l d were more e f f i c i e n t than n a t u r a l regene- t r i a l s w i t h dwarf pigeonpea (Cajanus s p p . ) showed t h a t t h e e a r l y f l o w e r i n g and t h e r a t i o n . There i s evidence t h a t f e r t i l i z e r s dwarf habit of the plants allowed dense are as effective as manure in maintaining p l a n t i n g and m e c h a n i z a t i o n . A d e n s i t y of f e r t i l i t y under c o n t i n u o u s c r o p p i n g . 165,000 p l a n t s / h a in rows and mechanical h a r v e s t i n g y i e l d e d 2,500 k g / h a a f t e r a WATT, SIR GEORGE. 1889. c r o p p i n g p e r i o d of 111 days as compared Cajanus cajan. D i c t i o n a r y of t h e Economic with 4,500 kg/ha and a cropping period of P r o d u c t s o f I n d i a , p p . 1 2 - 1 5 . C a l c u t t a : 210 days f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l methods of Supdt. Govt. P r i n t i n g . 224 c u l t i v a t i o n . Mechanical h a r v e s t i n g c o s t was 20% of t h e c o s t of t r a d i t i o n a l manual p i c k i n g . WATT, SIR GEORGE. 1908. The commercial p r o d u c t s of I n d i a - An abridgment o f , " D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e Econo• WILSIE, C.P. 1935. mic P r o d u c t s o f I n d i a . " London: John Seed p r o d u c t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h legumes i n M u r r a y . 1189 p p . 225 H a w a i i . J. Am. Soc. A g r o n . 27: 784-790. 228 Pigeonpea i s known i n I n d i a a s C a d j a n , t u v a r ( T u v e r ) , t u r , t h o r , a r a r ( u r o r ) , T h i s study of t h e response of C. c a j a n rahar dhal, lahar, oroha, gelamah, togarl, to spacing observes that each plant tries k a n a l u , and p e h - y e n - k l y u n g . Watt a l s o t o f i l l t h e a v a i l a b l e space s u r r o u n d i n g n o t e s t h a t C . i n d i c u s bicolor i s r e f e r r e d i t , t h e r a t e o f f i l l i n g f o r a g i v e n c u l t i - to as t h e Congo or Angola pea, and v a r depending on t h e sowing d e n s i t y . But C. i n d i c u s flavus, as t h e no-eyepea in the l i m i t a t i o n s imposed by s p a c i n g have t h e West I n d i e s . The p l a n t was p r o b a b l y n o t been e s t a b l i s h e d . The p l a n t - s p a c e i n t r o d u c e d b y s l a v e t r a d e r s i n t o t h e West r e l a t i o n s h i p i s t h e p o t e n t i a l a b i l i t y o f I n d i e s and N o r t h America f r o m A f r i c a . a g i v e n c u l t i v a r t o e x p l o i t t h e e n v i r o n • In n o r t h e r n Bengal and Assam t h e a r h a r ment. Spacing more w i d e l y t h a n 1.52 x is s p e c i a l l y grown as a f o o d p l a n t f o r 2.29 m r e s u l t e d in a p r o g r e s s i v e d e c l i n e the l a c i n s e c t . S i l k was produced i n i n y i e l d , w h i c h was l o w e s t a t a s p a c i n g Madagascar by s i l k w o r m f e d on t h e o f 3.05 x 3.05 m, pigeonpea.
YADAHALLI, Y.H. 1973. WHYTE, R . O . , G. NILSSON-LEISSNER, and I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f redgram w i t h maize and H.C. TRUMBLE. 1953. r a g i i s p r o f i t a b l e . C u r r . Res. Legumes in A g r i c u l t u r e . Rome: FAO. 2 1 : 2(6) : 3 7 . 229 367 p p . 226 Intercropping red gram with maize, ragi The s c i e n t i f i c and p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n (Eleusine coracana), g r o u n d n u t , and s o y • a t p r e s e n t a v a i l a b l e o n members o f l e g u m i - bean gave t o t a l y i e l d s ( s e e d , g r a i n , nosae i s s u r v e y e d . Problems o f agronomists u n s h e l l e d n u t s ) of 1.86, 1 . 1 9 , 1 . 1 3 , and and others engaged in research are reviewed. 1.11 t/ha, respectively, compared with P a r t I c o n t a i n s t h i r t e e n c h a p t e r s d e a l i n g 0.57 t / h a f o r pure stands o f r e d gram. w i t h economic botany o f legumes, e c o l o g i c a l and b i o t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p , legumes i n t r o p i c s YADAHALLI, Y.H., G. JAYARAM, and and s u b t r o p l c s , e t c . The c e n t e r s o f o r i g i n G. SHIVASHANKAR. 1976. o f t h e c h i e f leguminous genera and s p e c i e s Redgram v a r i e t y Hyd-3C w i t h h i g h e r p l a n t are defined according to Vavilov's propo- p o p u l a t i o n y i e l d s more t h a n double t h a t o f s a l s . P a r t I I p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e v a r i e t y C o - 1 . C u r r . Res. 5 ( 3 ) : c h i e f c h a r a c t e r s and uses o f t h e d i f f e r e n t 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 . 230 genera and s p e c i e s , and f o r i m p o r t a n t c r o p s , a l s o o n types and v a r i e t i e s . The Increasing the density from 50,000 to survey concludes with tabulated information 75,000 p l a n t s / h a i n c r e a s e d seed y i e l d s o n p l a n t c h a r a c t e r s , c l i m a t i c and s o i l from 1.88 to 2.08 t/ha in the new Cajanus
37 Pigeonpea Bibliography
c a j a n cv Hyd-3C and from 0.95 to 1.04 t DHARAMPAL SINGH. 1955. i n t h e s t a n d a r d c v C o - 1 . Bibliography of research work done in India on major p u l s e crops - p r i n c i p a l l y on g e n e t i c s , b r e e d i n g , and d i s e a s e s . A g r i c . YADAV, D.S. 1976. Anim. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh 6 ( 2 - 3 ) : Be c a r e f u l to t a k e bumper h a r v e s t of a r h a r 8 4 - 8 9 . 235 t h i s k h a r i f . Fmr P a r l i a m . 1 1 ( 8 ) : 3 1 - 3 2 . 231 JADHAV, P . S . , T . C . J A I N , and The c u l t i v a t i o n of a r h a r as a p a y i n g p r o p o • S. PRASANNALAKSHMI. 1975. s i t i o n i s emphasized. The d i f f e r e n t Sorghum, m i l l e t s , peas. A b i b l i o g r a p h y of aspects o f i t s c u l t i v a t i o n d i s c u s s e d a r e : the Indian literature. 1969-1973. Hydera• selection of promising varieties, produc• b a d : ICRISAT. 116 p p . 236 t i o n package, l a n d and i t s p r e p a r a t i o n , f e r t i l i z a t i o n , s o w i n g , weed c o n t r o l , A nonannotated bibliography scanned from mixed c r o p p i n g , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , and 4 4 I n d i a n p e r i o d i c a l s and d e a l i n g w i t h harvesting. g e n e r a l aspects (196 t i t l e s ) , sorghum ( 2 0 7 ) , p e a r l m i l l e t ( 1 1 2 ) , Eleusine coracana ( 4 6 ) , Visum sativum ( 3 1 ) , c h i c k - YADAV, D . S . , and M.C. SAXENA. 1975. pea ( 9 1 ) , and pigeonpea ( 2 0 ) . T i t l e A l l about a r h a r c u l t i v a t i o n . I n d i a n Fmr i n d e x ; a u t h o r i n d e x . D i g e s t 8 ( 6 ) : 7 - 8 . 232 The e s s e n t i a l components of p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g y f o r a r h a r , such a s s e l e c t i o n o f promising variety, suitable land, fertili• zation, sowing, weed control, irrigation and d r a i n a g e , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , mixed BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION c r o p p i n g , and h a r v e s t i n g are b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . ABDI, H . , and M.K. SAHIB. 1976. Distribution of lysine in different legumes and some s p e c i e s of Amaranthus seeds. J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 13(5) : 237-239. 237 P r o t e i n and l y s i n e c o n t e n t of seven common• BIBLIOGRAPHIES ly o c c u r r i n g leguminous seeds have been d e t e r m i n e d . P r o t e i n of horse gram seed has h i g h e s t l y s i n e c o n t e n t . B l a c k gram, BARRIOS, G . A . , and V . D . RAMOS. 1973. pea, and red gram proteins are also rich Venezuelan bibliography of leguminous seed i n l y s i n e . Leguminous seedcoats c o n t a i n c r o p s . Maracay, Venezuela, M i n i s t e r i o de nonprotein nitrogen and some bound lysine. A g r i c u l t u r a y C r i a . 44 p p . 233 Most of the lysine of the seed is present The b i b l i o g r a p h y covers Vigna sinensis, i n albumin f r a c t i o n s ; a s m a l l p o r t i o n i s Phaseolus aureus, Ph. mungo, Dolichos found i n t h e g l o b u l i n and g l u t e l i n f r a c • lablab, Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba, Lens t i o n s ; and v e ry l i t t l e l y s i n e i s c o n t a i n e d esculenta, Cajanus c a j a n , Glycine max, and i n t h e p r o l a m i n e . Ph. l u n a t u s and i n c l u d e s s e c t i o n s on diseases and v a r i e t i e s . AHMAD, S . U . , F . H . SHAH, and M.S. CHAUDHRY. 1975. CHAPMAN, T . , and E. HERRERA. 1 9 6 1 . E f f e c t o f c o o k i n g o n t h e e s s e n t i a l amino L i s t o f completed r e s e a r c h work c a r r i e d o u t acid content and net protein utilization a t t h e I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e o f T r o p i c a l A g r i • (NPU) o f common p u l s e s . P a k i s t . J . c u l t u r e o n crop h u s b a n d r y . I . Short term S c l e n t . I n d . Res. 1 3 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 8 . 238 c r o p s . J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 6 1 ( 4 ) : F i v e commonly grown pulses were e v a l u a t e d 489-503. 234 for their total amino acid content, avai• The list includes published and unpublished l a b l e e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s (cooked and work ( S t u d e n t theses d e p o s i t e d i n t h e uncooked), and NPU (cooked and uncooked). l i b r a r y o f t h e ICTA) d a t i n g f r o m 1 9 2 1 . The Tabulated results showed 23.9 to 25.3% crops covered i n c l u d e c o t t o n , g r o u n d n u t , crude p r o t e i n and adequate amounts of EAA cowpea, p i g e o n p e a , m a i z e , sorghum, and except for methionine (0.02-0.17%) and m i l l e t s . tryptophan (0.19-0,28%). Cooking by conven• t i o n a l methods caused v a r y i n g l o s s e s o f amino a c i d s b u t i n c r e a s e d t h e NPU. The B i o c h e m i s t r y and N u t r i t i o n
f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r p e r c e n t The food legumes, which are major sources NPU of cooked and uncooked p u l s e s : b l a c k o f p r o t e i n and o t h e r i m p o r t a n t n u t r i e n t s gram 43.85 and 5 0 . 3 0 ; Bengal gram 57.90 and in many developing countries, have been 61.90; lentil 40.70 and 43.10; green gram s e r i o u s l y n e g l e c t e d i n terms o f r e s e a r c h 42.70 and 5 5 . 2 0 ; r e d gram 32.30 and 5 7 . 3 0 . necessary to improve their low productivity and t o c o r r e c t d e f e c t s i n n u t r i t i o n a l and food acceptance characteristics. This AHMED, BASHIR, S . L . MEHRA, and comprehensive s t a t e m e n t i d e n t i f i e s such G. BHARlHOKE. 1948. d e f i c i e n c i e s i n the most p r e v a l e n t food Thiamin content of common Punjab food legume crops and proposes to legume b r e e d • s t u f f s i n t h e raw and cooked s t a t e ( A r h a r ) . ers d e s i r a b l e procedures f o r a c h i e v i n g Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 8 9 - 9 2 . 239 increased yield and improved nutritional
V i t a m i n B1 was e s t i m a t e d in c e r e a l s , pulses, and food-use qualities in these staple v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s , and a few o t h e r f o o d s . f o o d s . Most v e g e t a b l e s and f r u i t s were v e ry poor s o u r c e s , b u t p u l s e s and c e r e a l s c o n t a i n e d AXTMAYER, J . H . , and D.H. COOK. 1933. 2 to 6 µg v i t a m i n B / g . The u s u a l methods 1 N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s o f food s t u f f s used i n of c o o k i n g a r e d e s c r i b e d w i t h some notes P u e r t o R i c a n d i e t a r y 5. The v i t a m i n A on t h e p r o b a b l e l o s s e s of v i t a m i n B . The 1 c o n t e n t s o f a r r a c a c h a , e g g p l a n t , squash, p e r c e n t a g e l o s s i n making wheat i n t o chapa- chayote, pigeonpea, chickpea, string beans, t i was 2 0 t o 3 0 , i n making r i c e p u l a o 6 0 mamey, red pepper, boiled green plantain, t o 6 8 , i n making p u l s e s i n t o c u r r y 3 5 t o o k r a and cassava. PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . 5 3 , and i n making v e g e t a b l e s i n t o c u r r y Med. 8 : 4 0 7 - 4 1 2 . 244 25 t o 2 8 . The v i t a m i n A c o n t e n t — i n u n i t s per g of e d i b l e p o r t i o n — o f n a t i v e food s t u f f s a s AHSAN, R., F. RIAZ, B.K. ZAIN, and detected by the Sherman and Munsell method M. ZAIN-UL-ABEDIN. 1968. are reported (in the order in which the food N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s on some p u l s e s commonly s t u f f s appear) t o b e 4 . 0 0 , 0 . 3 3 , 2 . 0 0 , too consumed i n P a k i s t a n . P a k i s t . J . Biochem. s m a l l t o measure, 3 . 0 0 , 0 . 5 , 1 0 . 0 , 4 0 . 0 , 1 : 1 6 - 2 0 . 240 3 3 . 0 , 2 0 . 0 , 6 . 0 , and 0 . 5 . The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e of C. c a j a n seed is q u i t e h i g h a t t h e 20% p r o t e i n l e v e l , b u t AXTMAYER, J.H., and S. SILVA. 1932. the seed produced digestive disturbances N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s o f food s t u f f s used i n when f e d to mice over a l o n g p e r i o d as t h e Puerto Rican dietary 3. The vitamin G major d i e t a r y c o n s t i t u e n t . (B2 ) c o n t e n t of r i p e p l a n t a i n (Musa paradi- eiae L.) and pigeonpea (gandul) (Cajanus AKHBAR, S . , N.A. KHAN, and T. HUSSAlN. c a j a n L . ) . PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . Med. 1973. 8 : 1 - 4 . 245 Amino acid composition and nutritive value Ripe plantain and pigeonpeas contained 0.5 of a r h a r (Cajanus indicus) grown in Pesha• and 2 B o u r q u i n u n i t s of v i t a m i n G (B2 ) per war r e g i o n . P a k i s t . J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. gram, respectively. 1 6 ( 3 4 ) : 1 3 0 - 1 3 1 . 241
A n a l y s i s of a r h a r seeds gave t h e f o l l o w i n g BACHARACH, A . L . 1 9 4 1 . results: 21.4% crude protein containing The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f n i c o t i n i c a c i d i n 7.05% l y s i n e ; 2.27% h i s t i d i n e ; 0.88% human and a n i m a l foods (Cajanus cajan). m e t h i o n i n e ; 8.36% l e u c i n e ; 1.73% f a t ; and N u t r . A b s t r . Rev. 1 0 : 4 5 4 - 4 6 5 . 246 2.94% a s h . Net p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n , t r u e d i g e s t i b i l i t y , and b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e were The nicotinic acid content of red gram is 4 6 . 0 , 8 5 . 8 , and 53.7% r e s p e c t i v e l y . 5.3 mg/100 g. The b i o l o g i c a l i m p o r t a n c e o f n i c o t i n i c a c i d o r i t s amide i s t h a t i t is indispensable for normal growth and ANONYMOUS. 1936. h e a l t h of p i g s and dogs and can a l s o S u l f u r c o n t e n t o f g l o b u l i n s f r o m p i g e o n - prevent or cure some disease in these peas. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Stn Report for s p e c i e s . t h e y e a r 1935. 25 p p . 242
BAGCHI, K., and S. CHOUDHURY. 1949. ANONYMOUS. 1973. Copper c o n t e n t of some I n d i a n food s t u f f s P.A.G. s t a t e m e n t (No. 22) on u p g r a d i n g (Red g r a m ) . Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 9 ( 2 ) : human n u t r i t i o n t h r o u g h t h e improvement o f 107-112. 247 food legumes. PAG B u l l . 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 4 . 243
39 Pigeonpea Bibliography
The copper (Cu) c o n t e n t of 75 I n d i a n food a t 15% l e v e l , t h e y a r e s u p e r i o r t o t h e s t u f f s was d e t e r m i n e d by a c o l o r i m e t r i c p r o t e i n s o f Bengal gram i n p r o m o t i n g method with diethyl-dithiocarbamate g r o w t h . r e a g e n t . P o s s i b i l i t i e s o f C u d e f i c i e n c i e s i n t h e d i e t s o f I n d i a n s a r e d i s c u s s e d . BASU, K . P . , and M.K. HALDAR. 1939. B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e s o f p r o t e i n s o f Cicer BANERJEE, B . M . , and V . B . TANDON. 1970, arietinum (Bengal gram) and Cajanus i n d i c u s C a r o t e n o i d s : p r e c u r s o r s o f v i t a m i n A i n ( A r h a r ) by t h e b a l a n c e sheet and g r o w t h precooked I n d i a n l a d y ' s f i n g e r , greenpea methods. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 16: and d a l a r h a r . Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 209-218. 252 8 - B ( 2 ) : 7 6 - 7 9 . 248 The b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f p r o t e i n s o f S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y s t u d i e s w i t h precooked C. arietinum and Cajanus indicus was d e t e r • accelerated freeze-dried food products mined by the balance-sheet method and by showed t h a t l a d y ' s f i n g e r , green p e a , and the growth of young rats. In the balance- d h a l a r h a r c o n t a i n a- and 3 - c a r o t e n e s as sheet experiments, C. arietinum has a p r e c u r s o r s o f v i t a m i n A , l i c o p e n e , and h i g h e r b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e than Cajanus indi- o t h e r b i o l o g i c a l l y i n a c t i v e i s o m e r s , CU8. In the growth methods, the growth -carotene making the major contribution r a t e per gram o f p r o t e i n i n t a k e produced towards t h e v i t a m i n A potency i n a l l t h e by C. arietinum at 15% c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h r e e f o o d s . p r o t e i n i s l e s s t h a n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g value f o r Cajanus indicus, while at lower concen• t r a t i o n s of p r o t e i n s , C. arietinum produces BANERJEE, S. 1 9 6 1 . more growth. Biological value and essential amino acid c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f some p u l s e s . P r o c . Symp. o n P r o t e i n s . Mysore, I n d i a : BASU, N . M . , G.K. RAY, and N.K. DE. 1947. 3 5 5 - 3 5 6 . 249 Cajanus indicus. On t h e v i t a m i n C and c a r o t e n e c o n t e n t o f s e v e r a l herbs and The ten e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s in seven f l o w e r s used i n A y u r v e d i c m e d i c i n e (Cajanus p u l s e s were e s t i m a t e d m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l l y . indicus). J. I n d i a n Chem. Soc. 2 4 : Amino a c i d c o n t e n t per 100 g p r o t e i n w a s , 358-360. 253 i n d e s c e n d i n g o r d e r : Phaseolus r a d i a t u s , Pisum sativum, Lathyrus sativus, Ph. mungo, Of t h e v a r i o u s herbs examined, mature neem Cajanus cajan, Lens esculenta, and Cicer l e a v e s a r e v e r y r i c h ; t e n d e r neem l e a v e s , arietinum. P r o t e i n ranged f r o m 17% in v e s a k , d h a n i a , and b a b l a t h o r n leaves q u i t e Ph. r a d i a t u s to 25% in L. s a t i v u s . B i o - rich, both in carotene and vitamin C. The logical values were estimated with rats. arhar (Cajanus indicus) leaves have f r e e The p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o s o f f i v e v i t a m i n C 50 mg/100 g, and c a r o t e n e in p u l s e s ranged f r o m 1.16 f o r L. esculenta µ per 100 g - 3 , 1 0 0 . 0 . The s t u d y was to 1.87 f o r Ph. vadiatus. undertaken to throw light on the possible r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e m e d i c i n a l p r o p e r • t i e s o f these herbs and t h e i r v i t a m i n C BASSIR, 0 . , and F . I . IKEGWUONU. 1975. and carotene contents. The i n - v i v o e f f e c t s o f phytochem a g g l u t i - n i n s on atpase and fumarase enzymes in t h e r a t : Vigna unguiculata, Arachis hypogaea, BISWAS, H.C. 1943. Cajanus c a j a n , Phaeeolus lunatus, V. umbel- I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e s a p o n i n c o n t e n t o f lata and Glycine max. T o x i c o n 1 3 ( 5 ) : t h e I n d i a n p u l s e s . S c i . C u l t . 9 : 1 6 5 . 254 3 7 1 - 3 7 4 . 250 A comparative test of the saponin content of the pulses, including red gram was made. BASU, K . P . , and M.C. MALAKAR. 1939. The method of extracting and purifying the C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f I n d i a n f o o d s t u f f s . saponin is given. All the available dhals, J . I n d i a n Chem. Soc. 1 6 : 4 2 7 - 4 3 2 . 251 o r p u l s e s , c o n t a i n s a p o n i n t o a n a p p r e c i a - b l e e x t e n t . A c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o f t h e b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e of p r o t e i n s of Cicer arietinum and C. cajan was conducted f o r t h e maintenance o f n i t r o • BOSE, R . D . , P.M. GANGULI, and S.N. UMAR. gen balance and for the promotion of growth 1938. i n young r a t s . A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f Cooking t e s t s w i t h Pusa types o f p i g e o n - t h e s e crops i s g i v e n . I t was concluded peas (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . P r o c . t h a t t h e p r o t e i n s of Cajanus are somewhat Indian Sci. Congr. 25(3):214. 255 i n f e r i o r t o t h e p r o t e i n s o f Bengal gram a t low l e v e l s (5% and 10%) of i n t a k e , whereas
40 B i o c h e m i s t r y and N u t r i t i o n
The u l t i m a t e t e s t o f a l l f o o d crops i s t h e i r a t t r i b u t e d t o s o i l and c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s . c o o k i n g v a l u e ; h e n c e , a l l improvement p r o • grams s h o u l d i n c l u d e c o o k i n g t e s t s . E i g h t y - CHOUDHURY, KAMAL, and M.M. RAHMAN. 1973. s i x Pusa t y p e s of a r h a r (Cajanus) and s i x F a t t y a c i d s i n d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s produced h y b r i d s were t e s t e d f o r t h e i r c o o k i n g q u a • and consumed i n Bangladesh. J . F d S c i . lity and classified into three main groups. Technol. 24(4):471. 259 Some c o r r e l a t i o n was p r e s e n t between t a s t e The t o t a l f a t ranged from 1 to 1.7% of d r y and adherence o f husk t o d h a l , c o l o r o f raw w e i g h t in m u s u r i (Lens esaulenta), a r h a r and cooked d h a l , and c o o k i n g t i m e . No {Cajanus indicus), matar (Pisum sativum), r e l a t i o n s h i p was observed between t h e t a s t e k h e s a r i (Lathyrus sativus), and m a s h - k a l a i o f d h a l and t h e h a b i t , m a t u r i t y , o r f l o w e r • (Phaseolus mungo). The f a t f r o m m u s u r i , i n g o f p l a n t , pod c o l o r , s i z e and shape o f a r h a r , m a t a r , and k h e s a r i had 18 to 28% g r a i n , y i e l d , p e r c e n t a g e o f h u s k , and p a l m i t i c a c i d and 54 to 57% l i n o l e i c a c i d . c o n s i s t e n c y o f cooked d h a l . The unsaturated : saturated fatty acid ratios i n t h e f a t e x t r a c t s ranged f r o m 2 . 3 f o r BRAHAM, J . E . , M.N. ROLANDO, B. RICHARDO, arhar to 4.4 for musuri. and J. ROBERTO. 1965. The e f f e c t of c o o k i n g and of amino a c i d CUBAS, A . C . 1950. s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o n t h e n u t r i e n t v a l u e o f N u t r i t i o n a l study of pigeonpea {Cajanus the p r o t e i n o f t h e gandul o r pigeonpea indiaus). A n . Fac. Farm. Bioqulm U n i v . (Cajanus indicus). ( S p a n i s h / E n g l i s h summary). S. Marcos ( L i m a , Peru) 1 : 8 7 . 260 Archos Venez. N u t r . 1 5 : 1 9 - 3 2 . 256
S t u d i e s showed t h a t pigeonpea meal 20-mlnute DAKSHINAMURTHI, K. 1955. autoclaved at 121°C, supplemented with 0.1% Choline content of some South Indian food t r y p t o p h a n and 0.3% m e t h i o n i n e , was compara• s t u f f s ( d h a l a r h a r ) . C u r r . S c i . 2 4 ( 5 ) : b l e t o c a s e i n i n r a t d i e t s f e d a t 10% p r o • 194. 261 t e i n l e v e l . Cajanus seeds and meal were Cereals and common v e g e t a b l e s are low in found d e f i c i e n t i n s u l f u r , amino a c i d s , choline, an important nutritional element, and t r y p t o p h a n . d h a l a r h a r {Cajanus indiaus) c o n t a i n s BRESSANI, R., and L.G. ELIAS. 1977. a p p r e c i a b l e amounts o f c h o l i n e . The problem of legume protein digestibility, p p . 6 1 - 7 2 . In N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and DANIEL, V . A . , B . L . M . DESAI, R. SUBRAMANYA, methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume breed• T . S . URS, S. VENKATARAO, M. SWAMINATHAN, ers. International Working Group on Nutri• and H.A.B. PARPIA. 1968. t i o n a l Standards and Methods o f E v a l u a t i o n The supplementary v a l u e of Bengal gram, f o r food legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC P u b l . red gram, soybean, as compared w i t h s k i m TS7e. 257 m i l k powder t o poor I n d i a n d i e t s based o n r a g i , k a f f i r c o r n , and p e a r l m i l l e t . An analysis of the low protein-digestibility Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. 5(4):283-291. 262 o f legume g r a i n s and p o s s i b l e reasons f o r i t . I f these a r e i d e n t i f i e d and c o u l d b e Soybean at 5 to 6% l e v e l s was found as e l i m i n a t e d , beans w i l l make a b e t t e r n u t r i • e f f e c t i v e as Bengal gram or r e d gram at t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n than they have made 15 to 16% l e v e l as a supplement to t h e poor d u r i n g t h e 4,000 y e a r s s i n c e t h e i r consump• I n d i a n d i e t s based o n r a g i , k a f f i r c o r n , t i o n b e g a n . The paper d i s c u s s e s t h e problem and pearl millet. of legume protein digestibility and the role p l a y e d i n i t b y each o f these f a c t o r s : DANIEL, V . A . , R. LEELA, R. SUBRAMANYA, anti-physiological factors, heat treatment, T . S . URS, S. VENKATARAO, RAJALAKSHMI, water-soluble nitrogen fractions of cooked M. SWAMINATHAN, and H.A.B. PARPIA. 1965. beans, p r o t e i n s r e s i s t a n t t o enzymatic The supplementary v a l u e of p r o t e i n s and h y d r o l y s i s , seedcoat p i g m e n t s , and r a t e o f soybean as compared w i t h those of Bengal passage o f f o o d r e s i d u e s . gram, r e d gram and skim m i l k powder to poor I n d i a n d i e t s based o n r i c e and CHATTOPADHYAYA, H . , and S. BANERJEE. 1 9 5 1 . w h e a t . I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . S t u d i e s on t h e c h o l i n e c o n t e n t of some 2 ( 3 ) : 1 2 8 - 1 3 3 . 263 common I n d i a n p u l s e s . Fd Res. 1 6 ( 3 ) : The supplementary v a l u e of soybean ( a t 5.5 2 3 0 - 2 3 1 . 258 to 6.0% l e v e l ) , Bengal gram, and r e d gram E s t i m a t e s t h e c h o l i n e c o n t e n t o f some (at 15.0 to 16.0% level) to poor Indian common f o o d s t u f f s i n B e n g a l . The c h o l i n e d i e t s based on r i c e (PRD) and wheat (PWD), content, expressed as choline chloride on providing about 2.5% extra protein in the d ry b a s i s (mg/100 gm), was 201 ( ± 2 . 2 ) . case o f r i c e d i e t s and 2.2% i n t h e case o f V a r i a t i o n s i n c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n a r e wheat d i e t s , has been s t u d i e d b y g r o w t h
4 1 Pigeonpea Bibliography
e x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g a l b i n o r a t s . I t was c o n • DEVADAS, R . P . , R. GIRIJA B A I , and c l u d e d t h a t soybean a t 5.5 t o 6.0% l e v e l N. SNEHLATA. 1967. has t h e same supplementary v a l u e as Bengal E f f e c t o f m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n s u p p l e • gram o r r e d gram a t 15.0 t o 16.0% l e v e l . m e n t a t i o n t o two improved s t r a i n s o f r e d gram on protein utilization by albino rats. DANIEL, V . A . , D. NARAYANASWAMY, B . L . M . DESAI, I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 4 ( 4 ) : 3 0 0 . 267 S. KURIEN, M. SWAMINATHAN, and H . A . B . PARPIA. Even after the protein of the selected 1970. s t r a i n s of r e d gram (1141 and SA-1) was Supplementary v a l u e o f v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f supplemented with the amino acids methio• r e d gram (Cajanus cajan) to poor d i e t s nine and tryptophan, the protein quality based o n r i c e and r a g i . I n d i a n J . N u t r . d i d n o t e q u a l t h a t o f s k i m m i l k powder. D i e t e t . 7 ( 6 ) : 3 5 8 - 3 6 2 . 264 T h i s m i g h t b e due e i t h e r t o t h e i n s u f f i c i e i t q u a n t i t i e s i n w h i c h t h e amino a c i d s were The i n c o r p o r a t i o n of 8.5% r e d gram d h a l in supplemented, or to other limiting amino poor r i c e d i e t and 16.7% r e d gram d h a l i n a c i d s , such a s l y s i n e , i n t h e d i e t . poor r a g i d i e t , a l o n g w i t h v i t a m i n s and m i n e r a l s , markedly improves t h e o v e r a l l n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e d i e t a s j u d g e d b y DEVADAS, R . P . , R. SAMBAMURTHY, and t h e g r o w t h o f young r a t s . R. ROWLANDS. 1964. Nutritive value of the proteins of blends of red gram dhal, milk, rice and peas. DANIEL, V . A . , P. RAJAN, K.V. SANJEEVARAYAPPA, Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. 1(3) :182-183. 268 K . S . SRINIVASAN, and M. SWAMINATHAN. 1977. E f f e c t o f i n s e c t i n f e s t a t i o n o n t h e chemi- Groups o f f o u r male r a t s were g i v e n d i e t s cal composition and the protein efficiency w i t h about 8% p r o t e i n d e r i v e d from skimmed r a t i o o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f Bengal gram and milk; red gram dhal; and a mixture of r e d gram. I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . skimmed m i l k and r e d gram d h a l 1 : 5 . The 1 4 : 7 0 - 7 4 . 265 p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o (PER) o f the skimmed m i l k d i e t was 2 . 6 , t h a t o f t h e Bengal gram and r e d gram were s u b j e c t e d to d h a l d i e t was o n l y 0 . 5 8 . The replacement i n f e s t a t i o n w i t h Callosobruchus chinensis of 1 part in 6 of the red gram by skimmed f o r a p e r i o d of 5 months. The u r i c a c i d m i l k i n c r e a s e d t h e PER to 1 . 6 . c o n t e n t of t h e i n f e s t e d Bengal gram and r e d gram was 211 mg/100 g and 205 mg/100 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y . A s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n DEVI, L . S . 1954. threonine content of infested Bengal gram B i o - a s s a y of heavy m e t a l s by AspergiIlus and l y s i n e and t h r e o n i n e c o n t e n t s o f r e d niger—sensitivity of a new s t r a i n . P r o c . gram was o b s e r v e d . The PER v a l u e s of I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 40(1) : 1 - 7 . 269 u n i n f e s t e d and i n f e s t e d Bengal gram were The s t a n d a r d ' M ' s t r a i n of Aspergillus 1.80 and 1.16 and those of r e d gram were niger van Teigh, which is used in labora• 1.23 and 0 . 6 8 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . t o r i e s a s a b i o l o g i c a l t e s t t o d e t e c t m i n u t e t r a c e s of some heavy m e t a l s has DEVADAS, R . P . , EAPEN MARY, and A. SUSHEELA. been compared w i t h a new s t r a i n of t h e 1968. same fungus, isolated from the rhizosphere E f f e c t o f s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o f s k i m m i l k and of Cajanus c a j a n , and d e s i g n a t e d as i t s c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h m u l t i p u r p o s e f o o d o r M . U . B . L . I . T h i s new s t r a i n appeared t o r e d gram d h a l o n t h e n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s o f b e l e s s s e n s i t i v e t o t r a c e s o f manganese, children. Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. and more s e n s i t i v e to c o p p e r , and perhaps 5 ( 3 ) : 2 0 6 - 2 1 4 . 266 molybdenum, t h a n t h e ' M ' s t r a i n .
The n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s and p h y s i c a l d e v e • lopment were h i g h e r f o r E 1 , r e c e i v i n g s k i m DHINGRA, P . K . , and N.B. DAS. 1959. milk multipurpose food (MPF) payasam, than N u t r i t i v e v a l u e s o f pure s t r a i n s o f I n d i a n E2 r e c e i v i n g s k i m m i l k - r e d gram d h a l p a y a • P u l s e s . Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 1 9 : sam, a l t h o u g h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t 2 4 5 - 2 4 8 . 270 s i g n i f i c a n t . A c o m b i n a t i o n of r e d gram The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of two s t r a i n s d h a l and s k i m m i l k i n t h e p r o t e i n r a t i o each o f B e n g a l , b l a c k , g r e e n , and r e d o f 1:1 can b e a n e f f i c i e n t s u b s t i t u t e f o r grams'; lentil; and pea was estimated. The a n e q u a l q u a n t i t y , b y p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , o f total protein ranged from 20.11 to 32.37%; s k i m m i l k . The use o f r e d gram d h a l i n p h y t i n P ranged f r o m 22.63 to 50.23% of t h i s manner can h e l p t o reduce I n d i a n the total P. Marked variation among dependence o n i m p o r t s o f s k i m m i l k f r o m s t r a i n s was n o t e d i n t o t a l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , a b r o a d . ether extracts, crude fiber, Fe, total P,
42 B i o c h e m i s t r y and N u t r i t i o n
and p h y t i n P. The PER of t h e p u l s e s was Legumes are important sources of proteins l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f c a s e i n . in the developing countries. For increa• sing legume production, Rhizobium i n o c u l a • t i o n and o t h e r improved a g r i c u l t u r a l ELIAS, L . G . , F.R. CRISTALES, R. BRESSANI, p r a c t i c e s are recommended. A l s o i m p r o v i n g and H. MIRANDA. 1976. processing methods and improving digesti• Chemical composition of nutritive value of b i l i t y o f legumes w i l l a u t o m a t i c a l l y some g r a i n legume s e e d s . T u r r i a l b a i n c r e a s e c o n s u m p t i o n , thus m e e t i n g t h e 26(4) : 3 7 5 - 3 8 0 . 271 need f o r p r o t e i n s i n I n d i a n d i e t s . The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n and n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e o f t h e seeds o f 1 5 c u l t i v a r s o f GHOSE, S.N. 1922. common bean ( 6 ) , cowpea ( 7 ) , pigeonpea ( 1 ) , The e x a m i n a t i o n of some I n d i a n f o o d s t u f f s and soybean (1) were i n v e s t i g a t e d in E1 f o r t h e i r v i t a m i n c o n t e n t . Biochem. J . S a l v a d o r . The r e s u l t s show t h a t : ( i ) 1 6 ( 1 ) : 3 5 - 4 1 . 275 p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s o f a l l s a m p l e s , except s o y b e a n , v a r i e d f r o m 20.6 t o 27.9%; ( i i ) The lentils examined included arhar (small p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f soybean was 41.5%; size, yellow-ochre variety). Cajanus indi- ( i i i ) l y s i n e c o n t e n t was r e l a t i v e l y h i g h , c u s S p r e n g . , a l o n g w i t h o t h e r l e n t i l s w h i l e m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t was r e l a t i v e l y examined, showed good c o n t e n t of v i t a m i n B. l o w ; and ( i v ) common bean c u l t i v a r s showed t h e l o w e s t v a l u e s f o r p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y GOPALAKRISHNA, T . , R.K. MITRA, and r a t i o ( 0 . 1 1 - 0 . 4 6 ) , f o l l o w e d b y pigeonpea C.R. BHATIA. 1977. ( 0 . 8 9 ) , cowpea ( 1 . 4 0 ) , and soybean ( 2 . 1 5 ) . Seed g l o b u l i n s of 'Cajanus cajan'. Q u a l . Plant PI. Fds Hum. Nutr. 27(3-4): ELIAS, L . G . , M. HERNANDEZ, and R. BRESSANI. 313-326. 276 1976. Seed g l o b u l i n s of Cajanus c a j a n , a w i d e l y The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f precooked legume cultivated legume, were purified and cha• flours processed by different methods. r a c t e r i z e d . Of t h e 78% s a l t - s o l u b l e seed N u t r . Rep. I n t e r n . 1 4 ( 4 ) : 3 8 5 - 4 0 3 . 272 p r o t e i n s , 61% were g l o b u l i n s ; t h e s e were Three s p e c i e s of legumes (Phaseolus v u l g a - further separated into three fractions. ris, Vigna sinensis, and Cajanus C a j a n ) The α - f r a c t i o n was i n s o l u b l e at pH 4 . 7 were processed under v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s t o and c o n s i s t e d of two s u b f r a c t i o n s . Frac- test effect on nutritive value. Whole and t i o n s β and y were s o l u b l e at pH 4 . 7 . A l l ground beans, soaked f o r 18 h o u r s in 3 the fractions were characterized as glyco• l i t e r s w a t e r / k g o f b e a n s , were a u t o c l a v e d proteins by cesium chloride centrifugation. at 16 lb p r e s s u r e (121°C) f o r 1 5 , 3 0 , and The p r o t e i n s c o n s i s t e d o f s u b u n i t s h e l d 4 5 m i n u t e s . D i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f together by covalent disulphide linkages. pigeonpea was 47%; at 15 m i n u t e s c o o k i n g Amino acid analysis of the different glo• t i m e , PER v a l u e of whole g r a i n s was 1.94 b u l i n f r a c t i o n s showed t h a t t h e γ f r a c t i o n and p r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y was 80.4%. PER was c o m p a r a t i v e l y r i c h i n s u l f u r amino v a l u e decreased w i t h i n c r e a s e d c o o k i n g a c i d s . t i m e ; t h u s , 15 m i n u t e s was c o n s i d e r e d enough c o o k i n g t i m e . GOPALAN, C, and S.C. BALASUBRAMANIAM. 1966. EVANS, I . M . , and D. BOULTER. 1975. The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f I n d i a n foods and S-methyl-L-cysteine content for various the p l a n n i n g o f s a t i s f a c t o r y d i e t s . New legume m e a l s . Q u a l . P l a n t P I . Fds Hum. D e l h i : ICMR. 277 N u t r . 2 4 ( . 3 - 4 ) : 2 5 7 - 2 6 1 . 273 S-methyl-L-cysteine content of seed meal GUPTA, G.L., S.S. NIGAM, S.D. SASTRY, and per 16 g N was: Ph. vulgaris, 0.87 g; R.L. CHAKRAVARTI. 1969. V. r a d i a t a , 0.5 g; cowpea, 0 . 5 6 g; Ph. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e e s s e n t i a l o i l f r o m lunatus, 0.43 g ; p e a , 0.044 g ; p i g e o n p e a , Cajanus c a j a n (Linn) Millsp. Perf. Essent. 0.033 g . The n u t r i t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e and O i l s Res. 6 0 ( 1 1 - 1 2 ) : 3 2 9 . 278 the interference in methionine determi- Preliminary studies showed that essential n a t i o n o f t h i s amino a c i d a r e d i s c u s s e d . o i l p r e s e n t i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f Cajanus c a j a n was as f o l l o w s : Seeds 0 . 0 0 2 ; f r u i t s GAUR, Y . D . , and A . N . SEN. 1973. 0.03; flowers 0.05; leaves 0.16; and tender Role of legumes and Rhizobium in s o l v i n g stems 0 . 1 1 % . The o i l d i s t i l l e d f r o m t h e p r o t e i n p r o b l e m i n I n d i a . Q u a l . P l a n t l e a v e s and s o f t steins ( y i e l d 0.15%) showed: P I . Fds Hum. N u t r . 2 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 2 8 5 - 3 0 6 . 274
43 Pigeonpea Bibliography
Copaene 2 1 . 3 ; a l p h a - s e l i n e n e 2 0 . 4 ; b e t a - HERIWA, R . N . , and N.G. MAJOR. 1 9 5 1 . selinene 16.3; gamma-selinene 24.5; alpha- E f f e c t o f a u t o c l a v i n g o n t h e n u t r i t i v e beta and gamma-endesmol 8.1; sesquiterpene v a l u e of Bengal gram, d h a l a r h a r and ( u n i d e n t i f i e d ) , 1 . 9 ; and o t h e r s ( K e t e n e , l e n t i l . C u r r . S c i . 20(2) : 4 0 . 282 esters, alcohols, and menoterpenes) 7.6%. The f l o u r was a u t o c l a v e d and t r i e d on a l b i n o r a t s . Rats f e d o n raw a r h a r d h a l HABIB, F . G . K . , G.H. MAHRAS, S.H. HILAL, diet gained more weight than those on auto• G.N. GABRIAL, and S.R. MORCOS. 1976. c l a v e d d h a l b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t P h y t o c h e m i c a l and n u t r i t i o n a l s t u d i e s o n significant, whereas with autoclaved Bengal pigeonpea and k i d n e y beans c u l t i v a t e d i n gram dhal diet the gain in weight was more E g y p t . Z . Ernahrwiss S u p p l . 1 5 ( 2 ) : t h a n w i t h raw Bengal gram. 2 2 4 - 2 3 0 . 279 Pigeonpeas (Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . ) and HULSE, J . H . 1975. Kidney beans (Ph. vulgaris L. v a r . Guiza Problems o f n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y o f p i g e o n • I I I ) were e i t h e r l e f t raw o r cooked i n pea and chickpea and prospects of research. b o i l i n g w a t e r f o r 1 h r . Samples were a i r Proc. First International Workshop on Grain d r i e d , g r o u n d , and s u b j e c t e d t o v a r i o u s Legumes 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, s t u d i e s . Raw pigeonpea and k i d n e y bean I n d i a . 189-208. 283 contained (DM basis):25.2 and 23.2% Gives d a t a on c h e m i c a l and amino a c i d com• p r o t e i n ; 4.12 and 3.49% a s h ; 1.85 and p o s i t i o n o f c h i c k p e a and p i g e o n p e a , c o n • 1.32% ether extract; and 68.78 and 71.99% c l u d i n g t h a t b o t h legumes, e s p e c i a l l y carbohydrates. Phytochemical studies chickpea, represent valuable but conside• r e v e a l e d t h a t b o t h t h e s p e c i e s c o n t a i n e d r a b l y u n d e r - e x p l o i t e d sources o f e d i b l e carbohydrates and/or glycosides; flavonoids, p r o t e i n . u n s a t u r a t e d s t e r o l s , a n d / o r saponins and t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r . E x t r a c t i o n w i t h NaOH gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d o f p r o t e i n N f o r HULSE, J . H . , K.O. RACHIE, and b o t h s p e c i e s . Amino a c i d a n a l y s i s i n d i • L.W. BILLINGSLEY. 1977. c a t e d b o t h s p e c i e s were d e f i c i e n t i n N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f e v a l u a • m e t h i o n i n e , c y s t i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . t i o n f o r f o o d legume b r e e d e r s , p p . 7 - 2 8 . Cooking i n c r e a s e d t h e c o n t e n t s o f l e u c i n e , International Working Group on nutritional i s o l e u c i n e , and t h r e o n i n e , c o n t e n t s o f s t a n d a r d s and methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r o t h e r amino a c i d s decreased or were f o o d legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC P u b l . TS7e. 284 unchanged. Cooking destroyed the trypsin inhibitors and haemoglutinins. The food legumes are important and economi• c a l sources o f p r o t e i n and c a l o r i e s a s w e l l a s c e r t a i n v i t a m i n s and m i n e r a l s e s s e n t i a l HANUMANTHA RAO, K . , and N. SUBRAMANIAM. t o human n u t r i t i o n . T o p i c s d i s c u s s e d i n 1970. t h i s book i n c l u d e ( i ) n u t r i t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s E s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n of common• t o w h i c h legume b r e e d e r s s h o u l d g i v e l y used I n d i a n p u l s e s b y paper c h r o m a t o • a t t e n t i o n ; ( i i ) recommended p h y s i c a l and g r a p h y . J. Fd Sci. T e c h n o l . 7 ( 1 ) : 3 1 . 280 c h e m i c a l methods o f a n a l y s i s ; ( i i i ) recommended methods o f b i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a • The e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t s o f Bengal tion, (iv) related background material. gram, b l a c k gram, r e d gram, g r e e n gram, and l e n t i l s were 3 3 . 5 , 4 0 . 6 , 3 7 . 0 , 3 9 . 1 , and 39.3 respectively and their protein scores HULSE, J . H . , K . 0 . RACHIE, and were 3 2 , 2 9 , 3 2 , 2 6 , and 19 r e s p e c t i v e l y . L.W. BILLINGSLEY. 1977. P u l s e p r o t e i n s a r e m a i n l y d e f i c i e n t i n Biological evaluation of protein quality of t r y p t o p h a n and t o t a l s u l f u r amino a c i d s . legumes. In N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r food legume b r e e d e r s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Working Group on HARTMAN, C . P . , N.G. DIVAKAR, and n u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f U.N. NAGARAJA RAO. 1973. evaluation for food legume breeders. Q u a l i t a t i v e s t u d i e s o n d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f IDRC P u b l . TS7e. 2 9 - 3 4 . 285 p u l s e s . J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 1 0 ( 4 ) : 1 9 5 - 1 9 6 . 281 The amino a c i d s c o r e is a u s e f u l g u i d e to the potential nutritive value of the pro• I t i s f e a s i b l e t o i d e n t i f y d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s t e i n . The a s p e c t s d i s c u s s e d a r e r a t b i o - b y chromatography o f p h e n o l i c c o n s t i t u e n t s assays, preparation of samples, relative p r e s e n t . T h i s h e l p s i n d e t e c t i n g f o o d NPR, c a l c u l a t i o n of NPR. RPV m o d i f i e d ( o r a d u l t e r a t i o n b y i d e n t i f y i n g L a t h y r u s slope ratio assay), dry matter and protein Botivus in r e d gram and Bengal gram. digestibility, and test for gross toxicity.
44 B i o c h e m i s t r y and N u t r i t i o n
IKEGWUONU, P . I . , and 0. BASSIR. 1976. c o n t e n t was o v e r 1%, except i n garden p e a s , The t o x i c i t y o f p h y t o c h e m i c a l a g g l u t i n i n s l e n t i l s , and pigeonpeas (Cajanus indicus). to c h i c k embryos: Glycine max, Phaseolus L y s i n e was r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n a l l , f l u c t u a - l u n a t u s , Cajanus c a j a n , Arachis hypogaea, t i n g between 6.82 and 7.99%. Vigna unguiculata. Hepatocyte fatty infil- tration. Toxicon 14(2):139-141. 286 JERMYN, M.A., and Y . M . YE0W. 1975. A class of lectins present in the tissues JAFFE, W.G. 1950. o f seed p l a n t s . A u s t . J . P l . P h y s i o l . B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f some legumes i m p o r t a n t 2 : 5 0 1 - 5 3 1 . 290 i n Venezuelan d i e t . A r c h o s . Venez. N u t r . I n legume seeds t h e major p a r t o f t h e s p e • 1 : 1 0 7 - 1 2 6 . 287 cific glycoprotein lectin is concentrated Data a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r m o i s t u r e , p r o t e i n , i n t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r spaces a s d i s t i n c t a s h , f i b e r , f a t , c a r b o h y d r a t e s , d i g e s t i b i • g l o b u l a r b o d i e s . The p u r i f i c a t i o n and l i t y of p r o t e i n s by r a t s , and in vitro analysis of the glycoprotein from a selec• b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f p r o t e i n f o r r a t s , w i t h t i o n o f s p e c i e s i s d e s c r i b e d . H y d r o x y - o r w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n o f m e t h i o n i n e a n d / o r p r o l i n e and glucosamine a r e p r e s e n t and t r y p t o p h a n . Based on t h e s e d a t a , t h e the major sugars are galactose and legumes are arranged in the following order arabinose. Neither the function of lectin of values, soyanegra (Glycine soja), c h i c k - nor the reasons for its extraordinary pea (Cicer arietinum), h y a c i n t h bean e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a b i l i t y i s known. L e c t i n s ( D o l i c h o s lablab), k i d n e y bean (Phaseolus f r o m C. aajan have been studied in more vulgaris), cowpea {Vigna sinensis) , garden detail by physiochemical techniques. pea (Pisum sativum), l e n t i l (Lens esau- lenta), and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). In a l l t h e legumes e x c e p t p i g e o n p e a , methionine JOHNSON, R.M., and W.D. RAYMOND. 1964. was t h e l i m i t i n g amino a c i d ; i n p i g e o n p e a , The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of some t r o p i c a l t r y p t o p h a n a l s o was d e f i c i e n t . food plants. 2. Pigeonpeas and cowpeas. T r o p . S c i . 6 : 6 8 - 7 3 . 291 A review of literature on the chemical JAFFE, W.G. 1950. c o m p o s i t i o n of seeds of pigeonpea {Cajanus P r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y and t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r indiaus) and cowpea {Vigna sinensis). Data a c t i v i t y o f legume seeds. P r o c . Soc. Exp. are provided on the contents and nature of B i o l . Med. 7 5 : 2 1 9 - 2 2 0 . 288 carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was f o u n d between vitamins, fats, and some other components. the d i g e s t i b i l i t i e s o f raw and a u t o c l a v e d p i g e o n p e a s , cowpeas, o r l e n t i l s , and KADWE, R . S . , K.K. THAKARE, and N.N. BADHE. t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t i e s o f t h r e e 1974. legumes were o n l y between 1.78 and 2.77 x A note on the protein content and mineral 10- 4 u n i t s per g. c o m p o s i t i o n o f t w e n t y - f i v e v a r i e t i e s o f p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 1 1 ( 2 ) : JAFFE, W . G . , M. GROSS, S.A. MOSQUEDA, 8 3 - 8 5 . 292 S. GARCIA, H. OLIVARES, C. EMBDEN, Seeds o f v a r i e t i e s o f s i x s p e c i e s were B. NOLBERGA, and H. SARANZ. 1957. analyzed. The following varieties had the N u t r i t i v e c o n t e n t o f legumes w i d e l y e a t e n h i g h e s t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s w i t h i n each i n Venezuela. A r c h o s . Venez. N u t r . species. Sindkheda-1-1 (Vigna mungo), 8 : 9 7 - 1 0 6 . 289 Kopergaon (V. radiata); EB-3 and Hyderabad I n t a k e o f legumes i s h i g h , e s p e c i a l l y i n (Cajanus aajan); K-33 (Doliahos biflorus); l o w e r s o c i a l g r o u p s . The average annual 88 {Phaseolus aaonitifolius) and S-19-4-2 i n t a k e p e r head i s 1 3 k g , p r o v i d i n g a d a i l y {V. sinensis). T a b u l a t e d d a t a show t h e p r o t e i n i n t a k e of 8 g p e r p e r s o n . The 34 c a l c i u m , phosphorus, magnesium, and i r o n samples examined were r i c h i n p r o t e i n s and c o n t e n t i n each v a r i e t y . I n g e n e r a l , t h e v i t a m i n B complex b u t poor i n c a r o t e n e , varieties Sindkheda-1-1, Kopergaon, Hydera• and t h e i r v i t a m i n C would b e l o s t i n p r o • b a d , 148 {C. aajan), K-33, 2 - 4 , and l o n g e d c o o k i n g . I n r e l a t i o n t o p h y s i o l o • S-19-4-2 had t h e b e s t n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e .
gical requirements vitamin B1 , n i c o t i n i c acid, and riboflavin were most important.
N o a p p r e c i a b l e q u a n t i t y o f B 1 2 w a s f o u n d . Fe c o n t e n t was h i g h , P was f a i r , b u t Ca was l o w . Amounts o f m e t h i o n i n e and c y s t i n e were s m a l l e x c e p t i n c h i c k p e a s . T r y p t o p h a n
45 Pigeonpea Bibliography
KAUL, A . K . , and S.P. SHARMA. 1 9 7 1 . O f f o u r v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d , JNAL-530 has t h e Research on combining nutritive quality highest oil content. The two vegetable- w i t h h i g h y i e l d . I n Recent r e s e a r c h o n type varieties, JNAL-139 and JNAL-530, had t h e improvement o f p r o t e i n and n u t r i t i v e a h i g h e r t o t a l p o l y s a c c h a r i d e and a l o w e r p r o p e r t i e s o f foods and f e e d p l a n t s . I A R I crude fiber content than the two seed-type Res. Ser. 6 : 7 - 3 2 . 293 varieties, JNAL-394 and JNAL-148. Colorimetric methods were used to determine s u l f u r and w e t h i o n i n e i n a number o f p u l s e s . LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, A . D . DEODHAR, and With 295 samples, crude sulfur and methio• Y . K . SHARMA. 1973. nine contents were not correlated, V a r i a t i o n i n p r o t e i n , m e t h i o n i n e , t r y p t o • r - - 0 . 0 4 . phan and c o o k i n g p e r i o d i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 3 ( 8 ) : 7 9 5 - 7 9 8 . 298 K O L I , BHARATI, DIPALI ROY, and S.P. NETKE. 1973. F o u r t e e n genotypes of C. cajan were evalua• E f f e c t o f i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f soybean meal o n t e d f o r p h e n o t y p i c and g e n o t y p i c v a r i a t i o n p r o t e i n q u a l i t y o f d i e t s composed o f in two seasons for protein content of seed c e r e a l s and r e d gram (Cajanus cajan). methionine, and tryptophan (limiting amino JNKVV Res. J. 7 ( 3 ) : 1 2 0 - 1 2 6 . 294 a c i d s ) ; and c o o k i n g t i m e . None o f t h e quality characters were associated with Substitution of ACSB (autoclaved ground seed s i z e o r days t o m a t u r i t y . soybean) for RGD (Red gram dhal) in 10.1% and 12.5% protein diets did not improve the p r o t e i n q u a l i t y a s j u d g e d b y t h e g a i n i n LOCSIN, A.M. 1935. w e i g h t and PER. However, marked i m p r o v e • Nitrogen partition in three native varie• ment i n p r o t e i n q u a l i t y was o b t a i n e d when t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a s . Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) AGSB was s u b s t i t u t e d f o r 50% RGD p r o t e i n M i l l s p . P h i l i p p . A g r i c . 2 4 : 4 8 1 - 4 8 7 . 299 in 14.4% protein diet. The substitution The diamino f r a c t i o n o f t h e t h r e e v a r i e t i e s of e n t i r e RGD in 14.4% d i e t w i t h AGSB c o n t a i n s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h amounts o f a r g i - improved t h e n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n b y 4 1 % . nine and lysine, the differences among the t h r e e v a r i e t i e s b e i n g s l i g h t , and f a i r KROBER, O.A. 1968. amounts of histidine. The percentage Nutritional quality in pulses. J. Postgrad. nitrogen in the monoamino fraction of the Sch. I A R I , D e l h i . 6 ( 2 ) : 1 5 7 - 1 6 0 . 295 t h r e e v a r i e t i e s i s about o n e - h a l f o f t h e t o t a l amino a c i d s p r e s e n t . A comparison The f i r s t o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s n u t r i t i o n a l o f t h e amino a c i d c o n t e n t o f pigeonpea work o n p u l s e s i s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f w i t h t h a t of soybean and cowpea shows h i g h - p r o t e i n g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l . From t h i s certain peculiarities such as the apparent m a t e r i a l h i g h - p r o t e i n v a r i e t i e s o f good absence o f c y s t i n e i n pigeonpea and i t s y i e l d p o t e n t i a l a r e t o b e d e v e l o p e d . presence in soybean and cowpea, the absence P r o t e i n q u a l i t y as measured by amino a c i d of histidine in cowpea and its presence in b a l a n c e i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t . P u l s e p r o t e i n s pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s . t e n d t o b e h i g h i n l y s i n e . C e r e a l p r o t e i n s i n g e n e r a l t e n d t o b e low i n l y s i n e . The pulses are a natural high-lysine supplement LOMBARD, J . H . , and D . J . de LANGE. 1965. t o t h e c e r e a l g r a i n s w i t h w h i c h they a r e The chemical determination of tryptophan usually eaten. The pulse proteins tend to i n foods and mixed d i e t s . A n a l y t . Biochem. b e l o w i n t h e s u l f u r amino a c i d s and i n 10:260-265. 300 some cases l o w in t r y p t o p h a n . A sample of f o o d c o n t a i n i n g 600 mg p r o t e i n was mixed w i t h 25 ml 0.05 NaOH, 10 ml KUPPUSWAMY, S . , M. SRINIVASAN, and enzyme solution freshly prepared by shaking V. SUBRAMANIAN. 1958. 2 g papain with 100 ml water for 2 minutes P r o t e i n i n f o o d s : p p . 3 5 - 6 0 . New D e l h i : and filtering, and adding 10 drops 5% NaCN. ICMR. 296 The mixture kept at 70° overnight was c o o l e d , w a t e r was added to 100 m l , and 5-ml p r o p o r t i o n s were mixed w i t h 5 ml 0 . 1 N KOH LAXMAN SINGH, NEEUM SINGH, M.P. SHRIVASTAVA, and 3 ml C C 14 , shaken f o r 10 m i n u t e s , and and A . K . GUPTA. 1977. t h e n c e n t r i f u g e d f o r 1 0 m i n u t e s . Super• Characteristics and utilization of veget- n a t a n t f l u i d , 1 m l , was mixed w i t h 1 ml 5% a b l e t y p e s of pigeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n p-dimethy laminobenzaldehyde in HC1 and 5 ml ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . HC1 and a f t e r 10 m i n u t e s , 2 drops 0.2% 1 4 ( 1 ) : 8 - 1 0 . 297 NaNO2 were added. The c o l o r i n t e n s i t y was
46 Biochemistry and Nutrition
measured a t 590µ. The r e c o v e r y o f t r y p t o • seed meal were able to reproduce; second- phan ranged f r o m 96.7 to 101.6%. g e n e r a t i o n r a t s f e d w i t h t h e same d i e t were n o t . When t h e meal was f e d at a l e v e l to f u r n i s h 8 % o f p r o t e i n , t h e a d d i t i o n o f LUSE, R.A. 1976. c y s t i n e d i d n o t improve t h e g r o w t h o f r a t s ; Screening legume germplasm and field trials the addition of cystine, however, markedly f o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and q u a l i t y . P r o c . improved g r o w t h when t h e seed meal furnished I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s Meet on G r a i n Legume 11% o f t h e p r o t e i n . The f i r s t g r o w t h - Improvement. Seed quality/Biochemistry. l i m i t i n g f a c t o r o f p r e p a r e d pigeonpea 9-13 June 1975. I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . globulins appears to be tryptophan. 1 1 0 - 1 1 4 . 301 A r e p o r t on t h e s c r e e n i n g of t h e 5 , 0 0 0 - MITRA, C . R . , and M.M. CHAKRAVARTHY. 1956. e n t r y w o r l d cowpea c o l l e c t i o n , soybeans, Fixed oil obtained from some Indian pulses; and o t h e r g r a i n legumes a t I I T A , and t h e t h e component f a t t y a c i d s of Cajanus c a j a n . v a r i a t i o n i n s u l f u r , n i t r o g e n , and p r o t e i n I n d i a n Soap J. 2 1 : 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 . 305 i n cowpea l i n e s i n u n i f o r m and advanced y i e l d t r i a l s : d a t a a r e t a b u l a t e d f o r The oil extracted from the seeds with 1 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t , p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , and petroleum ether (yield 1.4%) had the follow• sulfur, nitrogen ratio (average values and i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : I o d i n e v a l u e ( W i j s , 1 range f o r each t r a i t ) f o r cowpea (113 / 2 hr) 103.6 sapon. equiv. 318.3, n4 0 1:4754 l i n e s ) , l i m a bean ( 3 1 ) , pigeonpea ( 3 5 ) , p e r f a t t y a c i d s (as o l e i c a c i d ) 0.2%, and soybean ( 7 4 ) , Psophocarpus tetragonolobus unsaponifiable 6.1%. The mixed fatty acids ( 1 3 ) , and Sphenostylis stenocarpa ( 3 6 ) . had iodine value 114.2 and sapon. equiv. 277.0 and were made up of linolenic 5.56, l i n o l e i c 5 1 . 4 , o l e i c 6 . 3 3 , and s a t u r a t e d MILLER, C D . 1928. a c i d s 36.7%. The f a t t y a c i d component i s The v i t a m i n A and B c o n t e n t of t h e p i g e o n - s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f o t h e r legumes. The pea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . J. A g r i c . S c i . Camb. h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f u n s a p o n i f i a b l e m a t t e r 6 : 8 - 1 6 . 302 i s r a t h e r s t r i k i n g , b u t t h i s has a l s o been C . c a j a n seed i s d e f i c i e n t i n t h e e s s e n t i a l n o t e d i n some o t h e r f a t s d e r i v e d f r o m amino a c i d s ; f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s f o r v i t a m i n Leguminosae. c o n t e n t showed t h a t i t i s a l s o d e f i c i e n t i n v i t a m i n A b u t c o n t a i n s a l a r g e amount of MITRA, S . N . , and B.R. ROY. 1960. v i t a m i n B. In terms of v i t a m i n B, C. cajan F u r t h e r s t u d i e s o n t h e d e t e c t i o n o f M e t a n i l i s a n e x c e l l e n t f o o d . y e l l o w i n p u l s e s ( d a l ) . S c i . C u l t . 25(9):539-540. 306
MILLER, C . D . , B. BRANTH00VER, N. SEKIGUCHI, M e t a n i l y e l l o w i s a n o n p e r m i s s i b l e c o a l - t a r H. DENING, and A. BAUER. 1956. dye in pulses, mainly arhar (Cajanus cajan). V i t a m i n v a l u e s o f foods used i n H a w a i i . The presence o f l a r g e amounts o f s t a r c h i n H a w a i i A g r i c . Exp. Stn Tech. B u l l . 3 0 . 303 p u l s e s sometimes p r e v e n t e d t h e f u l l e x t r a c • t i o n o f t h e dye i n aqueous s o l u t i o n and D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f b o t h raw and cooked also hampered the process of wool-dyeing. green seed o f pigeonpea i n d i c a t e d t h a t These d i f f i c u l t i e s are removed e n t i r e l y b y at m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of 66 to 69% t h e extraction with alcohol. The method of shelled raw and cooked pea contained extraction is described here along with a r e s p e c t i v e l y , 0.398 and 0.412 mg t h i a m i n e , simple chromatographic test for the identi• 0.256 and 0.226 mg r i b o f l a v i n , and 2.43 t o f i c a t i o n o f m e t a n i l y e l l o w . 2.33 mg n i a c i n per 100 g of e d i b l e f o o d . I n terms o f v i t a m i n B , c a r o t e n e , and a s c o r b i c a c i d , C. c a j a n ranked among the MITRA, S . N . , and S.C. ROY. 1957. h i g h e s t o u t o f 285 f o o d i t e m s used i n D e t e c t i o n o f M e t a n i l y e l l o w i n p u l s e s (Dal). H a w a i i . C u r r . S c i . 2 6 ( 3 ) : 8 9 . 307 Metanil yellow, a harmful coal-tar dye, is MILLER, C D . , and R . C ROBBINS. 1936. sometimes used t o c o l o r c e r t a i n t y p e s o f N u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f Cajanus p u l s e s , m a i n l y a r h a r (Cajanus cajan); i t s indicus. J. A g r i c . Res. 5 3 : 2 8 1 - 2 9 3 . 304 detection in routine analysis of pulses is of considerable importance. Three tests F i r s t - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s made good g r o w t h but were found useful: preliminary test, wool- s e c o n d - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s made o n l y f a i r d y e i n g t e s t , and c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c t e s t . The g r o w t h when f e d pigeonpea seed meal at a chromatographic method can be used to detect l e v e l t o p r o v i d e 18% o f p r o t e i n i n t h e m e t a n i l y e l l o w i n p u l s e p r o d u c t s such a s diet. FirBt-generation rats fed pigeonpea besan (chickpea flour) and sweetmeats.
47 Pigeonpea Bibliography
MODI, J . D . , and P.R. KULKARNI. 1976. I r r a d i a t i o n of pigeonpea seed w i t h 1 to 3 Studies on the starches of r a g i and red Mrad doses at a Y - i r r a d i a t i o n f l u x of 15 gram. J. Fd S c l . Technol. 13(1): Krad/min increased the l e v e l of tyrosine in 9-10. 308 t o t a l amino acids, increased free amino Starches Isolated from r a g l and red gram acid content, increased d i g e s t i b i l i t y of had Iodine a f f i n i t y of 3.08 and 3.13% protein in vitro by pepsin and t r y p s i n , respectively. The gelatinization tempera• changed the d i s t r i b u t i o n of protein among tures ranged from 56 to 72°C; when tested peaks obtained on e l u t i o n from a Sephadex in an amylograph, both these starches were G-200 column, and did not a f f e c t the found to be stable to heat up to 90°C. t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t y .
NENE, S.P., U.K. VAKIL, and A. SREENIVASAN. MTENGA, L.A., and T. SUGIYAMA. 1974. 1975. A note on the amino acid composition of Effect of gamma r a d i a t i o n on physico- some legume seeds grown in Tanzania. chemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of red gram E. A f r . A g r i c . For. J. 39(3):307-310. 309 (.Cajanus oajan) s t a r c h . J. Fd S c i . Amino acid contents of cowpea, groundnut, 40(5):943-947. 313 Ph. vulgaris, Cajanus oajan, and soybean The t o t a l reducing sugars of i r r a d i a t e d seeds grown in Tanzania are presented. pulse showed no s i g n i f i c a n t increase over the c o n t r o l . This suggests that the MUNSELL, HAZEL E. 1949-50. breakdown of starch in red gram was pro• Composition of food plants of c e n t r a l bably l i m i t e d to higher maltodextrins. America. I and V I I . Honduras. I I , I I I , and Though the quantity of t o t a l nonreducing V I I I . Guatemala. IV. El Salvador. V. sugars was not affected by i r r a d i a t i o n , Nicaragua. V I . Costa Rica. Fd Res. cooking significantly decreased raffinose 14:144-164. 15:16-33. 310 and stachyose contents. Degradation of red gram starch has also been observed in The composition of various food plants from terms of a decrease in g e l a t i n i z a t i o n Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, v i s c o s i t y and an increase in s o l u b i l i t y and Costa Rica set out in tabular form w i t h on heating. b r i e f notes on each p l a n t . Analyses are given f o r the f o l l o w i n g , among o t h e r s : Vigna unguiaulata, Cajanus oajan, Ph. NENE, S.P., U.K. VAKIL, C. BANDHYOPADHYAY, limensis, Ph. vulgaris, Pieum sativum, and A. SREENIVASAN. 1975. Cioer arietinum, Lene aulinaris, and Effect of gamma-irradiation of redgram Doliohos lablab. (Cajanus oajan) l i p i d s . Acta Alimen. Hung. 4(4):373-380. 314 NENE, S.P., U.K. VAKIL, and A. SREENIVASAN. No changes in the t o t a l or neutral l i p i d 1975. composition were observed in red gram Improvement in the t e x t u r a l q u a l i t i e s of i r r a d i a t e d at 1 Mrad dose l e v e l s . Similar• i r r a d i a t e d legumes. Acta Alimen. Hung. l y , saturated and unsaturated f a t t y acids 4(2):199-209. 311 were not affected by r a d i a t i o n treatment. Radiation prevented development of ranci• Gamma-irradiation of pulses reduced t h e i r d i t y and o f f - f l a v o r s during storage f o r cooking time by varying degrees (8.39% 8 months. Prevention of oxidation under reduction w i t h 1 Mrad), as measured by a such conditions can be a t t r i b u t e d to the texture-meter. I n i t i a l l y high hydration synergistic e f f e c t of phospholipids in the rate on soaking and cooking s t a b i l i z e d presence of tocopherols as w e l l as to low during prolonged cooking and resulted in moisture content. However, polar l i p i d s b e t t e r and more uniform texture in i r r a • seemed to undergo decomposition on diated red gram. Better vitamin B r e t e n • irradiation. t i o n observed in i r r a d i a t e d cooked red gram, is a t t r i b u t e d to the reduced cooking time. NIGAM, V . N . , and K.V. GIRI. 1961. Sugar in pulses. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 39:1847-1853. 315 NENE, S.P., U.K. VAKIL, and A. SREENIVASAN. 1975. Ethanol extracts of ground seeds of red Effect of gamma i r r a d i a t i o n on red gram gram (C. oajan) and other pulses were ana• {.Cajanus oajan) p r o t e i n s . J. Fd S c l . lyzed by c i r c u l a r paper chromatography. 40(4):815-819. 312 About 10% of dry weight was saccharides; sucrose 1.3 to 2.7, r a f f i n o s e 0.4 to 1 . 1 ,
48 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n
stachyose 1.8 to 2.7 and verbascose 3.0 to PAL, R.K. 1939. 4.2%. Sucrose was most v a r i a b l e . Germi• A review of l i t e r a t u r e on the n u t r i t i v e nation tests showed that fructose is value of pulses. Indian J. Agric. S c i . liberated, oligosaccharides disappear, and 9(1):133-137. 319 sucrose, which probably forms the i n t e r • mediary breakdown product, remains more or Bengal gram has proved to be the best of a l l less constant. Hydrolase a c t i v i t y remained the pulses. Green gram is also very good, low f o r the f i r s t 3 days of germination. especially when combined w i t h r i c e and milk products. Black gram has high n u t r i t i v e value as a p r o t e i n . Other pulses such as NIYOGI, S.P., N. NARAYANA, and B.G. DESAI. l e n t i l or red gram may be taken only 1931. occasionally. Red gram also acts better Studies on n u t r i t i v e value of Indian vege• than Bengal gram or any other v a r i e t y when table food s t u f f s . I. N u t r i t i v e value of i t i s eaten w i t h r i c e . pigeonpea (Cajanus indious) and f i e l d pea (Pisum arvense L i n n . ) . Indian J. Med. Res. 13:1217-1229. 316 PANT, R., and A.S. KAPUR. 1963. The soluble carbohydrates of some Indian The most important protein f r a c t i o n of the legumes. Naturwissenschaften. 50:95. 320 pulses is a g l o b u l i n moiety. The percent• age composition of amino acids in pulse Total soluble carbohydrates in g per 100 g g l o b u l i n expressed as percent of protein were in Cajanus indious 8.0, Cioer arieti- was estimated. The amino acid composition num 6.7, Phaeeolus mungo 6.5, Crotalaria of common Indian pulses is l i s t e d on a mediaaginea 7.4, Cassia obtusifolia 5.56, comparative basis. C. oooidentalis 5.52. The l a s t two contained maltose, lactose, and r a f f i n o s e and a l l had glucose and sucrose. NORTON, G. 1976. Plant p r o t e i n s . Canada: Butterworths. 156 pp. 317 PANT, R., and A.S. KAPUR. 1963. A comparative study of the chemical compo• The three sources of plant p r o t e i n s , namely, s i t i o n and n u t r i t i v e value of some common cereals, oilseeds, and legumes, have been Indian pulses and soybean. Ann. Biochem. considered under the headings of production Exp. Med. 23:457-460. 321 and demand. The world production of pigeonpeas from 1965 to 1974 was almost Cajanus oajan contained per 100 g, moisture s t a t i c , except for 1967 and 1974, when the 11.20%, protein 22.31%, f a t 1.45%, ash production was lower. The production of 3.21%, Ca 0.128 g, P 0.205 g, Fe 7.62 mg legumes is very d i f f i c u l t to deal w i t h and in mg, r i b o f l a v i n 138, thiamine 48, and s t a t i s t i c a l l y because of confusion over n i c o t i n i c acid 49. Amino acid compositions nomenclature. D i f f e r e n t aspects of plant were s i m i l a r in pigeonpea and soybean. proteins have also been discussed. Diets containing 10% of the respective proteins were steamed; b i o l o g i c a l values were 64.8 (pigeonpea) and 57.5 (soybean) OKE, O.L. 1967. and d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s 86.2, 91.4, Chemical studies on some Nigerian pulses. p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o s were 0.82 and W. A f r . J. B i o l . Appl. Chem. 9:52-55. 318 0.50. Although pulses contained less p r o t e i n than soybeans, they were considered Cowpea (V. unguiculata), groundnut, lima superior because they did not need proces• bean (Ph. lunatus), pigeonpea (C. oajan), sing to destroy antigrowth f a c t o r s . and soybean were analyzed. In soybean Ca was 0.30, in others 0.05 to 0.10%; P was 0.04, in others 0.31 to 0.54%. Values of PANT, R., and A.S. KAPUR. 1964. N and f i v e major and eight minor mineral Free amino acids in some edible and i n e d i • elements are tabulated. Oxalic acid was ble Indian legumes. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. 0.1 in cowpea, in others 0.4 to 0.6%. P h y s i o l . Chem. 333:39-41. 322 Phytin and P ranged from 30 in soybean to Free amino acids were detected by paper 133 mg % in cowpea o r , percent of t o t a l P, chromatography in Cajanus oajan, Cioer from 13 in pigeonpea to 33 in groundnut. arietinum, Ph. mungo, Ph. radiatus, HCN was 1 In cowpea, 30 mg % in lima bean, L. esaulenta, Piswn sativum (green and none in other pulses. white v a r i e t i e s ) , Vigna oatjang, Glycine max, and in three nonedible w i l d legumes. No legume contained a l l the essential amino acids but Cajanus oajan, Cioer arietinum, and Lens esoulenta each had seven. Plgeonpea Bibliography
PREMA, L . , and P.A. KURUP. 1973. value of 0.58 obtained f o r red gram alone. Hypolipidaemic a c t i v i t y of the p r o t e i n The PER of a mixture of 3.6 parts of r i c e i s o l a t e d from Cajanue cajan in high f a t proteins and 4.4 parts of pea proteins was cholesterol d i e t fed r a t s . Indian J . 1.80, as compared w i t h 2.60 f o r skim m i l k Biochem. Biophys. 10(4):293-296. 323 powder. Marked reduction in the t o t a l and free cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride RAMA RAO, M.V., M.R. TARA, and C.K. KRISHNAN. contents of a l l the three tissues was 1974. observed at a l l the l e v e l s studied. The Colorimetric estimation of tryptophan animals receiving 10% l e v e l show l i p i d content of pulses. J. Fd S c i . Technol. levels very s i m i l a r to those in the animals 11(5):213-216. 327 fed normal d i e t . The p r o t e i n f r a c t i o n is heterogeneous and contains 7.8% carbohy• The c o l o r i m e t r i c procedure developed by drates. About 85% of the p r o t e i n is Spies and Chambers (1948, 1949) has been p r e c i p i t a t e d at 75% s a t u r a t i o n w i t h applied to determine tryptophan content of (NH^SO^; the p r e c i p i t a t e contains a l l proteins of pulses. It is observed that the hypolipidaemic a c t i v i t y of the p r o t e i n . the amount of sodium n i t r i t e to be added f o r the reaction needs to be increased to 0.1 ml of 0.02% s o l u t i o n as against the PUSHPAMMA, P. 1975. recommended 0.1 ml of 0.05% s o l u t i o n . This Evaluation of nutritional values, cooking brings out more color. With t h i s m o d i f i • q u a l i t y and consumer preferences of grain c a t i o n , the tryptophan content of pulses legumes. Proc. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Work• investigated was in the range of 0.7 to shop on Grain Legumes, 13-16 Jan 1975. 1.78 g/16 g N as against the l i t e r a t u r e ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 213-220. 324 values of 0.5 to 0.8 g/16 g N. Data on chemical composition of seeds of pigeonpea and chickpea and of subcellular RAMASASTRI, B.V., and P. SRINIVASA RAO. fractions of groundnut cotyledon obtained 1968. in nonaqueous s o l u t i o n , and on the cooking Some studies on the n u t r i t i v e value of r i c e q u a l i t i e s of these legumes. v a r i e t i e s and pulses. J. Postgrad. Sch. IARI, D e l h i . 6(2):113-122. 328 RAI, KALPANA, DIPALI ROY, and S.P. NETKE. The d i g e s t i b i l i t y of the carbohydrate 1973. content of four of the commonly used Effect of incorporation of soybean meal on pulses — green gram, red gram, black protein q u a l i t y of d i e t s composed of gram, and Bengal gram — was studied. cereals and red gram (CajanuB oajan). In vitro amylolysis w i t h the use of ground Part I I . JNKW Res. J. 7(3) .-146-151. 325 raw and cooked pulses and w i t h the isolated starches revealed differences in the rates The s u b s t i t u t i o n of AGSB (autoclaved ground of hydrolysis of the starch present in soybean) in 10.1% and 12.0% p r o t e i n diets these pulses. d i d not cause any improvement In p r o t e i n q u a l i t y . In 14.2% protein d i e t , the sub• s t i t u t i o n by 25% caused s i g n i f i c a n t increase RAMIAH, P.V., and P. SATYANARAYANA. 1938. in nitrogen r e t e n t i o n . The b e n e f i c i a l Studies i n the q u a l i t y o f crops. I I . e f f e c t s of s u b s t i t u t i o n of AGSB f o r RGD N u t r i t i v e values of proteins of d i f f e r e n t (Red gram d h a l ) , could only be obtained in v a r i e t i e s of red gram (Cajanue indiaus). diets containing 14% p r o t e i n , in which more Madras Agric. J. 26(4) :134-136. 329 than h a l f the protein was provided by RGD. D i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s of red gram obtained l o c a l l y and from the h i l l s were compared RAJAMMAL, P.D., R. SAMBAMURTHY, and f o r t h e i r n u t r i t i v e values, and it was R. RAJESWARI. 1964. found that the l o c a l v a r i e t y has a high The n u t r i t i v e value of the proteins of p r o t e i n content and d i g e s t i b i l i t y value. blends of redgram d h a l , m i l k , r i c e and peas. J. Nutr. D i e t e t . 1:182-183. 326 RANGANATHAN, S. 1938. The p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o (PER) of a The available i r o n in some common Indian mixture of red gram dhal and skim m i l k food s t u f f s determined by the ot-a-dipyridine powder and r i c e and peas was determined at method. Indian J. Med. Res. 25(3): 8% l e v e l of protein intake over a period 677-684. 330 of 4 weeks. The PER of a mixture of three One hundred common Indian foodstuffs have parts of red gram p r o t e i n and one p a r t of been analyzed f o r t h e i r available i r o n by milk proteins was 1.6, as compared w i t h a
50 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n
a chemical method involving the use of ROYES, W.V., and A.C. FINCHAM. 1975. a - a - d i p y r i d i n e . The method evolved by Grain q u a l i t y in Cajanus and Cioer. F i r s t Kohler et al has been Improved. The food I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop on Grain Legumes. s t u f f s analyzed were found to vary widely 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . i n percentage o f t o t a l i r o n a v a i l a b l e . 209-212. 334 Leafy vegetables and condiments and spices, usually considered good source of i r o n , Means f o r estimating p r o t e i n q u a l i t y , amino show a low percentage a v a i l a b i l i t y , while acid p r o f i l e s , breeding for amino acid the other groups of foodstuffs contain i r o n contents, problems and other considerations of which about 30 to 40% is a v a i l a b l e . of n u t r i t i o n are discussed. Pigeonpea has 23.3% of t o t a l i r o n available. RUDRA, M.K., and L.M. CHOWDHURY. 1950. RANGANATHAN, S . , A.R. SUNDARARAJAN, and Methionine content of cereals and legumes. M. SWAMINATHAK. 1937. Nature 166:568. 335 Survey of the n u t r i t i v e value of Indian Methionine was estimated colorimetrically food s t u f f s . Indian J. Med. Res. and the percentage value obtained for red 24(3):689-706. 331 gram was 0.15. It was considered that Pulses are a good source of p r o t e i n , lathyrism in animals fed on vetch pea is containing on an average 24.47%. They are connected w i t h the low methionine content somewhat r i c h e r than cereals in most che• of t h i s p l a n t . mical constituents and, on the average, more than twice as r i c h in p r o t e i n s . SANKARAN, S., and V. SRINIVASAN. 1963. Detailed analyses of various chemical Evaluation of red gram types f o r cooking constituents of d i f f e r e n t food s t u f f s are q u a l i t y . Madras Agric. J. 50(1): tabulated. More emphasis should be l a i d 470-472. 336 on b i o l o g i c a l value of p r o t e i n s , and on The cooking q u a l i t y of nine introduced the concentrations and a v a i l a b i l i t y of c u l t i v a r s of red gram (Cajanus aajan) was mineral s a l t s . poorer than that of c u l t i v a r SA-1. Since there is evidence of a s i g n i f i c a n t negative c o r r e l a t i o n between cooking time and protein RAO, P.S. 1969. content, these types were presumably Studies on the d i g e s t i b i l i t y of carbohydra• i n f e r i o r to the standard also in q u a l i t y . tes in pulses. Indian J. Med. Res. 57(11):2151-2157. 332 SEVILLA-EUSEBIO, J . , J.C. MAMARIL, In vitro d i g e s t i b i l i t y studies of raw and J.A. EUSEBIO, and R.R. GONZALES. 1968. cooked Bengal gram, green gram, red gram, Studies on P h i l i p p i n e leguminous seeds as and black gram and t h e i r starches w i t h protein foods. I. Evaluation of p r o t e i n commercial a-amylase indicated that carbo• q u a l i t y in some l o c a l beans based on t h e i r hydrates of green gram are b e t t e r digested amino acid patterns. P h i l i p p . Agric. than any other pulses i n v e s t i g a t e d . 52(4):211-217. 337 Amino acid compositions of ( i ) mungo (Fha- RATHNASWAMY, R., R. VEERASWAMY, and eeolus aureus) ( i i ) paayap (Vigna sinensis) G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1973. ( i i i ) kadyos (Cajanus oajan) and ( i v ) Studies on red gram (Cajanus oajan (L.) t a p i l a n (Phaseolus oaloartus) bean deter• M i l l s p . ) seed characters, cooking q u a l i t y mined by a modified ion-exchange method and protein content. Madras A g r i c . J. a f t e r hydrolysis were compared w i t h the 60(6):396-398. 333 amino acid composition of whole egg. An assessment was made of the seed charac• t e r s , cooking q u a l i t y , and p r o t e i n contents SEVILLA-EUSEBIO, J . , R.R. GONZALES, of the annual and perennial types of red J.A. EUSEBIO, and P.F. ALCANTARA. 1968. gram. The perennial types MS-9537, Studies on P h i l i p p i n e leguminous seeds as PLS-362, and PLS-363 had bigger and heavier protein foods. I I . Effect of heat on the seeds than those of the annuals and SA-1. b i o l o g i c a l value of mungo, paayap, t a p i l a n , The annual types, which were r i c h e r in and kadyos beans. P h i l i p p . Agric. p r o t e i n (21.1%),also cooked more e a s i l y . 52(4): 218-232. 338 To assess the q u a l i t y of proteins in ( i ) mungo (Phaseolus aureus) (11) paayap (Vigna sinensis) ( i i i ) kadyos (Cajanus oajan) and (iv) tapilan (Phaseolus oaloartus), feeding
51 Pigeonpea Bibliography
experiments were conducted on pigs. Milk SIVARAMAN, E . , and MAGGIE MENACHERY. 1967. p r o t e i n proved s u p e r i o r t o a l l beans s t u • S t u d i e s o n t h e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e s o f cowpea d i e d . T o a s t i n g t h e beans f o r 3 0 m i n . a t (Vigna c a t j a n g ) and t u r d h a l (Cajanus 80 + 5°C improved p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y and c a j a n ) . I n d i a n V e t . J . 4 4 ( 2 ) : 1 6 2 - 1 6 9 . 342 a p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y . To a l e s s e r degree, The nutritive value of tur dhal (Cajanus h e a t i n g a l s o improved t o t a l w e i g h t g a i n s c a j a n ) and cowpea was investigated using o f t h e baby p i g s . Feed e f f i c i e n c y and a l b i n o r a t s . Cowpea f l o u r f e d f o r 2 8 days a p p a r e n t b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f beans ( i i i ) i n a d i e t a t a n 18% p r o t e i n l e v e l o n n i t r o • proteins proved inferior. gen b a s i s , promoted a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r g r o w t h response i n t h e r a t s t h a n t u r d h a l SHARDA, D . P . , K. PRADHAN, and s u p p l i e d t h r o u g h an i s o p r o t e i m i c d i e t . No PRAHLAD SINGH. 1976. difference was noticed between the diets A n o t e o n t h e e f f e c t o f damaged p u l s e s i n i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o s u p p o r t t h e f o r m a t i o n t h e d i e t o n t h e performance and c a r c a s s o f r e d c e l l s , h e m o g l o b u l i n , and plasma quality of growing-finishing pigs. Indian p r o t e i n i n t h e normal g r o w i n g r a t s . J. Animal Sci. 46(12):677-679. 339 Assessment of the hemopoietic response in a d u l t a n i m a l s by t h e p h e n y l h y d r o z i n c anae- Damaged p u l s e s (C. i n d i c u s and V. mungo) mia t e c h n i q u e showed t h a t f o r p r o m o t i n g used f o r g r o u n d n u t and maize (10%) i n p i g hemoglobin f o r m a t i o n , t h e two p u l s e p r o t e i n standard diets, showed that average daily d i e t s a r e l e s s e f f i c i e n t t h a n t h e c o n t r o l g a i n , f e e d e f f i c i e n c y , and p r o t e i n e f f i • diet containing casein. The significance c i e n c y r a t i o tended t o b e g r e a t e r o n t h e of these observations is discussed briefly. p u l s e d i e t . Carcass y i e l d was n o t a f f e c • t e d . Carcass l e n g t h , p r o p o r t i o n o f l e a n c u t s , and t o t a l l e a n tended t o b e g r e a t e r SRIKANTIA, S.G. 1975. and b a c k - f a t l e s s i n p i g s g i v e n 10% p u l s e s . Chickpea and pigeonpea: Some nutritional a s p e c t s . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n Grain Legumes. 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. SHARMA, Y . K . , A . S . TIWARI, K.C. RAO, Hyderabad, I n d i a . 2 2 1 - 2 2 3 . 343 and A. MISHRA. 1977. S t u d i e s o n c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s and t h e i r Production, nutritional quality, attempts i n f l u e n c e o n c o o k a b i l i t y i n p i g e o n p e a . t o improve n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , l i m i t i n g J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 1 4 ( 1 ) : 3 8 - 4 0 . 340 amino acids, variation in protein and amino a c i d s . Other n u t r i e n t s , t r y p s i n E s t i m a t i o n o f e i g h t c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s i n h i b i t o r s , and f l a t u s f o r m a t i o n a r e in 22 cultivars of pigeonpea revealed sig• d e s c r i b e d . n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among c u l t i v a r s f o r most o f t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s s t u d i e d . None o f these c o n s t i t u e n t s was found a s s o c i a t e d SUNDARAM, P . S . , R.V. NORRIS, and w i t h c o o k i n g p e r i o d , e x c e p t p h y t i c a c i d V. SUBRAMANIAM. 1929. c o n t e n t , w h i c h showed p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n S t u d i e s o n t h e p r o t e i n o f I n d i a n f o o d of appreciable magnitude. The varieties s t u f f s . I I . The p r o t e i n o f t h e pigeonpea requiring minimum time for cooking were (Cajanue indicus). I n d i a n I n s t . S c i . J . S - 7 , E B - 3 8 - 7 0 , J A - 3 , NP(WR)-15, and 1 2 ( A ) : 1 9 3 - 2 0 5 . 344 UPAS-120. The seeds of a r h a r c o n t a i n two g l o b u l i n s , Cajanin and cajani, which account for 58% SINGH, S . , H.D. SINGH, and K.C. SIKKA. and 8%, r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f t h e t o t a l n i t r o g e n , 1968. differing from each other in their sulfur D i s t r i b u t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s i n t h e a n a t o m i c a l and t r y p t o p h a n c o n t e n t s . The g l o b u l i n s p a r t s o f common I n d i a n p u l s e s . C e r e a l appear to be c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e genus Chem. 4 5 : 1 3 - 1 8 . 341 and independent o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n types and v a r i e t i e s . They are r i c h i n t y r o s i n e Values a r e t a b u l a t e d f o r p r o x i m a t e c o n s t i • and moderately rich in cystine, arginine, t u e n t s , P , Ca, and F e i n w h o l e pea, l e n t i l , and l y s i n e . The p r i n c i p a l p r o t e i n o f pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ), mungbean Cajanus, cajanin, is deficient in essential (Phaeeolus aureus), f r e n c h bean (P. vulga• diamino acids. ris) , cowpea (V. sinensis) and guar (Cyamopeie tetragonoloba). The embryo, t h e r i c h e s t p a r t , was o n l y 1.0 t o 2 . 3 % o f SUNDARARAJAN, A . R . 1938. t h e w h o l e s e e d . Cotyledons ( 8 3 . 0 t o 90.4% P h y t i n - p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t o f I n d i a n food o f s e e d , e x c e p t f o r g u a r , 42.8%) account s t u f f s . I n d i a n J . Med. Res. 2 5 ( 3 ) : f o r almost t h e e n t i r e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e and 6 8 5 - 6 9 1 . 345 m i l l i n g t o remove seedcoat and embryo w o u l d have l i t t l e e f f e c t .
52 Biochemistry and Nutrition
The p h y t i n - p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t of 67 food Eight plant species were tested on rats for s t u f f s has been d e t e r m i n e d . In c e r e a l s a production of esophageal cancer. Cajanua h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l phosphorus i s i n d i c u s was not effective in causing cancer. p r e s e n t a s p h y t i n , w h i l e i n v e g e t a b l e s , Cancers were caused by Acacia v i l l o s a r o o t , w i t h c e r t a i n e x c e p t i o n s , t h e p h y t i n p e r • Melochia tomentoea, Heliotrophum angiosper- centage i s s m a l l o r a b s e n t . The condiments mum and Krameria ixina. E x t r a c t s of and species investigated in general occupy K. ixina w i t h t a n n i n s removed d i d n o t a n i n t e r m e d i a t e p o s i t i o n . A l a r g e p r o p o r • cause c a n c e r . t i o n o f t h e phosphorus i n p u l s e s a l s o e x i s t s a s p h y t i n . TARA, M.R., and M.V. RAMA RAO. 1972. Changes i n e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t o f SUSHEELAMMA, N . S . , and M . V . L . RAO. 1974. a r h a r d a l (Cajanus c a j a n ) on d e h y d r a t i o n . S u r f a c e - a c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i n b l a c k gram J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 9 ( 2 ) : 7 6 . 349 (V. mungo) and i t s r o l e i n t h e t e x t u r e o f Tryptophan and g l u t a m i c a c i d s were h i g h e r , leavened foods containing the legume. and i s o l e u c i n e , v a l i n e , and t y r o s i n e i n J . S c i . F d A g r i c . 2 5 ( 6 ) : 6 6 5 - 6 7 3 . 346 arhar dhal were lower than that reported in A surface-active fraction with the charac• l i t e r a t u r e . P r e c o o k i n g and d r y i n g o f t h e t e r i s t i c s o f a g l o b u l i n and a n a r a b i n o - d h a l w i t h o r w i t h o u t Papain t r e a t m e n t was galactan type polysaccharide were shown to found t o have n o s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n t h e o c c u r in V. mungo. These two components protein scores. Methionine followed by appeared t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c h a r a c • isoleucine was the limiting amino acid in teristic texture of leavened foods contain• t h e p r o t e i n s o f t h e d h a l , raw o r p r o c e s s e d . i n g t h e legume. Lower f o a m - f o r m i n g a c t i v i t y was found in C. arietinum, TARA, M.R., and M.V. RAMA RAO. 1975. V, radiata, and C. c a j a n . Changes i n f r e e amino a c i d s o f a r h a r d h a l (Cajanus cajan) i n p r o c e s s i n g . J . F d S c i . SWAMINATHAN, M. 1938. T e c h n o l . 12(2) : 7 1 - 7 4 . 350 The r e l a t i v e amounts of t h e p r o t e i n and N e a r l y 40% o f t h e n i n h y d r i n p o s i t i v e non-protein nitrogenous constituents constituents were comprised of peptides, o c c u r r i n g i n f o o d s t u f f s and t h e i r s i g n i • m o s t l y g l u t a m y l p e p t i d e s , o f p h e n y l a l a n i n e . f i c a n c e i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e d i g e s t i • A l l n a t u r a l amino a c i d s were found t o b e b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f p r o t e i n s . I n d i a n present, glutamic acid being highest, with J. Med. Res. 25(4) : 8 4 7 - 8 5 5 . 3A7 a s p a r a g i n e and g l u t a m i n e n e x t . D u r i n g The r e l a t i v e amounts o f p r o t e i n and n o n p r o • p r o c e s s i n g o f t h e d h a l , a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e t e i n n i t r o g e n o u s c o n s t i t u e n t s o c c u r r i n g i n i n p e p t i d e s was f o u n d . F a r t o f t h e a l a n i n e c e r t a i n c e r e a l s , p u l s e s , n u t s , o i l s e e d s , appears to be bound to p r o t e i n s in such a condiments, vegetables, and milk have been way t h a t i t i s r e l e a s e d b y t h e m i l d h y d r o - d e t e r m i n e d by t h e S t u t z e r method. The l y t i c c o n d i t i o n s o f p r o c e s s i n g . A r g i n i n e average amounts o f n o n p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n ( 7 . 5 µ m o l e / g ) was found i n h i g h e r amounts expressed a s p e r c e n t o f t o t a l n i t r o g e n than o t h e r amino a c i d s . o c c u r r i n g i n t h e d i f f e r e n t groups o f f o o d • s t u f f s , were a s f o l l o w s : c e r e a l s 5 ; TARA, M.R., T . N . RAWAL, and M.V.R. RAO. p u l s e s 9 ; n u t s and o i l s e e d s 5 ; condiments 1972. 6 ; v e g e t a b l e s 1A; and m i l k 9%. I f the E f f e c t o f p r o c e s s i n g o n t h e p r o t e i n s o f p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f a f o o d i s d e t e r m i n e d a r h a r d h a l (Cajanus c a j a n ) . I n d i a n J . b y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t b y N u t r . D i e t e t . 9 : 2 0 8 - 2 1 2 . 351 6 . 2 5 , t h e d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f p r o t e i n s may be u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , owing to Percentage o f p r o t e i n s e x t r a c t e d b y v a r i o u s t h e presence o f v a r y i n g amounts o f n o n p r o • s o l v e n t s was d e t e r m i n e d , and was 28.6 f o r t e i n n i t r o g e n , w h i c h may b e p o o r l y a v a i l • w a t e r and 65.9 f o r NaCl s o l u t i o n . P e r c e n • a b l e i n d i g e s t i o n . tage e x t r a c t e d by w a t e r was 3 3 . 3 f o r p r e - cooked and dehydrated dhal (PD); 44.2 for p a p a i n - t r e a t e d d h a l (PTD); b y NaCl s o l u t i o n TARA, M.R., C.W. LEE, J . F . MORTON, 20.0 and 24.1 respectively. Free amino T . J . KAPADIA, and L . J . DUNHAM. 1974. acid content decreased with processing but Sarcoma i n d u c e d i n r a t s b y e x t r a c t s o f was h i g h e r f o r PTD t h a n f o r PD. E x t r a c t s p l a n t s and b y f r a c t i o n a t e d e x t r a c t s o f o f processed d h a l were a u t o c l a v e d f o r 3 0 Krameria irina. J . N a t l Cancer I n s t . min at 15 lb pressure. Percentage soluble 5 2 : 4 4 5 - 4 4 8 . 348 p r o t e i n s r e m a i n i n g i n s o l u t i o n was 8 0 t o 100 showing t h a t h e a t d e n a t u r a t i o n had
53 Pigeonpea Bibliography
t a k e n p l a c e t o the f u l l e s t e x t e n t d u r i n g a major globulin fraction that was homo- t h e p r e l i m i n a r y p r o c e s s i n g . F u r t h e r e x p e r i • geneous between pH 3.0 and 1 2 . 0 , w i t h ments showed t h a t t h e decrease i n s o l u b l e i s o e l e c t r i c p o i n t a t p H 4 . 6 5 . p r o t e i n s i n t h e s o l v e n t s o c c u r r e d i n t h e f i r s t 6 m i n u t e s o f s t e a m i n g . TAWDE, S . , and H.R. CAMA. 1962. Physico-chemical studies on indigenous seed TAWDE, S. 1 9 6 1 . proteins. 5. Amino acid composition of red Isolation and partial characterization of gram (Cajanus indicus) meal and g l o b u l i n r e d gram (Cajanus indicus) t r y p s i n i n h i b i • fractions. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 21C: t o r . A n n . Biochem. Exp. Med. 2 1 : 1 6 2 - 1 6 3 . 354 3 5 9 - 3 6 6 . 352 Amino a c i d s were e s t i m a t e d by c i r c u l a r Red gram t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r has a t y p i c a l paper chromatography in r e d gram meal and protein-like UV absorption ranging between i t s t h r e e g l o b u l i n f r a c t i o n s . Except t h a t 252 and 278µ. I t resembles g l y c o p r o t e i n proline and tryptophan were about twice as i n n a t u r e ; r e a c t s s t o i c h i o m e t r i c a l l y w i t h h i g h , v a l u e s f o r meal agreed f a i r l y w e l l crystalline trypsin; is quite active over w i t h those o f o t h e r s . M e t h i o n i n e and a p H range o f 2.5 t o 1 0 . 1 ; and i s f a i r l y c y s t i n e , 0.20 and 0.89% of t h e m e a l , were heat-stable. The various normal acid measurable in only one fraction, 0.42 and e x t r a c t s o f r e d gram meal a n a l y z e d f o r 3.02%. T h i s f r a c t i o n had most of t h e trypsin inhibition showed maximum activity e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s b u t was poor i n w i t h 0.05 N HC1 e x t r a c t w i t h a pH v a l u e l y s i n e , t h r e o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . No o f 4 . 4 . The amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f h i s t i d i n e was f o u n d . this inhibitor showed the absence of h i s t i d l n e and presence o f low amounts o f t r y p t o p h a n , c y s t i n e , and m e t h i o n i n e , and TAWDE, S . , and K.V. G I R I . 1960. l a r g e r amounts o f l e u c i n e , t h r e o n i n e , P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s on i n d i g e n o u s seed p r o l i n e , and l y s i n e compared t o t h a t o f proteins. 4. Peptization of red gram l i m a b e a n , p a n c r e a t i c , and ovomucoid (Cajanus indicus) proteins and their cha• t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r s . racterization by electrophoresis. J. Sci. I n d u s t . Res. 19C:190-194. 355 Cajanus indicus contains 23.81% protein. TAWDE, S . , and H.R. CAMA. 1960. A m e a l - t o - w a t e r e x t r a c t a n t r a t i o o f 1:5 F r a c t i o n a t i o n and i s o l a t i o n and e l e c t r o - s o l u b i l i z e s 80% o f p r o t e i n s i n 120 m i n . p h o r e t i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f r e d gram The isoelectric (percent) points of these g l o b u l i n s . Symposium o n p r o t e i n s . B i o l . p r o t e i n s have been found to be about pH Res. Coun. Soc. B i o l . Chem., I n d i a . 4.0. Alkaline salts are found to be better 1 : 8 - 1 3 . 353 extractants of proteins. Sodium bicarbo• The fractionation of red gram proteins was nate solution at a concentration of 0.001 M c a r r i e d o u t b y ( i ) e x t r a c t i o n w i t h d i f f e • proved to be the most effective extractant. r e n t s o l v e n t s , ( i i ) d i a l y s i s o f sodium Maximum electrophoretic separation of the c h l o r i d e e x t r a c t a g a i n s t w a t e r , ( i l l ) p r o t e i n components, one major and two m i n o r , fractional precipitation with ammonium o c c u r s between pH 7 and 8 . 6 , i o n i c s t r e n g t h s u l f a t e . A l l t h e f r a c t i o n s were t e s t e d 0 . 1 . for their homogeneity electrophoretically. The d i s p e r s i b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f TRIPATHI, R.D., G.P. SRIVASTAVA, M.C. MISRA, these p r o t e i n s s t u d i e d b y s u c c e s s i v e and S.C. SINHA. 1975. e x t r a c t i o n i n v a r i o u s s o l v e n t s — w a t e r , Comparative s t u d i e s i n t h e q u a l i t y c h a r a c • 10% N a C l , 0 . 2 5 M NaOH — and s e p a r a t e l y t e r i s t i c s o f e a r l y and l a t e v a r i e t i e s o f in 75% a l c o h o l , showed t h e absence of r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . I n d i a n J . p r o l a m i n e n i t r o g e n and a low c o n t e n t of Agric. Chem. 8(1):57-61. 356 g l u t e n n i t r o g e n . Though NaCl s o l u t i o n e x t r a c t e d t h e m a j o r p o r t i o n o f t h e g l o b u • When grown under i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , l i n s , w a t e r a l s o e x t r a c t e d g l o b u l i n s t o e i g h t l a t e - m a t u r i n g C . c a j a n c u l t i v a r s were some e x t e n t . D i a l y s i s o f NaCl e x t r a c t superior to eight early-maturing cultivars a g a i n s t w a t e r y i e l d e d a f a i r l y homogeneous in seed yields; 1000-seed weight; dhal f r a c t i o n , w h i l e t h e f r a c t i o n s o b t a i n e d w i t h (split seeds) recovery percentage; and 2 0 , 4 0 , and 60% ammonium s u l f a t e s a t u r a t i o n dhal, protein, and methionine yields. The were a l l found t o b e h e t e r o g e n e o u s . O f a l l e a r l y - m a t u r i n g c u l t i v a r s had h i g h e r seed the methods used, dilution and fractional p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s (20.62 t o 25.5%) t h a n p r e c i p i t a t i o n was f o u n d t o b e t h e b e s t f o r late-maturing ones (19.95 to 21.75%); isolation of red gram globulins, yielding m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t s were s i m i l a r .
54 Botany
VANGALA, R . R . , and E. MENDEN. 1969. VISWANATH, B., R.J. LAKSHMANA, and The amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n of some A f r i c a n P.A. RAGHUNATHASWAMI AYYANGAR. 1916. legumes. I n t . Z . V i t a m f o r s c h . 3 9 : Some factors affecting the cooking quality 203-209. 357 of d h a l (Cajanus indicus). Mem. Dep. Amino acids were estimated in pigeonpea A g r i c . I n d i a Chem. S e r i e s . 4 ( 5 ) : (Cajanus c a j a n ) , blackeyed pea (Vigna s i n e n - 149-163. 360 sis), cowpea (v. unguiculata), l i m a bean The study has been limited to the following: (Ph. l u n a t u s ) , and Centrosema pubescene. ( i ) t h e e f f e c t o f t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e There was l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e between raw w a t e r upon t h e r a t e o f c o o k i n g , ( i i ) t h e and cooked p r o d u c t s . Except f o r cooked i n f l u e n c e o f t h e f a t c o n t e n t o n t h e r a t e p i g e o n p e a s , t h e r e was poor agreement b e t • o f c o o k i n g , ( i i i ) d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r a t e ween c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s and v a l u e s o b t a i n e d o f c o o k i n g due t o v a r i e t y , ( i v ) d i f f e r e n c e s b y a n i m a l e x p e r i m e n t . I t was concluded i n t h e r a t e s o f c o o k i n g due t o methods o f t h a t p r o t e i n q u a l i t y depends n o t o n l y o n preparing dhal, (v) the influence of vari• amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n b u t a l s o on such ous s a l t s o n t h e l i q u e f a c t i o n o f s t a r c h . h e a t l a b i l e f a c t o r s a s enzyme i n h i b i t o r s The d i s s o l v e d s a l t s found i n n a t u r a l w a t e r s and h e m a g l u t i n i n . exert a marked influence on the time taken t o cook d h a l . The a d d i t i o n o f sodium b i c a r b o n a t e or sodium c a r b o n a t e to a h a r d VIJAYALAKSHMI, D . , S. KURIAN, D. NARAYANA- w a t e r m a t e r i a l l y hastens t h e c o o k i n g . SWAMY, S.V. RAO, and M. SVAMINATHAN. 1972. The f a t c o n t e n t of d h a l p l a y s a v e r y B l o o d amino a c i d s t u d i e s i n t h e weaning r a t i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n r a t e o f c o o k i n g . Dhals on d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g raw and cooked r e d from different localities have varying gram. I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 9 ( 3 ) : r a t e s o f c o o k i n g . 1 2 9 - 1 3 4 . 358
Amino acid content and trypsin inhibitor a c t i v i t y of raw and cooked r e d gram were d e t e r m i n e d . Plasma amino a c i d s c o r e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n were t h e f i r s t l i m i t i n g amino a c i d s i n r e d BOTANY gram; lysine and threonine were easily available from the proteins. Enzymatic d i g e s t i o n s t u d i e s showed l y s i n e , methionine, AKINOLA, J . O . , and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1972. t h r e o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n t o b e e q u a l l y A n u m e r i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Cajanus c a j a n a v a i l a b l e f r o m raw and cooked r e d gram, ( L . ) M i l l s p . accessions based o n morpholo- indicating that the trypsin inhibitor of g i c a l and agronomic a t t r i b u t e s . A u s t . J . r e d gram d i d n o t a f f e c t l i b e r a t i o n o f amino A g r i c . Res. 2 3 : 9 5 5 - 1 0 0 5 . 361 a c i d s d u r i n g d i g e s t i o n o f t h e p r o t e i n s . N i n e t y - f i v e a c c e s s i o n s f r o m e l e v e n c o u n • PER of raw r e d gram was l o w ( 0 . 6 8 ) , b u t tries were field-grown and studied through• improved w i t h c o o k i n g ( t o 1.43) and w i t h out a year. Using the MULTCLAS hierarchi• supplementation with methionine and trypto• c a l program and a v e r s i o n of B u r r ' s phan ( t o 1.93) . E u c l i d e a n s y s t e m , t h e accessions were classified into 15 groups on the basis VIJAYARAGHAVAN, P.K., and P.R. SRINIVASAN. o f 3 1 a t t r i b u t e s . 1953. E s s e n t i a l amino a c i d and c o m p o s i t i o n o f ANONYMOUS. 1960. some common I n d i a n p u l s e s . J. N u t r . News and Notes. Africa: Edible African 5 1 : 2 6 1 - 2 7 1 . 359 legumes. R i z . R i z i c . 1960. 362 The e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f Cajanus c a j a n and a number of legumes are f i v e common I n d i a n p u l s e s and Vigna c a t j a n g i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h n o t e s o n p o p u l a r names and has been r e p o r t e d . U n l i k e l y s i n e , w h i c h botanical characteristics. i s a l i m i t i n g amino a c i d f o r c e r e a l s , t h e l i m i t i n g amino a c i d s f o r p u l s e s were found t o b e m e t h i o n i n e , c y s t i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . BASUDEV, R. 1933. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e c h e m i c a l S t u d i e s i n t h e development o f t h e f e m a l e s c o r e e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d i n d e x and gametophyte in some leguminous crop p l a n t s b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e i s d i s c u s s e d . o f I n d i a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 ( 6 ) : 1098-1107. 363 The development of the female gametophyte was s t u d i e d in Cajanus indious and o t h e r
55 Pigeonpea Bibliography
legumes. The c u r v a t u r e o f t h e o v u l e s i s CONFODONTIS, V . G . 1957. towards t h e apex o f t h e o v a r y . Ovules a r e Cajanus oajan L. Senckenberg. B i o l . more or l e s s c a m y l o t r o p o u s . The s y n e r g i d s 38(5-6):405-415. "366 o f Cajanus possess well-defined filiform a p p a r a t u s . The p o l a r n u c l e i m i g r a t e towards each o t h e r and f u s e t o f o r m t h e DATTA, P . C . , and ARATI DEB. 1970. primary endosperm nucleus. The haploid F l o r a l b i o l o g y of Cajanus oajan ( L i n n ) number o f chromosomes i s e l e v e n . Millsp. var. bicolor. D.C. (Papilionaceae). B u l l . B o t . Soc. B e n g a l . 2 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 3 5 - 1 4 5 . 367 BROUK, B. 1975. I n t h e two v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d , f l o w e r i n g P l a n t s consumed by man. London: Academic p e r i o d appeared to be i n f l u e n c e d by weather P r e s s . 479 p p . P i g e o n p e a : p. 125. 364 c o n d i t i o n s . Many f l o w e r s f a l l o f f b y Pigeonpea or Cajanus c a j a n ( f a m i l y Legumi- a b s c i s s i o n in t h e 4 days between a n t h e s i s nosae) i s p r o b a b l y a n a t i v e o f A f r i c a . I t and fruit setting. A high percentage of was cultivated in ancient Egypt at least cleistogamous flowers were found early in 2,000 y e a r s B . C . , as is p r o v e d by t h e seeds the flowering period. Fertilization occurs found i n t h e tombs o f t h e Seventh D y n a s t y . 5 hours a f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n and t h i s l o n g I t i s a l s o p r o b a b l e t h a t pigeonpea was period may explain the large proportion b r o u g h t t o I n d i a i n p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e s , and o f f l o w e r s f a i l i n g t o f o r m f r u i t s . it diversified there into many types. Two v a r i e t i e s can be r e c o g n i z e d : C. c a j a n v a r . DE, D.N. 1976. flavue w h i c h has g r e e n g l a b r o u s pods Origin, evolution and distribution of u s u a l l y w i t h t h r e e seeds and i n c l u d e s t h e Cajanus and P h a s e o l u s : Western Ghats as a Tur c u l t i v a r s e x t e n s i v e l y c u l t i v a t e d i n microcentre (Abstract). Indian J. Genet. I n d i a , and C. oajan v a r . bicolor w h i c h has h a i r y , d a r k maroon podB u s u a l l y c o n t a i n i n g P 1 . B r e e d . 36(1) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 . 368 f o u r t o f i v e seeds and i n c l u d i n g a r h a r A s t u d y of Cajanus and its morphologically c u l t i v a r s , grown i n n o r t h e r n I n d i a . and taxonomically closest relative Atyloeia indicated that an erect form of Atyloeia has g i v e n r i s e t o t h e c u l t i v a t e d Cajanus. COBLEY, L . S . 1956. A s t u d y of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the 25 known A n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e b o t a n y o f t r o p i c a l s p e c i e s o f A t y l o s i a i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e crops. Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). London: forest of the Upper Western Ghats in India Longman , Green, p p . 1 5 8 - 1 6 0 . 365 i s t h e c e n t e r o f o r i g i n o f Cajanus. Pigeonpea i s c u l t i v a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e tropics, especially in the more arid areas, DE CANDOLLE, A.P. (EDITORS). 1886. s i n c e i t i s a d e e p l y r o o t i n g , p e r e n n i a l Origin of cultivated plants (2nd ed). p l a n t and f a i r l y d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n t . The New Y o r k : H a f n e r . 1959. 369 seeds a r e used t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r o p i c s as a p u l s e . The p l a n t i s o f a n c i e n t o r i g i n and i t s home was presumably i n t h e A f r i c a n DURGA PRASHAD, M.M.K., and B . L . NARASIMHA s u b c o n t i n e n t . The A f r i c a n t y p e s a r e f a i r l y MURTHY. 1963. u n i f o r m . The I n d i a n t y p e s d i f f e r i n many Some observations on anthesis and pollina• c h a r a c t e r s . The young stems a r e a n g l e d t i o n in r e d gram {Cajanus oajan). Andhra and h a i r y . The l e a v e s a r e a l t e r n a t e A g r i c . J . 1 0 : 1 6 1 - 1 6 7 . 370 trifoliate structures, petioles are Flower buds attained full development into g r o o v e d . The l e a f l e t s are o v a l , e n t i r e , flower in 19 days. Flowers opened between and s l i g h t l y h a i r y , t h e t e r m i n a l l e a f l e t 35° and 44 C, t h e maximum number opening considerably larger than the laterals. The between 43° and 44°C. The maximum d e h i s • inflorescences are shorter than the leaves. cence of a n t h e r s was between 38° and 40°C. Each f l o w e r has a h a i r y f o u r - l o b e d c a l y x . T h r i p s seem t o b e t h e agent f o r s e l f - The stamens a r e d i a d e l p h o u s and t h e o v a r y pollination in this crop; insects such as is tapering structure, covered with shiny b l i s t e r b e e t l e s and honey bees v i s i t i n g brown s i l k y h a i r s . The pods a r e s t r a i g h t , a f t e r t h e f l o w e r opens a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r constricted. The seeds are roundish, c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t . r e d d i s h - b r o w n i n c o l o r b u t v a r y i n g f r o m A f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n i t t o o k 3 5 days f o r fawn t o p u r p l e . There i s a w h i t e e l l i p t i • maturation of the pod. c a l h i l u m , and g e r m i n a t i o n i s h y p o g e a l . Botany
DUTH1E, J.F., and J. FULLER. 1883. A number o f s t r a i n s o f pigeonpea o c c u r i n F i e l d and garden crops o f t h e N o r t h Western t h e i s l a n d s . The f l o w e r c o l o r o f t h e seven p r o v i n c e s and Oudh, 2 . Roorkee, I n d i a . common s t r a i n s i s y e l l o w , b u t t h a t o f o t h e r p p . 2 0 - 2 2 . 371 strains is reddish. The seed color varies from n e a r l y w h i t e t o d a r k b r o w n . The The f o r m Cajanus f l a v u s is known under t h e s t r a i n s a l s o d i f f e r g r e a t l y i n t h e i r g r o w t h name t u r and i s commonly c u l t i v a t e d i n habits and seed production. Development of Madhya Pradesh, while C. bicolor i s t h e a s t r a i n b e t t e r adapted to g r a z i n g would be a r h a r o f U t t a r P r a d e s h . most advantageous.
F.A.O. 1959. HUTCHINSON, J . B . (EDITOR). 1967. Tabulated information on tropical and sub• Key t o t h e f a m i l i e s o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s o f t r o p i c a l g r a i n legumes. Rome: FAO. the world. London: Oxford University PP 4 5 - 6 2 . 372 P r e s s . 377 I n c l u d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s of p i g e o n p e a , such as o r i g i n , common names, HUTCHINSON, J.B. (EDITOR). 1974. and u s e s . E v o l u t i o n a r y s t u d i e s i n w o r l d c r o p s . D i v e r s i t y and changes i n t h e I n d i a n sub- GANGULI, D . K . , and D.P. SRIVASTAVA. 1969. c o n t i n e n t . London: Cambridge U n i v . P r e s s . Variability studies in arhar (Pigeonpea). 175 p p . 378 Ranchi A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 4 : 1 3 - 1 6 . 373 This book, developed from a symposium held I n t r i a l s w i t h 1 0 pigeonpea c u l t i v a r s , a t I A R I , New D e l h i i n 1970, i s a n account t h e r e was a w i d e range of p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a • o f t h e e v o l u t i o n o f crops i n t h e I n d i a n t i o n i n t h e number o f l e a v e s , p o d s , and subcontinent and consists of five parts. seeds per p l a n t and i n p l a n t h e i g h t and P a r t 3 , "Crops o f South A s i a and A f r i c a , " seed y i e l d per p l a n t ; a narrow range i n includes a chapter on pigeonpea (Cajanus t h e number o f t o t a l and f r u i t i n g branches c a j a n ) b y D.N. De. P a r t 5 , e n t i t l e d per p l a n t , pod l e n g t h , number of seeds p e r " R e v i e w , " i n c l u d e s two c h a p t e r s b y J . B . p o d , and 100-seed w e i g h t . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H u t c h i n s o n o n "Crop P l a n t E v o l u t i o n i n t h e f a c t o r s had t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e o n seed Indian subcontinent" and on "The Challenge yield/plant. of t h e New A g r i c u l t u r e . "
GOPINATH, D.M. 1945. KAUL, C . L . , and S.P. SINGH. 1969. C l e i s t o g a m y i n some o f t h e f l o w e r s o f V a l i d i t y o f s t a i n t e s t s i n d e t e r m i n i n g Cajanus i n d i c u s L . C u r r . S c i . 4 1 : 7 4 . 374 p o l l e n v i a b i l i t y o f some p a p i l i o n a c e o u s plants. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 39: The f l o w e r s of Cajanus are considered to be 1050-1055. 379 chasmogamic, having such insect visitors as Megachile lanata and Apis florea. A n t h e s i s P o l l e n g r a i n s o f e i g h t s p e c i e s b e l o n g i n g t o takes p l a c e 24 hours b e f o r e t h e o p e n i n g of seven genera of Papilionaceae were studied the flowers. From September to November and s c o r e d f o r v i a b i l i t y . N i t r o - B T - the percentage of ecological cleistogamic stained, germinated, and acetocarmine- flowers goes up to 80 . The exact edaphic s t a i n e d p o l l e n samples were compared, f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r such a f e a t u r e have because t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e acetocarmine n o t been d e t e r m i n e d . t e s t has been q u e s t i o n e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s . A h i g h l y p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between the t h r e e t e s t s suggests t h a t a l l o f them are HECTOR, J . M . 1936. r e l i a b l e i f f r e s h samples a r e u s e d . But Introduction to the botany of field crops. w i t h s t o r e d p o l l e n t h e t h r e e t e s t s some• V o l . I I . Noncereals J o h a n n e s b u rg : C e n t r a l times showed marked variations. News Agency. 709 p p . 375 D e s c r i b e d Cajanus as a monotypic genus. KRAUSS, F.G. 1 9 1 1 . Leguminous crops f o r H a w a i i . H a w a i i A g r i c . HOSAKA, E . Y . , and J . C . RIPPERTON. 1944. Exp. Stn Bull. 23:1-30. (21-30). 380 Legumes i n t h e H a w a i i a n r a n g e s . H a w a i i P i g e o n p e a , commonly c a l l e d t h e P o r t o Rican A g r i c . Exp. S t n B u l l . 9 3 : 7 - 7 9 ( 2 4 - 2 5 ) . 376 p e a , a f t e r t h e source f r o m w h i c h i t was The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f pigeonpea a r e f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d . I t s g e n e r a l p l a n t morpho• d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y : H a b i t , s t e m , l e a f , l o g y i s d e s c r i b e d . I t s uses a s c a t t l e s t i p u l e s , f l o w e r , s e e d , p o d , seed d i s t r i • f o r a g e , s o i l i m p r o v e r (due t o i t s l o n g b u t i o n and h a b i t a t , i m p o r t a n c e , and u s e s . s t r o n g ta p r o o t s ) , cover c r o p , and green
57 Pigeonpea Bibliography
manure a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . Two v a r i e t i e s , ROYES, W.V. 1976. o l d t y p e No. 218 and new t y p e Mo. 219, a r e Pigeonpeas: Cajanus c a j a n (Leguminosae: d e s c r i b e d . papilionaceae). I n Evolution of crop p l a n t s . N.W. Simmonds, E d . London: Longman pp. 154-156. 388 LACKEY, J . A . 1977. A revised classification of tribe Phaseo- leae, Leguminosae, Papilionideae and i t s SEN, N . K . , and I. MUKHOPADHYAY. 1 9 6 1 . r e l a t i o n t o canavanine d i s t r i b u t i o n . B o t . S t u d i e s i n embryo c u l t u r e o f some p u l s e s . J . L i n n . Soc. 7 4 : 1 6 3 - 1 7 8 . 381 I n d i a n A g r i c . 5 : 4 3 - 5 6 . 389 The embryonic axes of gram, a r h a r , and horse NAIR, P . K . K . K . , and A. SEN. 1964. gram seeds could be cultured in different On t h e t i s s u e s in t h e p e t a l s of Cajanus n u t r i e n t media. R a n d o l p h ' s and W h i t e ' s cajan Spreng. C u r r . S c i . 3 3 ( 1 2 ) : media proved t o b e e q u a l l y good f o r t h e 376-377. 383 culture of arhar embryos. Supplementation o f t h e d i f f e r e n t media w i t h v i t a m i n B The d i s t a l p a r t s o f a l l p e t a l s a r e membra• c o n t a i n i n g 1 ppm t h i a m i n , 5 ppm n i c o t i n i c nous and a r e composed of e l o n g a t e d r e c t a n • a c i d , and 1 ppm p y r i d o x i n e , markedly gular cells. Before the petal comes out of i n c r e a s e d t h e number o f r o o t l e t s i n a l l c a l y x , the spongy t i s s u e i n t h e w i n g i s the species and gave stouter seedlings in u n i f o r m and no b a n d i n g o c c u r s . The spongy arhar and horse gram. Addition of nutrient banded t i s s u e o n t h e a b a x i a l s i d e o f t h e s o l u t i o n t o t h e s o i l m i x t u r e a t t h e t i m e o f wings may p o s s i b l y be t h e s e a t of n e c t a r t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n i s h i g h l y b e n e f i c i a l . i n Cajanus c a j a n , p r o v i d i n g easy access t o honey b e e s . SHAMA RAO, H . K . , and S. NARAYANASWAMY. OCHSE, J . J . 1 9 3 1 . 1976. Vegetables o f t h e Dutch East I n d i e s . Anatomical anomalies in tissue culture- E n g l i s h e d . B u i t e n z o r g . J a v a . 384 induced r o o t s o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) . Ochse g i v e s t h e Malayan name of pigeonpea 83(5):207-209. 390 as K a t j a n g , or K a t j a n g Kayoo; t h e Javanese and t h e M a d u r e s i name as Goode, or K a t j a n g I n t e r n a l p e r t u r b a t i o n a s a r e s u l t o f i r r a • goode; and t h e Sudanese name as H e e r i s or d i a t i o n was marked i n 1 0 K r - t r e a t e d r o o t s K a t j a n g h e e r i s . H e f u r t h e r n o t e s t h a t one in w h i c h each xylem group was reduced to a becomes s l e e p y upon e a t i n g too many of t h e single metaxylem vessel with few or no raw s e e d s , w h i c h may have s l i g h t l y n a r c o t i c protoxylem elements, secondary growth was properties. absent consequent on loss of cambium, and t h e phloem was t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o f i b r o u s t i s s u e . OZA, G.M. 1972. What i s t h e n a t i v e home o f t h e pigeonpea? Indian Forester: 98(8):477-478. 385 SHARMA, D . , LAXMAN SINGH, H.K. SHARMA, and R.R. PARASHAR. 1 9 7 1 . This n o t e shows t h a t Cajanus c a j a n p r o b a b l y P l a n t types i n a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) o r i g i n a t e d i n I n d i a . M i l l s p . ) and t h e i r b e a r i n g o n v a r i e t a l improvement. SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r 3 ( 2 ) : PURSEGLOVE, J.W. 1968. 1 0 9 - 1 1 2 . 391 Cajanus c a j a n L. In T r o p i c a l c r o p s , d i c o • Pigeonpea varieties with different growing t y l e d o n s . 2 . London: Longman, durations can be classified into tall p p . 2 3 6 - 2 4 1 . 386 compact, tall open, medium height compact, medium height open, and dwarf bushy types. RANGASAMY, P . , R. VEERASWAMY, and Early to medium-maturing varieties are gene• C. RAMALINGAM. 1975. r a l l y medium h e i g h t open t y p e , w h i l e i n t h e S t u d i e s o n f l o w e r i n g and pod s e t i n redgram late group tall compact types predominate. ( C a j a n u s c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras Agric. Yield was significantly correlated with the J . 6 2 ( 5 ) : 2 9 5 - 2 9 8 . 387 spread o f t h e p l a n t , number o f secondary branches, effective pod-bearing length, F i v e v a r i e t i e s were s t u d i e d . S-41 gave t h e and pod n u m b e r / p l a n t . The a d a p t a b i l i t y of h i g h e s t pod s e t and Co-1 t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d . plant types in different growing conditions The p o d - t o - g r a i n - w e i g h t r a t i o o f S-31 was i s d i s c u s s e d f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f 1 3 : 1 ; t h a t o f S-42 was 1 . 8 : 1 . S-42 had t h e s e l e c t i o n . highest 100-grain weight.
58 Botany
SHAW, F . J . F . 1934. WENHOLZ, H. 1920. Improved v a r i e t i e s o f c r o p s produced a t Pigeonpea. A g r i . Gaz. N.S.W. 3 1 ( 1 2 ) : P u s a ( T u r ) . A g r i c u l t u r e L i v e - S t k , I n d i a . 888. 397 4 ( 5 ) : 4 7 1 . 392 Pigeonpea is a p e r e n n i a l summer legume t h a t E i g h t y - s i x types of t u r {Cajanus aajan) grows q u i c k l y and reaches a h e i g h t of 6 or were i s o l a t e d a t ( o l d ) Pusa, I n d i a , and 7 ft ( 1 . 8 to 2 . 1 m) at m a t u r i t y . The mor• t e s t e d f o r y i e l d i n g a b i l i t y and r e s i s t a n c e phology o f t h e p l a n t i s d e s c r i b e d . The t o w i l t d i s e a s e . Seven p r o m i s i n g types seed is similar in appearance to the grey f r o m them were r e l e a s e d f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n . f i e l d p e a , w h i c h i s i n f a v o r f o r p i g e o n s , Of these s e v e n , y i e l d i n g 1,300 to 1,900 b u t w h i c h i s o n l y about h a l f t h e s i z e . Only 1 b / a c (1 , 4 5 6 t o 2,128 k g / h a ) , t h r e e ( t y p e the young growth and the leaves are suita• 1 5 , 1 6 , and 51) were e r e c t l a t e t y p e s , and ble for fodder. The best use can be to t h e r e s t ( t y p e 2 4 , 6 4 , 8 0 , and 82) were p l a n t a hedge a l o n g a p o u l t r y or p i g e o n - s p r e a d i n g l a t e . Types 1 6 , 5 1 , and 8 0 were y a r d , and a l l o w t h e seed t o f a l l and b e w i l t r e s i s t a n t . M o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s p i c k e d up by b i r d s . Owing to t h e s u c c u • o f t h e seven types a r e d e s c r i b e d . l e n c e of t h e young shoots and l e a v e s the c r o p as a f odde r is b e s t used f o r g r a z i n g . A f a i r crop o f seed i s f r o m 1 / t o 3/4 t o n SHAW, F . J . F . , A . R . KHAN, and H. SINGH. 2 per a c r e ( 1 . 1 2 t o 1.7 m t / h a ) . 1933. S t u d i e e i n I n d i a n p u l s e s . ( 3 ) . The types of Cajanus indicus Spreng. I n d i a n J. WESTPHAL, E. 1974. A g r i c . S c i . 3 : 1 - 3 6 . 393 Pulses i n E t h i o p i a , t h e i r taxonomy and agricultural significance. Centre for General information on the possible origin Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, and c u l t i v a t i o n precedes a n o t e o n p o l l i • Wageningen. 263 pp. ISBN. 9 0 . 220 n a t i o n ( i n c l u d i n g t h e e x t e n t o f n a t u r a l 0 5 0 1 - 1 . 398 c r o s s i n g ) a s observed under c o n d i t i o n s i n B i h a r and a f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e morpho• Cajanus derived from the Malay plant name l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s w i t h a key t o t h e v a r i • K a t j a n g by w h i c h some pod or bean is meant. ous types and a l s o a d e s c r i p t i v e l i s t o f I n f o r e i g n ears t h e word K a t j a n g sounded 8 6 o f them. The q u e s t i o n o f w i l t r e s i s • like Cajan and this vernacular name thus tance i s touched upon. s p e l l e d was L a t i n i z e d as Cajanus. I t s taxonomy, ecology, husbandry, and uses are d e s c r i b e d . SHUKLA, S.P. 1967. On polyembryony in Cajanus cajan ( L . ) Millsp. Sci. Cult. 33(2):80-81. 394 WHYTE, R.O. 1976. An environmental interpretation of the The o c c u r r e n c e of more t h a n one embryo in o r i g i n o f A s i a n food legumes. I n d i a n J . a s i n g l e seed and t h e i r subsequent growth Genet. P1. Breed. 35(l):61-68. 399 i n t o e s t a b l i s h e d s e e d l i n g s was n o t i c e d i n Cajanus c a j a n . On t h e b a s i s of seed g e r • I t i s suggested t h a t i n c o n t i n e n t a l A s i a m i n a t i o n , t h e f r e q u e n c y o f polyembryony the change of leguminous herbs from a r e c o r d e d was as much as 1.66%. Frequency formerly predominantly perennial state to o f b i - and t r i - e m b r y o n a t e seeds was a l s o communities c o n t a i n i n g a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n r e c o r d e d . There were i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e of annuals o r i g i n a l l y o c c u r r e d as an m i d d l e s e e d l i n g always dominates over expression of the physiological stress l a t e r a l ones. caused by environments unfavorable to the persistence of the perennial species. The o p e r a t i v e f a c t o r s t h a t would have been SUBRAMANYAM, K. 1950. involved in such a change are considered. A n t h e s i s in Cajanus indicus Spreng. C u r r . S c i . 1 9 : 2 1 5 . 395 I t i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n o n a n t h e s i s i s o f i m p o r t a n c e i n c r o p b r e e d i n g . O b s e r v a t i o n s on a n t h e s i s in t h e C. indicus v a r i e t y 216-061 a r e r e p o r t e d .
VENKATESWARA RAO, P. 1973. Development and a n a t o m i c a l s t u d i e s i n Cajanus aajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . P h . D . (1973) T h e s i s . Sardar P a t e l U n i v e r s i t y , V a l l a b h V i d y a n a g a r , G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 118 p p . 396
59 Pigeonpea Bibliography
BREEDING ABRAMS, R., J. VELEZ-FORTUNO, and J. GARCIA LOPEZ. 1969. The i n t e r a c t i o n o f v a r i e t y and environment in pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) t r i a l s . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . R i c o . 5 3 ( l ) : 6 l - 6 6 . 404 S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f f i e l d t r i a l s w i t h ABODUNDE, S.O. 1965. 20 v a r i e t i e s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) , I n t r o d u c t i o n o f p u l s e s f r o m I n d i a t o over 3 consecutive years at two locations Northern Nigeria. Samaru Agric. Newsletter. showed a considerable effect of varieties 7 ( 3 ) : 4 0 - 4 2 . 400 o n y i e l d , d a t e o f f l o w e r i n g , p l a n t h e i g h t , Pigeonpea selection 1141, introduced from and seed w e i g h t . Data i n d i c a t e d t h a t Madras s t a t e ( I n d i a ) i n t o N i g e r i a , was performance o f v a r i e t i e s may b e s i g n i f i • grown i n o b s e r v a t i o n p l o t s . The s t r a i n i s c a n t l y dependent on y e a r s , whereas no d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e common N i g e r i a n v a r i e t y , effect was observed for the locations. w i t h a d u r a t i o n of 4 to 5 months. Crops of This suggests t h a t v a r i e t a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t h i s v a r i e t y c o u l d b e grown i n A p r i l o r i n o f t h i s c r o p s h o u l d b e preceded b y r e p l i • J u l y . I n d i a n methods o f p r o c e s s i n g t h e c a t i o n o f t e s t s over a t l e a s t 3 y e a r s t o seed i n t o s p l i t peas (Dhal) a r e d e s c r i b e d . obtain reliable information.
ABRAMS, R. 1967. ANONYMOUS. 1935. S t u d i e s o n n a t u r a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n i n The gungo or pigeonpea. Jamaica Agric. pigeonpeas ( C a j a n cajan). J . A g r i c . U n i v . Soc. 3 9 : 3 3 0 . 405 P . R i c o . 5 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 2 1 . 401 The home of gungo or pigeonpea was in t h e An average of 5.8% c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n took E a s t , p r o b a b l y i n I n d i a , where i t i s p l a c e between rows 8 f t . ( 2 . 4 4 m) a p a r t in extensively grown. It is now found through• P u e r t o R i c o . N o n a t u r a l h y b r i d s r e s u l t e d out the tropics. In Jamaica, although f r o m p l a n t s a r t i f i c i a l l y s e l f e d and bagged. never grown o n a l a r g e s c a l e , i t i s a n a r t i c l e o f t h e d i e t . A s a f a i r l y h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f cross f e r t i l i z a t i o n takes ABRAMS, R., and J. VELEZ-FORTUNO. 1 9 6 1 . place naturally, the isolation of pure R a d i a t i o n r e s e a r c h w i t h pigeonpeas (Cajanus v a r i e t i e s i s l e s s s i m p l e t h a n f o r o t h e r c a j a n ) results on X and X generations. 1 2 leguminous crops. Some superior strains J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . R i c o . 4 5 ( 4 ) : e x i s t i n Jamaica, f o r example, v a r i e t i e s 1 9 7 - 2 0 4 . 402 No-eye, Popus, Tamarind, and Minto. I r r a d i a t i o n w i t h gamma r a y s e x c e e d i n g 16,000 r o e n t g e n s o r exposure t o n e u t r o n s ANONYMOUS. 1939. f o r more t h a n 2 hours i m p a i r e d t h e v i a b i • Changes i n t h e nomenclature o f improved l i t y o f pigeonpea ( v a r i e t y K a k i ) seeds and v a r i e t i e s o f crops b r e d a t t h e I m p e r i a l reduced p l a n t h e i g h t i n t h e X generation. 1 Agricultural Research Institute. Nagpur The X generation was considerably more 2 A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 . 406 v a r i a b l e t h a n t h e p a r e n t v a r i e t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o p l a n t h e i g h t and t i m e o f A l i s t of t h e o l d and new names of t h e f l o w e r i n g . v a r i e t i e s o f c r o p s under d i s t r i b u t i o n i s given. For Rahar (C. ca j a n ) t h e o l d and new names a r e as f o l l o w s : ABRAMS, R., and VELEZ-FORTUNO. 1962. Radiation research with pigeonpeas (Cajanus Old name New name aajan): results on X and X generations. 3 4 Pusa Type 15 I . P . 15 J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . R i c o . 4 6 ( 1 ) : '' 24 '' 24 3 4 - 4 2 . 403 '' 51 " 51 R a d i a t i o n by means of gamma r a y s and n e u • '' 64 '' 64 t r o n s produced m u t a t i o n s i n p i g e o n p e a s , '' 80 '' 80 showing earlier and later flowering dates t h a n t h e p a r e n t v a r i e t y . T h i s c o u l d r e s u l t ANONYMOUS. 1943. i n a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n season i n Annual r e p o r t o f t h e I m p e r i a l C o u n c i l o f P u e r t o R i c o . Y i e l d improvement was l a r g e A g r i c u l t u r a l Research f o r 1 9 4 2 - 4 3 , New enough t o b e d e t e c t e d i n t r i a l s w i t h modern D e l h i . 407 d e s i g n s . Some o f t h e g e n e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s • t i c s c o u l d b e f i x e d b y r e p e a t e d s i n g l e - Improvement o f pigeonpea s t u d i e d ; s e l e c • p l a n t s e l e c t i o n . tion for wilt resistance was made and work started in Madras for selecting high-
60 B r e e d i n g
y i e l d i n g s t r a i n s . Some improved varieties of crop plants evolved by the IARI are given. In pigeon- ANONYMOUS. 1943. pea the varieties listed are NP(WR)15 and P r o g r e s s r e p o r t o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f P l a n t NP(WR)18; b o t h a r e l a t e m a t u r i n g , h i g h Industry, Indore, Central India for the yielding, and wilt resistant. y e a r e n d i n g 31st May 1943. 408 ANONYMOUS. 1966. Cajanus indicus : The improved strain IP-15 New variety of pigeonpea. Farmer, King• has been d e v e l o p e d , s u i t a b l e f o r Malwa, and f u r t h e r work i s b e i n g c a r r i e d out t o deve• ston, Jam. 71(9-10):213-215. 414 l o p a b e t t e r s t r a i n . Pigeonpea g r o w i n g i n Jamaica i s b e i n g promoted t h r o u g h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n and development of better varieties. The ANONYMOUS. 1946. P u e r t o Rican v a r i e t y K a k i proved t o b e t h e Progress r e p o r t o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f P l a n t h i g h e s t y i e l d e r , a n o t h e r p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t y I n d u s t r y , I n d o r e , C e n t r a l I n d i a , f o r t h e being No-eye from St. Thomas, which commands y e a r e n d i n g 31st May, 1944. 32 p p . 409 a premium because of e x c e l l e n t f l a v o r and Cajanue indicus : Samples of l o c a l t u r h i g h s u i t a b i l i t y f o r c a n n i n g . One o f the (pigeonpea) collected from various locali• l o c a l l y found v a r i e t i e s i s a v e r y l a r g e - t i e s i n c e n t r a l I n d i a were t e s t e d a g a i n s t seeded t y p e and t h e o t h e r i s c a p a b l e o f I n d o r e S e l e c t i o n No. 5 and E.R. 38 from producing pods throughout the year. t h e C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s ; I n d o r e S e l e c t i o n No. 5 showed a g e n e r a l s u p e r i o r i t y . ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 1 . I n d o r e No. 5 i s b e i n g m u l t i p l i e d f o r Pulse varieties developed at IARI. Indian distribution. Fmg 2 1 ( 1 0 ) : 4 7 . 415 Three arhar varieties, Pusa Ageti, Mukta, ANONYMOUS. 1947. and Sharda a r e r e l e a s e d . Pusa A g e t i has I n d i a , U n i t e d P r o v i n c e s , Annual A d m i n i s • dwarf p l a n t s , c l u s t e r e d pods. I t s seeds tration Report of the Agriculture Depart• are shiny brown, bold, and attractive. ment, f o r t h e y e a r e n d i n g 3 0 t h June, Being e a r l y m a t u r i n g , i t escapes f r o s t . 1945. A l l a h a b a d . 86 p p . 410 Mukta matures in about 170 d a y s , has Work on p u l s e s i n v o l v e d Cajanus c a j a n a l s o . fairly wide adaptability, and is resistant About 600 s e l e c t i o n s , r e p r e s e n t i n g a n a l l - to wilt. Sharda is medium tall, semi- I n d i a c o l l e c t i o n o f C . c a j a n varieties, s p r e a d i n g , matures in about 165 to 170 were s t u d i e d and some types promised days. It is best suited as a high-yielding s p e c i a l w i l t r e s i s t a n c e , h a r d i n e s s , and r a i n f e d c r o p . h i g h y i e l d . ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 1 . ANONYMOUS. 1948. P a r t i c u l a r s of new s t r a i n s of crops approved Annual Administration Report of the Depart• f o r r e l e a s e b y t h e f i f t h m e e t i n g o f t h e ment of Agriculture, United Provinces, for State Seed Committee on 24.11.1970. Madras t h e y e a r 1 9 4 6 - 4 7 : 83 pp. 411 A g r i c . J . 5 8 ( 2 ) : 5 1 - 5 3 . 416 V a r i e t a l t r i a l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s have The red gram selection 1141, since proposed enabled c e r t a i n improved seed t y p e s to be for release as CO-1, is nonseason bound, 1 recommended and distributed to various w i t h a s h o r t d u r a t i o n o f 4 / 2 months. It is r e s e a r c h s t a t i o n s i n I n d i a and a b r o a d . s u i t a b l e f o r g r o w i n g e i t h e r as a p u r e or a m i x t u r e c r o p b o t h under i r r i g a t e d and unirrigated conditions. As an unirrigated ANONYMOUS. 1954. c r o p , i t equals SA-1 i n y i e l d b u t i s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f s h o r t e r i n d u r a t i o n . I t i s s u i t e d t o t h e Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago, for the whole o f T a m i l Nadu f o r g r o w i n g a l l y e a r ended 3 0 t h J u n e , 1952. 54 p p . t h r o u g h t h e y e a r . (Mimeographed). 412
Other c r o p s : S e l e c t i o n o f r i c e and p i g e o n - ANONYMOUS. 1972. pea i s i n p r o g r e s s . New redgrams yield more in less time. I n t e n s i v e A g r i c . 1 0 ( 3 ) : 6 . 417 ANONYMOUS. 1965. Pusa A g e t i , Sharda, and Mukta a r e b e t t e r Improved crop varieties and their yields. v a r i e t i e s o f r e d gram t h a n t h e e x i s t i n g I n d i a n Fmg 1 5 : 3 5 - 3 8 . 413 ones. Their cultivation, fertilization, w e e d i n g , and p e s t c o n t r o l a r e d i s c u s s e d .
61 Pigeonpea Bibliography
ANONYMOUS. 1973. arhar-wheat rotation under normal weather A n o t e on r e q u i r e d legume r e s e a r c h . PAG conditions. Bull. 3(4):11-14. 418
The i m p o r t a n c e of g r a i n legumes is empha• ARIYANAYAGAM, R.P. 1976. s i z e d . For i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r p r o d u c t i v i t y Out-crossing and isolation in pigeonpeas. t h e f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s a r e d i s c u s s e d : Trop. Grain Legume Bull. 5:14-17. 423 ( i ) i n c r e a s i n g t h e g e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l o f seed yield, (ii) improving photosynthetic Using marker p l a n t s , t h e degree o f o u t • e f f i c i e n c y , ( i i i ) i m p r o v i n g t h e s i n k c r o s s i n g was measured in a pigeonpea popu• p o t e n t i a l , ( i v ) i m p r o v i n g t h e n u t r i t i o n l a t i o n . O u t c r o s s i n g was l i k e l y t o occur o f p u l s e c r o p s , ( v ) i m p r o v i n g t h e n u t r i t i v e w i t h a 3% p r o b a b i l i t y beyond 43 ft (13 m); v a l u e o f p u l s e c r o p s , ( v i ) agronomic manage• seeds h a r v e s t e d from w i t h i n t h i s d i s t a n c e ment and p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , ( v i i ) c o l l e c t i o n , should conform to standard purity require• assessment, and maintenance of germplasm. ments. I t was recommended t h a t i n a d j a c e n t p l o t s o f two c u l t i v a r s , 2 7 f t ( 8 . 2 m ) o f guard rows in each adjoining plot would ANONYMOUS. 1974. provide an adequate barrier. Co.1 redgram - a new s h o r t - d u r a t i o n and h i g h - y i e l d i n g v a r i e t y . Fm News 2 ( 2 ) : BADAMI, V . K . 1936. 2 1 . 419 Improvement of c r o p s in Mysore (A r e v i e w o f T h i s v a r i e t y y i e l d s up to 1,600 k g / h a and twenty-five years' work). J. Mysore Agric. i s r e a d y f o r h a r v e s t i n g i n 135 t o 140 days E x p l . Union 1 7 : 1 1 3 - 1 3 7 , 190-207. 424 a f t e r s o w i n g , w h i c h is 6 to 10 weeks The present area under togari (Cajanus e a r l i e r t h a n many o t h e r v a r i e t i e s . C o . l indicus) needs to be t r i p l e d or t h e y i e l d i s s u i t a b l e f o r g r o w i n g w i t h A r a c h i s r a i s e d by 300%, to meet t h e r e q u i r e m e n t of hypogaea, i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n p r o t e i n , p u l s e s o f t h e s t a t e . Pusa s e l e c t i o n s have and has an a t t r a c t i v e f l a v o r when cooked. g i v e n h i g h y i e l d s . T-51 has g i v e n t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d o f 800 l b s per a c r e (896 k g / ANONYMOUS. 1974. ha); T-41 and T-16 come next with yields of Improved arhar evolved at JNKVV Campus, 666 and 533 l b s per acre (745 and 597 k g / J a b a l p u r . Mod. A g r i c . 5 ( 1 ) : 9 4 . 420 h a ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The o t h e r types T - 8 0 , T - 8 2 , and T-50 have a l s o been t e s t e d . Some Most a v a i l a b l e a r h a r v a r i e t i e s a r e l a t e of these produce heavy tonnage of green m a t u r i n g , w i t h l o w y i e l d p o t e n t i a l . T o matter and are well suited as green manures, eliminate these shortcomings, an attempt e s p e c i a l l y where t h e sannhemp c r o p i s b a d l y was made at JNKW, J a b a l p u r , I n d i a , d u r i n g a t t a c k e d by m o t h . 1971-1972 to isolate a desired mutant from radiation treatment. The mutant recovered had much b i g g e r p o d s , l a r g e r f l o w e r s , BHARGAVA, R.N. 1975. and l a r g e r seeds as compared to t h e normal Two new v a r i e t i e s of a r h a r f o r B i h a r . d i p l o i d , T - 2 1 . The m u t a n t , b e s i d e s m a t u • I n d i a n Fmg 25(1) : 2 3 . 425 r i n g e a r l i e r , gave h i g h e r y i e l d s t h a n T - 2 1 . Cajanus cajan K a n k e - 9 , d e r i v e d f r o m a c r o s s between BR-60 and perennial C. c a j a n , is a ANONYMOUS. 1975. semierect, medium-maturing, high-yielding U.S. Agency f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development, v a r i e t y o f good c o o k i n g q u a l i t y . I t i s O f f i c e o f A g r i c u l t u r e . T e c h n i c a l A s s i s • r e s i s t a n t to Fusarium udum. Kanke-3 is a tance Bureau. International Agricultural s e l e c t i o n from a cross between BR-183 and Research Network in Grain Legumes. p e r e n n i a l C. c a j a n and has a b u s h y , s p r e a d • 6 : 1 1 . 421 i n g h a b i t . I t matures s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r t h a n Kanke-9 and is of go d c o o k i n g q u a l • The d i f f e r e n t aspects o f improvement i n i t y . I t i s h i g h - y i e l d i n g and m o d e r a t e l y g r a i n legumes a r e d i s c u s s e d . r e s i s t a n t to F. udum and f r o s t .
ANONYMOUS. 1976. BHASKARAN, K. 1954. Pantnagar U n i v e r s i t y develops e a r l y m a t u • Crops and crop improvement in Hyderabad. r i n g v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmr Agric. Coll. J. Osmania Univ. 1: D i g e s t . 9 ( 8 ) : 7 - 8 . 422 6 0 - 6 3 . 426 The e a r l y s t r a i n s , Pant A - 1 , A - 2 , A-3 and Tur (Cajanus cajan) w h i c h is b e l i e v e d to UPAS-120 a r e a l s o h i g h - y i e l d i n g , escape have originated in Africa, has been under f r o s t damage, and can be h a r v e s t e d by t h e l a r g e - s c a l e c u l t i v a t i o n f o r a l o n g t i m e . f i r s t week o f November. S u i t a b l e f o r
62 B r e e d i n g
Two w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s o f t u r , C-11 and of seeds p e r p o d . Number of days to f l o w e • C-26, have been r e l e a s e d f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n r i n g and number of p r i m a r y and secondary t o f a r m e r s . branches with high heritability were also l i n k e d w i t h h i g h g e n e t i c g a i n , p r o b a b l y due t o a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s . BRESSANI, R., and L.G. ELIAS. 1977. T e n t a t i v e n u t r i t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s i n t h e major f o o d crops f o r p l a n t b r e e d e r s p p . CHATURVEDI, S . N . , and R.P. SHARMA. 1978. 5 1 - 6 1 . In N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and EMS-induced sterile mutants in redgram. methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume C u r r . S c i . 47(5) : 1 7 3 - 1 7 4 . 431 breeders. International Working Group S i x m a l e - s t e r i l e mutants o b t a i n e d i n t h e on n u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods of M generation from 0.2% EMS treatment were e v a l u a t i o n f o r food legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC 2 classified into two groups: TSM (Tall P u b l . TS7e. 427 s t e r i l e mutant) and SSM (Spreading s t e r i l e S e l e c t i o n of good crops must be based on mutant). The flowering on these mutants p r o d u c t i o n / h e c t a r e a s t h e f i r s t component was l a t e by n e a r l y two months. The f l o w e r of productivity, modified by the nutri• s t r u c t u r e s were m o d i f i e d i n t o a c o n e . None t i o n a l q u a l i t y , and f i n a l l y b y a t e c h n o l o • of these mutants produced any f r u i t due to g i c a l i n d e x . The aspects d i s c u s s e d i n c l u d e : the high degree of pollen sterility v a r i a b i l i t y i n n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t , f o o d (78.06 to 92.13%). consumption patterns, nutritional charac- t e r i s t i c s o f c e r e a l g r a i n s and legume CHAVAN, V.M., N.B. KAJJARI, F.B. KURTAKOTI, foods, approach to arriving at nutritional and V.K. ANGADI. 1957. s t a n d a r d s , t h e i n c r e a s e d i n t a k e o f legume Improved t u r s t r a i n s f o r Dharwar D i s t r i c t . g r a i n s a t t h e expense o f c e r e a l g r a i n s , and Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 7 ( 4 ) : proposed protein and amino acid levels in 251-253. 432 some b a s i c f o o d s . Cultures T-136-1 and 24 have given 33% higher grain yield than the local check. BURNETT, F. 1949. The stand, branching, and bearing habit of Report o n A g r i c u l t u r e i n Malaya f o r t h e the new s t r a i n s were good. Besides h e i g h t , year 1947. Kuala Lumpur, 1949. 86 pp. 428 number of branches are also tabulated. P l a n t i n t r o d u c t i o n s i n c l u d e d Cajanus c a j a n . These a r e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f e n t o m o l o g i c a l CHOPDE, P.R. 1969. and pathological investigations. Mutagenic e f f e c t s o f X - r a y i r r a d i a t i o n o n Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . MKV A g r i c . CAMPBELL, J . S . , and H . J . GOODING. 1962. Coll. Parbhani. 433 Recent developments in the production of f o o d crops i n T r i n i d a d . T r o p . A g r i c . DECORY, R. 1963. T r i n . 3 9 : 2 6 1 - 2 7 0 . 429 Plants introduced into Madagascar and A r e v i e w of s e l e c t i o n and b r e e d i n g work on local toponymy. (French). J. Agric. Trop. p i g e o n p e a , dasheen, yam, and o t h e r food Bot. Appl. 10(5-7):204-218. 434 c r o p s . T h i s a n n o t a t e d l i s t o f p l a n t s i n c l u d e s : rice, maize, Colocasia antiquarian, Cannabis CHANDRA, T . , B.K. TRIPATHI, and R.P. KATIYAR. indica, Voandzeia subterranea, groundnut, 1975. Cajanus indicus, Lablab vulgaris, Manihot Genetic variability, heritability and gene• utilissima, and Ipomoea batatas. t i c advance o f y i e l d and i t s components i n A r h a r (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . DESHPANDE, R.B., L.M. JESWANI, and A.B.J0SHI. Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 1963. 6 : 9 5 - 9 9 . 430 B r e e d i n g o f w i l t r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f Among 23 s t r a i n s of a r h a r , a wide range of p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y was observed i n a l l 2 3 : 5 7 - 6 3 . 435 t h e p l a n t c h a r a c t e r s e x c e p t pod l e n g t h and The variety NP-51, which is large-seeded number of seeds per pod. A high genotypic and resistant to Fusarium udum, was crossed c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y was e x h i b i t e d w i t h t h e h i g h - y i e l d i n g NP-24; t h i s r e s u l t e d b y y i e l d per p l a n t , number o f p r i m a r y and i n f o u r p r o m i s i n g h y b r i d s o f w h i c h NP(WR)- secondary branches, and number of days to 1 5 gave h i g h y i e l d s a t s i x s t a t i o n s . I n f l o w e r i n g . H e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s were order to incorporate earliness with wilt h i g h f o r a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s except number resistance, NP-51 was crossed with T-132
63 Pigeonpea Bibliography
and B r a z i l i a n and Jamaican v a r i e t i e s were t h e i r pods w i t h i n a s h o r t i n t e r v a l , and a l s o c r o s s e d w i t h NP-41 and NF(WR)-15, and which a r e to a marked e x t e n t independent promising lines have been obtained. of t h e sowing d a t e . The paper r e p r e s e n t s ' t h e t e x t o f a l e c t u r e . DHARMAPAL SINGH, and J . M . SAHAI. 1958. A new gram and a new a r h a r f o r U.P. GOUD, J . V . , and R.V. LAKSHMI. 1972. farmers. Indian Fmg 8(1):15-16. 436 S.5 a p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t y of r e d gram f o r dryland. Curr. Res. 1(6):44. 441 Type 105 ( a r h a r ) i s a t a l l , s p r e a d i n g v a r i e t y , l a t e m a t u r i n g and t a k i n g 140 days S-5 gave a y i e l d of 839 k g / h a . It is a to f l o w e r . The seed is medium-sized and bushy, dwarf plant type, suited to high brown. Yields 1,800 to 2,200 kg/ha. population density, maturing earlier than Matures 10 days e a r l i e r t h a n Type 1 7 . t h e l o c a l v a r i e t y . I t c o u l d b e used f o r b o t h pure crop and mixed c r o p and s t i l l be adjusted to a multiple cropping sequence ESH, G . C . , T . S . DE, and U.P. BASU. 1959. even in drylands. I n f l u e n c e o f g e n e t i c s t r a i n and e n v i r o n • ment o n t h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f p u l s e s . Science 1 2 9 : 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 . 437 GOVANDE, G.K. 1950. New s t r a i n s o f p u l s e s and m i l l e t s i n Baroda I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on Cajanus cajan, Cicer State. Indian Fmg 11:153-154. 442 arietinum, Phaseolus aureus, Ph. mungo, Vigna sinensis, Lens esculenta, Lathyrus The p u l s e s and l e s s e r m i l l e t s improvement sativus and Pisum sativum at the Bengal scheme f o r Baroda in t h e year 1948-1949 Immunity Research I n s t i t u t e , C a l c u t t a , o b t a i n e d no c o n c l u s i v e r e s u l t s on Cajanus showed b o t h s t r a i n and l o c a l i t y t o b e indicus. Selections Dehgam 35 and Vijapur important factors influencing protein 49 were p r o m i s i n g . c o n t e n t . HANDIQUE, L.K. 1 9 5 1 . F.A.O. 1975. Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l • Report of t h e TAC w o r k i n g group on t h e ture, Assam, for the year ending 31st March, b i o l o g y o f y i e l d o f g r a i n legumes. Rome: 1950. P a r t 1. 357 p p . 443 FA0. 438 Cajanus c a j a n : Many c u l t l v a r s i n t r o d u c e d Discusses productivity of grain legumes, from nearby Indian States for inclusion in plant architecture and yield, photosynthe• the breeding program proved susceptible to sis, factors affecting nitrogen fixation, Fusarium wilt. From some 100 promising and o t h e r r e l a t e d a s p e c t s . selections, several true-breeding pure lines were isolated; these combine desirable y i e l d c a p a c i t y and q u a l i t y w i t h w i l t FENNELL, M.A. 1963. resistance. P r e s e n t s t a t u s o f r e s e a r c h o n e d i b l e l e g u • mes i n Western N i g e r i a . P r o c . F i r s t N i g e • r i a n G r a i n Legume Conf. 1963:16-29 p p . 439 HAWTIN, G.C., K.O. RACHIE, and J.M. GREEN. 1977. Progress i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f l o c a l and B r e e d i n g s t r a t e g y f o r t h e n u t r i t i o n a l i n t r o d u c e d v a r i e t i e s o f Vigna c a p e n s i s , improvement of pulses, pp. 43-50. In g r o u n d n u t , Cajanus c a j a n , Phaseolus c o c c i - N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f e v a • neus, Ph. lunatus and soybean is r e p o r t e d . luation for food legume breeders. Inter• Hope 5989 is a v a r i e t y of Cajanus c a j a n n a t i o n a l Working Group o n N u t r i t i o n a l f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i t h t o l e r a n c e t o Standards and Methods of E v a l u a t i o n f o r Meloidogyne, Food Legume Breeders. IDRC Publ. TS7e. 444 GOODING, H . J . 1960. The following aspects are discussed: Some problems of pigeonpea improvement. breeding objectives, nutritional objectives, J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 60(3) : 3 2 1 - 3 2 8 . 440 screening methods, genetic considerations, The w o r k done in T r i n i d a d on pigeonpea genetic variation, environmentally-induced (Cajanus indicus) improvement b e f o r e 1937 v a r i a t i o n , genotype x environment i n t e r • is r e v i e w e d . In 1956, a f r e s h s t a r t was a c t i o n s , h e r i t a b i l i t y , major genes, minor made, t h e program b e i n g d i r e c t e d towards genes, linkage, transgressive segregation, t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f green pods. I t aims a t c o r r e l a t i o n , b r e e d i n g methods f o r n u t r i • o b t a i n i n g dwarf and semidwarf s t r a i n s tional improvement, population improvement, w h i c h a r e e a r l y b e a r e r s and produce a l l and f u t u r e t r e n d s i n n u t r i t i o n a l i m p r o v e • ment.
64 B r e e d i n g
HOWARD, A . , G.L.C. HOWARD, and A . R . KHAN. Three h i g h - y i e l d i n g , e a r l y , semidwarf bush 1919. l i n e s a r e d e s c r i b e d . CITA-1 was mass- S t u d i e s i n t h e p o l l i n a t i o n o f I n d i a n c r o p s . s e l e c t e d f r o m TUC-5543 and has y e l l o w I . Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a . ( B o t . S e r . ) f l o w e r s and green pods. C I T A - 2 , d e r i v e d 1 0 : 1 9 5 - 2 0 0 . 4 4 5 f r o m TUC-5103, has d a r k m a r o o n - b l o t c h e d pods and good d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e . CITA-3 A t t h e Pusa A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , derived from TUC-1463-1 is erect, bearing i t was observed t h a t n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n red-veined flowers and maroon-blotched pigeonpea o c c u r s t o t h e e x t e n t o f 14%. green pods. A f a m i l y of soy types has been b r e d w i t h few o r n o b r a n c h e s , p r o f u s e HUTCHINSON, J . B . , and V . G . PANSE. 1936. f r u i t i n g on t h e main s t e m , and a h i g h l y The i n t r o d u c t i o n o f improved s t r a i n s o f d e t e r m i n a t e and b a s i p e t a l o u s h a b i t . c r o p p l a n t s i n c e n t r a l I n d i a , R a j p u t a n a : Cajanus indicus. Agriculture Live-Stk INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. I n d i a . 6 : 3 9 7 - 4 3 2 . 446 1 9 3 1 . Summarizes r e s u l t s o f 195 randomized r e p l i - Work on Cajanua aajan at Pusa. S c l e n t . c a t e d t r i a l s w i t h 106 s t r a i n s o f d i f f e r e n t Rep. Imp. I n s t . A g r i c . Res. Pusa, c r o p s , i n c l u d i n g t u r ( p i g e o n p e a ) , i n t h e 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 , C a l c u t t a . 451 seasons 1932-1935, a t 4 2 c e n t e r s i n The imperial Economic Botanist reports on Central India and Rajputana (Rajasthan). the attempt to obtain wilt-resistant The t u r ( A r h a r ) s t r a i n M a l v i i s recommended s t r a i n s of r a h a r (C. aajan) and on the f o r J a i p u r , A l w a r , and D a t i a . I t i s c o n • study of the inheritance of various charac• c l u d e d t h a t l o c a l a d a p t a t i o n i s s t r o n g i n t e r s such as f l o w e r , s e e d , and pod c o l o r ; m o s t , i f n o t a l l , o f t h e crops s t u d i e d , pod h a b i t ; g r o w t h h a b i t , and immunity t o and t h a t t h e maximum crop improvement can w i l t d i s e a s e i n t h i s s p e c i e s . b e a c h i e v e d b y l o c a l b r e e d i n g w o r k .
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. ICRISAT. 1974. 1946. Pigeonpea. A t ICRISAT. J u l y / A u g / S e p t . S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l • 2 - 3 . 447 tural Research Institute, New Delhi for the The breeding-line collection maintained at year ended 30 J u n e , 1946. 109 p p . 452 ICRISAT c o n t a i n s 3659 e n t r i e s . I n 2 1 Cajanua aajan: Work on w i l t (Fusarium crosses w i t h u p t o 1,000 p o l l i n a t i o n s per udum) resistance was continued. Hybrid c r o s s a maximum pod s e t of 4 2 . 1 % was C 3 8 - 3 - 1 , f r o m t h e cross between I P - 2 4 and recorded. Interactions between planting IP-51, appeared to be completely immune to d a t e and days t o f l o w e r suggest t h a t o t h e r artificial infection in the field. IP-80 f a c t o r s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e p h o t o p e r i o d - and IP-41 showed only 1% loss. The f l o w e r i n g r e s p o n s e . existence of duplicate genes governing the c h a r a c t e r s of t h e "Cawnpore" mutant was ICRISAT. 1974. c o n f i r m e d . Pigeonpea improvement. In ICRISAT Annual Report 1973-1974. Hyderabad, I n d i a . INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 3 5 - 4 0 . 448 1947. S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l • I I T A . 1973. tural Research Institute, New Delhi for the G r a i n legume improvement program. In I I T A year ended 30 June, 1947. 131 pp. 453 Report. Ibadan, Nigeria. 78 pp. 449 Cajanus cajan: The F3 of a c r o s s between Cajanua: Of seven C. aajan l i n e s t e s t e d , NP-69 and Cawnpore-132 was s e l e c t e d f o r 3D-8111 (UC 5 5 4 3 - 1 ) , 3D-8127 (UC 1 3 8 1 - 1 ) , e a r l y m a t u r i t y , Fuasrium w i l t r e s i s t a n c e , and 3D-8104 (UC 5103-1) a r e proposed f o r and b o l d - s e e d e d n e s s . NP types and o t h e r release. They are high-yielding, semidwarf material were tested for wilt resistance. (120-150 c m ) , o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n (106-140 The i n h e r i t a n c e of t h e Cawnpore, bunchy, d a y s ) , and r e s i s t a n t t o most d i s e a s e s i n and s e p a l o i d mutants was s t u d i e d . The I b a d a n . sepaloid character depends upon single p a i r s o f r e c e s s i v e genes, and i s c l o s e l y linked with simple leaf. I I T A . 1975. International Institute of Tropical Agri• culture (IITA) Annual Report 1974. Ibadan, N i g e r i a . 199 p p . 450
65 Pigeonpea Bibliography
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Phassolus aureus, Vigna sinensis, Ph. mungo, 1948. and Lathyrus s a t i v u s . S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l • t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e J A I N , H.K. 1972. y e a r 1 9 4 7 - 4 8 . 182 p p . 454 Genetic improvement and p r o d u c t i o n p r o s • Cajanus c a j a n : C u l t u r e s of t h e pigeonpea p e c t s o f f o o d legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Res. were f u r t h e r s e l e c t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f Ser. 6 : 3 3 - 4 2 . 459 r e s i s t a n c e to w i l t (Fusarium udum), m a t u • New C. aajan varieties have been developed r i t y and o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s . Some o f t h e f o r c u l t i v a t i o n a t 72,000 p l a n t s / h a — a s m a t e r i a l d e r i v e d f r o m t h e crosses between against 35,000/ha for older varieties— NP-69 and NP-132 showed no w i l t i n f e c t i o n . w i t h g r o w t h p e r i o d s of 5 to 6 months and In t h e Burma c o l l e c t i o n , New Era 40-6 was yields of 2,700 kg/ha. These include Pusa f r e e f r o m w i l t d i s e a s e a s i n t h e p r e v i o u s A g e t i , Sharda, and Mukta. The y i e l d s and y e a r . Data f r o m t h e c r o s s between normal growth p e r i o d s o f r e c e n t l y developed p l a n t s and a mutant w i t h s i m p l e l e a v e s and v a r i e t i e s of Ciaer arietinum, C. aajan, s e p a l o i d f l o w e r s i n d i c a t e t h a t l e a f t y p e Vigna mungo, V. vadiata, V. sinensis, and and f l o r a l c h a r a c t e r depend upon a s i n g l e Lens escuulenta a r e t a b u l a t e d . gene p a i r .
J A I N , H.K. 1972. INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. The p h i l o s o p h y and s o c i a l purpose of some 1954. recent plant breeding research. Indian S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l • Fmg 2 2 ( 4 ) : 5 - 8 . 460 t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e years ended 3 0 t h June, 1952 and 1953. Summarized breeding research and new varie• 108 and 114 p p . 455 t i e s o f s e v e r a l crops developed a t t h e Indian Agricultural Research Institute. Cajanus aajan: W i l t - r e s i s t a n t b u t , in most Three r e c e n t l y r e l e a s e d v a r i e t i e s o f cases, late-maturing, selections have been Cajanus c c a j a n , m a t u r i t y 5 to 6 months, developed, crosses are to be made with an a r e Pusa A g e t i , Sharda, and Mukta. early maturing Brazilian strain to combine e a r l i n e s s and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . J A I N , H.K. 1976. Induced m u t a t i o n s and improved p l a n t types INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. i n p u l s e s . E v a l u a t i o n o f seed p r o t e i n 1956. a l t e r a t i o n s b y m u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g . P a r t 3 . S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l • V i e n n a : IAEA. p. 209. 461 t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e y e a r ended 3 0 t h J u n e , 1956. 142 p p . 456 Mutation studies using ionizing radiations and chemical mutagens have been in progress Pigeonpea-wilt incidence in 64 early high- f o r pigeonpea and Vigna mungo. These have yielding lines from NP-51 x UP-type 132, resulted in the production of a number of B r a z i l x N P - 4 1 , NP-51 x Jamaica 4 0 - 2 8 B , plant types, mutants, and also variability and NP(WR)-15 x NP-51 ranged f r o m 0 . 0 to of y i e l d components such as pod number, 10.2%. Some l i n e s y i e l d e d 30 to 100% more pod s i z e , seed s i z e , and number o f f r u i t i n g t h a n t h e b e s t c o n t r o l . L i n e s f r o m B r a z i l x b r a n c h e s . NP-41 and NP-51 x Jamaica 40-28B e q u a l l e d EB-3 and EB-38 i n e a r l i n e s s . JAIN, H.K. 1977. Development of high-yielding varieties of INDIAN COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. pulses: Perspective, possibilities, and 1967. experimental approaches. Proc. First R e g i o n a l P u l s e Improvement P r o g r e s s R e p o r t . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 5 : 1 6 9 - 1 7 0 . New D e l h i : ICAR. 457 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, Experiments o n d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f I n d i a . 1 7 7 - 1 8 8 . 462 pigeonpea a r e d e s c r i b e d . Discusses t h e concept o f h a r v e s t i n d e x i n grain legumes. New varieties of pigeonpea J A I N , H.K. 1 9 7 1 . and t h e i r m a t u r i t y aspect a r e a l s o d e s • New p l a n t t y p e s i n p u l s e s . I n d i a n Fmg c r i b e d . 21(8):9-10. 458 Developments i n t h e improvement o f g r o w t h h a b i t and h a r v e s t i n d e x (economic y i e l d : t o t a l y i e l d ) a r e r e p o r t e d i n Cajanus c a j a n ,
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JESWANI, L.M. 1968. KADAM, B . S . , R.M. KULKARNI, and S.M. PATEL. P u l s e p r o d u c t i o n i n I n d i a - Impact o f r e s e • 1945. a r c h p r o g r a m s . J . P o s t g r a d . Sch. I A R I , N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g in Cajanus aajan ( L . ) D e l h i . 5 ( 2 ) : 1 9 6 - 2 0 1 . 463 M i l l s p . i n t h e Bombay-Deccan. I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 5 : 6 0 - 6 2 . 468 O u t l i n e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f p u l s e s , t h e i r a r e a , and p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . The Data a r e g i v e n o n t h e e x t e n t o f n a t u r a l basic objective of the coordinated project crossing in C. aajan. Under c o n d i t i o n s at f o r t h e p u l s e s i s t o c r e a t e genotypes the cereal-breeding station, Niphad, 15% superior to those now being grown by cross-pollination occurred on the average. c u l t i v a t o r s i n d i f f e r e n t a g r o c l i m a t i c areas of t h e c o u n t r y . The g e n e r a l and KAUL, C . L . , and S.P. SINGH. 1967. specific problems in different pulse crops Staminal and functional male sterility a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . The immediate o b j e c • induced by chemical t r e a t m e n t in p a p i l i o - t i v e o f t h e p u l s e improvement p r o j e c t i n naceous p l a n t s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . I n d i a i s t o enhance c o n s i d e r a b l y t h e p r e • 37(4):264-269. 469 s e n t low y i e l d s per h e c t a r e o f p u l s e c r o p s . Nondehiscence o f a n t h e r s was observed i n Cajanus cajan and o t h e r p u l s e s t r e a t e d w i t h JESWANI, L.M. 1970. 0.5 and 1.0% FW 450. S p r a y i n g of C. aajan Some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s on r e o r i e n t a t i o n of and Crotolaria juncea w i t h 0.25 to 0.5% r e s e a r c h w o r k on g e n e t i c improvement of dalapon or 0.5 to 10% FW 450 r e s u l t e d in p u l s e c r o p s . I n d i a n A g r i c . News D i g e s t exudation of pollen cytoplasm in-sltu. Such 2 ( 4 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 . 464 treatments may replace hand emasculation. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f problems i n p u l s e crop improvement has been s t r e s s e d . The p r o b • KELKAR, S . G . , and P.S. PANDYA. 1934. lems a r e w e l l d e f i n e d and t h e s o l u t i o n s A new method of s e l f i n g " t u r " (Cajanus can b e f o u n d t h r o u g h w e l l - p l a n n e d e x p e r i • indicus) f l o w e r s . Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. m e n t a l approaches. H i g h - y i e l d i n g , s h o r t - 2 6 : 1 0 8 - 1 1 1 . 470 duration, disease-resistant varieties that After various methods were tried and f i t w e l l i n accepted c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n s are r e j e c t e d , a new t e c h n i q u e f o r s e l f i n g t o b e d e v e l o p e d . Cajanus indiaus by smearing t h e bud f r o m t h e c a l y x t o the t i p o f t h e s t a n d a r d w i t h JESWANI, L.M. 1975. m e l t e d c a n d l e wax was found b e s t and is V a r i e t a l improvement o f seed legumes i n described here. I n d i a . Cicer arietinum. Cajanus aajan. Ph. aureus. Ph. mungo. p p . 9 - 1 8 . In P i r i e , KHAN, T . N . 1973. N.W. ( E d . ) . I n t e r n a t i o n a l B i o l o g i c a l A new approach to the breeding of pigeon- Programme. No. 4 . Food p r o t e i n s o u r c e s . pea (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) : f o r m a t i o n of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. composites. Euphytica 22(3):373-377. 471 260 p p . 465 I t i s suggested t h a t the h i g h p o t e n t i a l f o r cross pollination be utilized in the forma• JESWANI, L . M . , and P.H. VAN-SCHAIK. 1968. tion of random-mating composites. A simple C o o r d i n a t e d p u l s e p r o j e c t - i t s p r o s p e c t s . b r e e d i n g scheme based on such composites is I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 5 - 6 . 466 p r o p o s e d . V a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o j e c t d i s c u s s e d a r e : C o o r d i n a t e d r e s e a r c h scheme, improved KHAN, T . N . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1972. v a r i e t i e s , q u a l i t y f a c t o r s , and reasons Preliminary evaluation and utilization of f o r poor g r a i n y i e l d s o f legumes. Empha• pigeonpea germplasm i n Uganda. E . A f r . s i z e s t h a t s o l u t i o n s t o these d i f f i c u l t i e s A g r i c . F o r . J . 3 8 ( l ) : 7 8 - 8 2 . 472 can b e f o u n d t h r o u g h a w e l l - p l a n n e d , w e l l - c o o r d i n a t e d , and w e l l - f i n a n c e d r e s e a r c h I n t r i a l s i n 1969-1970, seed y i e l d s o f e f f o r t . pigeonpea ranged f r o m 0.89 t / h a f o r t h e l o c a l cv CIVEI to 1,225 t and 1.228 t / h a f o r l i n e s 1 6 and 9 5 9 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Seed JOSHI, S.N. 1968. y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p l a n t Research i n S t a t e s : G u j a r a t . I n d i a n Fmg w i d t h , l e n g t h o f main b r a n c h , number o f 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 3 4 - 3 6 . 467 pods per main branch and per plant, Pigeonpea o c c u p i e s 16% of t h e area under t h r e s h i n g f a c t o r , and g r a i n : s t r a w r a t i o . p u l s e s i n t h e S t a t e o f G u j a r a t . Tur 1 5 - 1 5 , a w h i t e - s e e d e d medium e a r l y v a r i e t y has been d e v e l o p e d .
67 Plgeonpea Bibliography
KHAN, W.M.A., N. SIVASWAMY, and KRISHNAN, R.H. 1968. K.R. RAMASWAMY. 1973. Research in S t a t e s : Madras. I n d i a n Fmg S e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n 17(11) : 3 7 - 3 9 . 477 ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) s t r a i n s t o d i f f e r e n t The improved pulse strain of red gram, mutagens. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) : SA-1 released, pure-line selection from a 4 0 6 - 4 0 7 . 473 l o c a l s t r a i n . Average y i e l d was 750 k g / h a ; Seeds were s u b j e c t e d t o X - r a y s , e t h y l when sown mixed crop, 370 kg/ha. methane sulfonate (EMS) and diethyl sulfo• n a t e (DES). S t r a i n SA-1 seems to be more KROBER, O . A . , M.K. JACOB, R.K. LAL, and t o l e r a n t to the mutagens t h a n C o - 1 . DES V.K. KASHKARY. 1970. beyond 0.25% killed the seeds completely. E f f e c t o f v a r i e t y and l o c a t i o n o n t h e p r o - There were g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e t e i n c o n t e n t o f p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . two s t r a i n s as shown by t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y S c i . 4 0 ( 1 2 ) : 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 3 0 . 478 t o t h e mutagens. Samples of different pulses, including plgeonpea, from the All-India Coordinated KILLINGER, G.B. 1968. Varietal Trials were analyzed for protein Plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Druce), a content. Significant varietal differences u s e f u l c r o p f o r F l o r i d a . P r o c . S o i l Crop were found i n f i v e o f t h e seven c r o p s . S c i . Soc. F l a . 2 8 : 1 6 2 - 1 6 7 . 474 There were significant differences due to Plgeonpea is used for human food, livestock location in all the crops. Pulse samples f e e d , and shade f o r c o f f e e t r e e s in many from Hyderabad are among the lowest in p a r t s of C e n t r a l and South America and o t h e r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . t r o p i c a l areas t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . Norman, a new v a r i e t y , shows promise of KULKARNI, U.G. 1973. p r o d u c i n g s u f f i c i e n t seed i n F l o r i d a t o Mutagenic effects of EMS, MMS and Colchi• make i t a p r o f i t a b l e m a c h i n e - h a r v e s t a b l e c i n e i n t u r , Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . seed c r o p . Plgeonpea can be used in V a r i e t y C - 1 . M.Sc. (1973) T h e s i s . M a r a t h - F l o r i d a as a s e e d , c o v e r , g r a z i n g , h a y , wada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharash• o r w i n d b r e a k c r o p . t r a . I n d i a . 479
KRAUSS, F.G. 1 9 2 1 . KUMAR, L . S . S . 1957. The plgeonpea - i t s c u l t u r e and u t i l i z a • Pulses - H i s t o r y and development of t h e t i o n i n H a w a i i . H a w a i i A g r i c . Exp. S t n Economic B o t a n i s t ' s S e c t i o n , 1908-58. B u l l . 4 6 : 1 - 2 3 . 475 Poona Agric. Coll. Mag. 48(2-3) :7-14. 480 The plgeonpea was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o H a w a i i S e l e c t i o n was c o n t i n u e d i n t u r . The p r o • f r o m P u e r t o R i c o . The f o l l o w i n g aspects o f d u c t i o n o f i n t e r g e n e r i c cross between plgeonpea crop are discussed: introduction, Atylosia and Cajanus resulted in evolving botany and agricultural history, climatic a few h y b r i d s r e s i s t a n t t o w i l t . and s o i l a d a p t a t i o n s . P l a n t i n g : t h e hay crop, harvesting, cutting; the seed crop, harvesting, threshing. Plgeonpea as feed: LAL, M.S. 1968. f e e d i n g v a l u e , m i l l i n g and m i x i n g f e e d s , Research in States: Madhya Pradesh. Indian suggested feeding rations. Plowing under Fmg 17(11) : 2 6 - 3 1 . 481 of p i g e o n p e a s . Plgeonpeas as a cover and The a s p e c t s d i s c u s s e d a r e : area under green manuring crop and f o r r o t a t i o n s . p u l s e s , p r o d u c t i o n , and development o f Pests and d i s e a s e s . high-yielding varieties of different p u l s e s . Three v a r i e t i e s o f plgeonpea KRAUSS, F.G. 1927. a r e l i s t e d : Tur I P I - 5 , K h a r g o n e - 2 , and Improvement o f t h e p l g e o n p e a , g e n e t i c G w a l i o r - 3 . a n a l y s i s of Cajanus i n d i c u s and creation o f new v a r i e t i e s t h r o u g h h y b r i d i z a t i o n and LAL, S. 1976. selection. J. Hered. 18:227-232. 476 Improved v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmg The h e r i t a b i l i t y o f a number o f q u a n t i t a • 2 6 ( 7 ) : 3 - 7 . 482 t i v e c h a r a c t e r s and t h e i r g e n e t i c b e h a v i o r Agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f e i g h t e a r l y m a t u • as dominance and r e c e s s i v e n e s s has been r i n g , s i x midseason, and s i x l a t e m a t u r i n g demonstrated. c u l t i v a r s o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) a r e described, with information on their seed yield potential and adaptability regions in I n d i a .
68 B r e e d i n g
LAL, S . , and S.C. SINHA. 1972. MANN, HAROLD, H. 1947. " P r a b h a t " - a n e x t r a e a r l y v a r i e t y o f r e d Cajanus indiaus - p u l s e g r a i n crops in t h e gram. Fmr P a r l i a m . 7 ( 7 ) : 1 8 - 2 4 . 483 M i d d l e E a s t . J . Empire Expl A g r i c . 1 5 ( 6 ) : 2 5 8 . 488 Emphasizes t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a n e a r l y m a t u • r i n g v a r i e t y f o r s u c c e s s f u l a r h a r c u l t i v a • Pigeonpea, one of the most extensively t i o n . P r a b h a t , w h i c h arose as a segregant grown p u l s e s i n I n d i a , i s nowhere more t h a n f r o m v a r i e t y T - 2 1 , matures i n 110 t o 115 a c u r i o s i t y i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t , though i t d a y s . The p l a n t t y p e i s d e t e r m i n a t e , would seem to have a p o s s i b l e f u t u r e in bunchy, f l a t - t o p p e d . The b o t a n i c a l c h a • many p a r t s o f t h e a r e a . I t i s suggested r a c t e r s o f P r a b h a t , i t s agronomic r e q u i r e • t h a t pigeonpea m i g h t b e u s e f u l l y i n t r o d u c e d m e n t s , and i t s r o l e i n m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g i n t o I r a n ( P e r s i a ) . a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d . MBOWE, F.F.A. 1975. LAWANI, S . M . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1975. G r a i n legume r e s e a r c h i n T a n z a n i a . T r o p . Announcing pulse cultivars and germplasms G r a i n Legume B u l l . 2 : 2 - 3 . 489 for the hulotrops. Trop. Grain Legume Research from 1972 to 1974 on groundnut B u l l . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 2 . 484 (varietal improvement, spacing, and ferti• G r a i n legume germplasms f o r t h e humid low- lizer trials), cowpea (variety and fertili• l a n d t r o p i c s a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n are zer, spacing, and sowing data trials) and announced i n t h i s b u l l e t i n . Three o u t - pigeonpea (local cultivar evaluation) is standing cowpea and three pigeonpea culti- b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . v a r s a r e d e s c r i b e d . MEHTA, D . N . , and B.B. DAVE. 1 9 3 1 . LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, and A . D . DEODHAR. S t u d i e s in Cajanus indiaus. Mem. Dep. 1974. A g r i c . I n d i a ( B o t . S e r . ) . 1 9 : 1 - 2 5 . 490 E f f e c t o f e n v i r o n m e n t o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f I n c l u d e s m o r p h o l o g i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e seeds and i m p l i c a t i o n s i n p u l s e i m p r o v e • v a r i o u s types i n c u l t i v a t i o n , t h e d u r a t i o n ment. P r o c . 2nd General Cong. SABRAO. o f t h e f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d , methods o f p o l l i • New D e l h i , I n d i a . 731-808. 485 n a t i o n , d a t a o n the e x t e n t o f n a t u r a l From t h i s r e v i e w , w h i c h i s m a i n l y concerned c r o s s i n g , and a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n w h i c h w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n on soybean and p i g e o n p e a , two forms are d i s t i n g u i s h e d , one s h o r t and i t i s concluded t h a t s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e s , ripening early, the other tall, ripening methods of protein and amino acid estima• l a t e . t i o n , and genotype x e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n t e r • a c t i o n s c o n s i d e r a b l y i n f l u e n c e t h e speed MENEZES, O.B. De. 1943. and e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s e l e c t i o n programs S t u d i e s on t h e g e n e t i c s of p i g e o n p e a . Bolm f o r h i g h p r o t e i n c o n t e n t among s e g r e g a t i n g M i n i s t . A g r i c . I n d . Com. Rio d e J . o r p u r e - l i n e p o p u l a t i o n s o f p u l s e c r o p s . 3 2 ( 1 0 ) : 6 9 - 8 3 . 491 The s p e c i e s Cajanus indiaue Spreng. is MAESEN, L . J . G . van d e r . 1975. d e s c r i b e d and t h e h i s t o r y o f i t s i n t r o d u c • Germplasm c o l l e c t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n i n t i o n i n t o c u l t i v a t i o n i s o u t l i n e d . A n Cicer and Cajanus. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l account i s g i v e n o f t h e f l o r a l b i o l o g y o f Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 Jan the plant and the method of artificial 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . pollination. The correct chromosome number 2 2 9 - 2 3 8 . 486 is regarded as n = 11 and n o t n = 9 as C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Ciaer and Cajanus, r e p o r t e d by Basudev. The p l a n t grows collection of primitive species, origin and e x t e n s i v e l y i n a s e m i - w i l d s t a t e i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Cajanus, o b t a i n i n g germ- Baixada Zones. plasm, exploration and collection, methods of collection, documentation, maintenance MILES, J.F. 1949. of germplasm, and e v a l u a t i o n f o r a number Plant introduction trials in central o f c h a r a c t e r s a r e d e s c r i b e d . c o a s t a l Queensland. 1936-46. Rep. D i v . P l a n t I n d . A u s t r a l i a . 6:134 p p . 492 MANE, S.S. 1975. S t u d i e s were made of t h e c l i m a t e and s o i l s Genetic variability in M3 p r o g e n i e s o f C - 1 1 o f t h e area and o f t h e n a t u r a l p a s t u r e s . and v a r i e t i e s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n The b e s t s p e c i e s among t h e supplementary ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . Mara- p r o t e i n crops was Cajanus bicolor. V a r i o u s thwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, small-scale trials indicate the suitability M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 487
69 Plgeonpea Bibliography
of c r o p s f r o m I n d i a and o t h e r monsoon NANJAPPA, B. SHIVARAJ, and R.V. P A T I L . c o u n t r i e s f o r t r o p i c a l A u s t r a l i a . 1976. Co-1 v a r i e t y p e r f o r m s w e l l i n b l a c k s o i l s MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , and R. VEERASWAMY. in transitional tract of North Karnataka. 1977. C u r r . Res. 4 ( 3 ) : 4 0 - 4 1 . 497 Genotypic and p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f Among f i v e l i n e s of C. c a j a n with a matu- mutants in r e d gram (Cajanua cajan ( L . ) r a t i o n p e r i o d o f 150 t o 155 d a y s , Co-1 M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 ) : ( h e i g h t 104.8 cm) gave t h e h i g h e s t mean 4 4 - 4 5 . 493 y i e l d (1,298 k g / h a ) and had t h e h i g h e s t number of pods per p l a n t and pods c o n t a i n • F i f t e e n r e d gram mutants (13 f r o m gamma ing three seeds. S-8 (height 130.5 cm) i r r a d i a t i o n and two f r o m EMS t r e a t m e n t s of gave t h e next h i g h e s t y i e l d (1,232 k g / h a ) t h e s t r a i n Co-1) i n M 5 g e n e r a t i o n were and T-21 ( h e i g h t 126.0 cm) had t h e h i g h e s t studied. There were significant diffe• number o f pods c o n t a i n i n g f i v e s e e d s . rences f o r a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s . The g e n e t i c advance was h i g h f o r pod w e i g h t , number of pods per p l a n t , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The PAL, B.P. 1934. mutants showed a p o s i t i v e s h i f t i n t h e i r Recent p r o g r e s s i n p l a n t b r e e d i n g a t Pusa - mean v a l u e s . Rahar. A g r i c u l t u r e L i v e - S t k I n d i a 4 ( 5 ) : 5 1 1 - 5 1 2 . 498 MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMED A L I KHAN, In an investigation undertaken to produce and R.S. ANNAPPAN. 1977. types o f r a h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) r e s i s t a n t Red gram Co.3 - an economic mutant s t r a i n t o w i l t (Fusarium v a s i n f e c t u m A t k . ) , 8 0 f o r T a m i l Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 9 ) : types t h a t proved v e r y r e s i s t a n t t o the 5 6 1 - 5 6 4 . 494 d i s e a s e were i s o l a t e d . The r e s i s t a n c e i s n o t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h any i m p o r t a n t morpho• M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g r e s e a r c h i n r e d gram l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s . Types 1 6 , 4 1 , 5 0 , and (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) has r e s u l t e d 51 were identified as high yielding. Type 51 i n t h e development o f a h i g h - y i e l d i n g i s e r e c t , w i l t - r e s i s t a n t , w i t h l a r g e mutant S-18 (Co-3) suitable for cultivation y e l l o w - b r o w n seeds, y i e l d i n g w e l l and under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. s h o u l d prove to be of much economic v a l u e . Its d u r a t i o n is 130 d a y s . On an average Type 5 i s e x t r e m e l y s u s c e p t i b l e t o w i l t . i t r e c o r d s 1,300 k g / h a and 1,200 k g / h a The i n h e r i t a n c e o f f l o w e r c o l o r depends under i r r i g a t e d and r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s , upon two f a c t o r s and i s l i n k e d w i t h seed o r 9 . 8 and 9 . 1 k g / h a / d a y r e s p e c t i v e l y . color. The factors for disease resistance A s p e c i a l advantage o f Co-3 i s i t s r e s i s • a r e not l i n k e d w i t h those f o r m o r p h o l o • t a n c e t o r o o t r o t and t o l e r a n c e t o w i l t gical characters. Inheritance of resis• and pod b o r e r s . tance depends upon multiple factors.
MUKHERJEE, D . , and S. SEN. 1965. PANKAJA REDDY, R., DALJIT SINGH, and B-7 i s t h e a r h a r f o r West B e n g a l . I n d i a n N.G.P. RAO. 1975. Fmg 1 4 ( 1 1 ) : 1 1 , 2 8 . 495 C h a r a c t e r a s s o c i a t i o n i n p l g e o n p e a . B - 7 , s e l e c t e d f r o m m a t e r i a l o b t a i n e d f r o m I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 3 5 ( 1 ) : v a r i o u s s o u r c e s , i s s u p e r i o r i n y i e l d t o 1 1 9 - 1 2 2 . 499 commonly grown t y p e s of Cajanus indicus. Four c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d i n 877 l i n e s The g r a i n s a r e s i l v e r w h i t e and t h e v a r i e t y from four maturity groups. The data indi• i s recommended f o r t h e d i s t r i c t s o f Malda, c a t e d t h a t a s t h e m a t u r a t i o n p e r i o d M u r s h i d a b a d , and N a d i a ; f o r t h e f i r s t two increased, pod number, yield, and seed o f t h e s e d i s t r i c t s T-7 i s a l s o recommended. size also increased. Pod number and seed s i z e were t h e most i m p o r t a n t components NADARAJAN, N. 1976. o f y i e l d . I t i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t h y b r i d i • Induced mutagenesis in redgram (Cajanus z a t i o n between d i f f e r e n t m a t u r i t y groups c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). Micro and macro may b e e f f e c t i v e i n combining e a r l i n e s s m u t a t i o n s . M.Sc. (1976) T h e s i s . T a m i l with high yields and larger seeds. Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, T a m i l Nadu, I n d i a . 496 PANTON, C . A . , L . B . COKE, and R.E. PIERRE. 1972. Seed protein improvement in certain legumes through induced mutations: Plgeonpea, kidney beans, soybeans. In: Nuclear techniques for seed protein improvement. Proc. Research
70 B r e e d i n g
C o o r d i n a t i o n Meet. Neuherberg, 1972, all the correlations. Among all the yield 1973. 500 components, p o d s / p l a n t i s t h e most e f f e c • t i v e y i e l d d e t e r m i n a n t and s h o u l d b e g i v e n PATHAK, G . N . , and JAIMANGAL SAHAI. 1960. weightage in selection programs. Type 7: A new a r h a r f o r mixed c r o p p i n g in k h a r i f . I n d i a n Pmg 1 0 ( 2 ) : 3 7 . 501 PRASAD, S.N. 1958. S e l e c t e d f r o m m a t e r i a l f r o m Lucknow, Segregation of characters in arhar (Cajanus Cajanus c a j a n Type 7 is a l a t e - r i p e n i n g , c a j a n ) . Allahabad Fmr 32:305-308. 506 e r e c t , brown-seeded v a r i e t y s u i t a b l e f o r The percentage of natural cross-pollination a l l d i s t r i c t s i n U t t a r P r a d e s h . I t has a in C. aajan ranges f r o m 0.09 to 48 , as 1000-seed w e i g h t of 120 g, as a g a i n s t 74 g reported by different workers. The species f o r T-17 and 81 g f o r T - 1 0 5 . i s a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e c l a s s o f o f t e n c r o s s - f e r t i l i z e d p l a n t s . I n s p i t e o f a l l PATHAK, G . N . , and K.P. SINGH. 1 9 6 1 . precautions controlling mechanical mixture, s e g r e g a t i o n of c h a r a c t e r s has been observed Type 21 a r h a r (pigeonpea) outdoes Type 1. in plots of different varieties. The main I n d i a n Frag 11(8) : 1 5 . 502 cause o f v a r i e t y d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h i s c r o p The new Cajanus aajan v a r i e t y T - 2 1 is e a r l y i s n a t u r a l c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n . Methods t o m a t u r i n g ( 6 m o n t h s ) , p r o f u s e l y b r a n c h e d , m a i n t a i n v a r i e t a l p u r i t y a r e s u g g e s t e d . t a l l , and s e m i s p r e a d i n g . I t has more seeds per pod t h a n T-1 and t h e brown seeds cook and taste better. The 1000-seed weight is RACHIE, K.O. 1976. 76 g. Over 2 y e a r s , it y i e l d e d 57% more Goals and p r o g r e s s in GLIP. June 1975. Proc. t h a n T - l . IITA Collaborators Meet, on Grain Legumes Improvement. 9-13 June, 1975. I I T A . I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . 1-5. 507 PATIL, J . A . 1957. Topics b r i e f l y covered i n t h i s p r o g r e s s T-84 - An improved t u r s t r a i n . Farmer report on the grain legume improvement 8 ( 1 2 ) : 2 9 - 3 0 . 503 program (GLIP) include (1) the utilization The m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s of T - 8 4 , a of additive gene effects, linkage breaking, newly developed pigeonpea s t r a i n , and a and male sterility to produce many crosses package o f p r a c t i c e s f o r o b t a i n i n g h i g h e s t i n a s i n g l e growth season; ( i i ) t h e deve• y i e l d from i t a r e g i v e n . I t s r e a c t i o n t o lopment o f e l i t e s t r a i n s o f cowpea, s o y • diseases is described and yield comparisons bean, pigeonpea (four each), and lima beans made w i t h l o c a l s t r a i n s . ( t h r e e ) ; ( i i i ) t h e development o f a pigeonpea f a m i l y w i t h a wide range i n h e i g h t (60 to 220 cm); and ( i v ) improved PATIL, M.K., and M.N. KAMAT. 1950. resistance to pests and diseases. C o n t r o l o f p l a n t d i s e a s e t h r o u g h d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e i n Bombay. Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 0 ( 4 ) : 6 - l l . 504 RACHIE, K.O. 1976. Pigeonpeas and miscellaneous beans. Proc. A g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n on b r e e d i n g f o r I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s Meet, on G r a i n Legumes d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e i s p r e s e n t e d and t h e Improvement. Seed Quality/Biochemistry. t e c h n i q u e used i n I n d i a f o r o b t a i n i n g crop 9-13 J u n e , 1975. I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . p l a n t s r e s i s t a n t t o F u s a r i u m w i l t i s 2 1 - 2 6 . 508 o u t l i n e d . In t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) much r e l i a n c e was p r e v i o u s l y p l a c e d o n f i e l d Six high-yielding, early maturing C. aajan r e s i s t a n c e t o w i l t , b u t t h e r e s u l t s o f v a r i e t i e s were grown i n t r i a l s a t 2 0 s i t e s p o t t e s t under u n i f o r m c o n d i t i o n s a t Poona in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Brief have demonstrated the need for standardi• d a t a a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d f r o m v a r i e t a l z a t i o n o f t h e b r e e d i n g t e c h n i q u e . t r i a l s o f t h e o t h e r g r a i n legumes.
POKLE, Y . S . , and L . C . MOHATKAR. 1976. RACHIE, K . O . , and W.D. ROCKWOOD. 1973. Path a n a l y s i s o f y i e l d components i n Research in grain legume improvement. pigeonpea (Cajanuss c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). Span 16(1):9-12. 509 Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 8 : 2 3 - 2 4 . 505 Work a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f Path a n a l y s i s i n 4 0 v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r e has i n c l u d e d a p r e l i • r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e p o d s / p l a n t had h i g h e r m i n a r y e v a l u a t i o n o f about 6,178 a c c e s s i o n s d i r e c t e f f e c t t h a n shown b y i t s c o r r e l a t i o n of 20 genera and s p e c i e s . B r e e d i n g work in w i t h y i e l d and a l s o i n d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e d Cajanus c a j a n i s m e n t i o n e d .
71 Pigeonpea Bibliography
RAJ, D . , L. ANAVARADHAM, K. MUMWAR BASHA, SAXENA, M.C., D.S. YADAV, and N.P. SINGH. and A. RAJAMANI. 1977. 1973. Performance of redgram (C a j a n u s c a j a n ( L . ) Grow new v a r i e t i e s of a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmg M i l l s p . ) v a r i e t i e s under b l a c k s o i l c o n d i - Digest 6(7):17-20. 515 t i o n s . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 9 ) : The high-yielding and early maturing varie- 570-572. 510 t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a , Pant A-2 and Pant A - 3 , Co-1 was f o u n d a d a p t a b l e f o r t h e r a i n f e d developed b y Pantnagar U n i v e r s i t y a r e black soil area of the southern districts d e s c r i b e d , w i t h methods o f c u l t i v a t i o n . of T a m i l Nadu. On t h e b a s i s of e q u a l Agronomic requirements for obtaining higher y i e l d , d u r a t i o n , and p e r - d a y p r o d u c t i o n yields are also given. c a p a c i t y , c o u p l e d w i t h b i g g e r seed s i z e , v a r i e t i e s Khargone-2 and S-8 may a l s o be p o p u l a r i z e d t o p r o v i d e d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f SAXENA, S.S. 1968. genotypes as an i n s u r a n c e a g a i n s t t h e Research i n S t a t e s : U t t a r Pradesh. I n d i a n v a g a r i e s o f t h e monsoon. Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 3 2 - 3 3 . 516 Area under pigeonpea remains static. Ave• RAMANUJAM, S. 1 9 7 1 . rage y i e l d i s 1,300 k g / h a ; t h e aim o f Some s a l i e n t r e s u l t s o f P u l s e Research 1 . c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h i s t o d o u b l e t h e a v e r a g e . I n d i a n Fmg 21(10) : 1 7 - 1 9 . 511 Important varieties of pigeonpea are T-21, T - 1 7 , and T - 7 . I n a r h a r h i g h p e r f o r m i n g v a r i e t i e s T - 2 1 ( U . P . ) , P-4785, P-4587 m a t u r i n g i n a p e r i o d SEN, S . K . , and S.C. SUR. 1964. of 150 t o 160 days and g i v i n g h i g h y i e l d s were identified. Some other genotypes like A s t u d y on v i c i n i s m in pigeonpeas {Cajanus S5 ( A g e t i ) and S8 (Sharda) capable of c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). Agricultura Louvain. giving 2,000 to 2,500 kg/ha and maturing in 1 2 : 4 2 1 - 4 2 6 . 517 160 days were selected at IARI from crosses The extent of natural crossing between two i n v o l v i n g N.P. v a r i e t i e s and v a r i e t i e s v a r i e t i e s , s e p a r a t e d by a d i s t a n c e of 4 ft i n t r o d u c e d f r o m B r a z i l . W i t h e a r l y m a t u • ( 1 . 2 m ) was 3.2%. T h i s f i g u r e f e l l below r i n g v a r i e t i e s a r h a r - w h e a t r o t a t i o n i s 1% when t h e d i s t a n c e was i n c r e a s e d to 16 to p o s s i b l e . 32 ft ( 4 . 8 to 9.7 m). No c r o s s i n g o c c u r r e d at d i s t a n c e s of 36 ft and 40 ft (11 and 12 m). T a e n i o t h r i p s distalis appears to be ROHEWAL, S . S . , B.C. JOSHI, and S.P. SINGH. the most important cross-pollinating agent. 1966. Arhar S-103, an erect type yielding high. I n d i a n Fmg 1 6 ( 3 ) : 3 1 . 512 SHAMBULINGAPPA, K . G . , G. SHIVASHANKAR, and R. SREEKANTARADHYA. 1976, S-103 i s a t a l l and e r e c t v a r i e t y o f HY-3a and HY-3c new p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus cajan, w i t h p r o f u s e pod f o r m a t i o n . redgram for Bangalore and surrounding The seeds a r e l a r g e and brown and t h e regions. Curr. Res. 5(3):41-42. 518 p l a n t s a r e h i g h l y t o l e r a n t o f F u s a r i u m udum. The v a r i e t y HY-3c w i t h 2,100 and 2,200 k g / ha and HY-3a with 1,900 kg/ha were highest y i e l d e r s i n 2 y e a r s ' t r i a l s . Both a r e RUBAIHAYO, P.R., and C.L.A. LEAKEY. 1973. b o l d - s e e d e d , w i t h 4 to 7 seeds per p o d , Protein improvement in beans and soybeans sweet, and suited for canning purposes. by m u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g . In N u c l e a r T e c h n i • Different characters of the varieties ques f o r Seed P r o t e i n Improvement 6 3 1 . a r e g i v e n . 52/UN. p p . 291-296. 513
SHARMA, D . , and J . M . GREEN. 1975. SAXENA, K . B . , D. SHARMA, and J . M . GREEN. Perspective of pigeonpea and ICRISAT's 1976. breeding program. First International Pigeonpea r a t o o n i n g - an a i d to b r e e d e r s . Workshop on Grain Legumes, 13-16 Jan 1975. T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 4 : 2 1 . 514 ICRISAT. Hyderabad, India. 19-30. 519 I t was found t h a t r a t o o n i n g pigeonpea Provides data on pigeonpea production and plants facilitated cross-pollination bet• d i s c u s s e s s p e c i a l problems i n pigeonpea ween e a r l y and e a r l y x m e d i u m - f l o w e r i n g breeding. The ICRISAT breeding program is c u l t l v a r s . Less f l o w e r drop was observed o n r a t o o n e d p l a n t s t h a n o n n o n r a t o o n e d , o u t l i n e d . e s p e c i a l l y w i t h e a r l y m a t u r i n g t y p e s . The e f f e c t o f r a t o o n i n g o n seed and f o r a g e y i e l d i s b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d .
72 B r e e d i n g
SHARMA, D . , and M.P. SHRIVASTAVA. 1974. Discusses t h e p l a n t i n g o f t h e newly deve• An induced u s e f u l mutant of Cajanus c a j a n loped pigeonpea variety (Cajanus c a j a n ) ( L . ) M i l l s p . JNKW Res. J . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : UPAS-120, w h i c h takes o n l y 150 to 190 days 263-266. 520 to mature a g a i n s t 250 to 300 days f o r traditional varieties. This allows farmers Following irradiation of tetraploid seeds in India to grow high-yielding wheat varie• o f T - 2 1 , 148 s e e d l i n g s were grown, o f w h i c h t i e s a f t e r a pigeonpea c r o p . 3 0 had r e v e r t e d t o t h e d i p l o i d s t a t e (2n = 22) and 54 were a n e u p l o i d . Among t h e d i p l o i d s was a p l a n t d e s i g n a t e d No. 9, SINGH, H.P., and M.C. SAXENA. 1977. w h i c h had numerous p r i m a r y branches and Challenges i n a r h a r p r o d u c t i o n . I n d i a n p o d s , and l a r g e r f l o w e r s , p o d s , and seeds Fmg 27(4):9-10, 13. 526 t h a n i t s p a r e n t . The mutant f l o w e r e d and There i s need o f d e v e l o p i n g v a r i e t i e s matured earlier than the parent, displayed responsive to production inputs, identifi• h i g h p o l l e n f e r t i l i t y , and was c h a r a c t e • c a t i o n o f h i g h e f f i c i e n c y legume b a c t e r i a . r i z e d b y pods s t r e a k e d green a t t h e b a s e . Some o f t h e f a c t o r s f o r i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c • t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d . SHIVAPURI, T . N . 1943. Selection of strains in arhar (pigeonpea). SINGH, K.B. 1973. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 30(3) : 1 0 4 . 521 Punjab can t a k e o n Arhar i n a b i g way. Indian Fmg 22(10):19. 527 SIDHESWAR PRASAD, RAM PRAKASH, and The acreage under a r h a r i s v e r y s m a l l i n M.A. HASSAN. 1972. the Punjab. The main reason is late matu• N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n pigeonpea (Cajanus r i t y , w h i c h causes h i g h f r o s t m o r t a l i t y . c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Mysore A g r i c . J . S c i . T-21 variety developed from a cross T x 6 : 4 2 6 - 4 2 9 . 522 1 T-190 i n U.P. gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d and S t u d i e s i n seven v a r i e t i e s showed t h a t also matured earliest, under the Punjab n a t u r a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n ranged f r o m 3.79 c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s v a r i e t y gave on an t o 25.66%, depending o n v a r i e t y and s i t e . average o f 2,500 k g g r a i n y i e l d / h a . BR-15 and BR-13 showed h i g h e s t c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n w i t h 26.66 and 24.74% r e s p e c • SINGH, K . B . , R.S. MALHOTRA, and R.P. J A I N . t i v e l y , and BR-10 showed l e a s t w i t h 3.79%. 1973. A r h a r i s a p o t e n t i a l k h a r i f p u l s e o f S I L , S.N. 1914. Punjab. Prog. Fmg 9(10):6. 528 Improvement o f r a h a r b y s e l e c t i o n . J . The availability of early maturing varie• A g r i c . B i h a r O r i s s a . 1 : 2 5 - 2 9 . 523 t i e s o f a r h a r has opened t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f c u l t i v a t i o n o n a l a r g e s c a l e i n t h e SINGH, B.B. 1973. s t a t e . Amongst t h e e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e • E f f e c t o f g a m m a - i r r a d i a t i o n o n g r o w t h and t i e s , T-21 i s t h e e a r l i e s t t o mature and y i e l d o f p i g e o n p e a . H a r . J . H o r t . S c i . has the highest yield potential under 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 8 3 - 8 7 . 524 Punjab c o n d i t i o n s . I m p o r t a n t h i n t s f o r t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f a r h a r a r e g i v e n . Pigeonpea seeds were i r r a d i a t e d w i t h C o b a l t 60 gamma ra y 8, 1 0 , 2 0 , and 30 K r . R a d i a • tion-induced changes in the length of SINGH, L., A.S. TIWARI, and B.R. SINGH. s h o o t , number of b r a n c h e s , number of pods 1976. per p l a n t , 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t , and g r a i n Yield gains by selection for seed charac• y i e l d per p l a n t , i n d i c a t e d t h a t l e n g t h t e r i s t i c s i n a n adapted l o c a l c u l t i v a r o f of s h o o t was n e g a t i v e l y , whereas o t h e r pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . c h a r a c t e r s were p o s i t i v e l y , c o r r e l a t e d T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 1 8 . 529 up to r a d i a t i o n dose of 10 K r . There was Progeny o f l o c a l b o l d - and brown-seeded significant increase in grain yield at pigeonpea types gave an increased seed 10 Kr i r r a d i a t i o n dose o v e r c o n t r o l and yield of 18.29 and 14.4%, respectively, o t h e r dosages. compared w i t h t h e u n s e l e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n . Progeny of s m a l l and l i g h t - b r o w n - s e e d e d SINGH, B . B . , S.C. GUPTA, and B.D. SINGH. selections showed a significantly reduced 1974. yield. Increased yield in the brown-seeded Note on 'UPAS-120' an e a r l y - m a t u r i n g mutant types was p a r t l y due to reduced l e v e l s of o f p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . seed-borne infection. Plant height, pod- 5 4 ( 4 ) : 2 3 3 - 2 3 4 . 525 b e a r i n g l e n g t h , and days t o m a t u r i t y were
73 Pigeonpea Bibliography
s i m i l a r i n t h e s e l e c t e d and n o n s e l e c t e d TURNER, F. 1 8 9 2 . populations. New commercial crops for New South Wales. The c u l t i v a t i o n o f the pigeonpea o r SINGH, S . P . 1955. C a t j a n g . A g r i c . Gaz. N.S.W. 3 ( 6 ) : Improved v a r i e t i e s o f p u l s e c r o p s i n U t t a r 6 - 8 . 535 Pradesh. Agric. Anim. Husb. Uttar Pradesh. Pigeonpea or Catjang was introduced into 6 ( 2 - 3 ) : 5 8 - 6 0 . 530 Australia during the 1890s and grows well i n t h e warmer p a r t s a s a s u i t a b l e c r o p f o r I n f o r m a t i o n o n improved v a r i e t i e s o f fodder and also as a vegetable for culti• Cajanus c a j a n , Ph. mungo, Ph. aureus, vation in the northeastern area of New Vigna sinensis, Glycine max, Cicer arieti- South Wales. num, Pisum sativum, and Lens esuulenta.
SRINIVASAN, V . , and K. JAYABHIMA RAO. 1952. VAHEEDUDDIN, S. 1958. P r o g r e s s o f P u l s e s Improvement work i n Evolving wilt resistant strains in red Madras. Madras Agric. J. 39(9): gram. Andhra A g r i c . J . 5 : 1 6 3 - 1 6 4 . 536 4 7 8 - 4 8 4 . 531 Out of a l a r g e number of r e d gram s t r a i n s tested, C-11, C-28, and C-36 proved supe• E i g h t y e a r s ' r e s e a r c h i s o l a t e d a few h i g h - r i o r i n y i e l d and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . The y i e l d i n g c u l t i v a r s o f d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s names of these s t r a i n s have been changed suitable for general cultivation. These f r o m C - l l , C-28, and C-36 t o S T - 1 , S T - 2 , p u l s e s a r e z o n a l i n performance and i n any and ST-3, respectively. program o f improvement t h i s a s p e c t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d . VEDA, 0. 1 9 7 1 . E v a l u a t i o n o f g e n e t i c s t o c k o f a r h a r SWAMINATHAN, M . S . , and H.K. J A I N . 1972. (Cajanus aajan (L.) Millsp.) for resistance Food legumes i n I n d i a ' s a g r i c u l t u r e . P r o c . a g a i n s t i t s i m p o r t a n t i n s e c t p e s t s i n M.P. Symp. n u t r i t i o n a l improvement o f f o o d M.Sc. (1971) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru legumes by b r e e d i n g . 3-5 J u l y 1972. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya PAG (FAO). Rome, I t a l y . 532 P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 537 I m p o r t a n c e o f g r a i n legumes i n I n d i a n a g r i • c u l t u r e , reasons f o r t h e i r l o w y i e l d s and VEERASWAMY, R., and N. M0HAMED SHERIFF. t h e s t r a t e g y o f b r i n g i n g t h e g r a i n legumes 1973. t o a r e s p e c t a b l e l e v e l o f p r o d u c t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d . Artificial crossing in Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1826-1827. 538 SWAMINATHAN, M . S . , M.S. NAIK, A . K . KAUL, To assess t h e success of r e d gram h y b r i d i • and A. AUSTIN. 1 9 7 1 . z a t i o n a t d i f f e r e n t hours o f t h e d a y , Choice o f s t r a t e g y f o r t h e g e n e t i c upgra- a r t i f i c i a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n s were made d i n g o f p r o t e i n p r o p e r t i e s i n c e r e a l s , f r o m 9 a . m . t o 5 p.m. a t i n t e r v a l s o f h a l f m i l l e t s and p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . an h o u r . The c r o s s e s made d u r i n g 10 a . m . 4 1 : 3 9 3 - 4 0 6 . 533 to 10.30 a . m . gave maximum s u c c e s s . A v e r y Suggests a n approach f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e l o w pod s e t was r e c o r d e d f r o m 1 p.m. to p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and q u a l i t y o f c e r e a l s , 2 p.m. There was a v i s i b l e r e d u c t i o n in m i l l e t s , and p u l s e s . The v a r i a b i l i t y f o r t h e l e n g t h of pods and number of seeds p e r protein content in chickpea and pigeonpea pod in t h e c r o s s e d pods as compared w i t h can b e i n d u c e d t h r o u g h mutagens a s i t i s the parents. n o t p r e v a l e n t i n t h e p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n s . VEERASWAMY, R . , G.A. PALANISWAMY, and TER HORST, K. 1 9 6 1 . R. RATHNASWAMY. 1973. S e l e c t i o n o f p u l s e s i n S u r i n a m . 6 . M i s c e l • Natural cross-pollination in Cajanus aajan laneous p u l s e s new c r o p s . S u r i n . Landb. ( L . ) M i l l s p . and Lablab nigev M e d i k u s . 9 ( 3 ) : 7 5 - 8 0 . 534 Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 8 2 8 . 539 O f f i v e s p e c i e s o f p u l s e s t e s t e d , p i g e o n - C o - 1 , w i t h r e d - v e i n e d y e l l o w f l o w e r s and peas grew w e l l , b u t s e t good seed o n l y i n green pods with purple streaks, and P-315 d r y w e a t h e r . Among nonleguminous c r o p s , with yellow flowers and green pods were sorghum and sesame appeared to be suitable s e l e c t e d . When r e d gram was grown in crops t o f o l l o w r i c e . a l t e r n a t e r o w s , 13.7% n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g was o b s e r v e d .
74 Cytogenetics
VEERASWAMY, R., P. RANGASAMY, and total production of 24,883 plants. Proge• N. MOHAMED SHERIFF. 1975. n i e s from 5,201 bagged p l a n t s c o n t a i n e d Co-2 redgram - a new s t r a i n w i t h e a r l y o n l y n i n e n a t u r a l h y b r i d s , p r o b a b l y due t o m a t u r i t y and improved p l a n t t y p e . Madras f a u l t y t e c h n i q u e . Comparisons w i t h t h e A g r i c . J . 6 2 ( 9 ) : 5 4 1 - 5 4 3 . 540 r e s u l t s o f p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s d e f i n i t e • Co-2 i s a compact, e r e c t p l a n t t y p e s u i t e d l y suggest t h a t much more n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g f o r mixed c r o p p i n g w i t h g r o u n d n u t . I t occurs when d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s a r e grown matures in 110 to 115 days and is capable in adjacent rows. Since the anthers o f y i e l d i n g 1,500 k g / h a under i r r i g a t i o n d e h i s c e a day b e f o r e the f l o w e r opens, and 750 k g / h a under r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s . a h i g h percentage of n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g must Per day p r o d u c t i v i t y i s a l s o h i g h . The be due to e i t h e r a d i f f e r e n t i a l growth strain is photoinsensitive and fairly r a t e o f the p o l l e n from v a r i o u s sources o r t o l e r a n t to Fusarium and Rhizoctonia w i l t some inhibiting physiological or morpholo• and r o o t - r o t d i s e a s e s under f i e l d gical factor that prevents selfing before conditions. t h e f l o w e r opens. The f l o w e r i n g stage a t which fertilization normally occurs should therefore be investigated. VEERASWAMY, R., and R. RATHNASWAMY. 1972. Red gram Co.1 - an improved s h o r t - t e r m s t r a i n f o r T a m i l Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . WOODFORD, R.C. 1948. 5 9 ( 3 ) : 1 7 7 - 1 7 9 . 541 Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l • ture, Assam, for the year ending 31st March, S e l e c t e d f r o m l o c a l Cajans c a j a n m a t e r i a l , 1948. 352 p p . 545 Co-1 g i v e s h i g h y i e l d o f g o o d - q u a l i t y g r a i n and shows some t o l e r a n c e of d r o u g h t . Legumes: V a r i e t a l t r i a l s o f p u l s e s were c a r r i e d out a t t h e J o r h a t f a r m . I m p r o v e • ment of Cajanus indicus, Phaseolus mungo VIDHYASEKARAN, P . , and G. ARJUNAM. 1976. v a r . Roxb. and Ph. radiatus is r e c e i v i n g A new redgram v a r i e t y r e s i s t a n t to r o o t - attention. Several high-yielding selec- r o t . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 3 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 6 . 542 t i o n s of Cajanus indicus have been made. S-18 was c o m p l e t e l y f r e e of t h e d i s e a s e w h i l e S-5 and Co-2 showed 45% and 20% incidence respectively. Thus S-18 appears t o b e a p r o m i s i n g type w i t h h i g h r o o t - r o t and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . CYTOGENETICS
WAKANKAR, S . M . , and P.S. SANGWAN. 1955. Madhya B h a r a t ' s new p u l s e s t r a i n s y i e l d AKINOLA, J . O . , A . J . PRITCHARD, and more. I n d i a n Fmg 4 : 1 1 - 1 2 . 543 P.C. WHITEMAN. 1972. Chromosome number in pigeonpea (Cajanus The pigeonpea strain recommended for culti• c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . J . A u s t . I n s t . A g r i c . v a t i o n i s G w a l i o r - 3 , a s t r a i n s e l e c t e d from S c i . 3 8 : 3 0 5 - 3 0 8 . 546 Ambah t e h s i l of n o r t h e r n Madhya P r a d e s h . Vigorous, late-maturing (240 days), with C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f 9 5 i n t r o d u c t i o n s b o l d , f a w n - c o l o r e d s e e d s , i t y i e l d s a n from 11 c o u n t r i e s show t h a t 2 n • 2 x - 2 2 . average 1,000 1 b / a c ( 1 , 1 2 3 k g / h a ) , 25% I n f o r m a t i o n i s i n c l u d e d o n v a r i a t i o n i n more t h a n t h e l o c a l v a r i e t y . Another eleven morphological and agronomic s t r a i n i s U j j a i n - 7 , a s e l e c t i o n f r o m U j j a i n , characters. w h i c h i s e a r l y m a t u r i n g , w i t h b o l d seeds, t a k i n g about 170 days t o r i p e n . BENDALE, V.W. 1972.
S t u d i e s o n a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s i n C2 generation WILSIE, C . P . , and M. TAKAHASHI. 1934. o f p e r e n n i a l t u r , Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . ) Natural crossing in the pigeonpea. Millsp. and Gokarna (C l i t o r i a ternatea J . A g r i c . Res. 4 9 : 9 2 3 - 9 2 7 . 544 Linn.). M.Sc. (1972) Thesis. Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra, Three s t r a i n s o f Cajanus i n d i c u s S p r e n g . , I n d i a . 547 breeding true for the recessive pure yellow f l o w e r and s e l f green pod when p l a n t e d i n a l t e r n a t e rows w i t h s t r a i n s b e a r i n g t h e BHATTACHARJEE, S.K. 1956. dominant r e d o r r e d - v e i n e d y e l l o w f l o w e r s Study of autotetraploid Cajanus c a j a n and r e d - o r b l a c k - b l o t c h e d p o d s , y i e l d e d (Linn.) Millsp. Caryologia 9:149-159. 548 percentages o f h e t e r o z y g o t e s o r n a t u r a l h y b r i d s r a n g i n g from 13.98 t o 15.86 i n a
75 Pigeonpea Bibliography
T e t r a p l o i d o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e seed of a DE, D . N . , and L . J . REDDY. 1972. colchicine-induced 4n plant had significant• Homology between Cajanue and Atyloaia ly fewer branches and nodes on t h e main genomes: Origin of Cajanus. In: Advance stem t h a n t h e d i p l o i d c o n t r o l s . The 4 n Notes of Symposium on Genome Concept - and 2 n p l a n t s showed o n l y s l i g h t d i f f e r e n • E u k a r y o t a . 5 9 t h I n d i a n S c i . Cong. ( S e c t . ces i n l e a f and l e a f l e t measurements and i n B o t . ) . p p . 1 0 - 1 1 . 554 l e a f number. The t e t r a p l o i d s were i n The two genera Cajanus and Atyloaia a r e g e n e r a l more v a r i a b l e i n g r o w t h r a t e and s e p a r a t e d o n l y o n t h e b a s i s o f presence o r i n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d than t h e absence of strophiole. The chromosome diploids. Multivalent formation and number of Cajanus is 2n ■ 2 2 , t h e same as irregularity in disjunction in the 4n t h a t of A. lineata, A. seriaea, and p l a n t s r e s u l t e d i n 6 2 . 4 + 11.01% o f A. scarabaeoides. There is b r o a d s i m i l a r • abortive pollen grains. The average i t y between t h e i r chromosomes. The s i z e s o f t h e f e r t i l e p o l l e n g r a i n o f 2 n pachytene chromosomes of a Cajanus x and 4n p l a n t s were 47.17µ and 50.34 µ , A. lineata hybrid exhibit complete pairing respectively. of a l l t h e chromosomes except a few t e r m i • n a l and i n t e r s t i t i a l regimes o f homologues. BHATTACHARYYA, SUNILKUMAR. 1976. Pachytene karyology indicated that Atylosia C y t o g e n e t i c s o f I n d i a n p u l s e s . P h . D . lineata is c l o s e s t to Cajanus aajan. (1976) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l c u t t a , Cajanus is a monotypic genus and it moved C a l c u t t a , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 549 f r o m I n d i a t o o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . The greatest differentiation and greatest abundance of b o t h Cajanus and Atylosia are DAFE, G.A. 1966. found in t h e Western Ghats and t h e Malabar Some s t u d i e s i n C generation of autotetra- 2 c o a s t . The c o n c l u s i o n was drawn t h a t t h e p l o i d s pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) broad-leaf evergreen forest area on the M i l l s p . ) . Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c Western coast o f I n d i a i s t h e c e n t e r o f Res. N o . ) , p. 107. 550 o r i g i n o f Cajanus. I n d u c e d p o l y p l o i d s - t e t r a p l o i d s (n - 22) were s t u d i e d and v a r y i n g degrees o f DE, D . N . , and L . J . REDDY. 1972. s t e r i l i t y o b s e r v e d . They were u s u a l l y C e n t r i c f u s i o n and s t a r f o r m a t i o n a t pachy• l a t e r i n m a t u r i t y , s h o r t e r i n h e i g h t , more tene of Cajanus-Atylosia h y b r i d s . In: e r e c t , and had l o n g e r and t h i c k e r l e a v e s , P r o c . Symposium o n C y t o g e n e t i c s i n t h e more b r a n c h e s , and t h i c k e r s t e m s . Flower E v o l u t i o n and Improvement o f P l a n t s , O c t o • p a r t s were a l s o l a r g e r . Seeds c o n t a i n e d ber, 1972. Srinagar, Kashmir, India. 555 more n i t r o g e n t h a n t h e i r p a r e n t s . Wide v a r i a t i o n i n f e r t i l i t y was o b s e r v e d . The c u l t i v a t e d c r o p Cajanus aajan ( T u r , A r h a r , Pigeonpea) has been s u c c e s s f u l l y hybridized with three species of Atylosia, DARLINGTON, C.D., and A.P. WYLIE (EDITORS). v i z . A. lineata, A. seriaea, and 1955. A. scardbaeoides. The pachytene analysis Chromosome a t l a s o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s . indicated a high degree of chromosomal A l l e n and Unwin: London. 551 homology between t h e two g e n e r a . The centromeres of the bivalents fuse together DATTA, P . C . , and N. SAHA. 1972. t o f o r m a t y p i c a l s t a r - s h a p e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n A few t r i a l s o f h y b r i d i z a t i o n i n Euphaseo- during pachytene, which varies from cell to l e a e and Cajaneae. Castanea 3 7 ( 4 ) : c e l l i n d i f f e r e n t h y b r i d s . Such s t a r 2 9 4 - 2 9 7 . 552 f o r m a t i o n i s e x t r e m e l y r a r e i n t h e p a r e n t s . The implications of star formation are d i s c u s s e d . D'CRUZ, R., and A . S . JADAV. 1972. A n e u p l o i d y i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n L . Millsp.). Mahatma Phule Agric. Univ. Res. DEODIKAR, G . B . , and C.V. THAKAR. 1956. J . 3 ( 1 ) : 6 1 - 6 2 . 553 Cyto-taxonomic evidence for the affinity between Cajanus i n d i c u s Spreng. and c e r t a i n A t a l l p l a n t w i t h l a r g e r l e a v e s and e r e c t s p e c i e s of Atylosia W. & A. P r o c . f l o w e r s t h a n normal was found w i t h 2x = 22 I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) . 4 3 : 3 7 - 4 5 . 556 and these formed 11l l at metaphase I. One p l a n t w i t h 23 chromosomes appeared to have Morphological, taxonomic, and cytological e x t r a v i g o r o f p l a n t and s e e d . e v i d e n c e , homology o f n o r m a l w i t h mutant c h a r a c t e r s , and t h e h i g h degree o f f e r t i • l i t y o f i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d s i n d i c a t e a close affinity between C . i n d i c u s and
76 Cytogenetics
c e r t a i n e r e c t s p e c i e s o f Atylosia, p a r t i • leaf and flower size, the tetraploid cha• c u l a r l y A. lineata and A, seriaea. A c c o r d • r a c t e r s showed a n i n c r e a s e i n comparison ing to observations on chromosome morpholo• w i t h t h e d i p l o i d s . A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f g y , A, seriaea is more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to m e i o s i s i n t h e t e t r a p l o i d showed t h a t t h e C. aajan t h a n A. lineata. Structural number o f m u l t i v a l e n t s formed i s f a i r l y changes in t h e chromosomes may have p l a y e d high, resulting in partial sterility. a major r o l e i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f two g e n e r a . Atylosia s p p . may be u s e f u l as a KUMAR, L . S . S . , H.K.S. RAO, and M.V. THOMBRE. f o r a g e legume and a l s o i n b r e e d i n g v a r i e • 1966. t i e s of C, aajan combining hardiness, p e r e n n i a l h a b i t , t o l e r a n c e t o d r o u g h t , Interspecific and intergeneric hybridiza• and r e s i s t a n c e t o p e s t s and d i s e a s e s . t i o n i n t h e b r e e d i n g o f c r o p p l a n t s . A. lineata and A. seriaea have shown a I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 26A: h i g h degree o f r e s i s t a n c e t o pod b o r e r 1 1 4 - 1 2 0 . 561
(Exelastis atomosa) and Fusarium udum. Twenty-one true triploid F1 h y b r i d s Taxonomic incorporation of the erect d e r i v e d f r o m d i p l o i d Pennisetum typhoides X s p e c i e s of Atylosia in Cajanus is t e t r a p l o i d P. purpureum were c o m p l e t e l y s u g g e s t e d . s t e r i l e and b a c k c r o s s i n g t o e i t h e r p a r e n t was u n s u c c e s s f u l . An a n a l y s i s of t h e c y t o l o g i c a l and m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s JOSHI, K . S . 1966. of intergeneric hybrids between Cajanus and S t u d i e s o n t h e a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s o f t u r Atylosia is a l s o p r e s e n t e d . (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l reference to their utilization in breeding. Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Red. N o . ) , KUMAR, L . S . S . , and M.V. THOMBRE. 1958. p . 1 1 1 . 557 An i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d of Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . X Atylosia lineata W. and A. The autotetraploids were late in maturity J . U n i v . Poona 1 2 : 1 3 - 1 6 . 562 and showed v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f s t e r i l i t y . Considerable variation in fertility occurred in both natural and induced autotetraploids. KUMAR, L . S . S . , M.V. THOMBRE, and R. D'CRUZ. The p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e f e r t i l i t y 1958. t h r o u g h a p p r o p r i a t e b r e e d i n g methods such C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f a n i n t e r g e n e r i c as recurrent selection is discussed briefly. h y b r i d of Cajanus aajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . and Atylosia lineata W. & A. P r o c . I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B) 4 7 : 2 5 2 - 2 6 2 . 563 KHAMANKAR, Y . G . 1966. I n d u c t i o n o f p o l y p l o i d y b y c o l c h i c i n e D e t a i l s are p r e s e n t e d o f t h e chromosome t r e a t m e n t i n some o f t h e crop p l a n t s . morphology and m i c r o s p o r o g e n e s i s of Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Res. N o . ) : C. c a j a n , A. lineata, and t h e F1 h y b r i d s 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 . 558 between these two species; in each case t h e chromosome number was found to be 2 n = 2 2 . The p a r e n t s were t h o u g h t to be KRISHNASWAMY, N . , and G.N.R. AYYANGAR. 1935. closely related because of the similarity Chromosome number in Cajanus indiaus between their chromosome complements. Spreng. C u r r . S c i . 3 : 6 1 4 - 6 1 5 . 559 However, s t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s between The chromosome number of d h a l , Cajanus chromosomes of t h e two s p e c i e s may have indiaus S p r e n g . , an i m p o r t a n t I n d i a n p u l s e , accounted f o r t h e p a r t i a l a b o r t i o n o f seed had n o t been d e t e r m i n e d b e f o r e . The method and the low percentage of pollen germina• o f bud f i x a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d . The m e t a - t i n g i n t h e h y b r i d , i n w h i c h a l s o some phase p l a t e gave 1 1 p a i r s ; t h i s number 1 1 quadrivalents, bridges, and fragments were is t h e b a s i c number of t h e Phasioleae, of seen during meiosis. C. aajan had been w h i c h Cajanus is o n e . A number of second• crossed with A. lineata in o r d e r to combine a r y n u c l e i were a l s o s e e n . the wilt resistance of the latter with the d e s i r a b l e agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e f o r m e r . KUMAR, L . S . S . , A. ABRAHAM, and V . K . SRINIVASAN. 19A5. P r e l i m i n a r y n o t e o n a u t o t e t r a p l o i d y i n NAITHANI, S.P. 1941. Cajanus indiaus Spreng. P r o c . I n d i a n A c a d . Cytological studies on Indian pulses, Part S c i . ( S e c t . B ) . 2 1 : 3 0 1 - 3 0 6 . 560 1. The somatic chromosomes and t h e p r o • chromosomes of Cajanus. P r o c . N a t . A c a d . Colchicine-induced tetraploids were compa• S c i . I n d i a 1 1 : 6 7 - 7 3 . 564 r e d w i t h d i p l o i d s f o r m o r p h o l o g i c a l and o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f
77 Pigeonpea Bibliography
The chromosomes and t h e i r b a h a v i o r in PHIRKE, T . S . 1966. Cajanus ( 2 n - 22) a r e d e s c r i b e d . Somatic Some s t u d i e s on p o l y p l o i d s in t u r (Cajanus p a i r i n g i s f o u n d . Prochromosomes showing c a j a n (L.) Millsp.) with special reference a numerical correspondence to the chromo• t o t h e i r u t i l i z a t i o n i n b r e e d i n g . Nagpur somes a r e formed i n t h e r e s t i n g n u c l e u s , Agric. Coll. Mag. (Spec. Res. No.): and i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t they r e p r e s e n t t h e 1 0 1 . 569 s p i n d l e a t t a c h m e n t r e g i o n s o f t h e Seeds of v a r i e t i e s EB-3 and EB-38 were chromosomes. treated with HNO3, H C l , and c h l o r a l hydrate. Progenies showing g i g a s c h a r a c t e r s were PANDE, V . N . 1966. s t u d i e d and a l l showed 2n = 22 chromosomes. C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s in Cajanus and Atylo• Some were s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n sia. D I l T (1966) T h e s i s . I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e height, pod size, yield, and grain weight, o f T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , West B e n g a l , and were crossed successfully with normal I n d i a . 565 t y p e s .
PANKAJA REDDY, R., and N. GANGA PRASADA RAO. REDDY, L . J . 1973. 1975. I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of Cajanus and Atylosia Somatic v a r i a t i o n in Cajanus cajan. s p e c i e s as r e v e a l e d by h y b r i d i z a t i o n and C u r r . S c i . 4 4 ( 2 2 ) : 8 1 6 - 8 1 7 . 566 pachytene analysis. Ph.D. (1973) Thesis. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, The o u t c r o s s i n g i n t h i s s p e c i e s i s e s t i m a • West Bengal, India. 570 t e d a t l e s s t h a n 10%. O f f types i n t r u e - b r e e d i n g v a r i e t i e s f r e q u e n t l y range f r o m 1 0 to 30%. Experiments were t h e r e f o r e REDDY, L . J . , and D.N. DE. 1978. c a r r i e d o u t o n t r u e - b r e e d i n g v a r i e t i e s Somatic c a r y o t y p e s of Cajanus c a j a n and i n w h i c h s e v e r a l p l a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h r e e s p e c i e s of Atylosia. G e n e t i c a ( I n were observed o n i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s a s w e l l P r e s s ) . 571 as on each shoot on each p l a n t . Most The somatic chromosomes of Cajanus and of variations observed appear to be somatic, Atylosia lineata, A. seriaea, and A. scara- a l t h o u g h f u r t h e r s t u d i e s a r e r e q u i r e d . baeoides are s m a l l and come under t h e same length groups. Cajanus possesses t h r e e PATHAK, G.N. 1948. m e t a c e n t r i c chromosomes as a g a i n s t f o u r C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f a s p o n t a n e o u s l y in a l l t h e Atylosia s p e c i e s . A. seriaea originated tetraploid Cajanus cajan M i l l s p . possesses two satellited chromosome pairs I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 8 : 6 8 - 7 1 . 567 i n c o n t r a s t t o one s a t e l l i t e d chromosome p a i r in Cajanua and t h e o t h e r two Atylosia A n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g t e t r a p l o i d ( n = 22) s p e c i e s . D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s showed t h a t o f C . c a j a n i s d e s c r i b e d . I t s c y t o l o g i c a l f i v e p a i r s o f chromosomes a r e common t o b e h a v i o r i n t h e p o l l e n mother c e l l s was all the species of both the genera. c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e f o r m a t i o n of 0 to 11 B e s i d e s , Cajanus and A. lineata possess quadrivalents and irregular distribution seven i d e n t i c a l chromosome p a i r s and Caja• o f t h e chromosomes a t anaphase I and I I ; nus and A. seriaea and Cajanus and t h e p o l l e n g r a i n s showed up to 80% s t e r i l i t y . A. scarabaeoides e x h i b i t s i x p a i r s o f i d e n t i c a l chromosomes e a c h . Thus on t h e PATHAK, G . N . , and R.S. YADAVA. 1 9 5 1 . b a s i s o f s o m a t i c k a r y o l o g y , o f t h e t h r e e Spontaneously o r i g i n a t e d h e x a p l o i d and s p e c i e s of Atylosia s t u d i e d , A. lineata t e t r a p l o i d p l a n t s i n Cajanus oajan M i l l s p . i s c l o s e s t t o Cajanus. C u r r . S c i . 2 0 : 3 0 4 . 568
N a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g t e t r a p l o i d s (n=22) and ROY, ASHOK. 1964. h e x a p l o i d s (n = 33) have been o b s e r v e d . Intergeneric hybridization of Cajanus and The h e x a p l o i d s s e t no s e e d . Out of t h e Atylosia. D1IT (1964) T h e s i s . I n d i a n n i n e t e t r a p l o i d s , f i v e produced some s e e d . Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West I t i s suggested t h a t chromosome d o u b l i n g B e n g a l , I n d i a . 572 may have o c c u r r e d in d i p l o i d s and some n a t u r a l t r i p l o i d s , p o s s i b l y a s t h e r e s u l t ROY, ASHOK, and D.N. DE. 1965. o f c o l d c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g a h a i l s t o r m . Intergeneric hybridization of Cajanus and Atylosia. Sci. Cult. 31:93-95. 573 The existence of a close relationship bet• ween t h e two genera i s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e s i m i l a r i t y in chromosome number (2n ■ 2 2 ) ,
78 Cytogenetics
morphology, and certain anatomical features, SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , D. SHARMA, and and by t h e success of t h e cross C. c a j a n LAXMAN SINGH. 1973. FC 9334 x A. s c a r a b a e o i d e e . It is t h e r e - Karyotype a n a l y s i s i n 1 5 v a r i e t i e s o f f o r e proposed t h a t Atylosia be i n c o r p o r a t e d Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . and Atylosia i n t o t h e genus Cajanus, with cytotaxonomic lineata (W. and A . ) . C y t o l o g i a 3 8 ( 2 ) : r e v i s i o n o f t h e l a t t e r . 219-227. 578 A chromosome number of 2n - 22 was found SHARMA, C.N. 1967. in 15 v a r i e t i e s of C. aajan and in S t u d i e s on t h e Cajanus and Atylosia h y b r i d . A. lineata. One p a i r of s a t e l l i t e d c h r o • D I I T (1967) T h e s i s . I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f mosomes was observed in 13 o u t of t h e 15 Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, v a r i e t i e s ; P-958 d i d not have t h e s a t e l I n d i a . 574 l i t e s and NP-69 had a h e t e r o m o r p h i c p a i r w i t h one member of t h e p a i r p o s s e s s i n g a s a t e l l i t e . K a r y o t y p e a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d SHRIVASTAVA, M.P. 1975. considerable intervarietal variation regard• E f f e c t o f gamma i r r a d i a t i o n o n d i p l o i d and ing arm ratio, total length, and ratio of t e t r a p l o i d seeds of Cajanus cajan ( L . ) longest and shortest chromosomes. This M i l l s p . C u r r . S c i . 4 4 ( 5 ) : 1 6 7 - 1 6 8 . 575 variation is not associated with any mor• Normal diploid and colchicine-induced tetra• phological and agronomic characters of the p l o i d seeds were t r e a t e d a t f i v e doses o f varieties, although P-458, the variety - r a y s and s t u d i e d f o r g e r m i n a t i o n , p e r c e n t • w i t h o u t s a t e l l i t e s , was d i s t i n g u i s h e d age s u r v i v a l , s e e d l i n g h e i g h t , and number f r o m t h e o t h e r v a r i e t i e s b y i t s obovate of leaves. In diploids, increasing doses, trifoliate leaves. The chromosome morpho• 15 to 60 K r a d , r e s u l t e d in a decrease f o r l o g y of A. lineata closely resembled that a l l these c h a r a c t e r s . I n t h e t e t r a p l o i d s , of C. aajan T = 2 1 . 1 5 Krad r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d g e r m i n a t i o n , h e i g h t , and number of l e a v e s compared w i t h SIKDAR, A.K. 1965. u n t r e a t e d s e e d s . A t h i g h e r d o s e s , g e r m i • Cytological investigation on Atylosia and n a t i o n remained s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e i t s h y b r i d i z a t i o n w i t h Cajanus. D I I T d i p l o i d s except a t t h e h i g h e s t dose o f (1965) Thesis. Indian Institute of Tech• 6 0 K r a d , when i t was l e s s . S u r v i v a l i n a l l nology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, cases was h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e d i p l o i d s ; I n d i a . 579 h e i g h t was g r e a t e r a t a l l doses except 60 K r a d , when it was t h e same as in t h e d i p l o i d s ; and t h e number o f l e a v e s i n a l l SIKDAR, A . K . , and D.N. DE. 1967. cases was h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e d i p l o i d s . C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f two s p e c i e s o f Atylosia and Cajanus aajan. B u l l . B o t . Soc. Beng. 2 1 ( 1 ) : 2 5 - 2 8 . 580 SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , and R.K. JOSHI. 1972. A smear t e c h n i q u e f o r r o o t t i p chromosome p r e p a r a t i o n o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . SINGH, S.P. 1947. JNKW Res. J. 6 : 5 9 - 6 0 . 576 A new method of a p p l i c a t i o n of acenaph- t h e n e . S c i . C u l t . 1 2 : 5 9 3 - 5 9 4 . 581 Of s i x c h e m i c a l s t e s t e d , - bromonaphthalene was most s u c c e s s f u l i n p r e t r e a t m e n t f o r A method of t r e a t i n g seeds w i t h acenaph- Feulgen s t a i n i n g . A t somatic metaphase, thene i n l a r d i s o u t l i n e d . The e f f e c t s o f 2n - 22 was o b s e r v e d . acenaphthene t r e a t m e n t on Cajanus c e l l s are d e s c r i b e d . I t i s thought t h a t chromosome doubling might be induced by varying the SHRIVASTAVA, M.P., LAXMAN SINGH, and concentration of the acenaphthene and the R.K. JOSHI. 1972. d u r a t i o n o f t h e t r e a t m e n t . I n d u c t i o n and c y t o m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f a u t o t e t r a p l o i d y i n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . JNKW Res. J . 6 : 4 7 - 5 0 . 577 SINGH, VEDPAL. 1959. Retardation in the rate of germination of A l l 1 3 t e t r a p l o i d s induced b y c o l c h i c i n e Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n ) M i l l s p . seeds t r e a t e d t r e a t m e n t showed reduced seed s e t and w i t h c o l c h i c i n e . Agra U n i v . J . Res. ( S c i . ) y i e l d . C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s showed m e i o t i c 8(1): 35-38. 582 irregularities but physiological imbalan- ces were a l s o a p p a r e n t l y i n v o l v e d i n c a u s i n g s t e r i l i t y . SINHA, S . S . N . , and S.B. AKHAURY. 1969. Effect of gamma-radiation and E.M.S. on Cajanus c a j a n . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. Assoc. 56(3):348-349. (Abstract). 583
79 Plgeonpea Bibliography
Dry dormant seeds of C. cajan were treated chapter is devoted to the geographical w i t h - r a y s at 5 and 10 Kr and w i t h EMS of distribution of the production of pulses, 0.5% and 1% s t r e n g t h . Gamma-rays produced and another to agricultural practices;, and more marked e f f e c t s t h a n EMS in r e d u c i n g area response o f p u l s e s . p e r c e n t a g e o f g e r m i n a t i o n , i n c r e a s i n g t i m e taken for germination, and retarding seed• HENDERSON, T . H . 1965. l i n g g r o w t h . Gamma r a y s a l s o produced more breaks in chromosomes than EMS. Shoot Some a s p e c t s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) g r o w t h s u f f e r e d more t h a n r o o t w i t h b o t h f a r m i n g i n T r i n i d a d . Occas. S e r . 3 . Dep. mutagens. V a r i o u s c y t o l o g i c a l a b n o r m a l i • A g r i c . Econ. Fm Fgmt U n i v . W. I n d i e s . t i e s were observed i n r o o t s grown f r o m 40 p p . 590 t r e a t e d s e e d s . There appear t o b e s i m i l a • M a i n l y on t h e economics of pigeonpea f a r m • r i t i e s i n t h e t r e n d and p a t t e r n o f a b n o r • i n g , b u t based on 1964 s u r v e y of 439 m a l i t i e s caused b y b o t h t h e mutagens. growers. Some agronomic data are included. The y i e l d s ranged f r o m 200 to 5000 lb f r e s h green p o d s / a c . SINHA, S . S . N . , and S.B. AKHAURY. 1 9 7 1 . R a d i a t i o n s t u d i e s in Cajanus cajan dose response: chromosome aberrations and their HENDERSON, T . H . 1966. e l i m i n a t i o n s . J . Res. Ranchi U n i v . Practice and reference among pigeonpea 6 , 7 : 2 4 7 - 2 5 5 . 584 growers i n T r i n i d a d . P r o c . C a r i b b . Soc. Fd Crop S c i . 1966. 591 SIVASAMY, N. 1975. I n t h e A m e r i c a s , pigeonpea i s m o s t l y h a r • S t u d i e s o n i n d u c t i o n o f m u t a t i o n i n Cajanus vested in the form of green pod (unripe pod c a j a n . M.Sc. (1975) Thesis. Tamil Nadu + seed) to meet t h e demand f o r green Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil v e g e t a b l e s and c a n n i n g . In a s u r v e y of Nadu, I n d i a . 585 growers in Trinidad, green pod production ranged f r o m 224 to 5600 k g / h a , about 80% o f y i e l d s b e i n g l e s s t h a n 2240 k g / h a . THOMBRE, MADHUKAR VASUDEO. 1960. C y t o g e n e t i c s and i n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s o n t h e genera Cajanus ( L . ) M i l l s p . and Atyloeia MISHRA, S.D. 1967. W. and A, Ph.D. (1960) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y M a r k e t i n g o f a r h a r i n Khajwan m a r k e t , of Poona, Poona, M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 586 V a r a n a s i . A g r i c . S i t u . I n d i a . 2 1 ( 1 0 ) : 855-858. 592
TIDKE, P.M. 1 9 6 1 . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o know how a w h o l e s a l e S t u d i e s o n t h e i n d u c e d t e t r a p l o i d s o f pea, produce market catering both to urban and pigeonpea and water hyacinth. M.Tech. rural customers functions. The sources of (1961) Thesis, Indian Institute of s u p p l y , t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f t h e c u l t i v a t o r s T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , West B e n g a l , in raising and marketing the crop, and the I n d i a . 587 answers to these difficulties are discussed.
VENKATESWARLU, S . , R.M. SINGH, R.B. SINGH, MITRA, R.N. 1959. and B.D. SINGH. 1976. Land and labour necessary for caloric and Induced variation for inflorescence in protein requirements in India. Agric. Cajanus c a j a n . J . C y t o l . Gen. 1 1 : S i t u . I n d i a . 1 4 ( 9 ) : 958-970. 593 1 3 4 - 1 3 5 . 588 A t t e m p t s t o d e t e r m i n e l a n d and l a b o r c o s t o f n u t r i e n t s ( c a l o r i e s and p r o t e i n ) i n d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s o f I n d i a . I t was found t h a t p u l s e s , e s p e c i a l l y r e d gram, a r e much more economical s o u r c e s o f p r o t e i n s t h a n c e r e a l s . K h e s a r i ( L a t h y r u s sativus) and ECONOMICS r e d gram a r e t h e most economical sources o f c a l o r i e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n terms o f b o t h human and b u l l o c k l a b o r . CHOPRA, K . , and G. SWAMY (EDITORS). 1975. P u l s e s : an a n a l y s i s of demand and s u p p l y in India 1951-71. New Delhi: Sterling. 589 MOLLISON, J . 1 9 0 1 . Pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). In: F i e l d and Demand f o r p u l s e s i n I n d i a i s e x p l a i n e d i n Garden Crops of Bombay Presidency. terms o f t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e a s w e l l a s o f 70-73 p p . Bombay: Supdt. G o v t . price relationships with other foods. One P r i n t i n g . 594
80 Entomology
MUTHAIAH, C, and M.P. RAO. 1962. conditions, infestation period, and seve• S h i f t i n g o f a r e a under t u r . A g r i c . S i t u . r i t y o f damage a r e d e s c r i b e d . A c h a l c i d I n d i a . 1 7 ( 4 ) : 3 3 7 - 3 4 1 . 595 l a r v a l p a r a s i t e o f t h i s p e s t has been investigated which is yet awaiting A d e t a i l e d s t u d y made in 10 s e l e c t e d identification. d i s t r i c t s i n Madhya P r a d e s h , I n d i a showing reasons f o r a t r e n d i n w h i c h pigeonpea (Caj a n u s indicus) and its associated crops AHMAD, T. 1940. a r e b e i n g r e p l a c e d by wheat to a c o n s i d e r • On t h e b i o l o g y of Euderus l i v i d u s (Ashm), a b l e e x t e n t . E x t e n s i o n o f i r r i g a t i o n a p a r a s i t e of Agromyza obtuaa M a l l . I n d i a n f a c i l i t i e s i s t h e main r e a s o n . J . E n t . 2 : 5 9 - 6 4 . 600 I n n a t u r e t h e l a r v a l s t a g e o f t h e Agromyza RODRIGUEZ, C O . , and J . B . CANDELAS. 1959. is p a r a s i t i z e d by t h e C h a l c i d Euderus E s t a d i s t i c a s a g r i c o l a s d e P u e r t o R i c o . lividua (Ashm) to a sufficiently large 1935-1958. E. and R . S . , 5 3 . A g r i c . Exp. e x t e n t ; t h e r e f o r e , a d e t a i l e d study o f t h e S t n U n i v . P. R i c o . 596 biology and morphology of the parasite has been made, t h e r e s u l t s o f w h i c h a r e Pigeonpea i s a l s o a major c r o p i n P u e r t o summarized. R i c o . D u r i n g 1957-58 a t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n of 655,000 kg g r e e n peas was r e p o r t e d , w h i c h a t f a r m v a l u e was w o r t h 1,665,000 ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 1 . US d o l l a r s . Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i • culture, Mauritius, 1949. pp.64-65. 601
SILVESTRE, P . , and M. SOITOUT. 1965. Experiments on the control of insect pests F i r s t t e c h n i c a l m e e t i n g o n v e g e t a b l e and of pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). A spray of grain legume improvement and production in 4% DDT reduced i n s e c t a t t a c k . A f r i c a . Dakar, 18-28 Jan 1965. A g r o n . T r o p . 2 0 ( 3 ) : 7 4 7 - 7 6 8 . 597 ANONYMOUS. 1959. Madagascar produced 2,300 m e t r i c t o n s o f Pests of p i g e o n p e a . Rep. Dep. A g r i c . beans and 500 m e t r i c t o n s of Cajanus. Kenya M a u r i t i u s , 1959. 602 c u l t i v a t e s Cajanua over 16,000 hectares. The p e s t s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) were greatly reduced, and a record crop obtained in 1959, following the successful introduc• tion of the parasites Braoon c a j a n i and Eiphosoma annulatum. ENTOMOLOGY ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 1 . Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i • AHMAD, D. 1976. c u l t u r e o f t h e Colony o f M a u r i t i u s f o r t h e Effect of phosphine fumigation on the ger• y e a r 1959. 78 p p . 603 m i n a t i o n o f e d i b l e legume seeds. J . S t o r . Review o f a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s and P r o d . Res. 1 2 ( 3 ) : 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 . 598 results in Mauritius during 1959. Several F u m i g a t i o n of seeds of Vigna radiata, insect-parasites were introduced, inter V. mungo, V. aconitifolia, cowpea, soybean, a l i a , a g a i n s t t h e p e s t s o f t h e pigeonpea Phaseolus vulgaris, c h i c k p e a , l e n t i l , (Cajanus indicus). p i g e o n p e a , Vicia faba, and Cyamopsis tetra- gonoloba w i t h PH3 at a c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o u r ARGIKAR, G . P . , and V.V. TH0BBI. 1957. t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n t h e n o r m a l l y used maximum An e s t i m a t e of t h e damage caused by t h e t u r f o r 7 days had no e f f e c t on subsequent pod c a t e r p i l l a r , E x e l a s t i s atomosa W., to germination, compared with unfumigated pigeonpea gram. Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. s e e d s . 4 8 ( l ) : 2 5 - 2 6 . 604 Twenty-five cultivars of Cajanus c a j a n were AHMAD, T. 1938. grown in a small-scale replicated trial to The t u r pod f l y , Agromyza obtuaa M a l l . , a t e s t c o m p a r a t i v e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o t h e pod p e s t o f Cajanua c a j a n . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . c a t e r p i l l a r . Loss i n g r a i n w e i g h t ranged S c i . 8 : 6 3 - 7 6 . 599 from 0.30% in strain NP-69 to 19.56X in Red gram Agromyza, discovered in 1906, has B o r s a d - 1 . The s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h e d i f f e • been i d e n t i f i e d as Agromyza obtuaa M a l l . r e n t i a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e p e s t towards I t s l i f e c y c l e , f a v o r a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l different types. The necessity of control
81 Pigeonpea Bibliography
measures i s emphasized and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y i n c i d e n c e o f t h i s pest c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e o f g e t t i n g c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e s i s t a n t l i n e s i n peak r a i n f a l l p e r i o d s i n T r i n i d a d . t h e germplasm i s d i s c u s s e d .
BASANT SINGH, RAMESHWAR PRASAD, and ATHWAL, A . S . 1970. Y . K . MATHUR. 1976. I n s e c t p o l l i n a t o r s o f c r o p s . B i o l o g y , E f f e c t o f i n s e c t i c i d e c o m b i n a t i o n o n t h e e c o l o g y and u t i l i z a t i o n o f i n s e c t s o t h e r incidence of Melanagromyza obtusa M a l l , than honeybees in the pollination of crops and o n y i e l d o f a r h a r c r o p . P e s t i c i d e s (Final Research Report 1965-70) . 10(l):42-43. 609 PL-480 P r o j e c t ( A 7 - E n t - 1 9 ) , Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Spraying of 0.03% phosphamidon mixed with I n d i a . 115 p p . 605 0.03% e n d o s u l f a n ( 1 : 1 ) a t t h e r a t e o f 1,135 l i t e r s per h e c t a r e can be recommended P o l l i n a t o r s o f Cajanus indicus given with f o r t h e c o n t r o l of M. obtuaa on a r h a r c r o p detailed biology, habits, photographs etc. and f o r r e a l i z i n g a p p r e c i a b l e y i e l d . Megachile s p p . Cerulina s p . and Xylocopa s p . a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s p o l l i n a t o r s . BENNET, F.D. 1960. P a r a s i t e s of Ancylostomia stevcorea (Pyra- ATHWAL, A . S . 1976. lidae; Lepidoptera) a pod b o r e r a t t a c k i n g A g r i c u l t u r a l p e s t s o f I n d i a and S o u t h - E a s t pigeonpea in Trinidad. Bull. Ent. Res. A s i a . In: Pests of P u l s e Crops. L u d h i a n a : 5 9 ( 4 ) : 7 3 7 - 7 5 7 . 610 Kalyani P u b l i s h e r s . 175 p p . 606 I n T r i n i d a d , the o n l y s e r i o u s pod b o r e r About 150 i n s e c t s have been r e c o r d e d f e e d • attacking pigeonpea is Ancylostomia sterco- i n g o n 1 0 i m p o r t a n t p u l s e c r o p s grown i n r e a Z e l l . , w h i c h breeds t h r o u g h o u t t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f I n d i a . O f t h e s e , about y e a r . The eggs a r e l a i d on t h e young pods one dozen i n s e c t s , i n c l u d i n g pod b o r e r s , and the larvae feed on the developing seeds stem b o r e r s , l e a f m i n e r s , f o l i a g e c a t e r • and l a t e r pupate i n t h e s o i l . The complete p i l l a r s , c u t worms, j a s s i d s , a p h i d s , and l i f e c y c l e r e q u i r e s 2 6 t o 3 2 d a y s . E i g h t w h i t e f l i e s a r e i m p o r t a n t . The l i f e - c y c l e s s p e c i e s o f p a r a s i t e s were r e a r e d f r o m t h e of t h e plume moth ( E x e l a s t i s atomosa) and l a r v a e o f Ancylostomia. L i f e h i s t o r y r e d gram pod f l y (Agromyza o b t u s a M . ) , t h e studies and rearing techniques for the e x t e n t of damage, and c o n t r o l measures to six commonest species are presented. be t a k e n a r e d i s c u s s e d .
BINDRA, O.S. 1965. BALASUBRAMANIAN, G . , R. RABINDRA JEBAMONI, B i o l o g y and bionomics of Clavigralla gib- P.P. VASUDEVA MENON, and T.R. SUBRAMANIAN. bosa S p i n o l a , t h e pod bug of p i g e o n p e a . 1976. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 5 : 3 2 2 - 3 3 4 . 611 C o n t r o l o f r e d gram pod b o r e r s w i t h spray There was c o n s i d e r a b l e o v e r l a p p i n g of f o r m u l a t i o n s . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 4 ) : g e n e r a t i o n s and s i x g e n e r a t i o n s were p o s s i • 2 5 1 - 2 5 2 . 607 b l e f r o m November to May. The p e s t c o u l d E n d o s u l f a n 0.07% was s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r s i n be collected only from Cajanue c a j a n . An c o n t r o l l i n g pod b o r e r s . The t r e a t m e n t s effective parasite, Hadronotus antestiae monocrotophos, malathion + fenitrothion, Dodd, was found f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e d i m e t h o a t e , and f e n t h o a t e were e q u a l l y p a r a s i t i z i n g t h e eggs. e f f e c t i v e i n r e d u c i n g t h e i n c i d e n c e o f pod b o r e r s and g e t t i n g h i g h e r y i e l d s . BINDRA, O.S. 1968. C a r b a r y l b o t h a t 0 . 1 % and 0.25% r e g i s t e r e d I n s e c t p e s t s o f p u l s e c r o p s . I n d i a n Fmg l e s s pod b o r e r damage. 17(11):12-14. 612 More t h a n 150 s p e c i e s of i n s e c t s a r e known BARROW, R.M. 1968. t o a t t a c k p u l s e c r o p s i n I n d i a and o f these Bionomics of a l e a f - e a t i n g b e e t l e (Diphau- about 25 cause s e r i o u s damage. Red gram laca n. s p . ) on pigeonpea (Cajanue cajan) s u f f e r s s e r i o u s l o s s e s f r o m a t t a c k n o t o n l y i n T r i n i d a d . P r o c . C a r i b b . F d Crops Soc. b y c a t e r p i l l a r s b u t a l s o pod f l y , plume 6 t h Annual M e e t i n g , T r i n i d a d . 6 : m o t h , and pod b u g . A l a r g e number of o t h e r 3 8 - 4 1 . 608 i n s e c t s w h i c h a r e n o t s e r i o u s p e s t s i n d i v i • A h i g h l e v e l o f h o s t s p e c i f i c i t y was demon• dually also cause appreciable damage s t r a t e d b y t h e l e a f - e a t i n g f l e a - b e e t l e collectively. s p e c i e s of Diphaulaca. Only Cajanue c a j a n and no o t h e r legume was consumed. The peak
82 Entomology
BINDRA, O . S . , and HARCHARAN SINGH. 1 9 7 1 . CHAUDHARY, R . R . P . , and A . K . BHATTACHARYA. Tur pod b u g , Clavigralla gibboea S p i n o l a 1974. (Coreidae : Hemiptera) • Pesticides Keeping pests of arhar at bay. Indian Fmr 5 ( 2 ) : 3 - 4 , 3 2 . 613 D i g e s t 7(7) : 2 3 , 33. 617 Clavigralla includes two species, Arhar is l i a b l e to a t t a c k by a number of C. gibboea S p i n , and C. horrens D o h r n . , i n s e c t p e s t s , t h e r e d gram pod f l y and t u r w h i c h i n f e s t leguminous c r o p s and suck pod fly and tur pod caterpillar being the t h e i r j u i c e . The f o r m e r i s more commonly most s e r i o u s . O t h e r s , t h e t u r pod b u t t e r • p r e v a l e n t and i s o f g r e a t e r economic f l y (Catoahryaopa anejus) and arhar leaf i m p o r t a n c e i n I n d i a . The f o l l o w i n g aspects webber o r l e a f r o l l e r (Euaosma c r i t i c a ) a r e o f t h i s p e s t a r e d i s c u s s e d : v a r i o u s stages n o t so s e r i o u s . C o n t r o l measures a r e o f development; d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h o s t d e s c r i b e d . plants, primarily pigeonpea; life history, s e a s o n a l h i s t o r y , and number of g e n e r a t i o n s ; n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f damage; n a t u r a l CRUZ, CARLOS. 1975. enemies; and c o n t r o l measures. O b s e r v a t i o n s on pod b o r e r o v i p o s i t i o n and infestation of pigeonpea varieties. J. Agric. Univ. P. Rico. 59(l):63-68. 618 BINDRA, O . S . , and HARCHARAN SINGH. 1972. T h i r t e e n v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea (Cajanue Tur pod f l y , Melanagromyza obtusa M a l l o c h . c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) were p l a n t e d t o d e t e r • (Diptera : Agromyzidae) • Pesticides mine pod borer oviposition preferences and 6 ( 7 ) : 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 2 . 614 infestation percentages. Etiella zinoke- Tur pod f l y , Melanagromyza (Agromyza) nella and Heliothis virescens were t h e obtusa M a l l o c h . was f i r s t r e c o r d e d i n predominant s p e c i e s . O v i p o s i t i o n o f 1906 under t h e name " T u r - p o d f l y " on Heliothia began on flower buds but pods Cajanus cajan ( L . ) . I t has a l s o been were preferred where available, except for d e s c r i b e d under t h e name "Red-gram a g r o - v a r i e t i e s F l o r i d o , T r i n i d a d 5690, and myza" b u t t h i s name has n o t become w i d e l y T r i n i d a d 6222, where a s i m i l a r p r e f e r e n c e accepted. The identification of the f o r bud and pods was r e c o r d e d . V a r i e t y i n s e c t , i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n and h o s t p l a n t s , Guama p a r t i c u l a r l y was l e s s a t t r a c t i v e life history, seasonal history, nature and for oviposition. Varieties Saragateado, e x t e n t o f damage, n a t u r a l enemies, and F l o r i d o , and Totiempo showed h i g h e s t i n f e s • c o n t r o l measures a r e summarized. tation rates throughout the season.
BINDRA, O . S . , and S . S . JAKHMOLA. 1967. DAVID, B . V . , and T. SANTHANARAMAN. 1964. I n c i d e n c e of and l o s s e s caused by some First record of the green nettle slug p o d - i n f e s t i n g i n s e c t s i n d i f f e r e n t v a r i e • caterpillar, Thosea asperiena W l k . , i n t i e s of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) I n d i a . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 1 ( 1 2 ) : M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 9 9 - 5 0 2 . 619 3 7 ( 3 ) : 1 7 7 - 1 9 6 . 615 The s e a s o n a l o c c u r r e n c e and l i f e h i s t o r y o f I n a 2 - y e a r s t u d y o f 5 0 v a r i e t i e s o f the green nettle slug caterpillar, Thosea p i g e o n p e a , t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e pod f l y asperiens Wlk., a new pest of cholam (Melanagromyza obtusa) in f r e s h l y h a r v e s t e d (Sorghum spp.) that also attacks red gram pods v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m v a r i e t y t o a r e r e p o r t e d . The l a r v a e d e f o l i a t e t h e v a r i e t y ; p e r c e n t a g e s o f t h e a f f e c t e d g r a i n s p l a n t s and t h e i r poisonous h a i r s a l s o averaged 1 1 . 2 and 1 5 . 8 i n t h e f i r s t and i n f l i c t severe p a i n i f they happen t o come second y e a r r e s p e c t i v e l y . In a subsequent in c o n t a c t w i t h t h e human b o d y . t r i a l w i t h 1 1 v a r i e t i e s , t h e i n c i d e n c e o n g r a i n b a s i s p r o v e d t o b e o n l y 50% o f t h a t DAVID, S. KANAKARAJ. 1964. on pod b a s i s . The average y i e l d l o s s was Note on Heliothia armigera H. and Agvomyza 8.35% w h i l e t h a t caused b y a t t a c k s o f t h e obtusa M. a f f e c t i n g redgram pods and t h e i r plume moth (Exelastie atomosa) t h e p u l s e c o n t r o l . Madras A g r i c . J . 51(2) : 9 0 . 620 b e e t l e (Bruchus bacticus), and t h r e e o t h e r p e s t e (Heliothia armigera, Catochrysops There was s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f pod one jus, and Cosmolyoe bactious) amounted b o r e r s w i t h DDT f o r m u l a t i o n s g i v i n g t h e t o 4 . 0 2 , 0 . 2 8 , and 3.62% r e s p e c t i v e l y . b e s t r e s u l t s i n t h e f i r s t y e a r . DDT i n the first year and Methyl demeton followed b y D i p t e r e x i n t h e second y e a r r e c o r d e d CHARI, M . S . , and H.K. PATEL. 1970. t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d . S t u d i e s o n p h y t o t o x i c a c t i o n o f c a r b a r y l o n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). B.A. A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 2 3 : 4 7 - 4 8 . 616
83 Pigeonpea Bibliography
DAVIES, J . C . , and S.S. LATEEF. 1975. There were n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t • Insect pests of pigeonpea and chickpea in ween p u p a l w e i g h t s of a r h a r - f e d and gram- I n d i a and p r o s p e c t s f o r c o n t r o l . P r o c . fed larvae. There appears to be positive F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n correlation between amount of food consumed Legumes. 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. H y d e r a • and p u p a l w e i g h t . b a d , I n d i a . 3 1 9 - 3 3 1 . 621
Losses i n seed y i e l d s o f pigeonpea and GANGRADE, G.A. 1 9 6 1 . c h i c k p e a due t o t h e i n c i d e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t Tur pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa S p i n , in p e s t s a r e d e s c r i b e d , c o n t r o l measures Madhya P r a d e s h . S c i . C u l t . 2 7 ( 2 ) : against them are suggested, and the pests 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 . 626 a r e l i s t e d i n two a p p e n d i c e s . The d u r a t i o n o f t h e i n s e c t ' s l i f e c y c l e v a r i e s f r o m 39 to 56 d a y s . The eggs a r e DESHPANDE, B.V. 1966. parasitized by Hadronotus s p . n o . an t e s t i a e S t u d i e s o n t h e v a r i e t a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f Dodd. (Scelinoidae: Hymenoptera). A red a r h a r to E. atomosa W. and A. obtuea M. : R e d u v i i d bug was observed i n t h e f i e l d t h e b i o n o m i c s and e x t e r n a l morphology o f f e e d i n g o n a n a d u l t b u g . E. atomoaa W. M.Sc. (1966) T h e s i s . Jawa- harlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, GANGRADE, G.A. 1963. J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 622 Assessment of damage to t u r (Cajanus cajan) i n Madhya Pradesh b y t h e t u r - p o d f l y . EGWUATU, R . I . , and T . A . TAYLOR. 1976. Agromyza obtuea Malloch. Indian J. Agric. Aspects o f t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f S c i . 3 3 ( l ) : 1 7 - 2 0 . 627 Acanthomia t o m e n t o s i c o l l i s S t a l . ( H e t e r o p - O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e e x t e n t of t h e damage t e r a : Coreidae) i n Cajanus cajan (Pigeon- t o pods and g r a i n s o f f i v e v a r i e t i e s o f p e a ) . J . Econ. E n t . 69(5) : 5 9 1 - 5 9 4 . 623 pigeonpea revealed that the damage to pods To d e s i g n an i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management ranged f r o m 29 to 100% in S h a h d o l , 45 to program f o r t h e c o n t r o l of t h e bug Acantho• 54% in No. 1 4 8 , 40 to 54% in Hyderabad, ma t o m e n t o e i a o l l i s , a s e r i o u s p e s t of 30 to 60% in Nizamabad and 27 to 58% in pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n N i g e r i a , t h e l o c a l ; whereas i n g r a i n s o f t h e same s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s i n s e c t was v a r i e t i e s t h e damage ranged f r o m 11.4 to s t u d i e d . The s p e c i e s was found to be 86.8%, 23.3 to 29.8%, 2 1 . 3 to 29.0%, h i g h l y a g g r e g a t e d , w i t h i n d i c e s o f a g g r e • 13.1 to 32.3%, and 13.2 to 37.2%, respec• g a t i o n r a n g i n g f r o m 1.61 f o r eggs t o 2.30 t i v e l y . A new p a r a s i t e , Euderus agvomyzae, f o r second i n s t a r nymphs. I n d i c e s o f p a r a s i t i z e d t h e f u l l - g r o w n maggots i n a g g r e g a t i o n f r o m t h e second t o t h e f i f t h Madhya P r a d e s h , t h e e x t e n t o f p a r a s i t i s m nymphal i n s t a r decreased as t h e nymphs being 11.3 to 18.7%. became more m a t u r e .
GANGRADE, G.A. 1965. FLETCHER, T . B . 1917. Losses to t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) by Melanagro- Leguminous f i e l d c r o p s : p e s t s o f Cajanus myza obtusa M a l l o c h . I n d i a n J. E n t . indioua (Red g r a m ) . P r o c . Second E n t . 26:364-365. 628 Meet. Pusa. p p . 4 1 - 7 9 . 624 The range o f p e r c e n t a g e l o s s i n w e i g h t due Records t h e o c c u r r e n c e of E x e l a s t i s atomoaa t o i n f e s t a t i o n i s quoted f o r each o f t h e W. on a r h a r and g i v e s an account of i t s f o u r v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d . No. 148 was l e a s t l i f e h i s t o r y and t h e damage i t c a u s e s . The a f f e c t e d , w i t h maximum l o s s o f 1.17%. r e d gram plume m o t h , a t y p i c a l b o r e r , c u t s t h r o u g h t h e pod and feeds on t h e d e v e l o p i n g GHOSH, C.C. 1937. seed i n s i d e . The c a t e r p i l l a r o n h a t c h i n g , The pulse beetles (Bruchidae) of Burma. f i r s t s c r a p e s t h e pod s u r f a c e , c u t s a h o l e I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 7 : 3 9 5 - 4 1 2 . 629 and t h r u s t s t h e head i n t o i t t o feed o n t h e seeds f r o m o u t s i d e . Other major p e s t s o f Of four bruchids, the two most injurious pigeonpea a r e a l s o l i s t e d . a r e Bruohue c h i n e n s i s on pigeonpea (pesinngon) s p e c i a l l y and a l s o on cowpeas (Vigna c a t a j a n g ) and Bruohue albocallosus, GAEKWAD, B . B . , V.M. PAWAR, and G.G. BILAPATE. w h i c h o c c u r s i n s m a l l numbers i n t h e f i e l d s 1977. on pigeonpeas (Cajanus indicus). Bruohus E f f e c t o f f o o d p l a n t s o n g r o w t h and develop• ohinensis is t h e most common p e s t on ment of Heliothie avmigera Hub. Res. B u l l . pigeonpea both in the field and store. MAU. 1 ( 8 ) : 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 . 625
84 Entomology
GIRISH, G . K . , K. SINGH, and K. KRISHNAMURTHY. In East Pakistan (Bangladesh), the pod was 1974. the most severely attacked plant part. The Studies on the oviposition and development l i k e l i h o o d o f e c o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t damage o f C a l l o a o b v u . o 1 n . u e m a c u l a t u s ( F a b . ) o n was a s c r i b e d to Maruoca teatulalia and v a r i o u s s t o r e d p u l s e s . B u l l . G r a i n Techno!. Zonabria pustulata. 1 2 ( 2 ) : 1 1 3 - 1 1 6 . 630 The o v i p o s i t i o n and development of Calloso- HEINRICH, C. 1956. bruchus m a c u l a t u s on a few s t o r e d p u l s e s American moths o f t h e s u b f a m i l y P h y c i t i n a e . were s t u d i e d i n I n d i a . Main f a c t o r s B u l l . U.S. N a t . Mus. No. 207, 581 p p . 635 r e l a t e d t o o v i p o s i t i o n were smoothness o f The pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) was found to t h e seedcoat and s i z e o f t h e g r a i n . be t h e commonest h o s t p l a n t b u t specimens were a l s o c o l l e c t e d a s l a r v a e from c h i c k p e a GOKHALE, V.G. 1973. (Cicer arietinum) and b l a c k - e y e d pea Developmental c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f s e v e r a l (Doliohos)'. p u l s e s i n t h e Bruchidae . 1. Growth and development of C a l l o s o b r u o h u s maoulatua HEINRICH, W.O. 1966. ( F a b r i c i u s ) o n h o s t seeds. B u l l . G r a i n " V e r r u g a , " a s c a l e p e s t o f c o f f e e i n Technol. 11:28-31. 631 Brazil. World Crops 18(l):38-42. 636 The g r o w t h i n d e x o f t h e i n s e c t proved t h a t The o t h e r h o s t p l a n t s o f t h e s c a l e moth bean (vigna aconitifolia) was of (Cerococcus catenorius) i n c l u d e Cajanus maximum f o o d v a l u e , f o l l o w e d by green gram, c a j a n . The t y p i c a l symptom i s t h e b r e a k i n g p i g e o n p e a , and o t h e r legumes. The i n s e c t , of the stem some 25 cm below the apex. however, c o m p l e t e l y f a i l e d t o develop o n Spraying with 0.9% malathion or 0.2% soybean, l i m a bean, f r e n c h b e a n , and diazinon is recommended. l e n t i l . A n a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e was a l s o r e c o r d e d i n t h e mean w e i g h t o f t h e adults emerging from different seed I P E , I . M . 1964. s p e c i e s . Anatomy o f the f i n a l i n s t a r l a r v a o f Melanagromyza obtusa ( M a l l o c h ) a p e s t on t h e d e v e l o p i n g seeds of Cajanue indioua GOVINDAN, R., H.R. RANGASWAMY, K.C. DEVRAJ, {Agromyzidae: Diptera). Agra Univ. J. M.C. DEVAIAH, and B.N. VISWANATH. 1977. Res. 1 3 ( 3 ) : 5 9 - 7 2 . 637 B i o l o g y of t h e r e d gram bud w e e v i l (Ceutho- rhynohue a s p e r u l u s Fabricius) (Coleoptera: The l a r v a l head o f t h e f i n a l i n s t a r i s C u r c u l i o n i d a e ) . Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i . f o l l o w e d b y t h r e e t h o r a c i c and e i g h t abdo• 1 1 ( 2 ) : 1 9 1 - 1 9 4 . 632 minal segments. Segmental boundaries are marked by muscle s c a r s and c u t i c u l a r The p e r c e n t a g e o f i n f e s t a t i o n v a r i e d f r o m p r o c e s s . M a n d i b l e s , l a b i a l s c l e r i t e s , and 10 to 8 0 , t h e maximum b e i n g in December. the p a r a c l y p e a l phragma c o n s t i t u t e t h e The grubs and a d u l t s caused damage to cephalopharyngeal skeleton. The study also f l o w e r buds and f l o w e r s . The l i f e c y c l e d e s c r i b e s a n a t o m i c a l p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f was completed in 10 to 22 days w i t h an d i g e s t i v e and r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m s . S a l i • average o f 1 4 . 5 days d u r i n g J a n u a r y - F e b r u • v a r y a p p a r a t u s and t h e h i s t o l o g y o f t h e a r y ( i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d 1.92 d a y s ; l a r v a l s a l i v a r y g l a n d s , t h e nervous and e x c r e t o r y p e r i o d 4 . 2 0 d a y s ; p r e p u p a l p e r i o d 3.0 d a y s ; systems a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d . p u p a l p e r i o d 5.83 d a y s ) . The a d u l t s u r v i v e d f o r 5 days w i t h o u t f o o d and 15 days w i t h f o o d under c o n f i n e m e n t . I P E , I . M . 1966. A d e t a i l e d m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f t h e e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l g e n i t a l organs o f a GUPTA, S . K . , MANJIT SINGH DHOORIA, and female Melanagromyza obtusa ( M a l l o c h ) a A . S . SIDHU. 1 9 7 1 . s e r i o u s p e s t of Cajanue indioua L. Varietal resistance of pigeonpea in the (Agromyzidae: D i p t e r a ) . I n d i a n J . E n t . Punjab to p e s t Sohizotetranychua s p . 2 8 ( 3 ) : 2 8 7 - 2 9 8 . 638 S c i . C u l t . 3 7 : 4 8 4 - 4 8 5 . 633 The d e t a i l s o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l morphology o f I n t e s t s o f 1 3 v a r i e t i e s o f Cajonus c a j a n , i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l g e n i t a l organs o f t h e P-1141 was t h e l e a s t s u s c e p t i b l e . female fly are described. The anatomical studies include the genitalia - genital HAZARIKA, S . H . , and S. ABDUS. 1 9 6 1 . segments, o v a r i e s , o v a r i o l e s , o v i d u c t s , I n s e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a r h a r (Cajanus vagina, genital chamber, spermathecae, i n d i c u s Spreng) i n East P a k i s t a n . accessory glands, and histology. S c i e n t i s t ( P a k . ) . 4 : 1 8 - 2 0 . 634
85 Pigeonpea Bibliography
I P E , I . M . 1974. KAPADIA, M.N. 1975. Morphological, behavioural, and biological Some s t u d i e s on bionomics and c o n t r o l of s t u d i e s of Melanagromyza obtusa ( D i p t e r a : b l u e b u t t e r f l y (Euahryaops onejus Fab.) as Agromyzidae) on Cajanus indicus. Z. Angew. a p e s t of t u r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . Entomol. 75:89-98. 639 M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . G u j a r a t A g r i c u l t u r a l The b e h a v i o r and b i o l o g y of M. obtusa, University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India. 643 a l o n g w i t h d e s c r i p t i o n o f v a r i o u s i n s t a r s , and a key f o r t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a r e KAPOOR, K . N . 1966. g i v e n . B i o - e c o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s on Clavigralla gibbosa Spin (Coreidae: Hemiptera) the JANARTHANAN, R., G. NAVANEETHAN, K.S. t u r pod b u g . 76 p p . M.Sc. (1966) T h e s i s . Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, SUBRAMANIAN, and G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL. J a b a l p u r , Madhya P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 644 1972. Method of assessment of Eriophyid m i t e s o n pigeonpea l e a v e s . Madras A g r i c . J . KHAN, M.Q., and K. RAMASUBBAIAH. 1959. 5 9 ( 8 ) : 4 3 7 . 640 Bionomics and c o n t r o l o f gram c a t e r p i l l a r . Andhra Agric. J. 6(2):68-69. 645 A s a f e method f o r e s t i m a t i o n of Eriophyid m i t e s has been d e v e l o p e d . T h i s method can The gram caterpillar, Heliothis armigera, a l s o be used f o r e s t i m a t i n g o t h e r Eriophyid i s a s e r i o u s p e s t o f r e d gram, c a u s i n g crop m i t e s i n a p o p u l a t i o n a s w e l l a s f o r v i r u s damage u p t o 50%. I n s e c t i c i d a l t r i a l s w i t h vector relationship studies. BHC and DDT showed t h a t 0.16% DDT is effective and economical treatment against Heliothis armigera. JOPLIN, C.E. 1975. Pulse c r o p s o f t h e w o r l d and t h e i r i m p o r • t a n t i n s e c t p e s t s . Pest Management Papers KOEHLAR, C . S . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1 9 7 1 . No. 1. May 1975. Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , Notes on t h e c o n t r o l and b i o l o g y of Helio• (Canada). 134 p p . 641 this armigera (Hub) on pigeonpea in Uganda. E . A f r . A g r i c . F o r . J . 36(3) : 2 9 6 - 2 9 7 . 646 Summarizes a g r o n o m i c , economic, and n u t r i • t i o n a l d a t a on 14 m a j o r s p e c i e s of p u l s e s . Observations showed that pods and seeds of I d e n t i f i e s t h e i n s e c t genera and s p e c i e s pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) were damaged by t h a t a r e i m p o r t a n t p e s t s o f p u l s e s . Three the larvae of H. armigera. The a d u l t common s p e c i e s of p e s t s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t o v i p o s i t e d o n t h e f l o w e r b u d s ; t h o r o u g h l y i n terms o f t h e i r b i o l o g y , w h i l e the young l a r v a e f e d e x c l u s i v e l y o n e c o l o g y , and c o n t r o l . A l s o d i s c u s s e s t h e t h e b u d s , the o l d e r ones f e d on t h e seeds s t a t u s and p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f p e s t manage• o f immature pods. The i n s e c t d i d n o t ment o n p u l s e c r o p s and s e v e r a l i n t e r n a • damage more than 50% of t h e seeds in any tionally important institutions that are p o d . E f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l was o b t a i n e d b y conducting such work. s p r a y i n g w i t h DDT or DDT + d i m e t h o a t e . F e n i t r o t h i o n was l e s s e f f e c t i v e , and carbaryl produced severe phytotoxic JOSHI, G. 1976. e f f e c t s . S t u d i e s o n t h e l a r v a e o f r i c e m o t h , Corayra aephalonioa ( S t a i n t o n ) in some o f t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a t t i t u d e s . KOONER, BANTSINGH., HARCHARAN SINGH, and Z. Angew. Zoo. 6 3 ( 4 ) : 4 5 1 - 4 5 6 . 642 K . B . SINGH. 1972. R e l a t i v e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f germplasm o f The a u t h o r d e s c r i b e s e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h pigeonpea a g a i n s t t u r pod f l y , Melanagro• l a r v a e of C. aephalonioa (Stnt.) infesting myza obtusa Malloch under field conditions. h a l f seeds of Cajanus c a j a n (indicus). P 1 . P r o t . B u l l . 2 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 7 - 1 8 . 647 The l a r v a e were seen t o b i n d t h e h a l f seeds t o g e t h e r w i t h s i l k e n t h r e a d s and Of 205 l i n e s , H-90, H-69, C-4240, H-107, l a t e r t o cement them s o t h a t they appeared CC-4229, H-111, N-165, H-290, H-250, H-254, l i k e whole d e c o r t i c a t e d s e e d s , and f e e d i n g CC-3444, CC-2851, CC-3342, and L-13 were occurred in both halves. Observations most r e s i s t a n t o n t h e b a s i s o f p e r c e n t a g e o n t h e i r p u p a t i o n and s p i n n i n g t h r e a d s o f i n f e s t e d pods and g r a i n s and w e i g h t a r e a l s o r e c o r d e d . r e d u c t i o n o f g r a i n s i n p o d s . The i n d i v i • d u a l r e a c t i o n o f each l i n e t o a t t a c k i s t a b u l a t e d .
86 Entomology
KORYTKOWSKI, C., and M. TORRES. 1966. (10%), d i s u l f o t o n (5%) and bux (10%) can be I n s e c t damaging c u l t u r e s o f pigeonpea safely adopted for package programs for red (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n P e r u . Revta P e r u . gram p r o d u c t i o n . E n t . A g r i c . 9 : 3 - 9 . 648
The pod b o r e r Elasmopalpus r u b e d i n e l l u s MOHAMED HANIFA, A . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN, ( Z e l l . ) Anaylostomia stercorea (Zell) and R . J . RABINDRA, T. SURULIVELU, and Heliothis viresoens (F) a r e s e r i o u s p e s t s P.P. VASUDEVA MENON. 1977. a t t a c k i n g t h i s c r o p i n P e r u . There are Comparative e f f i c a c y o f d u s t , s p r a y , and f o u r t e e n p e s t s r e p o r t e d w h i c h a t t a c k t h e g r a n u l a r f o r m u l a t i o n s o f i n s e c t i c i d e s i n pigeonpea c r o p and y i e l d l o s s e s i n some c o n t r o l l i n g t h e pod b o r e r s of r e d gram y e a r s a r e q u i t e h i g h . (C. oajan). I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . 5 ( 1 ) : 8 3 - 8 6 . 653 KUPPUSWAMY, S . , and T.R. SUBRAMANIAN. 1976. Two field experiments were conducted to S t u d i e s on t h e i m p r e g n a t i o n of gunny bags study the comparative efficacy of certain with certain organophosphorus insecticides. g r a n u l a r , s p r a y , and d u s t f o r m u l a t i o n s i n Bull. Grain Technol. 14(l):45-50. 649 c o n t r o l l i n g t h e pod b o r e r s of r e d gram c v S A - 1 . S o i l a p p l i c a t i o n o f a l d i c a r b Of f o u r i n s e c t i c i d e s t e s t e d a g a i n s t Callo- g r a n u l e s (once) 45 days a f t e r sowing at eobruohue ohinensis incidence on red gram 1.25 kg ai/ha or spraying of chlorphenami- (Cajanus c a j a n ) seeds in gunny bags d u r i n g d i n e 0 . 1 % or d u s t i n g of c a r b a r y l + BHC s t o r a g e f o r 4 months t h e s p r a y i n g of phoxim (Sevidol), carbophenothion and trichlorphon on one s i d e of gunny bags was the b e s t in at 1 kg a i / h a t w i c e at 15 days i n t e r v a l terms o f p e s t m o r t a l i t y and p r e v e n t i o n o f from the pod-formation stage increased the p e n e t r a t i o n b y b e e t l e s . yield of red gram and considerably reduced t h e pod b o r e r damage. LATEEF, S.S. 1977. A new hymenopteran p e s t Taraostigmodes s p . MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , and C.K. RAJAGOPALAN. (Hymenoptera: Taraostigmodae) recorded on 1 9 7 1 . pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) a t A c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y of t h e i n t e n s i t y of ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Trop. Grain i n f e s t a t i o n o f t h e pod f l y , Melanagromyza Legume B u l l . 7 : 6 . 650 (Agromyza) obtusa Malloch on different Taraostigmodes s p . , a new i n s e c t p e s t of v a r i e t i e s of r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n (Linn.). p i g e o n p e a , i s d e s c r i b e d . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 8 ( 1 1 ) : 8 4 2 - 8 4 3 . 654 Infestation was severe during the month of LAURENCE, G.A. 1 9 7 1 . November i n t h i s t r a c t . L a t e v a r i e t i e s I n s e c t p e s t s o f pigeonpea and t h e i r c o n • g e n e r a l l y escaped i n f e s t a t i o n . Maximum t r o l . J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 7 1 ( 4 ) : i n f e s t a t i o n of pods and g r a i n s was 38.6% 5 0 1 - 5 0 4 . 651 i n No. 1 1 4 1 , a n e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t y ; i n l a t e v a r i e t i e s i t ranged f r o m 2.5% t o B r i e f n o t e s a r e p r e s e n t e d o n t h e morphology 19.5%. of and damage caused by v a r i o u s i n s e c t p e s t s i n f e c t i n g pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) in T r i n i d a d and Tobago. Among t h e most ODAK, S . C . , B.V. DESHPANDE, and i m p o r t a n t i n s e c t s a r e t h e green l e a f hopper S.V. DHAMDHERE. 1968. (Empoasca fabilie), b l a c k a p h i d {Aphis Estimate of the damage caused by the plume oraooivora), t h e b e e t l e Oncideres amputa- moth (Exelaatie atomosa W.) and pod f l y tor, t h e p h y c i t i d Ancylostomia s t e r c o r e a , (Melanagromyza obtusa M.) t o t u r . J . C o l l . and t h e s p i d e r m i t e Tetranychus s p p . A g r i c , G w a l i o r 8 : 1 - 3 . 655 C o n t r o l measures a r e b r i e f l y o u t l i n e d . S t u d i e s a t G w a l i o r ( M . P . , I n d i a ) d u r i n g 1965-66 w i t h 1 0 v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea MOHAMED HANIFA, A . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN, and (Types-1, -87, -114, -157, -176, Gwalior 3, A. LEELA DAVID. 1974. Altair, Khargone-2, Hyderabad and Pusa) G r a n u l a r i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f i n d i c a t e d t h a t Type T-87 r e c o r d e d n o i n f e s • pod b o r e r s i n r e d gram. Madras A g r i c . J . t a t i o n by plume moths b u t had maximum l o s s 61(10-12):970-972. 652 i n w e i g h t o f g r a i n s due t o p o d f l y . H i g h e s t losses due to these two pests were 6.7 and Two f i e l d t r i a l s were conducted i n I n d i a 7.8 p e r c e n t of seed w e i g h t and t h e r e was no t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f s e v e r a l s o i l - apparent relationships with larval popula• a p p l i e d g r a n u l a r i n s e c t i c i d e s o n b o r e r tions, possibly due to the interaction by a t t a c k in pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . The varying' levels of host resistance. results suggest that granular mephosfolan Plgeonpea Bibliography
ODAK, S . C . , S.V. DHAMDHERE, and PANDIT, P.V. 1965. B.V. DESHPANDE. 1968. E f f e c t o f t i m e o f sowing and v a r i e t i e s o f New r e c o r d of Demarchus pubipennia J a c o b y , t u r o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f i t s major i n s e c t f e e d i n g o n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) . I n d i a n J . p e s t s , b i o - e c o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o n E x e l a s t i s E n t . 3 0 ( 4 ) : 3 2 3 . 656 atomosa Wlsm. (Pterophoridae : Lepidoptera), the t u r plume m o t h . 83 p p . P h . D . (1965) T h i s b e e t l e was r e c o r d e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa d u r i n g 1966 a t G w a l i o r ( M . P . ) , I n d i a . The Vidhyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, immature s t a g e s o f t h e b e e t l e s a r e f o u n d I n d i a . 660 f e e d i n g o n r o o t s and t h e a d u l t s damaging the l e a v e s by making a l a r g e number of i r r e g u l a r homes on t h e l e a v e s . Due to t h e PARMANIK, L . M . , and A . C . BASU. 1968. i n j u r y caused b y t h e g r u b s , t h e p l a n t s Record of two i n s e c t p e s t s of pigeonpea s t a r t d r y i n g a t a n e a r l y s t a g e . (Cajanus cajan) in West Bengal. Indian Agric. 11(2):145-147. 661
ORIAN, A . T . E . 1962. The l i f e c y c l e i s d e s c r i b e d o f Eucosma Pest c o n t r o l recommendations made by t h e critica, a serious pest of pigeonpea D i v i s i o n o f Entomology o f t h e Department o f (Cajanus cajan) and of Oxyrhaahis tarandus, A g r i c u l t u r e , M a u r i t i u s . Rev. A g r i c . S u c . a pest of pigeonpea and of the shade trees M a u r i c e . 41(2) : 8 7 - 1 1 6 . 657 Albizzia odorotissima and A. lebbeck. Damage of E. critica is h i g h e s t in J u l y and The following crops are considered: beans A u g u s t , and of 0, t a r a n d u s at t h e end of and o t h e r leguminous p l a n t s , s u g a r - b e e t , October. Parasites associated with cabbage, c a s s a v a , p l g e o n p e a , E n g l i s h p o t a t o , E . c r i t i c a were r e a r e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and sweet p o t a t o . and identified as Apanteles taragamal.
PAL, S.K. 1972. PAWAR, A . D . , and O.P. BHALLA. 1975. A n o t e on l e a f w e e v i l . Cyrtozemia cognata Occurrence of H e l i o t h i s amrigera (Hubner) Marshall (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) as a s e r i o u s p e s t of ' a r h a r ' in Himachal infesting kharif crops of dryland farming. Pradesh. Entomologists' Newsletter Ann. Arid Zone. 11(1-2):132. 658 5 ( 4 ) : 2 4 . 662 The l e a f w e e v i l Cyrtozemia cognata M a r s h a l l The c a t e r p i l l a r s on Cajanus aajan were was a l s o n o t i c e d on Cajanus c a j a n , a new observed during August-October. They h o s t f o r t h i s p e s t . The a c t i v i t y o f t h e defoliated the tender part of the plant pest was maximum during morning and evening i n t h e e a r l i e r stages b u t l a t e r bored t h e h o u r s . Two s p r a y s , a t 1 0 d a y s ' i n t e r v a l , pods. I n some f i e l d s t h e i n f e s t a t i o n o f of 0.03% Phosphamidan were effective in t h i s p e s t was so much t h a t h a r d l y a few controlling the pest. pods on a p l a n t were l e f t u n a t t a c k e d .
PANCHABHAVI, K.S., G. THIMMAIAH, and PAWAR, V . M . , and M.D. JAWALE. 1977. K . S . MUTALIK DESAI. 1972. A n o t e on the performance of e a r l y m a t u r i n g Report o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f A l c i d e s c o l l a r i s v a r i e t i e s of a r h a r a g a i n s t damage by pod Pascoe. (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) on b o r e r s . Res. B u l l . MAU. 1 ( 8 ) : r e d gram a t Dharwar. S c i . C u l t . 3 8 ( 7 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 2 8 . 663 325-326. 659 Type-21 showed lowest percentage incidence The i n s e c t was i d e n t i f i e d as Aleidee of pod b o r e r s . Pant A-3 was damaged most collarie, w h i c h i s d i r t y w h i t e i n c o l o r b y a l l t h e b o r e r s . Prabhat showed l o w e s t w i t h a p a l e brown h e a d ; a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p • damage b y pod f l y . A t d r y - p o d s t a g e t h e t i o n i s g i v e n . T h i s g r u b , s c r a t c h i n g t h e varieties with determinate plant type such stem p o r t i o n j u s t below t h e ground l e v e l , as Prabhat and Pant A-3 s u f f e r e d h e a v i l y e n t e r s t h e stem and feeds on t h e t e n d e r f r o m pod b o r e r s . stem i n s i d e ; as a r e s u l t , a g a l l is formed a t t h e ground l e v e l . There i s n o s i g n o f damage above t h e ground l e v e l . The damage PUTTARUDRAIAH, M. 1947. ranges f r o m 95 to 9 8 2 . Some observations on the biology and habits of r e d gram (Cajanus indicus) f l o w e r bud b o r e r (E u p r o c t i s s c i n t i l l a n s ) . Mysore A g r i c . J . 2 4 : 2 0 - 2 4 . 664
A s e r i o u s p e s t on r e d gram, Euproctia s c i n - tillane W., la a moth b e l o n g i n g to t h e group o f t u s s o c k moths o f t h e f a m i l y
88 Entomology
Limantridae. Unlike the other leaf-eating The g r a i n l o s s as a r e s u l t of damage by c a t e r p i l l a r s o f t h i s g r o u p , t h i s one was Melanagromyza obtusa, E x e l a s t i s atomoaa, f o u n d to b o r e in and feed m o s t l y upon buds and Bruchus s p . was e s t i m a t e d i n e i g h t and f l o w e r s of r e d gram. A s t u d y of t h e v a r i e t i e s . The t o t a l l o s s was l o w e s t i n b i o l o g y and l i f e h i s t o r y o f t h i s i n s e c t o n Type 148. t h e r e d gram c r o p has r e v e a l e d c e r t a i n marked peculiarities. RAWAT, R.R., ZILE SINGH, and S.S. JAKHMOLA. 1969. RAINA, A . K . 1 9 7 1 . E f f e c t o f i n f e s t a t i o n o f b l o s s o m - t h r i p s o n O b s e r v a t i o n s o n b r u c h i d s a s f i e l d p e s t s o f pod setting in pigeonpea, Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . E n t . 3 3 : 1 9 4 - 1 9 7 . 665 M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 9 ( 9 ) : 6 2 3 - 6 2 5 . 670 I t was observed t h a t t h e b e e t l e s o f Callo• aobruohua ahineneis, after developing insiie I n comparison t o the pod f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p o d s , f a i l e d t o f i n d t h e i r way o u t and p l a n t s t r e a t e d t w i c e a t weekly i n t e r v a l s consequently died inside the pods. w i t h a 1:1 m i x t u r e of d i m e t h o a t e 0.03% and e n d r i n 0.02% a t t h e r a t e o f 750 l i t e r s per h e c t a r e , a r e d u c t i o n of 36.0% in pod f o r m • RAJAGOPALAN, C . L . K . , and J . P . DEVAKUMAR. ation was observed in the untreated plants 1965. as a r e s u l t of i n f e s t a t i o n by b l o s s o m - Preliminary studies on the infestation of t h r i p s . Agromyza obtusa Mall, in red gram (Cajanus c a j a n (Linn.) Millsp.). Madras Agric. J. 5 2 ( 8 ) : 3 4 5 - 3 4 6 . 666 REGUPATHY, A . , and R. RATHNASWAMY. 1970. S t u d i e s o n c o m p a r a t i v e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f Of 15 v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d , l a t e - m a t u r i n g seeds of c e r t a i n r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n varieties had the lowest pod and seed ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) v a r i e t i e s t o p u l s e b e e t l e , infestation. Callosobruohus c h i n e n s i s L. ( B r u c h i d a e : C o l e o p t e r a ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 7 ( 2 ) : RAMAKRISHNAN, C, and P.S. NARAYANASWAMY. 1 0 6 - 1 0 9 . 671 1964. Of 18 v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d , P-653 , P L S - 2 0 1 , I n s e c t i c i d a l c o n t r o l o f t h e p u l s e b e e t l e , P-642, P-1066, T - 1 7 , and MS-9537 were (Bruchus theobromae L.) on r e d gram. comparatively resistant though not immune. Madras Agric. J. 51(1):30-31. 667 Resistance was associated with large seeds. For e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f t h e p u l s e b e e t l e Seed c o l o r , seed volume, seed h a r d n e s s , on r e d gram, t r e a t m e n t w i t h toxaphene 10% and e a r l i n e s s were n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d u s t t h r e e times a t t r i w e e k l y i n t e r v a l s resistance. commencing from the t i m e o f f l o w e r i n g , i s b e s t f o r i n c r e a s e d y i e l d s and t o t a l mone• SAHARIA, D . , and B. DATTA. 1975. t a r y r e t u r n f r o m t h e c r o p . C o n t r o l of Heliooverpa armigera HB; a s e r i o u s p e s t of Arhar (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) RANE, A . E . , and Y . M . TALEY. 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 . i n Assam. P e s t i c i d e s 9 ( 8 ) : 3 4 - 3 5 . 672 F i e l d t r i a l w i t h i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r the The e f f i c a c y o f e n d o s u l f a n , c a r b a r y l , and c o n t r o l o f p e s t s o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) . m a l a t h i o n , each a t t h r e e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 6 : 2 0 - 2 1 . 668 a g a i n s t H. avmigera infesting pigeonpea All the treatments tested were significant• v a r . A g e t i (S-5) was s t u d i e d . The l e a s t l y s u p e r i o r t o t h e check and a l l o f them mean percentage infestation of pods and gave good c o n t r o l of Exelastis atomosa, the maximum yields were obtained with Catoohrysops s t r a b o , F. and H e l i o t h i s endosulfan. However, because endosulfan armigera; Trithion and Aldrln were found i s h i g h l y t o x i c , a c o n t r o l s c h e d u l e c o n s i s • t o b e c o m p a r a t i v e l y l e s s e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t t i n g o f t h r e e s p r a y s , f i r s t w i t h e n d o s u l f a n H e l i o t h i s damage and Catoohrysops atrabo F. (28 g a . i . /100 L w a t e r ) , t h e second w i t h respectively. m a l a t h i o n (50 g a . i . / l O O L w a t e r ) and t h e t h i r d w i t h c a r b a r y l (50 g a . i . / l O O L w a t e r ) , a p p l i e d a t 15-day i n t e r v a l s , has been RAWAT, R . R . , and S . S . JAKHMOLA. 1967. s u g g e s t e d . E s t i m a t i o n o f l o s s e s i n g r a i n y i e l d i n d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) b y pod f l y , plume m o t h , p u l s e b e e t l e and SANGAPPA, H.K., and E.S. BALARAJU. 1977. o t h e r means. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 4 ( 1 1 ) : A n o t e on Calloaobruohua o h i n e n a i s Linnaeus 6 0 1 - 6 0 2 . 669 as field pest of red gram (Cajanus c a j a n Sprengal.). Curr. Res. 6:105-106. 673
89 Plgeonpea Bibliography
I t was observed t h a t t h e green and y e l l o w invisible without the aid of a binocular pods are t h e main source o f f i e l d i n f e s t a - microscope — and i s p a l e f l e s h t o orange t i o n . H i g h e s t number o f eggs were l a i d o n in color. Virus-vector relationship and. t h e green p o d s , f o l l o w e d b y y e l l o w , d r y , host range is further investigated. and t e n d e r p o d s . The emergence of b e e t l e s t h r o u g h a c i r c u l a r h o l e was a l s o o b s e r v e d . SINHA, M . M . , R.P. YADAV, and A. KUMAR. 1977. SAVALIA, B.M. 1 9 7 1 . E v a l u a t i o n o f some i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r t h e Some s t u d i e s on b i o n o m i c s and c o n t r o l of control of plume moth (Exelasatis atomosa Tur plume moth (Triohoptilus congrualis Walshe) and pod f l y (Melanagromyza obtusa W a l l e r ) under Junagadh c o n d i t i o n s . M.Sc. M a l l o c h ) on r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n ) . (1971) Thesis. Gujarat Agricultural Pesticides ll(3):29-30. 678 University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India. 67A The r e d gram crop s u f f e r s heavy l o s s e s f r o m t h e a t t a c k s o f t h e pod b o r e r s SAXENA, H.P. 1974. E, atomosa and M. obtusa. In f i e l d t r i a l s Severe and widespread o c c u r r e n c e of Maruaa conducted to evaluate some insecticides, t e s t u l a l i s Geyer in r e d g r a m , Cajanus c a j a n . two rounds of t r e a t m e n t s were g i v e n , one Entomologists' Newsletter 4(3) :21. 675 a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f pod f o r m a t i o n and another 14 days later. Monocrotophos T h i s i s a f i r s t r e c o r d o f t h e o c c u r r e n c e i n (Nuvacron) at the rate of 0.5 kg a.i./ha n o r t h e r n I n d i a of Maruaa teetulalie Geyer, e f f e c t i v e l y checked t h e i n c i d e n c e o f a severe p e s t of legumes in p e n i n s u l a r E. atomosa, w h i l e q u i n a l p h o s ( E k a l u x ) at s t a t e s . Red gram v a r i e t i e s were s e v e r e l y 0.6 kg a.i./ha dimethoate (Rogor) at a t t a c k e d . A l l e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s 0.5 kg a.i./ha and endosulfan (Thiodan) at s u f f e r e d b a d l y due t o t h i s p e s t ; v a r i e t i e s w i t h a l a r g e number of f l o w e r s and compact 0.8 kg a.i./ha proved equally efficacious i n f l o r e s c e n c e f o r m i n g a canopy s u f f e r e d i n r e d u c i n g pod f l y damage o n e a r l y and more t h a n those w i t h fewer f l o w e r buds o r late varieties of red gram, respectively. more spread i n f l o r e s c e n c e . H y b r i d l i n e s h a v i n g e i t h e r S-5 ( A g e t i ) or P r a b h a t as a SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , S . S . L . KATIYAR, and d o n o r , were v e r y s e v e r e l y damaged by Maruaa K.M. SRIVASTAVA. 1971. l a r v a e . Two o t h e r i n s e c t s t h a t were a l s o Damage of Agromyza dbtuea Malloch (Diptera: observed webbing the buds, flowers and Agromyzidae) to Cajanus c a j a n L i n n . c r o p . d e v e l o p i n g pods of r e d gram were Anarsia Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 9 ( l ) : 7 1 - 7 3 . 679 epiphippias M e y r i c k and Adieura atkineoni Moore. The t u r pod f l y , Agromyza obtuaa M. is a s e r i o u s p e s t o f a r h a r c r o p s . The p e r c e n t • age i n f e s t a t i o n of pods and g r a i n s of SAXENA, H.P. 1976. C. oajan L. damaged by t h i s p e s t v a r i e d H a r v e s t a r i c h c r o p o f a r h a r t h r o u g h p e s t from 31.83 to 44.25 and 12.59 to 28.83 on c o n t r o l . Fmr P a r l i a m . 1 1 ( 6 ) : 1 9 , T - 2 1 v a r i e t y ; 28.16 t o 30.50 and 7.97 t o 2 9 - 3 0 . 676 12.90 on T-7 v a r i e t y ; 26.33 to 34.75 and 10.20 t o 13.70 o n T-27 v a r i e t y , r e s p e c t i v e • Emphasizes the importance of arhar and the l y . The r e s u l t s o f t h e survey i n d i c a t e d need f o r p e s t c o n t r o l t o o b t a i n h i g h e r c l e a r l y t h a t a l l t h r e e v a r i e t i e s — T - 2 1 , g r a i n y i e l d s . L i s t s t h r e e main p e s t s : T - 7 , and T-27 — a r e h e a v i l y a t t a c k e d by s t e m f l y , j a s s l d s , and b o r e r s . Groups a r h a r A. obtuaa M . , c a u s i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e crop v a r i e t i e s i n t o e a r l y , medium, and l a t e - l o s s . m a t u r i n g t y p e s and n o t e s t h a t w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s t h e i n c i d e n c e o f p o d - b o r e r s i s i n c r e a s i n g . SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , and J . L . SRIVASTAVA. 1966. I n s e c t l c l d a l t r i a l s a g a i n s t Agromyza obtuaa SETH, M.L. 1962. M . ( D i p t e r a : A g r o m l z i d a e ) . Labdev. J . T r a n s m i s s i o n o f plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y b y a n Sci. T e c h n o l . 4 : 1 3 3 - 1 3 5 . 680 Eriophyid mite. Indian Phytopath. 1 5 : 2 2 5 - 2 2 7 . 677 T r i a l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t i n s e c t i c i d e s c a r r i e d o u t a g a i n s t A r h a r (Cajanue oajan) pod The Eriophyid m i t e , b e l o n g to t h e o r d e r b o r e r (Agromyza o b t u s a ) indicated that A c a r l n a and o c c u r r i n g on plgeonpea, a c t s as e n d r i n (0.16Z) a t 900 l i t e r s p e r h e c t a r e a v e c t o r o f t h e v i r u s c a u s i n g s t e r i l i t y was found e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h i s mosaic d i s e a s e . The m i t e remains b u r i e d i n p e s t . between t h e h a i r s o n t h e under s u r f a c e o f t h e l e a v e s . I t i s m i n u t e i n s i z e —
90 Entomology
SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , and J . L . SRIVASTAVA. P l a n t s showed huge g a l l s at t h e base of 1 9 7 1 . stems. A new r e c o r d on t h i s c r o p . Damage I n c i d e n c e of Agromyza obtuea M. in d i f f e • v e r y s e v e r e , p l a n t s remained s t u n t e d i n r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r . B i e t . E n t . growth. Characteristics of the insect E n t o m o l . 2 1 : 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 . 681 a r e a l s o g i v e n . The maximum i n c i d e n c e of A. o b t u s a ( p u l s e c r o p p e s t ) was r e c o r d e d d u r i n g December i n SURULIVELU, T . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN, e a r l y v a r i e t i e s and d u r i n g March i n l a t e P . P . VASUDEVA MENON, and R . J . RABINDRA. v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus cajan. 1977. E f f i c a c y o f c e r t a i n i n s e c t i c i d e s i n t h e SRIVASTAVA, B.K. 1964. c o n t r o l of redgram pod b o r e r s . Madras Pests o f p u l s e c r o p s . In: Entomology i n Agric. J. 64(1):54-56. 688 I n d i a . New D e l h i : E S I . 8 3 - 9 1 . 682 Among all the treatments endosulfan recorded the minimum pod borer damage A r e v i e w o f I n d i a n work o n p e s t s o f d i f f e • under Coimbatore, India conditions, while r e n t p u l s e crops i n c l u d i n g p i g e o n p e a . monocrotophos, fenitrothion, endosulfan, and phosalone registered high yields. SRIVASTAVA, O.S. 1972. E s t i m a t i o n o f l o s s i n T - 2 1 v a r i e t y o f a r h a r TAYLOR, T . , and AJIBOLA. 1973. (Cajanus cajan L i n n . ) due t o t u r pod f l y Crop protection and legume production in (Melanagromyza obtusa M a l l o c h ) . I n d i a n J. West A f r i c a . J . Assoc. Advan. A g r i c . S e c t . E n t . 3 4 ( l ) : 8 2 - 8 3 . 683 A f r i c a . l ( S u p p l ) : 5 - 8 . 689 The average p e r c e n t a g e o f i n f e s t a t i o n o f The significance of crop protection in pod and g r a i n and o f l o s s i n w e i g h t a t legume production in West Africa is medium m a t u r i t y was 3 4 . 5 , 2 9 . 8 , and 6 3 . 4 , reviewed and discussed. Cowpea, pigeonpea, and a t h a r v e s t 2 9 . 1 , 3 0 . 8 , and 4 3 . 7 , and soybean yields have been considerably r e s p e c t i v e l y . The p e r c e n t a g e pod i n f e s t • i n c r e a s e d b y t h e e f f e c t i v e use o f p e s t i • a t i o n and l o s s i n w e i g h t was h i g h e r a t cides and management methods to control an medium m a t u r i t y t h a n a t h a r v e s t , whereas a r r a y o f i n s e c t s a t t a c k i n g v a r i o u s p l a n t t h e g r a i n i n f e s t a t i o n was h i g h e r a t h a rv e s t . parts. Present results are satisfactory b u t f u r t h e r economy i n p r o d u c t i v i t y and SRIVASTAVA, O.S. 1974. i n c r e a s e s i n y i e l d may b e r e a l i z e d b y Chemical c o n t r o l o f t h e t u r l e a f c a t e r • p e s t / c r o p management programs and use of p i l l a r , E u c e l i s critica Meyr. I n d i a n J . improved c u l t i v a r s . F u t u r e s t r a t e g y f o r E n t o m o l . 3 6 ( 4 ) : 3 5 9 - 3 6 0 . 684 p e s t c o n t r o l s h o u l d be based on a f u n d a • m e n t a l knowledge o f t h e phenology o f t h e S p r a y i n g w i t h e i t h e r d i m e t h o a t e o r endo- c u l t i v a r s o f g r a i n legumes, t h e i r p l a n t / s u l f a n and d u s t i n g w i t h c a r b a r y l p r o v i d e d pest r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and a c o m b i n a t i o n of e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f t u r l e a f c a t e r p i l l a r . pesticide application and crop improvement and management. STOCKDALE, F. 1 9 1 1 . A n i n s e c t p e s t o f p i g e o n p e a . J . B d A g r i c . THAKUR, D. 1964. B r . Guiana. 4 C 4 ) : 2 3 9 . 685 Study o f t h e b i o l o g y and c o n t r o l o f t u r plume moth, Exelastis atomosa W a l s . SUBRAMANIAN, T . R . 1958. (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae). M.Sc. Glyriaidia maculata as an alternate host (1964) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i f o r Ceuthorhynchus asperulus F a u s t . Madras Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, A g r i c . J . 4 5 ( 1 1 ) : 4 1 9 . 686 I n d i a . 690 The f i r s t r e c o r d o f a n a l t e r n a t e h o s t f o r t h i s p e s t , commonly known as r e d gram bud THEVASAGAYAM, E . S . , and L . S . C . CANAGASINGHAM. w e e v i l and f o u n d o n l y o n r e d gram. B i o l o g y 1960. o f t h e i n s e c t was s t u d i e d . Some o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e i n s e c t p e s t s of d h a l (Cajanus cajan) and t h e i r c o n t r o l . T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 1 1 6 ( 4 ) : 2 8 7 - 2 9 8 . 691 SUBRAMANIAN, T . R . , and S. VENUGOPAL. 1959. A n o t e on t h e o c c u r r e n c e of Colobodes The major p e s t o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g t h e maha d o l i o h o t i s Marchall, on red gram at (wet) season and o f t h e y a l a ( d r y ) season C o i m b a t o r e . Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 4 ) : a r e d i s c u s s e d . T r i a l s o n t h e c o n t r o l o f 139. 687 p e s t s r e v e a l e d t h a t d i e l d r i n and e n d r i n
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were v e r y e f f e c t i v e , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g VENKATA SESHU REDDY, K. 1973. t h e wet season. Studies on the gram caterpillar, Heliothie armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o i t s b i o l o g y , VAISHAMPAYAN, S . M . , and Z. SINGH. 1969. h o s t p r e f e r e n c e and e s t i m a t i o n o f l o s s i n Comparative e f f e c t i v e n e s s of some modern red gram. 120 pp. Ph.D. (1973) Thesis. insecticides against the blossom thrips of U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s , redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 696 I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 9 ( 1 ) : 5 2 - 5 6 . 692
Comparative experiments with insecticides VERMA, B.K., and M.K.H. SIDDIQUI. 1977. f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h r i p s , Frankliniella C o n t r o l o f s t o r a g e p e s t s t h r o u g h i n e r t aulphurea and T a e n i o t h r i p s nigriaornis, d u s t . I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 5 ) : 2 1 . 697 i n f e s t i n g f l o w e r s o f p i g e o n p e a s , were c a r r i e d o u t i n I n d i a . O f t h e e m u l s i o n Several inert dusts, such as attapulgite, s p r a y s e v a l u a t e d , t h e t r e a t m e n t s w i t h benotonite, kaolinite, and silicious earth d i m e t h o a t e , e n d r i n , and e n d o s u l f a n were c o l l e c t e d f r o m v a r i o u s p l a c e s o f I n d i a t h e most e f f e c t i v e . were tested against storage pests including b e e t l e (Calloeobruchus chinensis). Pulses treated with 0.3% attapulgite powder were VAKMA, B.K., and MANGALASAIN. 1977. f r e e o f p u l s e b e e t l e a t t a c k . Daeyahira mendoea and Hb. (Lepidoptera : Lymantridae) a p e s t of Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . i n Hyderabad. I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . VERMA, SHASHI. 1975. 5 ( l ) : 9 5 - 9 8 . 693 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e r e s i d u e s o f p h o r a t e (systemic insecticide) and endosulfan A s u r v e y o f t u r (C. ca j a n ) r e v e a l e d h i g h (contact insecticide) during the develop• i n f e s t a t i o n o f c a t e r p i l l a r s o f daeyahira ment of moong and a r h a r p l a n t s . Entomolo• mendoea f e e d i n g o n t h e l e a v e s o f t h i s c r o p . g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 5 ( 2 ) : 7 - 8 . 698 The c a t e r p i l l a r s of D. mendoea made t h e i r f i r s t appearance o n t h e t u r c r o p a t t h e The l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s showed t h a t beginning of October and continued until p h o r a t e had s l i g h t h o r i z o n t a l movement i n t h e end o f November. The l i f e h i s t o r y o f s o i l b u t i t s u p t a k e b y t h e p l a n t s f r o m t h e t h e p e s t , n a t u r e o f damage i t c a u s e s , and t r e a t e d s o i l was v e r y f a s t . T o x i c i t y control measures are discussed. a g a i n s t j a s s i d s p e r s i s t e d f o r 4 0 t o 5 0 days and a g a i n s t t h r i p s f o r 33 and 43 days on mung and a r h a r crops r e s p e c t i v e l y . VEDA, O . P . , M.L. PUROHIT, and N.K. SOOD. Basal l e a f was s l i g h t l y more t o x i c t h a n 1975. the top leaf of both plants. Varietal susceptibility of arhar {Cajanu8 aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) to Melanagromyza obtuaa M a l l . ; Exelaetie atomosa Wlsm. and VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1968. Heliothie armigera Hub. JNKW Res. J. Dissipation of endosulfan on mung and 9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 7 - 9 . 694 a r h a r c r o p s . I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . 4 ( 1 ) : 2 4 - 3 1 . 699 Of 164 e n t r i e s e v a l u a t e d on pod b a s i s , no strain was completely free from infestation The importance of assessing residues of by these i n s e c t s . Pod f l y was observed t o x i c m a t e r i a l s i s emphasized. The a s t h e most s e r i o u s p e s t , c a u s i n g t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f e n d o s u l f a n i n descending maximum percentage of damaged grains o r d e r was w i n t e r a r h a r , summer mung, and (38.95). Based on pod and grain infection, monsoon mung. V a r i e t y had no e f f e c t on t h e t h e l i n e P-54(b) was f o u n d l e a s t s u s c e p t • dissipation of endosulfan. i b l e t o pod f l y . VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1975. VEERASWAMY, R. 1959. P e r s i s t e n c e of p h o r a t e on mung and a r h a r I n f l u e n c e o f e a r l y sowings o n t h e i n c i d e n c e crops. Entomologists' Newsletter of "Red gram pod f l y " (Agromyza obtuaa 5 ( 3 ) : 2 1 . 700 M a l l . ) o n r e d gram (Cajanus i n d i c u s P h o r a t e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t S p r e n g ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 3 ) : g a l e r u c i d b e e t l e , Madurasia obecurella, 9 9 - 1 0 0 . 695 infesting leaves, and stem fly, Melanagro• The e x t e n t of damage by r e d gram pod f l y myza phaeeoli Tyron, infesting stems, in can b e e f f e c t i v e l y reduced b y i n t r o d u c i n g the early stage of the crops. certain suitable modifications in the red grant c r o p p i n g p r o g r a m .
92 Entomology
VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1975. l o s s i n g r a i n w e i g h t were 68.03 and 66.23%, P e r s i s t e n c e of e n d o s u l f a n on 'mung' and respectively. ' a r h a r ' c r o p s . E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 5 ( 4 ) : 2 5 . 701 WALTON, R.R. 1 9 6 1 - 6 2 . P e r s i s t e n c e o f e n d o s u l f a n r e s i d u e s has been C o n t r o l of t u r plume moth Exelastis s t u d i e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e c h e m i c a l f r o m t h e atomoea. Report of A g r e s c o . 1 9 6 1 - 6 2 . 705 c r o p - p r o t e c t i o n and s a f e t y a n g l e s . Endo• s u l f a n at 0.7% was a p p l i e d at 500 to 700 WILLIAMS, I . H . 1977. l i t r e s / h a . a t t h e pod f o r m a t i o n s t a g e . The Behavior of insects foraging on pigeonpea r e s i d u e s o f e n d o s u l f a n i n l e a v e s and pods (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n I n d i a . were below t o l e r a n c e l i m i t ( 0 . 5 ppm) i n T r o p . A g r i c . 5 4 : 3 5 3 - 3 6 3 . 706 about 10 and 8 days in a r h a r and below d e t e c t a b l e l i m i t a t h a r v e s t . The p e r s i s • The b e h a v i o r o f i n s e c t s v i s i t i n g t h e tence of endosulfan in descending order f l o w e r s o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . i s was arhar, summer mung, and monsoon mung. described. Although insects of many orders E n d o s u l f a n gave 50% k i l l o f j a s s i d s f o r were c a p t u r e d on t h e f l o w e r s , bees a n d , about 3 to 5 days on mung and a r h a r and i n p a r t i c u l a r , Megaahile s p p . were p r o b a b l y was s i g n i f i c a n t l y e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t pod responsible for most cross-pollination b o r e r s . t h a t o c c u r r e d . Megaahile s p p . and Apis dorsata Fab. d i s c r i m i n a t e d between a cultivar with flowers of normal structure VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1975. and one w i t h f l o w e r s of a m o d i f i e d E f f e c t o f p h o r a t e and e n d o s u l f a n t r e a t m e n t s s t r u c t u r e . on g r o w t h parameters of mung and a r h a r crops. Entomologists' Newsletter 5 ( 8 - 9 ) : 4 1 - 4 2 . 702 YADAV, D. 1967. Field evaluation of different insecticides P h o r a t e was a p p l i e d a t 1.5 k g a . i . / h a i n against thrips, Taeniothrips distalis Karny s o i l a t sowing t i m e and 0.07% e n d o s u l f a n o f r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). was a p p l i e d at 500 to 800 L/ha at p o d - M.Sc. (1967) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru formation stage. The combination of K r i s h i Viswa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya phorate and endosulfan when applied accord• P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 707 i n g t o s c h e d u l e gave b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t Heliothis armigera Hubner and Exelastie atomosa Walsingham and signifi• YADAV, H . S . , G.A. GANGRADE, and S.S. JAKHMOLA. c a n t l y more pods t h a n w i t h t h e i n s e c t i c i d e s 1974. individually. Note on the relationship between thrips and p o d - s e t t i n g i n t h e f l o w e r s o f p i g e o n p e a . Indian J. Agric. Sci. 44(8) :555-556. 708 VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1976. P e r s i s t e n c e o f p h o r a t e i n s o i l and i n Two s p e c i e s of t h r i p s , Frankliniella p l a n t s d u r i n g t h e development of mung and 8ulphurea Schmutz, and T a e n i o t h r i p s nigri- a r h a r c r o p s . I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . c o r n i s Schmutz were n o t e d v i s i t i n g f l o w e r s 4 ( l ) : 1 5 - 2 3 . 703 of pigeonpea when t h e buds began to u n f o l d , d e s e r t i n g them o n l y a f t e r t h e i n i t i a t i o n P h o r a t e was more p e r s i s t e n t in summer t h a n of pod development. Significant differen• i n t h e monsoon. V a r i e t i e s o f mung had n o ces were noticed in the development of pods e f f e c t o n t h e d i s s i p a t i o n o f p h o r a t e i n i n r e l a t i o n t o d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f t h r i p s s o i l and i n p l a n t s d u r i n g b o t h t h e seasons. p o p u l a t i o n . Absence o f t h r i p s was n o t D i f f e r e n t crops of mung and a r h a r have conducive to pod-setting. A moderate a f f e c t e d t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f i n s e c t i c i d e population of thrips (23 to 150/10 flowers) b o t h i n s o i l and p l a n t s . was p r o b a b l y b e n e f i c i a l t o f e r t i l i z a t i o n and pod-setting. VISHAKANTAIAH, M . , M. JAYARAMAIAH, and B . L . VISWESWARA GOWDA. 1973. YASEEN, M. 1975. O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t u r pod f l y , Melanagvomyza A f u r t h e r n o t e o n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f o b t u s a Malloch. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in H e l i o t h i s p a r a s i t e s i n t o t h e l e s s e r Mysore. C u r r . Res. 2 ( 8 ) : 6 2 . 704 Antilles. PANS 21(2):155-157. 709 The p e s t appeared in s e v e r e f o r m c a u s i n g Tvichogrammatoidae armigera, Compolitie s u b s t a n t i a l damage t o t h e g r a i n s . The c h l o r o d a e a and Eucelatoria s p p . were s e n t average I n f e s t a t i o n o f pod f l y was 89.28%. t o t h e l e s s e r A n t i l l e s i n a n e f f o r t t o A maximum of s i x pupae were observed in a establish biological control of H e l i o t h i s s i n g l e p o d . The damage to t h e g r a i n s and
93 Plgeonpea Bibliography
a r m i g e r a . The success o r o t h e r w i s e o f t h e BHATNAGAR, P . S . 1955. r e l e a s e has n o t y e t been e s t a b l i s h e d . The B r e e d i n g improved a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n importance o f t h e p e s t w a r r a n t s f u r t h e r Mlllsp.) in Uttar Pradesh. Agric. Anim. introductions. Husb. Uttar Pradesh 6(2-3):38-41. 716
A h i s t o r i c a l account of C. c a j a n improve- ZALAVADIA, R.V. 1 9 7 1 . ment by selection, initiated in 1932, with Some s t u d i e s on bionomics and c o n t r o l of headquarters at the Government Research P u l s e b e e t l e (Callosobruchus m a c u l a t u s Farm, Kanpur. Hybridization to develop F a b r i c u s ) under s t o r a g e c o n d i t i o n s o f v a r i e t i e s combining h i g h y i e l d and l a r g e S a u r a s h t r a a r e a . M.Sc. (1971) T h e s i s . seeds was to be u n d e r t a k e n . Gujarat Agricultural University, Junagadh, G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 710 BHATNAGAR, P . S . , P.K. SENGUPTA, L . C . GANGWAR, J . K . SAXENA, and KUMAR, V. 1967. A f a s c i a t e d mutant i n p l g e o n p e a . S c i . C u l t . 3 3 : 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 . 717 T h i s mutant of Cajanus c a j a n has p u r p l e GENETICS coloration and curved stems; the branches a r e f u s e d w i t h the main stem a t t h e p o i n t of emergence. Some p l a n t s showed f a s c i a - AHIRRAO, S.N. 1973. t i o n of stem and branches and some of t h e G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea (Cajdnue c a j a n main stem o n l y . Many f l o w e r buds were (L.) Millsp.). 145 pp. M.Sc.(1973) Thesis. produced b u t t h e r e was 11% p o l l e n s t e r i l i t y Mahatma Phule K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , in the flower. Selfing fasciated plants M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 711 and crosses with normal D-419-2 and T-163 showed fasciation to be recessive.
BAINIWAL, CHAJU RAM. 1972. S t u d i e s o n t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s o f CHAUDHARI, A.N. 1973. a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . V , 5 6 . G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n v i p . M.Sc. (1972) T h e s i s . Haryana A g r i • (L.) Mlllsp.). 112pp. M.Sc. (1973) T h e s i s . cultural University, Hissar, Haryana, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, I n d i a . 712 Maharashtra, India. 718
BEOHAR, A . B . L . , and P.K. NIGAM. 1972. CHAUDHARI, A.N., and M.V. THOMBRE. 1975. C o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n a r h a r , Cajanus c a j a n G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p l g e o n p e a . Creeping ( L . ) M l l l s p . JNKVV Res. J . 6 ( 1 ) : 5 8 . 713 3-2-8 x p u r p l e g r a i n e d . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 0 - 1 4 . 719 In trials with high-yielding late-maturing plgeonpea c v G w a l i o r - 3 , seed y i e l d p e r Inheritance of different morphological p l a n t was h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d ( p o s i t i v e l y ) c h a r a c t e r s i n plgeonpea such a s h a b i t o f w i t h t h e number o f branches per p l a n t . g r o w t h ( 3 : 1 ) , raw pod c o l o r ( 4 9 : 1 5 ) , There was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between v e i n c o l o r ( 2 1 : 4 3 ) , and seedcoat c o l o r number of branches and number of pods per ( 3 : 1 ) has been r e p o r t e d . The f a c t o r f o r p l a n t . g r o w t h h a b i t (Egh) and raw pod c o l o r ( B l p d l ) was found t o a s s o r t i n d e p e n d e n t l y . L i n k a g e v a l u e s between t h e genes Drv BHANGARE, A . D . 1 9 7 1 . ( v e i n c o l o r ) and P l s d (seedcoat c o l o r ) have G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n been worked o u t and a s i n g l e l i n k a g e group (L.) Mlllsp.). 141 pp. M.Sc. (1971) Thesis. has been s u g g e s t e d . Mahatma Phule K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 714 CHAUDHARI, A.N., and M.V. THOMBRE. 1977. G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p l g e o n p e a . Round l e a f x BHATIA, C.R. 1977. N.P. 5 1 . J . Res. MAU. 2 ( 1 ) : 1 7 - 2 0 . 720 Mutation breeding of groundnut, rice, and p l g e o n p e a . M u t . B r e e d . N e w s l e t t e r The inheritance of growth habit (54:10), 9 : 6 - 7 . 715 leaflet shape (39:25), vein color (9:7), and seedcoat color (9:7) has been reported B r i e f i n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d o n t r i a l s in t h e c r o s s of Round l e a f x NP-51 of w i t h h i g h - y i e l d i n g mutant l i n e s o f t h e s e plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Mlllsp.). c r o p s . The studies of joint segregation indicated t h a t t h e genes o f d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r s
94 a s s o r t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y except i n t h r e e high general combining ability for other c a s e s . The complementary f a c t o r o f v e i n t r a i t s . c o l o r showed a l i n k a g e w i t h t h e b a s i c f a c t o r o f l e a f l e t shape w i t h a c r o s s o v e r DAHIYA, B.S., J.S. BRAR, B.L. BHARDWAJ, v a l u e o f 24%. The b a s i c f a c t o r o f l e a f l e t and R.K. BAJAJ. 1978. shape i s l i n k e d w i t h complementary f a c t o r S t u d i e s o n t h e h e r i t a b i l i t y and i n t e r • o f seedcoat c o l o r , w i t h a c r o s s o v e r v a l u e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f some a g r o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r • o f 7.9%, whereas t h e v e i n c o l o r and t h e t a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n seedcoat c o l o r were found t o b e l i n k e d ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Genet. A g r . ( I n P r e s s ) . 724 w i t h c r o s s o v e r v a l u e o f 29%. Six cultivars of pigeonpea were evaluated f o r seven v a r i a b l e s i n a d i a l l e l e x p e r i m e n t CHAUDHARI, B . B . , and J . A . PATIL. 1953. using regression coefficients, correlations, ' C r e e p i n g ' , a mutant i n and combining a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s . Regres• M i l l s p . C u r r . S c i . 2 2 : 1 5 3 . 721 s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s were h i g h , i n d i c a t i n g A t r u e - b r e e d i n g m u t a n t w i t h a p r o s t r a t e large additive effects for flowering time h a b i t of g r o w t h has been o b s e r v e d . The and plant height. Yield was significantly
form arose spontaneously in the F3 o f a c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number o f pods per p l a n t , cross between two normal v a r i e t i e s . The number of g r a i n s per p o d , and 1 0 0 - g r a i n mutant i s l i k e l y t o b e u s e f u l a s a c o v e r w e i g h t , b u t n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h c r o p , and i n s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n and s t r i p p l a n t h e i g h t . P l a n t h e i g h t was p o s i t i v e l y c r o p p i n g . c o r r e l a t e d w i t h y i e l d and i t s components. The b e s t i n d e x o f y i e l d among t h e t r a i t s s t u d i e d was number of pods per p l a n t . GCA DAHIYA, B . S . , and J . S . BRAR. 1976. v a r i a n c e s were l a r g e r t h a n SCA v a r i a n c e s , The r e l a t i o n s h i p between seed s i z e and e x c e p t f o r y i e l d and pods per p l a n t , p r o t e i n c o n t e n t i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n s u g g e s t i n g predominance o f a d d i t i v e gene ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . e f f e c t s . 3 : 1 8 - 1 9 . 722
I n 220 l i n e s o f p i g e o n p e a , t h e h i g h e s t seed DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and B.S. BHULLAR. p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s (> 24%) were found in 1977. l i n e s P-1862, P - 3 7 6 1 , P-978, H-12, and H-18 I n h e r i t a n c e o f p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and i t s w i t h 100-seed w e i g h t s o f 6 . 5 , 8 . 0 , 8 . 0 , correlation with grain yield in pigeonpea 9 . 7 5 , and 10.00 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Cv (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Q u a l . P l a n t Prabhat and Pant A-9 w i t h l o w e s t 100-seed P1. Fds Hum. Nutr. 27(3-4):327-334. 725 w e i g h t s o f 5.5 and 5.75 g , r e s p e c t i v e l y , had p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s of 17.15 and 22.32%. The F2 mean p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s were g e n e r a l l y Hy-3A and Hy-3C genotypes w i t h t h e h i g h e s t between t h e p a r e n t s , b u t s l i g h t l y c l o s e r 100-seed w e i g h t s of 19.5 and 20.0 g had t o t h e l o w - p r o t e i n p a r e n t . R e c i p r o c a l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s o f 20.56 and 19.58%. d i f f e r e n c e s in p r o t e i n of F1 seeds and t h e There was no e v i d e n c e of a g e n e r a l s i g n i • absence of these differences in protein of ficant correlation between 100-seed weight F 2 seeds showed that the maternal genotypes and seed p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . controlled protein content. The broad- sense h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s v a r i e d from 3 4 t o 62% i n d i f f e r e n t c r o s s e s , i n d i c a t i n g DAHIYA, B . S . , and J . S . BRAR. 1977. environmental influence on protein content D i a l l e l a n a l y s i s o f g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n i n and relatively low additive genetic vari• pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . E x p l A g r i c . ance. A minimum of t h r e e or f o u r genes 1 3 ( 2 ) : 1 9 3 - 2 0 0 . 723 control protein content. Low protein was Four c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d i n a d i a l l e l partially dominant over high. Grain yield c r o s s o f s i x c u l t i v a r s . A d d i t i v e i n h e r i • and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e • tance was i m p o r t a n t i n d e t e r m i n i n g f l o w e r • l a t e d i n F 2 p l a n t s , b u t g r a i n y i e l d and i n g t i m e , b u t t h e dominance component was protein yield were highly correlated. It g r e a t e r t h a n t h e a d d i t i v e component, and i s suggested t h a t f o r t o t a l p r o t e i n p r o d u c • overdominance was observed f o r pod number, tion/unit area, efforts should be directed 100-seed w e i g h t , and y i e l d . H e r i t a b i l i t y towards increased yield while maintaining e s t i m a t e s f o r a l l t r a i t s e x c e p t f l o w e r i n g percent protein near average levels rather time were l o w , and t h e b u l k p o p u l a t i o n than selecting for high protein in grains method of breeding was suggested for early a l o n e . s e g r e g a t i n g g e n e r a t i o n s . I t i s suggested t h a t , t o improve e a r l i n e s s , t h e b e s t c r o s s w o u l d b e between p a r e n t s w i t h low g e n e r a l combining a b i l i t y f o r f l o w e r i n g t i m e and
95 Pigeonpea Bibliography
DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and R. KAPUR. f o r p u r p l i s h b l a c k s p o t t i n g and brown c o l o r 1976. r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e i r c o n c u r r e n t presence A p r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n o n t h e p r o t e i n g i v i n g p u r p l i s h b l a c k ; i n t h e absence o f content of pigeonpea crosses. Trop. Grain both P and R, the seedcoat is white. There Legume B u l l . 5 : 2 2 . 726 is a complete linkage between orange-yellow flowers and purplish black seeds and bet- In crosses between two high-protein (H-18 ween yellow flowers with purple veins and and C-4784) and two l o w - p r o t e i n (H-13 and green p o d s . H-384) l i n e s of p i g e o n p e a , t h e r e was a strong maternal influence on seed protein
c o n t e n t i n t h e F1 h y b r i d . Seeds o f D'CRUZ, R., and A.B. DEOKAR. 1970. C-4784 x H-13 had a p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of Genetic s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a . I . N . Green 27%, compared with 18.3% in H-13 x C-4784. x Red g r a i n e d . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 1 : 4 4 - 5 3 . 730 DAHIYA, B . S . , and D.R. SATIJA. 1978. A s i n g l e gene, d e s i g n a t e d S b r , c o n t r o l l e d I n h e r i t a n c e o f days t o m a t u r i t y and g r a i n spreading branching habit, which is domi• y i e l d i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n L . n a n t t o e r e c t . S i n g l e genes c o n t r o l p u r p l e M i l l s p . ) I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . stem ( P s t ) , dominant t o g r e e n ; l a n c e o l a t e ( I n P r e s s ) . 727 l e a f l e t s ( L l t ) , dominant t o s h o r t ( L s t ) , long petiole (Lpt), dominant to short; and The i n h e r i t a n c e of days to m a t u r i t y and yellow ventral surface of the standard g r a i n y i e l d was s t u d i e d i n s i x g e n e r a t i o n s p e t a l ( Y v s ) , dominant t o p a l e y e l l o w . Two o f two crosses o f p i g e o n p e a . P a r t i a l d o m i • genes, Gppd and Gppd c o n t r o l l e d maroon- nance was observed f o r e a r l y m a t u r i t y . 1 2 b l o t c h e d p o d , which i s dominant t o g r e e n , Heritabilities, both (B.S) and (N.S), were and Br8da and Brsdb have a complementary c l o s e t o each o t h e r , i n d i c a t i n g t h e i m p o r • action on the red-brown seedcoat. The tance o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s i n t h e genes S b r , P s t , L l t , L s t , and L p t f o r m one e x p r e s s i o n o f days t o m a t u r i t y . Dominance linkage group, while Gppd and Brsda form i n t e r a c t i o n components were g r e a t e r t h a n a n o t h e r . The gene Yvs is i n d e p e n d e n t . t h e a d d i t i v e component f o r t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f g r a i n y i e l d . There was c o n s i d e r a b l e l e v e l o f n o n a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s f o r these D'CRUZ, R., S.B. MANKE, and A . B . DEOKAR. t r a i t s . I t was observed t h a t l i n e s w i t h 1970. h i g h y i e l d and e a r l y m a t u r i t y can b e Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea. I V . Rahar x isolated which can best fit into multiple Red grained. Poona Agric. Coll. Mag. c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n s . 6 0 : 2 3 - 2 6 . 731 T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n showed t h a t t h e t h r e e DASAPPA,and M. MAHADEVAPPA. 1970. morphological characters studied are under Investigations on grain yield and related independent genetic control. Branching is c h a r a c t e r s o f some t u r v a r i e t i e s . Mysore controlled by the genes Rdvdsa and Rdvdsb J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 : 2 1 2 - 2 1 5 . 728 Brown seedcoat i s dominant t o w h i t e and controlled by Brsd, an inhlbotor Brsdl O b s e r v a t i o n s were r e c o r d e d o n p l a n t h e i g h t and an a n t i i n h i b i t o r B r s d I A. One of t h e and s p r e a d , number o f branches p e r p l a n t , Rdvds genes, B r s d , and B r s d l are i n t h e number of pods p e r p l a n t , w e i g h t of 100 same l i n k a g e group as t h e genes f o r l e a f l e t grains and seed yield per plant. Pheno- shape, L l t , and u n r i p e pod c o l o r B l p d . t y p i c and g e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n s r e v e a l e d t h a t p l a n t spread and number of pods per p l a n t may b e r e g a r d e d a s e f f e c t i v e a t t r i - D'CRUZ, R., L . S . PACHPOL, and A . B . DEOKAR. b u t e s o f g r a i n y i e l d . 1974. Genetic s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a . I X . N.P.51 x P r o s t r a t e . PKV Res. J. 2 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 8 1 . 732 DAVE, B . B . 1934. I n h e r i t a n c e o f c h a r a c t e r s i n Cajanus I n d i - I n h e r i t a n c e o f growth h a b i t (54 e r e c t : •••. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 : 10 prostrate), stem color (3 purple: 1 green), 6 7 4 - 6 9 1 . 729 v e i n c o l o r ( 3 p u r p l e : 1 y e l l o w ) , pod c o l o r (39 dark : 25 streaked), and seedcoat color The mode of i n h e r i t a n c e of f l o w e r , p o d , and (3 b r o w n : 1 w h i t e ) has been r e p o r t e d . seedcoat c o l o r s was s t u d i e d . I n t h e F 2 Interrelationship of the characters showed d i f f e r e n t s e g r e g a t i o n s such a s 3 : 1 , 9 : 7 , that one of the genes of prostrate growth 1 2 : 3 : 1 were o b t a i n e d . The r e s u l t s a r e h a b i t was l i n k e d w i t h t h a t o f seedcoat e x p l a i n e d a s b e i n g due t o t h e a c t i o n and c o l o r and one o f stem c o l o r w i t h t h a t o f i n t e r a c t i o n o f f i v e f a c t o r s , P , A , C , E , v e i n c o l o r . The c r o s s o v e r v a l u e s o b t a i n e d and V. The f a c t o r s ? and R a r e r e s p o n s i b l e in t h e two cases were 15.19 and 33.19%,
96 G e n e t i c s
respectively. Combinations of other charac• established: Sbr, Lsta, and Llt; and Psta t e r s showed t h a t t h e i r genes a s s o r t e d and Oyvsa. The o t h e r genes were i n d e p e n • independently. d e n t .
D'CRUZ, R., P . S . P A U L , and A . B . DEOKAR. DEOKAR, A . B . , G.R. BHOLE, and R. D'CRUZ. 1 9 7 1 . 1 9 7 1 . G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p l g e o n p e a . X I I . P u r p l e Genetic studies in plgeonpea. VII. Creeping g r a i n e d x O b c o r d i f o l i a ( N . G r e e n ) . Mahatma 3 - 2 - 8 x P r o s t r a t e . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 2 ( 2 ) : U n i v . Res. J . 2 ( l ) : 2 6 - 3 7 . 736 9 9 - 1 0 6 . 733 Three genes ( C g r a , C g r b l , and Cgrb2) c o n • The gene c o n t r o l l i n g b r a n c h i n g h a b i t , Sbr trolling growth habit segregated 45 erect : i s independent from t h e genes f o r stem 9 c r e e p i n g : 10 p r o s t r a t e . Two genes c o l o r P s t ; l e a f l e t shape, L l t ; l e a f t h i c k • ( P v d s l and Pvds2) c o n t r o l v e i n c o l o r o n t h e n e s s , T n l t ; f l o w e r c o l o r , Oydsa, O y d s b l , back of t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l and a n o t h e r two and Oydsb2; pod c o l o r , Gppd; and t e s t a (Gpstpd and Gpshpd) control pod color, color Brsd and Wpsd. One linkage group w h i c h s e g r e g a t e d 9 p u r p l e : 3 green w i t h i n v o l v i n g P s t , T n l t , and L l t was p u r p l e s t r e a k s : 4 green w i t h p u r p l e shades. identified. Gpstpd controls green with purple streaks and Gpshpd is s u p p l e m e n t a r y . One gene (Brsd) c o n t r o l s brown seeds. Cgra i s D'CRUZ, R., P.S. PATIL, and A . B . DEOKAR. l i n k e d w i t h Pvds and Brsd i s l i n k e d w i t h 1973. Gpshpd. G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p l g e o n p e a . X I I I . L e a f l e t shape, f l o w e r and seed c o l o r . Botanique (Nagpur) 4 ( 2 ) : 1 1 7 - 1 2 4 . 734 DEOKAR, A . B . , B.S. MANKE, and R. D'CRUZ. 1972. The i n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f l e t shape, f l o w e r Genetic studies in plgeonpea. VI. Leaflet c o l o r , and seedcoat c o l o r was s t u d i e d i n two crosses of Cajanus cajan. In t h e c r o s s shape, pod and seed coat c o l o u r . I n d i a n O b c o r d i f o l i a (D) X Round l e a f , r a t i o s of A g r i c . 1 6 : 1 9 3 - 1 9 7 . 737 3 round : 1 o b c o r d a t e l e a f l e t ; 9 y e l l o w The leaflet shape and seedcoat color cha• p u r p l e - v e i n e d : 7 y e l l o w f l o w e r s ; and r a c t e r s were each governed by a s i n g l e 9 brown : 7 w h i t e were o b t a i n e d . In t h e factor (3:1), while the unripe pod color cross Round l e a f X P u r p l e g r a i n e d , r a t i o s was found to be caused by f o u r f a c t o r s of 3 l a n c e o l a t e : 1 round l e a f l e t ; ( 1 9 5 : 6 1 ) . The genes l e t f o r l e a f l e t shape 9 o r a n g e - y e l l o w f l o w e r s w i t h p u r p l e s p o t s : and Rsd for seedcoat color were found to be 1 w h i t e have been r e c o r d e d . The r a t i o of l i n k e d w i t h a c r o s s o v e r v a l u e o f 21.42%. 3 round : 1 o b c o r d a t e f o r l e a f l e t shape is The four factors for pod color, Blpl, Blp2, r e p o r t e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e . 1-Blp, and A-l-Blp, were different from and independent o f t h e f a c t o r s f o r l e a f l e t shape and seedcoat c o l o r . DEOKAR, A . B . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1972. Genetic studies in plgeonpea. I I . N. Black x P u r p l e g r a i n e d . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . DEOKAR, A . B . , L . S . PACHPOL, and R. D'CRUZ. U n i v . Res. J . 3 ( l ) : 1 2 - 2 0 . 735 1972. Genetic s t u d i e s in p l g e o n p e a . X. N.P. 64 S i n g l e genes c o n t r o l b r a n c h i n g h a b i t ( S b r ) , x N.P. 8 2 . B o t a n i q u e (Nagpur) leaflet shape (Llt), petiole length (Lsta), 3 : 3 5 - 4 0 . 738 and c o l o r o f t h e d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f t h e standard petal (Oyvsa). Stem color is The f o l l o w i n g s e g r e g a t i o n r a t i o s were c o n t r o l l e d by one complementary and two o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e c r o s s : f o r h a b i t , 9 duplicate complementary genes, Psta, Pstb, s p r e a d i n g : 7 e r e c t ; f o r c o l o r of t h e and Pstc respectively. Stipule length v e n t r a l s u r f a c e o f t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l , s e g r e g a t e d 9 l o n g : 7 s h o r t , s u g g e s t i n g 162 y e l l o w : 94 lemon y e l l o w ; and f o r two complementary genes, L s t a , and L s t b , pod color, 117 purple with green streaks : and t h e c o l o r o f t h e v e n t r a l s u r f a c e o f 139 green with purple streaks. The results t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l s e g r e g a t e d 9 o r a n g e - indicated that the genes controlling the y e l l o w : 7 y e l l o w , s u g g e s t i n g a n o t h e r two t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s a r e i n d e p e n d e n t . complementary genes, Oyvsa and Oyvsb. T e s t a c o l o r i s c o n t r o l l e d b y two i n t e r a c t • ing factors, Oyvsa and Brsd, the first with i n c o m p l e t e dominance r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w h i t e seeds w i t h p u r p l e s p o t s and t h e second f o r brown s e e d s . Two l i n k a g e groups were Plgeonpea Bibliography
DEOKAR, A . B . , V.K. SHINDE, and R. D'CRUZ. C o t y l e d o n anape, s t u d i e d i n t h e c r o s s e s 1 9 7 1 . d e s c r i b e d i n a n e a r l i e r r e p o r t ( a b s t r a c t A case of l i n k a g e in p i g e o n p e a . Mahatma 7 4 2 ) , was d e t e r m i n e d e i t h e r b y t h e p l e i o - Phule Agric. Univ. Res. J. 2(1): t r o p i c a c t i o n of a l e a f - s h a p e gene or by a 9 2 - 9 3 . 739 gene c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o t h e l a t t e r , p o i n t e d l e a f apex and l a n c e o l a t e c o t y l e d o n b e i n g The F s f r o m a c r o s s between a w h l t e - g r a l n a d 1 dominant over r o u n d i s h l e a f apex and o v a t e p a r e n t w i t h y e l l o w f l o w e r s and s e l f - c o l o r e d c o t y l e d o n . v e i n s o n t h e back o f t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l and a r e d - g r a i n e d p a r e n t w i t h y e l l o w f l o w e r s and r e d v e i n s s e g r e g a t e d i n t h e r a t i o o f DESHMUKH, N.Y., and S.S. REKHI. 1963. 3 r e d : 1 y e l l o w f o r v e i n c o l o r and Study o f n a t u r a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n i n 9 r e d : 7 w h i t e f o r seed c o l o r . The genes plgeonpea (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . f o r r e d v e i n s and r e d t e s t a were l i n k e d Proc. Bihar Acad. Agric. Sci. 8-9: w i t h a c r o s s o v e r v a l u e of 8.25%. 135-139. 744 The s t r a i n s Hyderabad and 56 were c r o s s e d DESHMUKH, N.Y. 1959. w i t h a u n l f o l l a t e mutant and w i t h a mutant S t e r i l e mutants in t u r (Cajanus aajan) • which had rounded leaf apices. The F1 Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 3 3 : 2 0 - 2 1 . 740 showed h e t e r o s i s . T r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s and pointed apices were each controlled by a Two s t e r i l e m u t a n t s a r e d e s c r i b e d . One, single dominant gene, the two genes being f r o m s t r a i n 1 7 5 , grew t o a h e i g h t o f 9 f t independent of each o t h e r . On an average ( 2 . 7 m ) compared w i t h t h e p a r e n t s 5 1 / f t 2 25.01% n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g was f o u n d . (1.67 m) and was u n b r a n c h e d . The o t h e r , f r o m s t r a i n 1 4 8 , possessed l a r g e s i m p l e l e a v e s . The f l o w e r buds developed i n t o DESHPANDE, R . B . , and L.M. JESWANI. 1952. bunches o f t h r e a d - l i k e green s e p a l s . A p r o s t r a t e mutant in plgeonpea (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) - a p o s s i b l e s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n t . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and T . S . PHIRKE. 1962. B r e e d . 1 2 : 5 0 - 5 1 . 745 F l a t t e n e d pod - a p o i n t m u t a t i o n in Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . A p r o s t r a t e mutant of t h e plgeonpea of Mag. 3 6 ( 2 ) : 4 6 - 4 7 . 741 p o s s i b l e v a l u e a s a s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n t was observed in 1950. The mutant breeds Treatment w i t h c h e m i c a l mutagens has p r o d u • t r u e t o t y p e . ced p l a n t s w i t h l a r g e r f l o w e r s and seeds and f l a t t e n e d pods. I t was f i r s t t h o u g h t t h a t these p l a n t s were p o l y p l o i d s b u t DESHPANDE, R . B . , and L.M. JESWANI. 1956. i n v e s t i g a t i o n has shown t h a t they a r e A case o f p l e i o t r o p y i n p l g e o n p e a . C u r r . d i p l o i d ( n = 11) and t h a t t h e f l a t t e n e d - Sci. 25:201-202. 746 pod c h a r a c t e r is due to a p o i n t m u t a t i o n , The o b c o r d a t e l e a f l e t s w i t h mucronate i n h e r i t e d as a dominant monogenic f a c t o r . a p i c e s and t h e f i l i f o r m k e e l o f t h e f l o w e r , characterizing the variant designated DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and S.S. REKHI. 1960. Cajanus obcordifolia by Singh et al., I n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f i n plgeonpea (Cajanus depend upon the pleiotropic duplicate aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 2 9 : f a c t o r s L1 and L 2 . Since t h e v a r i a n t 2 3 7 - 2 3 9 . 742 resembles C. aajan in the inheritance of other characters, it should be assigned to I n c r o s s e s i n v o l v i n g t h e mutants u n i f o l i a t a t h i s s p e c i e s . (unlfollate pointed leaf) and oval-oblong t r i f o l i a t e ( t r i f o l i a t e l e a f w i t h r o u n d i s h a p i c e s ) and two v a r i e t i e s b e a r i n g t r i f o l i a • DIVAKARAN, K . , and G. RAMABHADRAN. 1958. te leaves with pointed apices, the trifo• A marker gene f o r r e d gram (Cajanus aajan liate condition is monogenic and dominant M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 2 7 : 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 . 747 over the unlfollate, while the pointed apex A v a t i a n t w i t h " o b l o n g o b o v a t e " l e a f l e t s i s monogenic dominant o v e r t h e r o u n d . The i s d e s c r i b e d . T h i s c h a r a c t e r appears t o b e two gene p a i r s s e g r e g a t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y . associated with vigor and may prove useful as a marker for improved strains. DESHMUKH, N.Y., and S.S. REKHI. 1961. I n h e r i t a n c e and l i n k a g e in Cajanus aajan. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i , 3 1 ( 4 ) : S u p p l : 2 4 - 2 6 . 743
98 DORAIRAJ, M. STEPHEN, and V. VASANTHARAJ height showed significant variability; DAVID. 1963. 100-grain weight showed the highest herita- Bicarpellary syncarpous pistil in Cajanus b i l i t y , f o l l o w e d b y number o f branches and c a j a n ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . S c i . C u l t . p l a n t s p r e a d . 2 9 ( 1 ) : 4 5 . 748
The o c c u r r e n c e o f a n abnormal f r u i t deve• GUNASEELAN, T . , and H.K. HANUMANTHA RAO. l o p e d f r o m a b i c a r p e l l a r y syncarpous p i s t i l 1976. i n Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ( r e d Discriminant function and study of the gram) i s r e c o r d e d . The abnormal f r u i t was c o r r e l a t e d e f f e c t s o n p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n a l m o s t t w i c e t h e s i z e of a n o r m a l one and J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 6 ( 4 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 7 . 752 exhibited a four-sided appearance with two beaks at t h e apex. There was a s i n g l e - A trial of 94 lines derived from 26 varie• c e l l e d o v a r y w i t h f o u r d i s t i n c t s u t u r e s t i e s of Cajanus aajan was c o n d u c t e d . a p p e a r i n g even f r o m t h e base o f t h e f r u i t . D i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n a n a l y s i s o f s i x yield components indicated that four lines from Shobha, two from T-2 and one each from GANGULI, D . K . , and D.P. SRIVASTAVA. S - 5 , A S - 8 , AS-37, AS-13, 4658, and 1967. Khargone-2 a r e p r o m i s i n g f o r f u r t h e r I n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a . Ranchi h y b r i d i z a t i o n . The most i m p o r t a n t y i e l d U n i v . J . A g r i c . Res. 2 : 2 3 - 2 5 . 749 components were plant height and number of pods. The stem c o l o r p i g m e n t a t i o n showed i n c o m • p l e t e dominance o f p u r p l i s h pigmented stem o v e r t h e green s t e m . Lateness i n f l o w e r i n g GUPTA, L . N . 1968. was c o m p l e t e l y dominant over e a r l i n e s s i n Correlation studies in Arhar. M.Sc. one c r o s s , and i n c o m p l e t e l y dominant i n (1968) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i t h e o t h e r c r o s s . P u r p l e s t a n d a r d was Viswa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 753 dominant o v e r t h e y e l l o w one, and orange w i n g o v e r y e l l o w . P u r p l e - s t r e a k e d pod was GUPTA, V . P . , S.C. SETHI, and S. CHANDRA. dominant over complete green p o d . P u r p l e - s p l a s h e d seedcoat was i n c o m p l e t e l y dominant 1975. over c h o c o l a t e seedcoat and l i g h t brown Variation, heritability and correlation s e e d c o a t . among yield components in arhar (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . HAU J. Res. 5 ( 2 ) :110-115. 754 GANGULI, D . K . , and D.P. SRIVASTAVA. The h i g h e s t p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y was 1972. observed for pod clusters per five branches, Genotypic and p h e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n pod c l u s t e r s per p l a n t , pods p e r p l a n t , s t u d i e s in a r h a r {Cajanus oajan ( L . ) and seed y i e l d . High v a r i a b i l i t y was a l s o M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n A g r i c . 1 6 ( 1 ) : n o t i c e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , days t o m a t u r i t y , 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 . 750 100-seed w e i g h t , seeds p e r p o d , and pod Average l e n g t h of p o d s , average number of l e n g t h i n 6 5 c u l t i v a r s . E s t i m a t e s o f seeds per p o d , and 100-seed w e i g h t , w h i c h heritability, genetic advance, and coeffi• were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h seed y i e l d , c i e n t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n were positively correlated among themsel• suggested that selection for higher v e s . The f o u r c h a r a c t e r s , v i z . , t o t a l y i e l d s s h o u l d be based on h i g h e r numbers branches per plant, fruiting branches per o f branches per p l a n t , pod c l u s t e r s per p l a n t , pods p e r p l a n t , and l e a v e s p e r p l a n t , and pods p e r p l a n t . p l a n t - s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h y i e l d and among themselves - m i g h t be HIREMATH, K . G . , and S.N. TALWAR. 1 9 7 1 . used a s s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a . A s t u d y o n g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n p i g e o n • pea (Cajanus c a j a n L . M i l l s p . ) . Andhra GOVINDA RAJU, D . R . , and H.C. SHARAT CHANDRA. A g r i c . J . 1 8 : 1 4 4 - 1 4 8 . 755 1972. Seven q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s were measured S t u d i e s o n v a r i a b i l i t y i n t u r . Andhra i n 1 5 v a r i e t i e s . H i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i • A g r i c . J . 9 ( 5 - 6 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 . 751 mates and low e s t i m a t e s of g e n e t i c advance P l a n t h e i g h t , p l a n t s p r e a d , number o f were found for number of primary branches, branches p e r p l a n t , w e i g h t o f 100 g r a i n s , number of seeds per p o d , pod l e n g t h and and y i e l d o f seed were s t u d i e d i n 3 6 v a r i e • 100-seed weight. High heritability and t i e s o f C . c a j a n and values for heritabi- h i g h e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c advance were l i t y and g e n e t i c advance e s t i m a t e d f o r each o b t a i n e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , number o f pods c h a r a c t e r . A l l c h a r a c t e r s e x c e p t p l a n t p e r p l a n t and y i e l d p e r p l a n t .
99 Pigeonpea Bibliography
J A I N , S . K . , and B.C. JOSHI. 1964. development of stamens into petal- or E s t i m a t i o n o f l i n k a g e and p e n e t r a n c e p a r a • carpel-like structures, and exposed ovules. meters i n a s t u d y o f p e t a l c o l o r i n t h e The mutant p l a n t s a r e female s t e r i l e , p i g e o n p e a . G e n e t i c s 4 9 : 6 1 1 - 6 1 5 . 756 a l t h o u g h they have 80% s t a i n a b l e p o l l e n . The mode o f i n h e r i t a n c e o f p e t a l c o l o r and v e n a t i o n i n t h e pigeonpea has been e x p l a i • JOSHI, S . N . 1973. ned w i t h a t r i g e n i c m o d e l : y , f o r b a s i c Variability and correlation studies in c o l o r ; u f o r absence o f v e n a t i o n ; and £ , pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . Madras the l o c u s t h a t i n t e r a c t s w i t h t h e y l o c u s . A g r l c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) : 4 1 2 - 4 1 4 . 761 L o c i p and y were found to be l i n k e d w i t h a r e c o m b i n a t i o n f r e q u e n c y o f 29.7%. A w i d e range o f v a r i a t i o n was n o t i c e d i n seed yield per plant, number of seeds per p o d , pod l e n g t h , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The JAMBHALE, NASAYAN DHONDI. 1974. variation in plant height was largely due Genetic s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s . Most o f t h e ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . characters indicated low heritabllity Mahatma F h u l e K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , e s t i m a t e s . Seed y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y Maharashtra, India. 757 c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number of pods and number o f b r a n c h e s . From t h e h e r i t a b l l i t y e s t i • mates, expected genetic gain, and correla• JESWANI, L . M . , and R.B. DESHPANDE. 1962. t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , i t was seen t h a t t h e Inheritance studies on some sterile mutants number of branches and pod number a r e t h e i n p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . main yield components. 2 2 : 2 3 6 - 2 4 0 . 758 I n a s e p a l o i d m u t a n t , s i m p l e l e a v e s r e p l a • KAJJARI, N.B. 1956. ced t h e normal t r i f o l i a t e ones and were A new m u t a t i o n in Cajanue c a j a n M i l l s p . associated with a sepaloid condition of the C u r r . S c i . 2 5 : 3 3 3 . 762 flowers; a second mutant had simple leaves o n t h e l o w e r p a r t o f t h e p l a n t and none o n A mutant w i t h o b c o r d a t e l e a v e s , k e e l p e t a l s t h e upper p a r t , r u d i m e n t a r y f l o r a l o r g a n s , u n i t e d a t t h e t o p , and two o r t h r e e a p o • dwarf h a b i t , and t h i n , s t r a g g l i n g b r a n c h e s ; carpous o v a r i e s was f o u n d . I t b r e d t r u e i n a cleistogamous mutant possessed thick, t h e 2 subsequent y e a r s . No c y t o l o g i c a l puckered t r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s . I n a l l t h e differences between this mutant and normal mutants t h e abnormal c o n d i t i o n was p l a n t s were f o u n d , the chromosome number r e c e s s i v e t o t h e n o r m a l . f o r b o t h b e i n g 2n - 2 2 .
JOGLEKAR, R . G . , and N.Y. DESHMUKH. 1958. KAPUR, RAMAN. 1977. M u t a t i o n s i n pigeonpea (Cajanuas cajan). Genetic analysis of some quantitative cha• Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 3 2 : 2 3 - 2 9 . 759 r a c t e r s a t d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n l e v e l s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . A mutant w i t h s i m p l e l e a v e s and a n o t h e r M.Sc. (1977) T h e s i s . C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l • with ovate-oblong trifoliate leaves, ture, Punjab Agricultural University, respectively designated var. unifoliata and L u d h i a n a , P u n j a b , I n d i a . 763 v a r . oval oblong tvifoliata, a r e d e s c r i b e d .
KOLHE, A . K . , R.D. GHATGE, A . B . DEOKAR, JOSHI, B . C . , and S. RAMANUJAN. 1963. and R. D'CRUZ. 1972. G e n e t i c s o f two mutants i n p i g e o n p e a . Genetic s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a . X I V . Round I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 2 3 : l e a f x Obcordifolia ( N - B l a c k ) . Mahatma 6 4 - 6 6 . 760 P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 3 ( 1 ) : The nonflowering condition, found in a 2 1 - 2 6 . 764 c o l l e c t i o n of CP-32 f r o m Madhya P r a d e s h , A single gene controls spreading branching i s m o n o g e n i c a l l y r e c e s s i v e t o f l o w e r i n g h a b i t (Sbr) w h i c h i s dominant t o e r e c t ; and does n o t appear t o b e l i n k e d t o t h e two genes (Bdlba and Llt) control presence pleiotropic locus controlling trifoliate o f a p e t i o l e , w h i c h i s dominant t o absence; v s . s i m p l e l e a f and normal v s . s e p a l o i d two genes (Bdlba and Bdlbb) c o n t r o l b r o a d f l o w e r . The m u l t i c a r p e l l a t e c o n d i t i o n o f l e a f l e t b a s e , w h i c h i s dominant t o n a r r o w ; t h e p i s t i l , i s o l a t e d i n a n a r h a r c u l t u r e and one gene (Llt) controls notchless f r o m U t t a r P r a d e s h , is m o n o g e n i c a l l y l e a f l e t a p e x , dominant t o n o t c h e d ; b o a t - r e c e s s i v e t o t h e normal u n i c a r p e l l a t e shaped k e e l p e t a l s , dominant t o f i l i f o r m ; c o n d i t i o n ; t h i s a l l e l e a l s o c o n t r o l s t h e u n i t e d k e e l p e t a l s , dominant t o f r e e ; and development o f supernumerary p e t a l s , t h e dense i n f l o r e s c e n c e , dominant to o p e n . Red
100 v e i n s o n t h e d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f t h e MENEZES, O.B. De. 1956. s t a n d a r d p e t a l a r e dominant t o y e l l o w and Genetics and improvement of the pigeonpea a r e c o n t r o l l e d by two genes (Rdvdsa. and (C. i n d i c u s S p r e n g . ) . Ceres Minas G e r a i s . Rdvdsb). A s i n g l e l i n k a g e group i n v o l v e s 10(55):20-44. 768 Sbr, Rdvdsa, Llt and Bdlbb. S t u d i e s o n t h e g e n e t i c s o f t e s t a c o l o r , standard petal color, pod color, pod size, KUMAR, A . , and M.F. HAQUE. 1973. and habit are reported. Testa color V a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n F2 depended on the interaction of two loci. p o p u l a t i o n of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) W h i t e , p r ; c h o c o l a t e , pR; s p o t t e d , P r ; and M i l l s p . ) . Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i . black, PR. Pigmentation of standard petal 7 : 1 7 4 - 1 8 3 . 765 was g e n e t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d a s f o l l o w s : Yellow, Apcev or apcev; yellow streaked Ten c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d in BR-65 and with red, Apcevs; uniform purple, APCEvs; BR-13 and in t h e F and F of BR-65 x 1 2 yellow streaked with purple, ApCevs; purple BR-13. High h e r i t a b i l i t y v a l u e s i n t h e streaked, APCEVs; and blood red, APCEVS. b r o a d sense and h i g h e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c There are three types of pod pigmentation: advance were o b t a i n e d f o r t h e number of green, ld ; green with maroon markings, Ld; l e a v e s and number of seeds per p l a n t . and maroon, LD. The mode of i n h e r i t a n c e Moderate e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c advance f o r o f pod s i z e was u n c e r t a i n . P l a n t h e i g h t t h e number o f days t o m a t u r i t y were and a n g l e o f secondary b r a n c h i n g were obtained. Moderate heritability and genet• quantitatively inherited. i c advance were e s t i m a t e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , pod number, and y i e l d per p l a n t . Seed y i e l d was s i g n i f i c a n t l y and p o s i t i v e l y MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMED A L I KHAN, c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e number o f l e a v e s , and R. VEERASWAMY. 1975. b r a n c h e s , p o d s , seeds p e r p l a n t , and p l a n t Studies on the inheritance of certain plant h e i g h t . I t was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y and characters in red gram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e number o f Millsp.). Madras Agric. J. 62(2): days t o f i r s t f l o w e r i n g and t o m a t u r i t y . 6 4 - 6 5 . 769 The i n h e r i t a n c e of a few c h a r a c t e r s is LAXMAN SINGH, and R.L. PANDEY. 1974. r e p o r t e d , u s i n g induced mutants o f r e d G e n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f some q u a n t i t a t i v e gram a s one o f t h e p a r e n t s i n t h e c r o s s e s . c h a r a c t e r s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Himachal J . A g r i c . Res. MORBAD, I.R., and M.S. SOLANKI. 1957. 2 ( l ) : l - 3 . 766 Study of h e t e r o s i s in CajanuB aajan. I n d i a n H e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s u s i n g s i x p o p u l a • J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 1 7 : 9 0 - 9 5 . 770 t i o n s f r o m a c r o s s ranged f r o m 54.9 f o r H y b r i d v i g o r up to a maximum of 24.51% in p l a n t w i d t h t o 96.6 f o r seed y i e l d ( b r o a d g r a i n y i e l d was r e c o r d e d . B e s t - y i e l d i n g sense) and f r o m 2 8 . 7 f o r p l a n t w i d t h t o hybrid did not outyield the best-yielding 95.2 f o r days t o f l o w e r i n g (narrow s e n s e ) . p a r e n t b u t b y e x p l o i t i n g more m a t e r i a l o f Additive genetic effects were significant w i d e r b l o o d , more conspicuous v i g o r c o u l d f o r days t o f l o w e r i n g and seed s i z e , w i t h perhaps be o b t a i n e d , as has been n o t i c e d p a r t i a l dominance f o r s m a l l e r seed s i z e . in some crosses involving perennial types Magnitude o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s was of t u r . Even if Cajanus proves a good c r o p r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , p l a n t for exploiting heterosis, the difficulty w i d t h , and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t a s compared t o o f h y b r i d seed p r o d u c t i o n remains u n s o l v e d . n o n a d d i t i v e o n e s . C h a r a c t e r s such a s y i e l d and p l a n t w i d t h had a predominance of nonadditive gene effects. MUKEWAR, A . M . , and D.P. MULEY. 1974. Correlation studies of some yield compo• n e n t s i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . MALHOTRA, R . S . , and J . S . SODHI. 1977. Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 7 : 8 3 - 8 7 . 771 Genetic variability and discriminant func• t i o n s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n Sixty varieties of tur were evaluated. The L . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) : 6 7 7 - g r a i n y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y and s i g n i f i c a n t • 6 7 8 . 767 l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h bhusa ( c h a f f ) w e i g h t , w e i g h t of pods per p l a n t , number of pods F o r t y v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea when s t u d i e d p e r p l a n t , number o f branches p e r p l a n t , f o r s i x c h a r a c t e r s i n d i c a t e d t h a t b r a n c h and l e n g t h o f p o d . G r a i n y i e l d was n e g a • number, pod number, and c l u s t e r number f o r m t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p l a n t h e i g h t , 1 0 0 - e f f e c t i v e s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r y i e l d g r a i n w e i g h t , days t o m a t u r i t y , days t o improvements i n p i g e o n p e a . flowering, and width of pod.
101 Pigeonpea Bibliography
MUKHERJEE, D. 1956. PATHAK, G . N . , and K.P. SINGH. 1964. G e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n Cajanus c a j a n . A new t y p e of mutant in pigeonpea (Cajanus 160 p p . T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . S c i . C u l t . 3 0 : Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 772 397-398. 778 A spontaneous mutant p l a n t was found in an MUNOZ, A . M . , and R. ABRAMS. 1 9 7 1 . e a r l y m a t u r i n g l i n e , No. 5 , r e c e i v e d f r o m Inheritance of some quantitative characters Malwa. The mutant was bushy and t a l l e r in pigeonpeas {Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . than t h e p a r e n t a l t y p e . Four d i s t i n c t J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 5 5 ( 1 ) : 2 2 - 4 3 . 773 types of branches were observed, three of w h i c h were s t e r i l e . Three varieties and a line derived by i r r a d i a t i o n were used a s p a r e n t s i n f i v e crosses. There was greater variation in PATIL, J . A . 1959. a l l c r o s s e s i n seed w e i g h t , p l a n t h e i g h t , A m u t a t i o n in Cajanus c a j a n (Linn) Millsp. and f l o w e r i n g d a t e t h a n i n number o f s e e d s / Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 9 : 2 6 4 . 779 p o d . Seed y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y and h i g h l y A dwarf mutant d i f f e r i n g i n l e a f and f l o r a l c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number o f p o d s / p l a n t , b u t morphology from either parent was obtained h e r i t a b i l i t y o f t h i s l a t t e r c h a r a c t e r was f r o m C. aajan x C. obcordifolia at t h e l o w , 4 5 . 3 and 5 2 . 1 % i n t h e F and F 2 3 College of Agriculture, Poona, and a gene• respectively. Flowering date, plant t i c s t u d y o f i t was u n d e r t a k e n . height, and seed weight showed high heritability. PATIL, J . A . 1970. E x t e n s i o n o f t h e l i n k a g e group I - B l p d - L l t NARKHEDE, B . N . 1 9 7 1 . in pigeonpea {Cajanus aajan M i l l s p . ) . Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea {Cajanus eajan Mahatma Phule Agric. Univ. Res. J. ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) and Wal (D o l i c h o s lablab 1 : 3 7 - 4 5 . 780 Roxb. and L . ) . 1 9 2 p p . M.Sc. (1971) T h e s i s . Mahatma Phule K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , Genetic s t u d i e s show t h a t r e d v e i n o n t h e Rahuri, Maharashtra, India. 774 d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l i s dominant to y e l l o w and c o n t r o l l e d by t h e genes Rdvdsa and Rdvdsb. Brown seedcoat PANDYA, P . S . , J . A . PATIL, and B.B. CHAUDHARY. i s dominant t o w h i t e and c o n t r o l l e d b y 1 9 5 4 . B r s b , a n i n h i b i t o r B r s b l and a n a n t i - 'Round and T i n y ' l e a f mutants in Cajanus inhibitor BrsdIA which are in the same c a j a n Millsp. Poona Agric. Coll. Mag. l i n k a g e group a s t h e genes f o r l e a f l e t 4 5 : 1 8 . 775 shape, L, and unripe pod color, Blpd. A mutant b e a r i n g obovate l e a f l e t s w i t h rounded base and apex and a dwarf mutant PATIL, J . A . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1962. b e a r i n g v e r y s m a l l l e a f l e t s have been I n h e r i t a n c e o f w h i t e f l o w e r c o l o u r i n o b s e r v e d . pigeonpea. Curr. Sci. 31:119-120. 781 White f l o w e r c o l o r i n a mutant p l a n t PANKAJA REDDY, R., and N.G.P. RAO. 1974. d i s c o v e r e d a t the A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n h e r i t a n c e and r e l a t i o n w i t h some y i e l d Station, Annigeri, resulted from the ope• components o f p l a n t and f l o w e r i n g h a b i t ration of two duplicate genes, W and W , i n Cajanus. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 1 2 and t h e spontaneous m u t a t i o n o f t h e i n h r i - 3 4 ( 1 ) : 9 4 - 9 9 . 776 bitory gene Iy , which conditions yellow The inheritance of indeterminate and deter• f l o w e r s . m i n a t e t y p e s i n Cajanus r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e determinate type is recessive, with a sin• PATIL, J . A . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1965. g l e f a c t o r d i f f e r e n c e . P r e l i m i n a r y asso- L i n k a g e s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . c i a t i o n a n a l y s i s o f p l a n t t y p e and y i e l d Genet.. PI. Breed. 25:234-238. 782 i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e i n d e t e r m i n a t e types a r e f a v o r e d over d e t e r m i n a t e f o r m s . F u r t h e r The i n h e r i t a n c e o f growth h a b i t , S b r , l e a f • studies on the relationships between plant l e t shape ( L l t ) and c o l o r o f t h e u n r i p e pod h a b i t and y i e l d a r e i n d i c a t e d . ( B l p ) was s t u d i e d i n t h e F 2 o f t h e cross between two Cajanus c a j a n mutants, one creeping, the other having obovate leaves. PATHAK, D.K.V. 1 9 5 2 . Recombination values of 40.83% between I C o r r e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s ( m o r p h o l o g i c a l ( i n h i b i t o r y gene o f g r o w t h h a b i t ) and L l t , and a g r o n o m i c a l ) i n t h e d i f f e r e n t types 35.75% between I and Blp. and 2.93% between o f p i g e o n p e a . T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Blp and Llt were determined. Research Institute, New Delhi, India. 777
102 G e n e t i c s
PATIL, J . A . , A . B . DEOKAR, and S.R. MASLEKAR. RAJAGOPALAN, C.K. 1970. 1972. A case of chimera in pigeonpea Cajanus I n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f l e t number, f l o w e r and oajan (Linn.) Millsp. Sci. Cult. seed c o a t c o l o u r i n redgram (Cajanus c a j a n 3 6 : 4 7 5 . 788 Millsp.). Mahatma Phule Agric. Univ. Res. A p l a n t w i t h a few branches near t h e apex J . 3 ( 1 ) : 6 - 1 1 . 783 b e a r i n g c h i m e r i c a l l e a v e s was o b s e r v e d . The investigation involved two mutants, one Some l e a v e s were w h i t e , some normal g r e e n , w i t h creamy w h i t e f l o w e r s and t h e o t h e r and o t h e r s green w h i t e . with multifoliate leaves. Segregation in t h e progeny of t h e c r o s s between them RAJU, D . R . G . , and H.C.S. CHANDRA. 1972. showed t h a t t r i f o l i a t e l e a f i s dominant t o S t u d i e s o n v a r i a b i l i t y i n t u r . Andhra m u l t i f o l i a t e and t h a t f o u r genes a r e A g r i c . J . 1 9 ( 9 - 6 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 . 789 i n v o l v e d : one h y p o s t a t i c , one i n h i b i t o r y , and two d u p l i c a t e a n t i - i n h i b i t o r y , d e s i g • Assesses h e r i t a b l e v a r i a b i l i t y i n p l a n t
nated Tf, ITf, A 1 I T f , and A 2 I T f , c h a r a c t e r s i n 3 6 v a r i e t i e s o f t u r {Cajanus respectively. oajan Millsp.) and concludes that' improve• ment i s needed f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s p l a n t spread, number of branches, and 100-grain PATIL, J . A . , and N.V. SANDBHOR. 1958. w e i g h t . ' C h i m e r a ' i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 2 7 : 3 5 8 . 784 RAM, R.A., I.B. SINGH, and P. SINGH. 1976. Chimeras have been observed in t h e progeny Estimates of correlation, variability, of a cross between two m u t a n t s , a c r e e p i n g heritability and genetic advance in redgram and a r o u n d - l e a v e d t y p e . I t i s t h o u g h t (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . t h a t t h i s i s t h e f i r s t t i m e t h e o c c u r r e n c e A g r i c . Res. 1 0 ( 1 ) : 6 0 - 6 2 . 790 of chimeras has been r e p o r t e d f o r C. c a j a n . An experiment with 18 genetically diverse s t r a i n s of r e d gram was conducted in RBD PATIL, J . A . , and Y . N . SHEIKH. 1957. w i t h t h r e e r e p l i c a t i o n s . I t was observed S h o r t s t i g m a , o f f t y p e p l a n t i n pigeonpea t h a t t h e number o f p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s , (Cajanus c a j a n Millsp.). Curr. Sci. clusters per plant, and harvest index are 2 6 : 2 5 3 - 2 5 4 . 785 the major yield components. The value of A p l a n t of t h e s t r a i n N-282-7 was found to the genotypic coefficient of variability have a s t i g m a w h i c h remained below t h e ranged f r o m 3 2 . 9 1 t o 66.44%. I t was a n t h e r s i n s t e a d of l y i n g above them. No h i g h e s t f o r c l u s t e r s per p l a n t and l o w e s t seed was o b t a i n e d by e i t h e r o p e n - or for pods per cluster. The grain yield and self-pollination. h a r v e s t i n d e x , i n t h a t o r d e r , were t h e o t h e r t r a i t s showing h i g h g e n e t i c c o e f f i • c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y . The e s t i m a t e s o f PATIL, R.B. h e r i t a b i l i t y v a r i e d f r o m 5 0 . 6 1 t o 74.14%. G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) G e n e t i c advance ranged f r o m 1 0 . 1 1 to M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. T h e s i s . Mahatma Phule 40.19%. Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, I n d i a . 786 RAM, R . A . , P. SINGH, I . B . SINGH, and P. SHARMA. 1976. POKLE, Y . S . 1976. Path and discriminant techniques for the P l e i o t r o p i c mutant i n redgram (Cajanus improvement of redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) c a j a n Millsp.). Nagpur Agric. Coll. Mag. Millsp.). Indian J. Agric. Res. 4 8 : 4 2 - 4 4 . 787 10(2):101-104. 791 The mutant was c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y i t s g i g a s The p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s , c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t l e a f , w i t h c r i n k l e d l e a f s u r f a c e , weak stem and pods per cluster contributed directly and b r a n c h e s , d e l a y e d f l o w e r i n g , and b i g a s w e l l a s i n d i r e c t l y t o g r a i n y i e l d and f l o w e r s w i t h f r e e k e e l p e t a l s . Shedding are therefore considered major yield compo• of f l o w e r s was 99%; g i g a s l e a f was r e c e s • n e n t s . The h a r v e s t i n d e x , however, c o n t r i • s i v e to normal l e a f and governed by a b u t e d i n d i r e c t l y t o y i e l d a s i t s d i r e c t s i n g l e gene. A l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s t h a t g o effect was negative. The function includ• w i t h t h e g i g a s l e a f i n d i c a t e t h e p l e i o t r o • ing four characters viz., primary branches, p i c a c t i o n o f t h i s gene. The gene symbols c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t , pods p e r c l u s t e r and proposed a r e Nh f o r normal and nh f o r h a r v e s t i n d e x gave t h e h i g h e s t r e l a t i v e m u t a n t . e f f i c i e n c y o f 125.29%.
103 Pigeonpea Bibliography
RATHNASWAMY, R., R. VEERASWAMY, A. RAGHUPATHY, SEN, S . , S.C. SUR, and K. SEN GUPTA. and G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1973. 1966. S t u d i e s o n g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f c e r t a i n I n h e r i t a n c e o f dwarfness i n pigeonpea quantitative characters in redgram (Cajanus (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . Z u c h t e r c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 3 6 : 3 7 9 - 3 8 0 . 797 6 0 ( 3 ) : 2 0 4 - 2 0 6 . 792 A dwarf bush pigeonpea was found in a plot A l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s have w i d e p h e n o t y p i c o f t h e c u l t i v a r B r a z i l P / 2 ; i t had b r i t t l e variation. Among the characters studied, s t a l k s , l a t e m a t u r i t y , and low y i e l d . p l a n t h e i g h t , branches per p l a n t , c l u s t e r s A s i n g l e r e c e s s i v e gene d e s i g n a t e d as d, per p l a n t , pods p e r p l a n t , and days t o appears to be i n v o l v e d . Though no chromo- f l o w e r have h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y and s i m i l a r some aberrations were detected, pollen g e n e t i c g a i n ; a s s u c h , t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s f e r t i l i t y i n t h e mutant was o n l y 70%; may b e c o n s i d e r e d a s r e l i a b l e f o r s e l e c t i o n female f e r t i l i t y was n o r m a l . i n r e d gram.
SHARMA, D . , S . S . BHADOURIA, LAXMAN SINGH, REDDY, B . V . S . , L . J . REDDY, and A , N . MURTHI. and H.K. SHARMA. 1974. 1977. Genetic a n a l y s i s o f p r o t e i n c o n t e n t i n R e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a n t s i n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . M i i l s p . T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 3 4 ( 2 ) : 2 3 0 - 2 3 5 . 798 7 : 1 1 . 793 G e n e t i c s o f p r o t e i n t h r o u g h d i a l l e l a n a l y •
A s e a r c h f o r male s t e r i l i t y i n t h e p i g e o n - s i s of F1 and F2 generations revealed pea germplasm collection resulted in 75 t h a t b o t h g . c . a . and s . c . a . v a r i a n c e s f o r plants, grouped into five types, which are protein content were highly significant. b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . The magnitude of additive and nonadditive components o f v a r i a n c e f u r t h e r c o n f i r m e d the importance of additive as well as REKHI, S . S . 1966. nonadditive gene action. In F the n o n - Studies in the inheritance of intervarietal 1 additive component was predominant; in F c r o s s o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Miilsp.). 2 the additive and nonadditive components Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Res. N o . ) : were of equal importance. Of the parents, 100. 794 B a i g a n i showed t h e h i g h e s t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t E r e c t b r a n c h i n g h a b i t was found t o b e d o m i • (23.22 and 23.25%) in two seasons and had n a n t t o s p r e a d i n g h a b i t and m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y the highest g.c.a. effects. inherited. Pointed leaf apex was dominant to round apex and a l s o m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y i n h e r i t e d . Brown seed c o l o r was p a r t i a l l y SHARMA, D . , LAXMAN SINGH, S . S . BAGHEL, and o r i n c o m p l e t e l y dominant o v e r w h i t e seed H.K. SHARMA. 1972. c o l o r ( M o n o g e n i c ) . Four-seeded pods were G e n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f seed s i z e i n pigeonpea dominant to t h r e e - s e e d e d p o d s ; and t h e Cajanus c a j a n . Can. J . Genet. C y t o l . c h a r a c t e r i s a l s o m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y 1 4 : 5 4 5 - 5 4 8 . 799 i n h e r i t e d . I n a d i a l l e l a n a l y s i s o f t e n v a r i e t i e s d i f f e r i n g i n m a t u r i t y group and seed s i z e , a predominance of a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s was RUBAlHAYO, P . R . , and M.F. ONIM. 1975. found, mainly involving partial dominance. A s t u d y of some c h a r a c t e r s of p i g e o n p e a . Seed s i z e had a h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y v a l u e SABRA0 J. 7 ( 2 ) : 1 8 3 - 1 8 7 . 795 o f 0 . 8 2 . The heritabilities and interrelationships o f t e n c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d . H e r i t a b i • SHARMA, H . K . , LAXMAN SINGH, and D. SHARMA. l i t y e s t i m a t e s were h i g h f o r days t o 1973. f l o w e r i n g , pod c o l o r , d e t e r m i n a t e h a b i t , G e n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f f l o w e r i n i t i a t i o n i n and h e i g h t b u t low f o r g r a i n y i e l d . There pigeonpea. Indian J. Genet. PI. Breed. was n o s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between 3 3 ( 3 ) : 3 9 3 - 3 9 7 . 800 i n c i d e n c e of Mycovellosiella c a j a n i and
g r a i n y i e l d . Component analysis of F1 and F2 i n d i c a t e d the predominance of additive genetic vari• SALUNKHE, A . R . 1 9 7 1 . ance and degree of dominance was found to I n h e r i t a n c e o f c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r s o f t u r b e i n t h e p a r t i a l dominance r a n g e . Dominant (Cajanue c a j a n (L.) Miilsp.). 331 pp. genes were associated with early maturity. M.Sc. (1971) Thesis. Mahatma Phule Krishi The p r o p o r t i o n of dominant and r e c e s s i v e Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, genes i n t h e p a r e n t s was a l m o s t e q u a l . I n d i a . 796 Heritability in the narrow sense was high,
104 i n d i c a t i n g t h a t improvement can be made SHINDE, V . K . , R. D' CRUZ, and A . B . DEOKAR. b y s i m p l e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s . 1 9 7 1 . Genetic s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a . X I . Creeping SHARMA, H . K . , LAXMAN SINGH, and D. SHARMA. 3 - 2 - 8 x Red g r a i n e d . Poona A g r i c . C o l l . 1973. Mag. 6 1 : 5 3 - 5 5 . 804 Combining a b i l i t y i n d i a l l e l crosses o f Three c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d : g r o w t h p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . h a b i t , c o l o r o f d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f s t a n d a r d 4 3 ( l ) : 2 5 - 2 9 . 801 p e t a l and pod c o l o r . S e g r e g a t i o n d a t a i n F showed 13 c r e e p i n g : 3 e r e c t , s u g g e s t i n g The g e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y v a r i a n c e s 2 two f a c t o r s , one of w h i c h has an i n h i b i t o r y were h i g h e r t h a n t h e s p e c i f i c c o m b i n i n g action. Data for petal color showed ability variances, indicating the predomi• 3 y e l l o w w i t h deep r e d v e i n s : 1 y e l l o w nance of a d d i t i v e gene a c t i o n f o r a number w i t h r e d v e i n s ; d a t a f o r pod c o l o r showed o f c h a r a c t e r s . Ranking o f p a r e n t a l l i n e s 3 green with black diffused : 1 green with o n t h e b a s i s o f g e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y b l a c k s t r e a k s . These c h a r a c t e r s showed estimates showed good agreement with rank• independent assortment. i n g based o n performance p e r s e . H e t e r o t i c e f f e c t s were h i g h e s t f o r p l a n t h e i g h t and g r a i n y i e l d and t h i s suggests t h a t composite SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , LAXMAN SINGH, and v a r i e t i e s c o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d . R.P. SINGH. 1976. H e t e r o s i s i n p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 3 6 ( 2 ) : 1 9 7 - 2 0 0 . 805 SHAW, F . J . F . 1936. S t u d i e s i n I n d i a n p u l s e s : The i n h e r i t a n c e Mean h e t e r o s i s of 67% was o b t a i n e d f o r of morphological characters and wilt resis• y i e l d , 96% f o r secondary b r a n c h e s , and 80% tance in Rahar (Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . ) . f o r number o f pods per p l a n t . The l a t t e r I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 6 : 1 3 9 - 1 8 8 . 802 two characters contributed maximum for the i n c r e a s e in y i e l d ; medium x medium, low x In a cross between two v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus medium crosses g e n e r a l l y r e s u l t e d i n h i g h i n d i c u s (Pusa Types T-5 and T-80) i n h e r i - h e t e r o t i c p e r f o r m a n c e . Genetic d i v e r s i t y tance o f f l o w e r c o l o r f o l l o w e d a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 was the key to obtaining hybrid vigor. r a t i o , t h e F1 and t h e d o u b l e r e c e s s i v e being new phenotypes unlike either parent. E r e c t h a b i t was p a r t i a l l y dominant o v e r SHRIVASTAVA, P . S . , A . B . L . BEOHAR, and s p r e a d i n g ; s h o r t s t a t u r e was dominant t o S.C. PANDYA. 1973. t a l l ; crowded h a b i t o f i n f l o r e s c e n c e was Genetic v a r i a t i o n f o r some n u t r i e n t element dominant to t h e o p e n ; brown seed of T-80 accumulation and their association with was dominant t o t h e s i l v e r w h i t e o f T-5 yield and maturity in arhar (Cajanus c a j a n each in a 3 : 1 r a t i o . F2 and F3 populations ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . JNKW Res. J . 1 : 4 3 - 4 6 . 806 were grown i n i n f e c t e d f i e l d s and t h e l o s s The seed c o n t e n t of Z n , P, Cu, Fe, and Mn, due t o w i l t i n F suggests that the inheri• 2 differed significantly in the eight varie• tance of r e s i s t a n c e may be found in a 9:7 t i e s s t u d i e d , and h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s o r 27:37 r a t i o , r e s i s t a n c e b e i n g d o m i n a n t . i n the broad sense were h i g h , r a n g i n g f r o m R a t i o s o f t h e v a r i o u s phenotypes were n o t 0.69 f o r Mn to 0 . 9 1 f o r P. P c o n t e n t d i s t u r b e d b y t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e d i s e a s e , showed a negative correlation with number showing t h a t t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e o f days t o m a t u r i t y , i n c o n t r a s t t o M n was n o t l i n k e d w i t h t h a t o f any o f t h e content, which showed a positive correla• morphological characters studied. tion. A significant negative genotypic correlation between P and Mn contents was SHERIFF, N . M . , W.M. ALIKHAN, and r e c o r d e d . R. VEERASWAMY. 1975. S t u d i e s o n t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f c e r t a i n p l a n t SINGH, A . B . , V . N . YADAV, D. SINGH, and characters in redgram (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) S . P . SINGH. 1972. M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 6 ( 2 ) : C o r r e l a t i o n and h e r i t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s i n 6 4 - 6 5 . 803 a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . The i n h e r i t a n c e o f a g r o n o m i c a l and o t h e r I n d i a n A g r i c . 1 6 ( 1 ) : 4 1 - 4 4 . 807 morphological characteristics was studied Yield showed significant and positive phe- in T a m i l Nadu, u s i n g i n d u c e d mutants as one n o t y p i c and g e n e t i c a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h p l a n t o f t h e p a r e n t s i n c r o s s e s . The e r e c t h a b i t height, secondary branches, and pod length. and t a l l p l a n t h a b i t were f o u n d t o b e A h i g h degree of a s s o c i a t i o n was a l s o dominant and c o n t r o l l e d by a s i n g l e p a i r observed between p r i m a r y branches and of genes. t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s , v i z . days t o f l o w e r ,
105 Pigeonpea Bibliography
secondary b r a n c h e s , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The SINHA, S.C., and RAM LAKHAN. 1976. association was negative between yield and A new v a r i a n t i n p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . days to flower. The estimate of heritabi- A g r i c . Res. 1 0 ( 2 ) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 . 81-1 l i t y was maximum f o r pod l e n g t h and minimum f o r p l a n t h e i g h t ; g e n e t i c advance was m a x i • A c o m p l e t e l y b r a n c h l e s s and e x t r e m e l y t a l l mum f o r y i e l d . p l a n t was observed i n c u l t u r e 6 1 1 2 . I t s progeny gave a 15 normal : 1 v a r i a n t r a t i o . The m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e p l a n t s , SINGH, D . N . , R.K. BANSAL, and S . P . MITAL. their comparative description, and useful• 1942. ness i n b a s k e t making a r e d i s c u s s e d . Cajanus o b c o r d i f o l i a S i n g h . A new s p e c i e s o f Cajanus . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 1 2 : 7 7 9 - 7 8 4 . 808 SINHA, S . C . , J . K . SAXENA, and RAM LAKHAN. 1976. A new s p e c i e s is d e s c r i b e d w h i c h has o b c o r - Note on t h e b r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r of a f a s c i a - d a t e l e a f l e t s w i t h r e t u s e , mucronate a p i c e s t e d mutant in Cajanus oajan. I n d i a n J. as compared w i t h t h e o b l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e A g r i c . Res. 1 0 ( 3 ) : 2 0 3 - 2 0 4 . 812 l e a f l e t s w i t h a c u t e t o s l i g h t l y acuminate F a s c i a t i o n , a m o r p h o l o g i c a l a b n o r m a l i t y a p i c e s of t h e common pigeonpea (Cajanus that results in the coalescent development cajan)• There a r e d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e of branches which f i n a l l y assume a deformed f l o r a l c h a r a c t e r s a l s o . and flattened look, was found to be mono• genic r e c e s s i v e . SINGH, K . B . , and R.S. MALHOTRA. 1973. Y i e l d components in pigeonpea (Cajanus SOLOMON, S . , G.P. ARGIKAR, M.S. SALANKI, oajan L . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) : and I . R . MORBAD. 1957. 364-366. 809 A s t u d y of h e t e r o s i s in Cajanus oajan ( L . ) The s t u d y on 40 s t r a i n s of pigeonpea showed M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . significant and positive association of 1 7 : 9 0 - 9 5 . 813 y i e l d w i t h c l u s t e r s per p l a n t , pods p e r Data are given on a number of quantitative p l a n t , and secondary b r a n c h e s . Pods per c h a r a c t e r s of t e n F h y b r i d s of Cajanus plant also showed significant association 1 oajan s t u d i e d a t B i j a p u r . I n c r e a s e s i n with clusters per plant. Path coefficient grain yield up to 24.51% over that of the and r e g r e s s i o n s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d t h a t p a r e n t s were o b t a i n e d b u t t h e b e s t y i e l d i n g c l u s t e r s per p l a n t i s t h e main y i e l d h y b r i d gave a l o w e r y i e l d than t h e b e s t component i n p i g e o n p e a . parental type.
SINGH, M.K. 1 9 7 1 . SRINIVASAN, K. 1977. I n h e r i t a n c e o f seed coat c o l o u r i n Cajanus Studies on induced mutagenesis in redgram oajan (L.) M i l l s p . (C. indicus S p r e n g ) . (Cajanus oajan L.). M.Sc. (1977) Thesis. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. Assoc. 5 8 ( 3 ) : Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimba- 4 8 2 - 4 8 3 . ( A b s t r a c t ) . 810 t o r e , Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 814 The genetics of seedcoat color were studied
in t h e F1 and F2 g e n e r a t i o n s of two Cajanus TEERANDAJ, G.H. 1973. v a r i e t i e s : B / 3 , w i t h b l a c k s e e d c o a t , and I n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s in t u r (Cajanus oajan a commercial v a r i e t y , w i t h w h i t e and ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 133 p p . M.Sc. (1973) c r i m s o n s e e d c o a t . I n b o t h t h e crosses Thesis. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, monogenic ratios were obtained between Rahuri, Maharashtra, India. 815 b l a c k and w h i t e and c r i m s o n and b l a c k . O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e b r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r i t was assumed t h a t c r i m s o n i s t h e b a s i c c o l o r THORAT, T . Y . 1955. c o n t r o l l e d by gene R, because R is dominant Study o f t h e g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f p i g e o n • over b l a c k and b l a c k i s dominant o v e r brown pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Thesis. and w h i t e . Three genes, R , B , and P , may Indian Agricultural Research Institute, b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r seedcoat c o l o r a t i o n . New D e l h i , I n d i a . 816 The p a r e n t s w i t h b l a c k seeds have t h e genotype r r B B p p ; s i n c e RRBBpp w i l l g i v e a VEERASWAMY, R., P. RANGASAMY, A . K , FAZLULLAH monogenic r a t i o between c r i m s o n and b l a c k , KHAN, and N. MOHAMMED SHAREEF. 1973. t h e crimson-seeded v a r i e t y W i l l have t h e H e t e r o s i s i n Cajanus oajan (L.) Millsp. genotype RRBBpp. The genetic mechanism and Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 3 1 7 - 1 3 1 9 . 817 genotypes o f t h e p a r e n t s , based o n t h e i r breeding behavior, have been explained and d i s c u s s e d .
106 Microbiology
The i n t e r v a r i e t a l h y b r i d s i n r e d gram A l l t h e t h r e e types o f f l o w e r s (mono-, b l • between Co-1 ( a s h o r t - t e r m , h i g h - y i e l d i n g and tri-carpellary) are found on the same s t r a i n ) and 1 9 g e n e t i c a l l y d i v e r s e v a r i e • p l a n t w i t h c o n c o m i t a n t i n c r e a s e i n the t i e s expressed h e t e r o s i s f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , stamens and complete p o l l e n and o v u l e p l a n t s p r e a d , number of b r a n c h e s , number of s t e r i l i t y . c l u s t e r s , number of p o d s , and days to 50% flowering. Five hybrids expressed maximum h e t e r o s i s f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d . The WAKANKAR, S . M . , and L . N . YADAV, 1975. h y b r i d Co-1 x 8 0 , w h i c h was o u t s t a n d i n g l y Path analysis of yield components in arhar s u p e r i o r to t h e o t h e r s , showed a mean (Cajanus c a j a n ) . Indian J. Agric. Res. percentage increase of 179.6 and 188.5 9 ( 4 ) : 1 8 2 - 1 8 6 . 821 i n two i m p o r t a n t economic a t t r i b u t e s , C o r r e l a t i o n s and p a t h c o e f f i c i e n t s were number of c l u s t e r s and number of p o d s , estimated with regard to 14 characters in
r e s p e c t i v e l y , over t h e s u p e r i o r p a r e n t . an F2 p o p u l a t i o n of a c r o s s of v a r . Gwallor-3 x NP-69. Results showed that more pods, secondary branches per p l a n t VEERASWAMY, R., R. RATHNASWAMY, and with high seed indices, and limited M. MURUGESAN. 1975. spreading are reliable selection criteria. Path a n a l y s i s in r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 2 ( 3 ) : 166-168. 818 It is shown f rom d a t a on 21 d i v e r s e geno• types t h a t ( i ) h e i g h t had a low p o s i t i v e d i r e c t e f f e c t o n y i e l d b u t a h i g h p o s i t i v e MICROBIOLOGY indirect effect through branch number, and a h i g h n e g a t i v e i n d i r e c t e f f e c t t h r o u g h days t o f i r s t f l o w e r i n g ; ( i i ) branch number ARORA, NIRMAL. 1956. had a h i g h p o s i t i v e d i r e c t e f f e c t o n y i e l d ; M o r p h o l o g i c a l study of the r o o t nodules on ( i i i ) c l u s t e r number per p l a n t and pod Cajanus indicus. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. number had a p o s i t i v e i n d i r e c t e f f e c t 43(3) : 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 . ( A b s t r a c t ) . 822 t h r o u g h branch number; and ( i v ) days to f i r s t f l o w e r i n g had a moderate n e g a t i v e L a r g e , more or l e s s e l o n g a t e d nodules are d i r e c t e f f e c t and a h i g h i n d i r e c t e f f e c t s p a r s e l y d i s t r i b u t e d o n the r o o t system o f t h r o u g h b r a n c h number. I t I s concluded C. aajan. I n f e c t i o n of the r o o t s occurs t h a t branch number had t h e g r e a t e s t through root hairs. A mature nodule shows i n f l u e n c e o n y i e l d . a w e l l marked b a c t e r o i d a r e a , a p i c a l m e r i s t e m , and v a s c u l a r zone. Two v a s c u l a r stands a r i s i n g near the r o o t p r o t o x y l e m VEERASWAMY, R., R. RATHNASWAMY, A. RAGHUPATHY, s u p p l y t h e n o d u l e . The v a s c u l a r bundles and G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1973. may b e c o l l a t e r a l , i n v e r s e l y c o l l a t e r a l o r Genotypic and p h e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n s i n b i c o l l a t e r a l . I n l a t e r stages they show Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Madras A g r i c . the development of secondary e l e m e n t s . The J . ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 8 2 3 - 1 8 2 5 . 819 r h i z o b i a s t i m u l a t e t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s t o divide. The nodule is exogenous in origin. A c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n was found to e x i s t The r o o t nodules of C. indiaus differ from between number of c l u s t e r s and number of the earlier described herbaceous nodules pods per p l a n t o n p h e n o t y p i c b a s i s b u t t h i s ( A l l e n and A l l e n , 1954) i n h a v i n g a s c l e - a s s o c i a t i o n was reduced on t h e g e n o t y p i c r e i d l a y e r i n the c o r t e x , i n a d i f f u s e level by environmental factors. These two method of tissue degeneration, and in the c h a r a c t e r s were a l s o found the most r e l i a • f a c t t h a t t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f xylem and b l e i n d e x o f s e l e c t i o n f o r y i e l d . The phloem i s n o t c o n s t a n t . h i g h e s t c o h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e ( 9 9 . 1 3 ) was f o r number of branches and pods per p l a n t . However, p l a n t h e i g h t and number o f BHAGYARAJ, J . , and G. RANGASWAMI. 1966. days to f l o w e r a r e a l s o u s e f u l as p h e n o t y • O n the v a r i a t i o n s i n r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t s o f p i c i n d i c e s f o r s e l e c t i o n . some crop p l a n t s . C u r r . S c i . 3 5 ( 9 ) : 2 3 8 - 2 3 9 . 823
VENKATESWARLU, S . , R.M. SINGH, and Amongst f i v e crops grown i n s i m i l a r c o n d i • R.B. SINGH. 1976. t i o n s , pigeonpea had t h e g r e a t e s t r h i z o • EMS-induced m u l t i c a r p e l l a t e c o n d i t i o n i n sphere e f f e c t o n b a c t e r i a . Cajanus c a j a n . C u r r . S c i . 4 5 ( 2 ) : 773-774. 820
107 Plgeonpea Bibliography
DART, P.J., RAFIQUL ISLAM, and A. EAGLESHAM. L I M , G. 1977. 1975. N o d u l a t i o n o f t r o p i c a l legumes i n Singapore. The r o o t n o d u l e s y m b i o s i s of c h i c k p e a and T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) . 54(2) : 1 3 5 - pigeonpea. Proc. First International 1 4 1 . 828 Workshop on Grain Legumes. 13-16 Jan 1975. A t o t a l of 68 s p e c i e s of legumes, c o m p r i • ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 6 3 - 8 3 . 824 sing 27 members of Caesalpinioideae, 13 of Pigeonpea rhizobia are of the cowpea cross- Mimosoideae, 27 of P a p i l i o n o i d e a e and one inoculation group. Origin of the strains, o f S w a r t z i o i d e a e were examined f o r n o d u l a • performance of strains, and other observa• t i o n . S l i g h t l y more t h a n h a l f t h e s p e c i e s t i o n s o n n o d u l a t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d . examined (37) d i d n o t have r o o t n o d u l e s ; most of t h e n o n n o d u l a t i n g s p e c i e s belonged to Caesalpinioideae. The largest number of DIATLOFF, A. 1 9 7 1 . nodulating species (81.5 per cent) were P e l l e t i n g t r o p i c a l legume s e e d . Qd. A g r i c . found i n P a p i l i o n o i d e a e . N o d u l a t i o n i s J . 9 7 : 3 6 3 - 3 6 6 . 825 r e p o r t e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e f o r Calliandra Seed i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h a s u i t a b l e legume inaequilatera (Mimosoideae). There was no inoculant ensures that bacteria necessary correlation between nodulating ability of f o r n o d u l a t i o n a r e i n t r o d u c e d a t t h e time a plant and whether it is an indigenous or o f p l a n t i n g . Lime p e l l e t i n g i s common t o i n t r o d u c e d s p e c i e s . improve nodulation. The following aspects a r e d i s c u s s e d : Seed p e l l e t i n g and i t s MANJUNATH, A. 1976. benefits; pelleting material; stickers; Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Cajanus i n o c u l a n t ; p r e p a r i n g t h e p e l l e t ; sowing c a j a n (L.) Millsp. Influence of dose and p e l l e t e d s e e d . For Cajanus c a j a n i n o c u l a n t time of application of mineral nitrogen. r e q u i r e m e n t i s cowpea t y p e and p e l l e t i n g M.Sc. T h e s i s . Thesis a b s t r a c t s . m a t e r i a l i s r o c k phosphate. 2 ( 3 ) : 2 1 3 . 829
EDWARD, J . C . , and S.C. TRIPATHI. 1972. NANDI, L.A., and V. BALASUBRAMANIAN. P o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s of Azotobacter s p p . 1976. within rhlzosphere and non-rhizosphere Root nitrogen content and transformation in s o i l s o f some crops d u r i n g r a b i . A l l a h a b a d s e l e c t e d g r a i n legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Fmr 4 6 ( 1 ) : 4 9 - 5 1 . 826 ( T r i n i d a d ) . 5 5 ( 1 ) : 2 3 - 3 2 . 830 The p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s of Azotobacter The n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t and t h e amount and s p p . a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r h l z o s p h e r e and rate of N mineralization of some tropical n o n - r h l z o s p h e r e o f w h e a t , h y b r i d n a p i e r - g r a i n legume r o o t s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y g r a s s , Cicer arietinum, p e a s , and Cajanus not only among different species but also c a j a n a r e d e s c r i b e d . between c u l t i v a r s of t h e same s p e c i e s (Cowpea). The chemical composition of the JADHAV, T . K . , and L. MONIZ. 1972. t r o p i c a l g r a i n legume r o o t s i n c l u d i n g Cross i n o c u l a t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h Rhizobia o f pigeonpea are given. These results c u l t i v a t e d and w i l d t u r and Sannhemp. suggest t h a t t h e c o n f l i c t i n g r e p o r t s o f Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . t h e e f f e c t s o f g r a i n legumes, e s p e c i a l l y 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 4 - 6 6 . 827 cowpea, on s o i l N may be due in p a r t to v a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e . Most e f f e c t i v e s t r a i n s , v i z . , CT-3, WT-4, CS-3, and WS-2, o b t a i n e d f r o m t u r and w i l d t u r (Atylosia l i n e a t a W. & A.) and Sannhemp NORRIS, D.O. 1959. s t r a i n s were u s e d . The s t r a i n s f r o m t u r Legume bacteriology in the tropics. and w i l d t u r gave p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s f o r J . A u s t . I n s t . A g r i c . S c i . 2 5 : 2 0 2 - 2 0 7 . 831 n o d u l a t i o n w i t h t h e h o s t o f cowpea and The s c i e n t i f i c s t u d y o f r h i z o b i u m , w h i c h soybean cross-inoculation groups but failed was first isolated in 1888, started with t o produce n o d u l e s o n t h e h o s t s o f o t h e r B e i j e r i n c k . The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f cross-inoculation groups. Strains CT-3 and legume b a c t e r i o l o g y i n t h e t r o p i c s a r e WT-4, f r o m t u r and w i l d t u r r e s p e c t i v e l y , discussed: Distribution of Leguminosae; produced f a i r l y good n o d u l a t i o n o n s i x o u t the question of root hair infection; the o f e i g h t h o s t s o f t h e cowpea g r o u p . The f o r m and appearance o f b a c t e r i a i n c u l t u r e ; nodules were observed on the tap root. c l a i m s t h a t t r o p i c a l legumes f a i l t o nodulate; claims that tropical legumes fail t o f i x n i t r o g e n ; t h e p r a c t i c e o f i n o c u l a • tion in tropical legumes; calcium nutrition o f r h i z o b i u m and t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r l i m e i n acid soils. 108 Microbiology
NORMS, D.O. 1970. RAJU, M.S. 1939. The c o n t r i b u t i o n o f r e s e a r c h i n legume Studies on the bacterial-plant groups. VI. b a c t e r i o l o g y t o t h e development o f A u s t r a • Variation in the effectiveness of different l i a n p a s t u r e s . P r o c . X I I n t e r n a t . Grass• strains of nodule bacteria of cowpea groups l a n d Cong. 13-23 A p r i l 1970. Queensland, (II. Influence of light on the effective• Australia. 22-30. 832 n e s s ) , Cajanus aajan and Dolichos biflorus. Zbl. Bakt. 11(99):449-460. 835 Research i n legume b a c t e r i o l o g y has p l a y e d a v i t a l r o l e i n A u s t r a l i a n p a s t u r e d e v e l o p • ment, w h i c h i s h e a v i l y dependent o n RAMASWAMY, P . P . , and K.S. NAIR. 1965. introduced legume species, both temperate S y m b i o t i c v a r i a t i o n o f Rhizobium f r o m and t r o p i c a l . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f the nodules of redgram (Cajanus cajan). Madras s y m b i o t i c a f f i n i t i e s of Trifolium and A g r i c . J . 5 2 : 2 3 9 - 2 4 0 . 836 Medicago s p p . and a v a r i e t y of t r o p i c a l legumes has l e d t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f h i g h l y Among the Rhizobiwn isolated from the e f f e c t i v e R h i z o b i u m s t r a i n s f o r use a s nodules of d i f f e r e n t h o s t s of the same i n o c u l a n t s and s e r o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s f o r s p e c i e s , t h e r e i s wide v a r i a t i o n i n t h e studying their field performance have been c a p a c i t y t o f i x atmospheric n i t r o g e n i n developed and r e f i n e d . The s e t t i n g up of the host legume. The necessity for select• the c o o p e r a t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n U-DALS has ing suitable strains of Rhizobium t o r e s u l t e d i n h i g h q u a l i t y commercial i n o c u • bring about maximum benefit to the legume l a n t s . The development o f seed p e l l e t i n g crop i s i n d i c a t e d . procedures has g r e a t l y improved ease and e f f i c i e n c y o f f i e l d e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n many SAXENA, M.C., K.V.B.R. TILAK, and circumstances. D.S. YADAV. 1975. Response of pigeonpea to i n o c u l a t i o n and pelleting. Indian J. Agron. 20(4): OKE, O.L. 1967. 321-324. 837 N i t r o g e n f i x i n g c a p a c i t y o f some N i g e r i a n legumes. E x p l A g r i c . 3 ( 4 ) : 3 1 5 - 3 2 1 . 833 I n o c u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d g r a i n y i e l d over t h a t o f n o n - i n o c u l a t e d c o n t r o l . D u r i n g 1972, The f i x a t i o n o f N i n r o o t nodules o f g r a i n y i e l d was maximum in case of seed Cajanus aajan, Centrosema pubescens, and pelleting with lime and inoculated with S t y l o s a n t h e s gracilis grown i n pots i n I A R I c u l t u r e . V a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s d i d n o t sand s u p p l i e d w i t h a N - f r e e n u t r i e n t differ significantly in grain yield during s o l u t i o n was s t u d i e d i n N i g e r i a . N - f i x a - 1973. Maximum nodulation occurred during t i o n i n these legumes a t t a i n e d maxima o f b o t h the y e a r s i n case o f seed p e l l e t e d 1 4 . 5 , 1 0 . 3 , arid 4 . 6 mg per day per p l a n t , w i t h l i m e and i n o c u l a t e d w i t h Pantnagar r e s p e c t i v e l y . Some 90% or more of the N c u l t u r e . Maximum r h i z o b i a l number i n fixed was transferred from the nodules to rhizosphere was associated with lime- t h e r e s t o f t h e p l a n t soon a f t e r f i x a t i o n . pelleted seeds. F i x a t i o n per g of nodules was h i g h e s t f o r C. aajan d u r i n g t h e e a r l y development phase. SETHUNATHAN, N. 1970. . F o l i a r sprays o f growth r e g u l a t o r s and rhizosphere effect in Cajanus aajan M i l l s p . PALACIOS, G . , and A. BARI. 1936. 1 . Q u a n t i t a t i v e changes. P I . S o i l A new m i c r o o r g a n i s m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e 33(l):62-70. 838 n o d u l e b a c t e r i a in Cajanus indicus. P r o c . I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 3 ( 4 ) : The response of rhizosphere microflora of 362-365. 834 pigeonpea t o v a r i o u s growth r e g u l a t o r s was s t u d i e d . The number o f f u n g i s i g n i f i • A new organism ( B a c i l l u s concomitans n o v . cantly increased in the rhizosphere of s p . ) i s d e s c r i b e d w h i c h i s found f r e q u e n t l y seedlings sprayed with 25 ppm naphthalene i n s i d e t h e nodules formed i n Cajanus a c e t i c a c i d . S i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s i n i n d i a u s . When isolated in pure culture b a c t e r i a l numbers o c c u r r e d i n t h e r h i z o • i t does n o t produce n o d u l e s . I t g i v e s a sphere of plants treated with 2, 4-D (25 congo-red negative reaction and possesses ppm). G i b b e r e l l i n (100 ppm) or 0.2X many other characteristics which differen- maleic hydrazide generally depressed the t i a t e it f r o m Rhizobium radiaicola and accumulation of microorganisms. However, B. radiobacter. no a d d i t i v e 111 e f f e c t s o c c u r r e d when they were a p p l i e d i n c o m b i n a t i o n . The e f f e c t s of indole acetic acid were inconsistent.
109 Pigeonpea Bibliography
SHARMA, N . K . , and C . L . SETHI. 1975. PATHOLOGY Leghaemoglobin content of cowpea nodules as i n f l u e n c e d by Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodeva c a j a n i . Indian J. Nematol. 4 5 : 1 1 3 - 1 1 4 . 839 The data i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e nematodes ADSUAR, J. 1964. interfered with the leghaemoglobin content A mosaic d i s e a s e of cowpea (Vigna sinensis of t h e cowpea r o o t n o d u l e s , w i t h M. incog• savi) in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. nita c a u s i n g more r e d u c t i o n t h a n H. aajani. P. R i c o . 4 8 ( 3 ) : 2 6 4 . 844 A v i r u s i s o l a t e d from cowpea p l a n t s w i t h SHERIFF, N . M . , R. RATHNASWAMY, G. SELVA- mottled, misshapen, and dwarfed leaves was KUMARI, A. RAGHUPATHY, and R.H. KRISHNAN. i n a c t i v a t e d b y d i l u t i o n t o 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 , h e a t • 1970. i n g to 60°C f o r 10 rain., or s t o r a g e in vitro Effect of bacterial inoculation for pulses f o r 43 hr at 28 to 30°C. The v i r u s was c u l t i v a t e d i n T a m i l Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . a l s o t r a n s m i t t e d to p i g e o n p e a , Canavalia 5 7 : 1 8 1 - 1 8 4 . 840 ensiformis, Desmodium distortion, and Experiments on e f f e c t s of Rhizobium D. gyroide8. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h i s c u l t u r e s o n d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s , d i d not v i r u s t o o t h e r s i n f e c t i n g cowpea i s b e i n g i n d i c a t e p o s i t i v e response i n any o f t h e investigated. p u l s e s f o r i n c r e a s e i n g r a i n p r o d u c t i o n . It may be due to a number of f a c t o r s such AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1953. a s n o n s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e s t r a i n s l i s t e d . S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . B. Rhizosphere m i c r o f l o r a of some of t h e SIMHADRI, P . , and K.V.B.R. TILAK. 1976. i m p o r t a n t c r o p p l a n t s o f South I n d i a . Comparative performance of different Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Sect. B). s t r a i n s of Rhizobium s p e c i e s on pigeonpea 3 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 1 3 . 845 (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). Pantnagar Various fungi isolated from Rhizosphere J . Res. 1 ( 1 ) : 2 6 - 2 9 . 841 soil of pigeonpea, including Fusarium spp. I n o c u l a t i o n of C. cajan seeds w i t h Rhizo- are d e s c r i b e d . bium strain A3 increased nodulation and leghaemoglobin s y n t h e s i s and gave t h e AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1955. h i g h e s t seed y i e l d s ( 2 . 1 6 t / h a ) . I n o c u - I n c i d e n c e o f f u n g i s t i c organism i n t h e l a t i o n w i t h Rhizobium s t r a i n PN gave t h e rhizosphere of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) n e x t h i g h e s t y i e l d , 1.71 t / h a , compared in relation to the resistance and suscept- w i t h 0.94 t / h a w i t h o u t i n o c u l a t i o n . i b i l i t y to w i l t caused by Fusarium udum Butl. Naturwissenschaften 42(2) :l-2. 846 SINGH, R., and T . P . MALL. 1974. S t u d i e s o n t h e n o d u l a t i o n and n i t r o g e n AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1957. f i x a t i o n b y i n f e c t e d leguminous p l a n t s . The density of the rhizosphere microflora 1 . E f f e c t o f a r h a r mosaic v i r u s i n f e c t i o n of pigeonpea {Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) on nitrogen value, nodulation and nitrogen i n r e l a t i o n t o the w i l t caused b y Fusarium f i x a t i o n b y some p u l s e c r o p s . P I . S o i l udum (F. merismoides) Butler. Natur• 4 1 ( 2 ) : 2 7 9 - 2 8 6 . 842 wissenschaf ten 44(18):497. 847 The a r h a r mosaic v i r u s i n f e c t i o n decreased The rhizosphere population of pigeonpea the number, weight, and size of the nodule increased in number in the presence of in cowpea and mung b u t i n c r e a s e d t h e n o d u l e F. merismoides, t h e number of f u n g i d e c r e a • number and f r e s h w e i g h t i n u r a d p l a n t s . sing but the number of bacteria' increasing The a r h a r mosaic v i r u s s t r a i n s reduced t h e g r e a t l y . The r h i z o s p h e r e o f w i l t e d and n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f i n f e c t e d d y i n g p l a n t s , however, c o n t a i n e d a g r e a t e r p l a n t s i n comparison w i t h t h e i r h e a l t h y number o f f u n g i t h a n b a c t e r i a . The m i c r o - counterparts. f l o r a l p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e o f wilt-susceptible pigeonpea strains was SUBBA RAO, N.S. 1976. larger than that of wilt-resistant plants; F i e l d response o f legumes i n I n d i a t o i n o • a t h i g h e r l e v e l s o f m o i s t u r e t h e r e was n o c u l a t i o n and f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s / d i f f e r e n c e , w h i c h may be due to h i g h Rhizobium, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus c a j a n , m o i s t u r e c a u s i n g e r r o r s i n s o i l s a m p l i n g . p p . 255-268. In: Nutman, P.S. ( E d . ) . International Biological Programme, No. 7 . 843
110 P a t h o l o g y
AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1958. The type of sterility in question is cha• Fungi i s o l a t e d f r o m R h i z o s p h e r e . racterized by (i) dwarfing of leaves, 4 . J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 3 7 ( 3 ) : 4 2 2 - 4 3 1 . 848 (ii) a bushy habit, and (iii) yellowish Sixteen ascomycetes were isolated from green i n s t e a d of green l e a v e s . The accom• pigeonpea rhizosphere. p a n y i n g s t e r i l i t y due t o t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f f l o w e r s and f r u i t s may v a r y i n degree in d i f f e r e n t types of Cajanus indicus. AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1959. A negative correlation between the degree Fungi isolated from Rhizosphere. o f s t e r i l i t y and y i e l d was n o t e d . 5. J. Madras U n i v . (Sec. B) 29(3) : 1 5 5 - 1 8 1 . 849 ALVAREZ, G.L.A. 1960. F i f t y deutermomycetes were i s o l a t e d f r o m Phoma cank.sr of pigeonpeas in P u e r t o R i c o . pigeonpea rhizosphere. J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 4 ( l ) : 2 8 - 3 0 . 854 An epidemic of phoma canker was observed AGNIHOTHRUDU, V . , K. BHUVANESWARI, and in February 1954, causing considerable S. SURYANARAYANAN. 1955. l o s s e s t o t h e pigeonpea c r o p . This paper Fungi isolated from rhizosphere. 1. Proc. r e p o r t s a s t u d y of t h e c a u s a l organism as I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 4 3 : a species of Phoma c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the 9 8 - 1 0 4 . 850 formation of papillate pycnidia of variable s i z e . The d i s e a s e c o u l d b e produced i n Some o f t h e f u n g i f r e q u e n t l y i s o l a t e d from h e a l t h y pigeonpea p l a n t s b y i n o c u l a t i o n o r t h e r h i z o s p h e r e o f some crop p l a n t s , p a r t i • by s p r a y i n g w i t h a w a t e r suspension of c u l a r l y pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ), a r e conidia obtained from a pure culture. identified. Three of them are new records F u r t h e r study i s a d v i s a b l e . f o r t h e c o u n t r y , v i z . , Melanospora breviro- s t r a t a C. Moreau, Aspergillus giganteus Wehmer, and oedocephalum coprophilum Koba- AMIN, K . S . , B. BALDEV, and F . J . WILLIAMS. y a s h i . The d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r s o f these 1976. s p e c i e s a r e g i v e n . Differentiation of Phytophthora stem b l i g h t f r o m Fusarium w i l t o f pigeonpea b y f i e l d symptoms. FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . 2 4 ( 4 ) : AHMED, T. 1974. 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 . 855 Rhizoctonia s e e d l i n g b l i g h t o f pigeonpea and i t s c o n t r o l . M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . Fusarium w i l t , caused by Fusarium udum Bidhan Chandra K r i s h i Viswa V i d y a l a y a , Butler, is a widespread and damaging dis• K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 851 ease o f Cajanus c a j a n i n I n d i a . Phytoph• thora stem b l i g h t of p i g e o n p e a , caused by Phytophthora c a j a n i , can easily be mistaken ALAM, M. 1 9 3 1 . f o r Fuearium w i l t , and t h i s c o n f u s i o n may Administration Report of the Botanical account f o r some o f t h e a l l e g e d f a i l u r e o f S e c t i o n f o r the y e a r e n d i n g 31st March wilt-resistant varieties. Leaves of plants 1 9 3 1 . Appendix 1 ( 8 ) : Rep. Dep. A g r i c . a f f e c t e d b y Fusarium w i l t f r e q u e n t l y t u r n B i h a r , O r i s s a , f o r t h e p e r i o d f r o m y e l l o w b e f o r e d r y i n g , w h i l e leaves o f 1 Apr 1930 to 31 Mar 1 9 3 1 : 4 2 - 6 5 . 852 p l a n t s a f f e c t e d by Phytophthora stem blight Sabour 2E 'Rahar' s e l e c t i o n has g i v e n g r e a t a r e i n i t i a l l y l i g h t green w i t h upward satisfaction both generally and because of r o l l i n g and u s u a l l y d r y r a p i d l y . L a t e r , w i l t and s t e r i l i t y r e s i s t a n c e . F u r t h e r the two diseases cannot be distinguished i n f o r m a t i o n o n v a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e i s by l e a f symptoms, s i n c e t h e leaves become l i s t e d . The i n c i d e n c e and s e v e r i t y o f brown and d r y in b o t h c a s e s . The stems of s t e r i l i t y d i s e a s e v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m p l a n t s a f f e c t e d b y these f u n g i are a l s o y e a r to y e a r and p r o b a b l y depend on d e s c r i b e d . external factors. A strain from Pusa, a l m o s t a s p r o l i f i c a s t h e h i g h - y i e l d i n g ANIL KUMAR, T . B . , P.C. HIREMATH, and Sabour 75 and Pusa P, proved w i l t - r e s i s t a n t V . V . SULLADMATH. 1976. even on artificial inoculation. Fungicidal control of foot-rot of pigeon• p e a . C u r r . Res. 5 ( 6 ) : 9 8 - 9 9 . 856 ALAM, M. 1933. Maximum protection was obtained using cap- Rahar s t e r i l i t y . P r o c . 2 0 t h Ann. Meet. t a n a s s o i l d r e n c h . Thiram and B r a s s i c o l I n d . S c i . Cong. Poona: S e c t . A g r i c . gave good c o n t r o l b o t h as seed d r e s s e r and 4 3 : 1 5 - 1 6 . 853 s o i l d r e n c h . Ceresan wet and captan were n o t e f f e c t i v e as seed d r e s s e r s . There was n o complete c o n t r o l b y any o f t h e f u n g i c i • des t e s t e d . 111 Pigeonpea Bibliography
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 3 1 . ANONYMOUS. 1964. Review o f a g r i c u l t u r a l o p e r a t i o n s i n I n d i a , Mycology and P l a n t P a t h o l o g y S e c t i o n . 1 9 2 8 - 2 9 . Imp. Coun. A g r i c . Res. Pusa A g r i c . Res. 4 ( 4 ) : 2 0 9 - 2 2 2 . 863 1 9 3 1 . 251 p p . 857 I n f e c t i o n b y s t e r i l i t y v i r u s appeared t o The isolation of productive wilt-resistant g i v e some p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t Fusarium udum v a r i e t i e s of gram and pigeonpea (Cajanus w i l t . Sap from i n f e c t e d p l a n t s i n h i b i t e d indicus) and t h e d i s c o v e r y of c e r t a i n types germination of Fusariwn c o n l d l a . o f pigeonpea r e s i s t a n t t o a n unknown sterility disease are described. ANONYMOUS. 1973. Report of the Faculty of Agriculture, ANONYMOUS. 1938. 1971-72. Univ. West Indies, St. Augustine, New p l a n t diseases r e c o r d e d i n I n d i a . Trinidad and Tobago. 864 I n t e r n . B u l l . P l a n t P r o t . Year X I I : Cajanus: Three types of i n f e c t i o n by 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 . 858 Puccinia spp. were observed in F2 s of C. aajan c r o s s e s . One t y p e , observed in ANONYMOUS. 1940. two plants, gave indications of incipient Pigeonpea. Indian Fmg 1:178. 859 resistance. The p i g e o n p e a , u s u a l l y c a l l e d r a h a r o r a r h a r (C. c a j a n ) , one of the most important ANONYMOUS. 1976. f o o d p u l s e s o f I n d i a , s u f f e r s s e v e r e l y f r o m T e s t i n g o f a r h a r (pigeonpea) s t r a i n s w i l t o r u k h r a , t h e fungus d i s e a s e caused b y against wilt diseases. Pesticides F. vasinfectum, Studies showed that varie• 10(2) : 1 7 . 865 t i e s d i f f e r i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o w i t h s t a n d The e n t r i e s i d e n t i f i e d a s r e s i s t a n t t o w i l t t h e a t t a c k s o f t h e f u n g u s , r e s i s t a n t v a r i e • are: 15-3-3, DT-236-6-3-102, (C.11 x N.252) t i e s n o t b e i n g h i g h - y i e l d i n g and o f good (C.11 x N.252) 1 0 , V i t a - 1 , Osmanabad-1-5, c o o k i n g q u a l i t y . A n a t t e m p t i s b e i n g made U d g i r - 5 0 0 . F u n g i c i d a l and b i o l o g i c a l t o i s o l a t e a w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n f r o m t h e control of wilt are also being studied. v a r i e t y I m p e r i a l Pusa 6 9 w h i c h , e x c e p t f o r i t s s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o w i l t i s i d e a l f o r e a t i n g and f o r o t h e r i m p o r t a n t q u a l i t i e s . ARCHIBALD, J . F . 1 9 6 1 . T r a n s m i s s i o n o f g a l l - d i s e a s e o f cacao, mango and pigeonpea. Nature 190:284. 866 ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 1 . A g r i c u l t u r e and Animal Husbandry i n I n d i a Investigations showed that the "green- 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 . Imp. Coun. A g r i c . Res. D e l h i p o i n t " type o f cacao c u s h i o n - g a l l c o u l d b e 1 9 4 1 : 422 p p . 860 t r a n s m i t t e d by washings of g a l l s and by e x t r a c t s o f macerated g a l l t i s s u e , u s i n g Pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). A w i l t - the half-bean technique. Similar galls r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n was i s o l a t e d a t Pusa. found on mango and pigeonpea could be t r a n s m i t t e d i n cacao; p a r t o f the g a l l s ANONYMOUS. 1950. produced on cacao by, inoculation from Annual Administration Report of the Depart• pigeonpea g a l l s were d i s t i n c t f r o m g a l l s ment o f A g r i c u l t u r e , U t t a r P r a d e s h , f o r t h e t r a n s m i t t e d f r o m cacao and mango. I t i s y e a r e n d i n g June 3 0 , 1949. 125 p p . 861 considered inadvisable to grow mango or pigeonpea in close proximity to cacao. Cajanus c a j a n : The wilt-resistant strain of a r h a r (Cajanus cajan). 17 W/2 was chosen f o r m u l t i p l i c a t i o n t o r e p l a c e t h e ARMSTRONG, G.M., and J . K . ARMSTRONG. 1960. s u s c e p t i b l e s t r a i n 6 6 ; s e l e c t i o n o f o t h e r B i o l o g i c a l races o f Fuearium c a u s i n g w i l t r e s i s t a n t types c o n t i n u e d . of cowpea and soybeans. Phytopath. 4 0 ( 2 ) : 1 8 1 - 1 9 3 . 867
ANONYMOUS. 1952. Inoculation gave slight infection of L i s t o f i n t e r c e p t e d p l a n t p e s t s , 1 9 5 1 . v a s c u l a r t i s s u e o f p i g e o n p e a . S.R.A., B.E.P.Q., U.S. Dept. Agric. 6 1 . 862 ASHBY, S . F . 1927. Colletotriohum cajani intercepted on Maorophomina phaseoli ( M a u s l . ) Comb. The f l i g h t f r o m P u e r t o Rico t o USA. B e l i e v e d p y c n i d i a l s t a g e of Rhizoatonia bataticola t o b e new o r n o t y e t e s t a b l i s h e d . (Taub) B u t l . T r a n s . B r . M y c o l . Soc. 1 2 ( 2 - 3 ) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 7 . 868
112 P a t h o l o g y
The t y p e of Macrophoma c a j a n i (Syd. and BATISTA, A.C., and A.F. VITTAL. 1952. B u t l . ) o n l i v i n g stems o f pigeonpea f r o m Monografia Das especies De Phyllosticta em Pusa i n c l u d e d in synonymy of M. phaseoli. Pernambuco. B o l . Sec. A g r i c . Pernambuco. Range is s a i d to be w i d e . From Formosa, 1 9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 8 0 . 873 P h i l i p p i n e s , I n d i a , C e y l o n , East A f r i c a , Phyllosticta c a j a n i r e c o r d e d i n B r a z i l . P a l e s t i n e , E g y p t , W . I n d i e s , E a s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s , w i t h a l a r g e range o f e c o • nomic h o s t s . P a r a s i t i s m appears to be BHARGAVA, S.N. 1965. i n f l u e n c e d b y e n v i r o n m e n t a l and n u t r i t i o n a l S t u d i e s o n t h e c h a r c o a l r o t o f p o t a t o . e f f e c t o f h o s t s . P h y t o p a t h . Z. 5 3 ( l ) : 3 5 - 4 4 . 874 Macrophamina phaeeoli isolated from potato AYALA, A. 1962. was successfully inoculated into wounded P a r a s i t i s m o f b a c t e r i a l n o d u l e s b y t h e p i g e o n p e a . r e n i f o r m nematode. J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 6 ( 1 ) : 6 7 - 6 9 . 869 BHATNAGAR, P . S . , L.C. GANGWAR, and V. KUMAR. I n P u e r t o Rico t h e b a c t e r i a l n o d u l e s o f 1966. Cajanus i n d i c u s were observed to be attacked Phyllody in pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) by t h e females of t h e nematode Rotylen- M i l l s p . ) . Kanpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. c h u l u s reniformis . Up to now t h i s nematode 2 6 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 1 - 5 2 . 875 was known to f e e d o n l y on t h e r o o t s of various plant species, including nine BIRD, J . 1962. leguminous p l a n t s . A w h i t e - f l y t r a n s m i t t e d mosaic of Rhynaho- sia minima and i t s r e l a t i o n to tobacco l e a f BALDEV, B . , and K.S. AMIN. 1974. c u r l and o t h e r v i r u s d i s e a s e s o f p l a n t s i n S t u d i e s o n t h e e x i s t e n c e o f races i n Puerto Rico. Phytopath. 52(3):286 Fusariwn udum c a u s i n g w i l t of Cajanus (Abstract). 876 c a j a n . SABRAO J. 6 ( 2 ) : 2 0 1 - 2 0 5 . 870 Pigeonpea was i n o c u l a t e d w i t h t h e v i r u s i n Of eight lines inoculated with ten isolates the greenhouse and further observations from v a r i o u s I n d i a n s t a t e s , C - 1 1 , NP(WR)-15, were recorded. and S-103 were r e s i s t a n t . From t h e r e s u l t s o f i n o c u l a t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h 2 4 i s o l a t e s , BIRD, J . , and K. MARAMOROSCH (EDITORS). s u s c e p t i b l e T - 2 1 and r e s i s t a n t NP(WR)-15 1975. and C - 11, it is concluded t h a t a number of Tropical diseases of legumes. Agric. Exp. p a t h o g e n i c races of F. udum e x i s t . Stn Univ. Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR. New Y o r k : Academic P r e s s . 184 p p . 877 BARNES, R.F. 1973. Papers p r e s e n t e d at a workshop h e l d in B u l l e t i n No. 1 , Department o f B i o l o g i c a l P u e r t o R i c o , June 1974. I t d e a l s w i t h S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , rugaceous, mosaic, and bacterial diseases S t . A u g u s t i n e , T r i n i d a d . 871 and w i t h nematodes on common b e a n , cowpea, A r e c e n t b i b l i o g r a p h y on d i s e a s e s of p i g e o n p e a , soybean, l i m a b e a n , and o t h e r pigeonpea i n d i c a t e s s i x fungus d i s e a s e s tropical legumes. and two v i r u s d i s e a s e s o c c u r on pigeonpea i n c o u n t r i e s i n t h e r e g i o n — P u e r t o R i c o , BISHT, N . S . , and A . K . BANERJEE. 1965. Bermuda, and T r i n i d a d and Tobago. A survey Occurrence of two new v i r u s diseases in o f w o r l d l i t e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e d t h e t o t a l Uttar Pradesh (Cajanus c a j a n ). Labdev number o f diseases r e p o r t e d t o a f f e c t J. Sci. Technol. 3(4):271-272. 878 pigeonpea i s : 2 0 o f f u n g a l o r i g i n , s i x o f v i r a l , two o f b a c t e r i a l , and two o f unknown A new mosaic d i s e a s e of pigeonpea is r e p o r • o r i g i n . t e d , a f f e c t i n g 10% of t h e crop and c a u s i n g l o s s o f y i e l d . T r a n s m i s s i o n t o pigeonpea was by g r a f t i n g . BATES, G.R. 1957. Botany and P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. M i n i s t . Agric. Rhod. Nyasald. 1955-56:79-86. 872 BOSE, R.D. 1939. The r o t a t i o n o f tobacco f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n New r e c o r d of Cercospora aajani on o f w i l t d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a . A g r i c u l t u r e p i g e o n p e a . L i v e - S t k I n d i a 6 : 6 5 3 - 6 6 8 . 879 The g r o w t h of Fuearium vasinfectum c a u s i n g pigeonpea w i l t i s r e t a r d e d b y r o t a t i o n w i t h t o b a c c o , thus e n a b l i n g t h e pigeonpea t o
113 Pigeonpea Bibliography
escape infection to a considerable extent, The symptom e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e d i s e a s e , i t s p a r t i c u l a r l y a t a n e a r l y age. Advocates b e h a v i o r under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s , a s w e l l a s t h e i n t e r p o s i t i o n o f a tobacco c r o p every i n the g l a s s h o u s e , and e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i • 3 or 4 y e a r s , e s p e c i a l l y in d i s t r i c t s where dence are a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a v i r u s the d i s e a s e i s s e v e r e . disease. The disease is readily transmit• t e d b y g r a f t i n o c u l a t i o n , b u t o n l y i n a few cases b y t h e i n o c u l a t i o n o f j u i c e BUTLER, E . J . 1906. e x t r a c t e d f r o m l e a v e s o f d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . The w i l t d i s e a s e o f pigeonpea and pepper I t i s proposed t h a t t h e c a u s a l v i r u s o f Agriculture India 1:25-36. 880 the sterility disease be called the The w i l t d i s e a s e o f pigeonpea caused b y 'pigeonpea sterility mosaic' virus. Fuearium udum B u t l . is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 15 to 25% m o r t a l i t y of p l a n t s , and t h i s may be CAVENESS, F.E. 1974. more t h a n 50% in epidemic y e a r s . The Plants parasitic nematode population diffe• d i s e a s e appears o n young s e e d l i n g s i n rences under no-tillage and tillage soil August and h i g h e s t m o r t a l i t y i n mature regimes i n Western N i g e r i a . J . N e m a t o l . p l a n t s i s caused a t f l o w e r i n g t i m e i n 6 ( 4 ) : 1 3 8 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 886 November and December. The d i s e a s e p ro g re s • ses i n p a t c h e s ; i t s symptoms a r e d e s c r i b e d . Mixed p o p u l a t i o n s of Pratylenahus s p p . were 5 : 1 g r e a t e r i n s o i l and 4 : 1 g r e a t e r i n maize r o o t s i n p l o t s grown t o maize f o r BUTLER, E . J . 1908. seven consecutive cropping seasons (3.5 yr) Selection of pigeonpea for wilt disease. under a s o i l management regime of t i l l a g e Agriculture India 3:182-183. 881 and n o n t i l l a g e r e s p e c t i v e l y . Meloidogyne The e x p e r i m e n t s were conducted to i d e n t i f y incognita was 3 : 1 g r e a t e r i n n o n t i l l a g e a s t r a i n o f t u r (C. c a j a n ) r e s i s t a n t t o than tillage soils. Pigeonpea, soybean, w i l t d i s e a s e . A number o f s t r a i n s were and cowpea f o l l o w i n g s i x c o n t i n u o u s c r o p s c o l l e c t e d and t e s t e d i n a p l o t s e v e r e l y of maize reduced the number of Pratylenahus i n f e c t e d w i t h f u n g u s . A few o f these spp. under both soil management regimes. collections showed promise and were found Tillage soils had more than twice the to be somewhat r e s i s t a n t . number of Pratylenahus s p p . t h a n n o n t i l l a g e soil when grown to pigeonpea and soybean. D-D (1-2-dichloropropane and 1-3-dichloro- BUTLER, E . J . 1910. propene) applied by hand-operated fumigun The w i l t d i s e a s e o f pigeonpea and t h e at the rate of 600 liters/ha controlled p a r a s i t i s m of Neocosmospora vasinfecta Pratylenahus s p p . e q u a l l y w e l l i n t i l l a g e Smith. Mem. Dep. Agric. India (Bot. Ser.) and nontillage soils. 2 : 1 - 6 2 . 882
CHADHA, K . C . , and S.P. RAYCHAUDHURY. BUTLER, E . J . (EDITOR). 1918. 1966. Fungi and disease in plants. Calcutta: Interaction between sterility virus and T h a c k e r , Spink p p . 2 4 4 - 2 5 1 . 883 Fusarium udum B u t l . in p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 6 : 1 3 3 - 1 3 9 . 887 BUTLER, E . J . 1926. Both diseases often occur simultaneously The w i l t d i s e a s e s o f c o t t o n and sesamum i n on the same plant. The interaction between I n d i a . A g r i c . J . 2 1 ( 4 ) : 2 6 8 - 2 7 3 . 884 a v i r u s and a fungus in t h e i r common h o s t A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n i s g i v e n o f a r t i f i • has been r e p o r t e d in a number of cases and c i a l i n o c u l a t i o n s o f s e e d l i n g s o f b o t h useful results have been obtained regarding h o s t s w i t h t h e organisms i s o l a t e d f r o m the epidemiology of pathogens involved. w i l t e d p l a n t s , t h e r e s u l t s o f w h i c h , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l and c u l t u • CHAKRABARTI, SIPRA, and P. NANDI. 1969. r a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e p a t h o g e n , s u g g e s t t h a t E f f e c t of g r i s e o f u l v i n on Fuaarium udum the wilt-producing fungi attacking cotton, B u t l e r and i t s h o s t pigeonpea (Cajanus seasmum, and pigeonpea i n I n d i a a r e c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). Proc. Indian Sci. s p e c i a l i z e d s t r a i n s of Fusarium vasinfeatum, Acad. 56(3):288 (Abstract). 888 the American cotton wilt organism. Griseofulvin was found to be highly effect• ive against F. udum. Growth of t h e fungus CAPOOR, S.P. 1 9 5 2 . was i n h i b i t e d b y v e r y low c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Observations on the sterility disease of the antibiotic. Conidial germination was p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . not hindered even by higher concentrations, 2 2 : 2 7 1 - 2 7 4 . 885 b u t t h e germ tube was a f f e c t e d . G r i s e o f u l v i n
114 P a t h o l o g y
d i d n o t r e t a r d g r o w t h o f s e e d l i n g s b u t COSTA, A . S . , J. FRANCO DO AMARAL, A . P . VIEGAS, l o w e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 2 . 5 µ g / m l t o 0 . 1 µ g / D.M. SILVA, C.G. TEIXEIRA, and E.D. PINHEIRO. ml) s t i m u l a t e d g r o w t h . Shoot was n o t i c e - 1957. ably affected above 10 µg/ml. There was B a c t e r i a l h a l o b l i g h t o f c o f f e e i n B r a z i l . r o l l i n g and m o t t l i n g o f t h e l e a v e s a t P h y t o p a t h . Z. 28(4) : 4 2 7 - 4 4 4 . 893 higher concentrations. In the presence of Pseudomonas s p p . , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c a u s i n g t h e a n t i b i o t i c , r o o t s became e x c e s s i v e l y h a l o b l i g h t , a l s o gave p o s i t i v e r e a c t i o n b r a n c h e d , c u r l e d , and h a i r y ; r o o t s t u n t i n g when inoculated into pigeonpea. was observed f r o m 5 µ g / m l and above.
DAKE, G.N. 1974. CHAKRAVARTHI, B.P. 1952. S t u d i e s on Fusarium oxysporum f. udum W i l t o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n B i h a r . ( B u t l . ) Snyder and Hansen c a u s i n g w i l t o f Causal o r g a n i s m . Fusarium udum B u t l . t u r . Cajanus ( L . ) M i l l s p . M.Sc. (1974) B i h a r A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 3 ( 1 ) : 9 - 1 0 . 889 Thesis. Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, P a r b h a n i , M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 894 CHAUBE, H.S. 1968. Combating d i s e a s e s of a r h a r and gram. DALE, W.T. 1943. I n d i a n Fmr D i g e s t 1 ( 7 ) : 2 6 - 2 7 . 890 P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s o f t h e p l a n t v i r u s e s A number of p u l s e c r o p s a r e grown in I n d i a . o f T r i n i d a d . T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) Most o f t h e d i s e a s e s a t t a c k i n g these c r o p s 2 0 ( 1 2 ) : 2 2 8 - 2 3 5 . 895 can b e e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l l e d b y s u i t a b l e Pigeonpea seedlings were infected with p r o t e c t i v e measures a t the r i g h t t i m e . The cowpea mosaic in greenhouse. pigeonpea d i s e a s e s d i s c u s s e d a r e w i l t and s t e r i l i t y m o s a i c . W i l t d i s e a s e becomes a p p a r e n t when t h e p l a n t s a r e 5 to 6 week DALE, W.T. 1949. o l d . V a s c u l a r t i s s u e s o f t h e l o w e r stem Observations on a virus disease of cowpea and r o o t s a r e b l a c k e n e d i n s t r e a k s o r i n T r i n i d a d . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 3 6 ( 3 ) : p a t c h e s . T h i s d i s c o l o r a t i o n i s c l e a r l y 327-333. 896 v i s i b l e when t h e b a r k o f t h e lower stem i s Symptoms of cowpea mosaic on p i g e o n p e a . p e e l e d o f f . Losses from t h i s d i s e a s e can Ceratoma ruficornis is an efficient vector. b e m i n i m i z e d b y g r o w i n g w i l t - r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s such a s NP(WR)-15, - 1 6 , and - 4 2 . DASTUR, J . F . 1946. Report of the Imperial Mycologist. Scient. CHAUDHARY, S . K . , and M. PRASAD. 1974. Rep. Agric. Res. Inst. New Delhi 1944-45: V a r i a t i o n s i n sugar c o n t e n t s o f h e a l t h y 6 6 - 7 2 . 897 and Fusarium oxysporum f. udum i n f e c t e d p l a n t s of Cajanus c a j a n . P h y t o p a t h . Z. Of 28 pigeonpea varieties tested for their 8 0 ( 4 ) : 3 0 3 - 3 0 5 . 891 r e a c t i o n s to F. udum, I P - 8 0 was immune, I P - 4 1 and H y b r i d - 5 ( D - 4 1 9 - 2 - 4 ) showed up Glucose was p r e s e n t in h e a l t h y shoot and to 5% i n f e c t i o n , and the r e s t were h i g h l y r o o t e x t r a c t s o f a l l t e n v a r i e t i e s analyzed. susceptible to wilt. In an infested field Sucrose was p r e s e n t i n h e a l t h y s h o o t s o f p l o t I P - 8 0 developed 4% i n f e c t i o n , C-15, s i x v a r i e t i e s and h e a l t h y r o o t s o f t h r e e A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 , and Thadgam 1-4-7 up to 7%, v a r i e t i e s ; f r u c t o s e i n h e a l t h y s h o o t s o f I P - 4 1 12%, and t h r e e o t h e r s were h i g h l y seven v a r i e t i e s and h e a l t h y r o o t s o f one susceptible. v a r i e t y . R a f f i n o s e and m a l t o s e were d e t e c t e d i n t h e h e a l t h y r o o t s and s h o o t s o f v e r y few v a r i e t i e s . A f t e r i n f e c t i o n DEIGHTON, F.C. 1929. by F. oxysporum, a rapid depletion of Report of the mycological section. Ann. sugars was d e t e c t e d i n a l l v a r i e t i e s . The Rep. Lands and F o r e s t s Dep. S i e r r e Leone most s u s c e p t i b l e v a r i e t i e s , E a r l y 269 and f o r t h e y e a r 1928: 1 4 - 1 9 . 898 E a r l y 348, showed t h e h i g h e e t d e p l e t i o n . A r u s t (Uredo c a j a n i ) was found to be common on the older leaves of pigeonpea. CIFERR1, R . , and FRAGOSO R. GONZALEZ. 1927. P a r a s i t i c and s a p r o p h y t i c f u n g i o f t h e DEIGHTON, F.C. 1932. Dominican R e p u b l i c ( 1 0 t h s e r i e s ) . B o t . R . M y c o l o g i c a l w o r k . Ann. Rep. A g r i c . Dep. Soc. E s p i n o l a H i s t . N a t . 2 7 : 1 6 5 - 1 7 7 . 892 Sierre Leone for the year 1931:20-25. 899
Cercospora cajani was f o u n d on l i v i n g Rhizoctonia with large sclerotia was found l e a v e s of Cajanus indicus. on maize and pigeonpea.
115 Plgeonpea Bibliography
DEY, P.K. 1947. EDWARD, J . C . 1954. Administration Report Agriculture Depart• Maarophomina and Botryodyplodia, two ment, U.P. 1 9 4 4 - 4 5 : 3 8 - 4 0 ( P l a n t P a t h o • distinct genera of Sphaeropsidaceae. l o g y ) . 900 A l l a h a b a d Fmr 2 8 ( 4 ) : 5 . 907 I n c i d e n c e o f plgeonpea w i l t ( F . udum) C u l t u r a l and i n f e c t i o n s t u d i e s i n c l u d i n g reduced f r o m 66 to 38% in a s u s c e p t i b l e Maarophomina phaseoli f r o m plgeonpea a r e variety when grown mixed with sorghum. d e s c r i b e d .
DEY, P.K. 1948. EDWARD, J . C , and S . L . MISHRA. 1968. Administration Report Agriculture Depart• Heterodera vigni n. sp. and second stage ment, U.P. 1945-46:43-46 (Plant Patho• l a r v a e o f Heterodera s p p . i n U t t a r P r a d e s h , l o g y ) . 901 India. Allahabad Fmr 43(3):155-159. 908
B r e e d i n g work and f i e l d t r i a l s f o r Fusarium D u r i n g r o u t i n e e x a m i n a t i o n o f f i e l d s o i l s wilt resistance are summarized. and r h i z o s p h e r e s of c r o p s , Heterodera s p p . were found on r o o t s of p l g e o n p e a . The c y s t s were found to b e l o n g to a new species, DEY, P.K. 1948. named H. vigni; t h e morphology of its Administration Report Agriculture Depart• females, males, second-stage larvae, cysts, m e n t , U.P. 1 9 4 6 - 4 7 : 3 9 - 4 2 ( P l a n t P a t h o • and eggs is d e s c r i b e d . l o g y ) . 902 B y g r o w i n g pigeonpeas w i t h sorghum i n EDWARD, J . C , K.P. SINGH, S.C. TRIPATHI, artificially infected soils, incidence M.L. SINHA, and K. RANADE. 1977. of F. udum w i l t was reduced f o r second Rhizosphere mycoflora and Nematodes Fauna s e a s o n . V a r i e t y NP-80 proved most r e s i s • o f some f i e l d c r o p s and v e g e t a b l e s i n t a n t ( o n l y 2.3% i n f e c t i o n ) o f a l l t h e A l l a h a b a d , I n d i a . A l l a h a b a d Fmr 4 8 ( 2 ) : v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d . 1 3 1 - 1 5 1 . 909 A h i g h e r number of f u n g i a r e found a s s o c i a • DOIDGE, E.M. 1 9 4 1 . t e d w i t h legumes t h a n w i t h nonlegumes, South A f r i c a n r u s t F u n g i . 4 . B o t h a i l a i r r e s p e c t i v e o f s e a s o n . A l t h o u g h a r h a r 4(1):229-236. 903 ( c v T-21) is a legume, it r e c o r d s a much Vromyces dolicholi recorded on plgeonpea lower number than other legumes, probably l e a v e s . because i t i s r a i s e d under r a i n f e d c o n d i • t i o n s . The o b s e r v a t i o n s show t h a t the presence of moisture and adequate amounts DWIVEDI, R . P . , and H.K. SAKSENA. 1975. of nutrients in the soil could influence Web b l i g h t d i s e a s e of a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n favorably the multiplication of fungi. ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) caused by Thanatephorus The population densities of rhizosphere auaumeris. I n d i a n J. Fm S c i . f u n g i and nematodes i n t h e r o o t s and i n 3 : 1 1 3 - 1 1 4 . 904 t h e s o i l s around a r h a r were 145,454 Disease surveys showed prevalence of this (1 gm d r y s o i l ) and. 440 (100 ml s o i l ) . d i s e a s e i n s e v e r a l improved v a r i e t i e s such as Prabhat, T-21, and T-17. Repeated iso• FELIX, S . , and L. ORIEUX. 1962. l a t i o n s f r o m d i s e a s e d l e a f t i s s u e y i e l d e d Plant diseases and their control in Mauri• c u l t u r e s of i m p e r f e c t fungus Rhizoctonia t i u s . D i v . P I . P a t h . Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i • aolani K u h n . , The web b l i g h t d i s e a s e of t i u s : B u l l . 9 5 . 910 a r h a r has n o t been s t u d i e d s o f a r . I t s symptoms a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o f Notes o n t h e c o n t r o l o f d i s e a s e s o f ground- R. s o l a n i and R, bataticola. nut, maize, plgeonpea, potatoes, and sweet p o t a t o e s .
DWIVEDI, R . S . , and D. K. ARORA. 1975. Fungal c o l o n i z a t i o n o f s t a l e d agar d i s c s GADEWAR, A . V . , and N.K. RAUT. 1976. f r o m r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l i n o c u l a o f p l g e o n p e a . T r a n s l o c a t i o n o f B e n l a t e i n g e r m i n a t i n g P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) seeds and s e e d l i n g s of Cajans c a j a n . 4 1 ( 6 ) : 5 7 1 - 5 7 5 . 905 Indian J. Mycol. PI. Pathol. 6(1): 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 . 911
DWIVEDI, R . S . , and R.N. TANDON. 1976. Benlate was found translocable when Studies on some aspects of seed mycoflora a p p l i e d a s seed d r e s s e r . I t was a l s o o f p l g e o n p e a . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. absorbed b y t h e r o o t s and t r a n s l o c a t e d 6 3 : 6 3 - 6 4 . 906 into the leaves of 1-month old seedlings.
116 P a t h o l o g y
GHOSH, M.K. 1975. GOVINDASWAMY, C.V. 1 9 5 1 . C o n t r o l o f Fusarium w i l t o f pigeonpea b y Some s t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s . M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . s o i l m i c r o f l o r a o n Fusarium udum B u t l . B i d h a n Chandra K r i s h i V i s w a v i d y a l a y a , the wilt organism of pigeonpea (Cajanus Kalyani, West Bengal, India. 912 aajan (L.) Millsp.) with special reference t o i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y . T h e s i s . I n d i a n Agricultural Research Institute, New GHOSH, PRODYUT, and S. MUKHERJEE. 1969. D e l h i , I n d i a . 916 P r e l i m i n a r y n o t e o n t h e study o f m i c r o f l o r a f r o m t h e r h i z o e p h e r e of Cajanus cajan M i l l s p . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 5 6 ( 3 ) : GUNASEKARAN, C . R . , T . S . MUTHUKRISHNAN, and 317-318 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 913 G. RAJENDRAN. 1976. Evaluation of chemicals for controlling M i c r o f l o r a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e fungus f l o r a pigeonpea cyst nematode Heterodera aajani f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n t l e a v e s o f t h e r h i z o - i n red gram. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : sphere of C, aajan Millsp. were studied. 382-383. 917 The s o i l samples were c o l l e c t e d e v e r y 5 cm a l o n g and around t h e l e n g t h o f t h e t a p r o o t The t o t a l absence o f c y s t f o r m a t i o n o f o f t h e h o s t p l a n t and d e s i g n a t e d a s a , b , H. c a j a n i on t h e r o o t s of t h e t r e a t e d and c , f r o m above downwards and a ' , a " , b ' , p l a n t s i n d i c a t e t h e p o s s i b l e c o n t r o l o f b " , c ' , c " , a l o n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g h o r i z o n t a l t h e nematode w i t h t h e two c h e m i c a l s , l e v e l s . The f r e q u e n c y o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f fensulfothion and carbofuran. the g r o w i n g c o l o n i e s w i t h 0 . 0 1 d i l u t i o n was found to be 4 at c - l e v e l , 3 at c ' - l e v e l GUPTA, S . C . , and S. SINHA. 1 9 5 1 . and 2 a t c " - l e v e l , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t fungus F u r t h e r a d d i t i o n s t o Synahytria o f I n d i a . f l o r a decreased away f r o m t h e r o o t r e g i o n Indian Phytopath. 4(1):7-10. 918 p r o p e r . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e c o l o n i e s was, however, maximum a t b - l e v e l o f t h e Description of Synchytrium phaseoli-radiata, s o i l . Many o f t h e f u n g i r e c o r d e d a r e a l s o a new s p . on pigeonpea is g i v e n . abundant i n t h e p h y l l o s p h e r e , and are conspicuously saprophytic. GUPTA, S . L . 1 9 6 1 . The effect of mixed cropping of arhar GODBOLE, G.M., G.N. DAKE, and C.D. MAYEE. (Cajanus indicus Spreng.) with jowar 1967. (Sorghum vulgare P e r s . ) on i n c i d e n c e of Quantitative estimation of pigeonpea stem a r h a r w i l t . A g r i c . Anim. Husb. U.P. canker i n t e n s i t y . Res. B u l l . MAU 3(10-12):31-35. 919 1 ( 9 ) : 1 3 5 - 1 3 6 . 914
A s u i t a b l e t e c h n i q u e f o r s c o r i n g i n f e c t i o n HABISH, H.A. 1972. grades i s d e v e l o p e d . D i f f e r e n t i n f e c t i o n Aflatoxin in haricot bean and other pulses. grades f o r m u l a t e d t o r e c o r d t h e d i s e a s e s E x p l A g r i c . 8 ( 2 ) : 1 3 5 - 1 3 7 . 920 a r e g i v e n . V a r i e t i e s such as BDN-1, BDN-2, Fifty samples of ten pulses were collected and C-11 showed moderate r e a c t i o n , w h i l e f r o m Khartoum and t h e n o r t h e r n p r o v i n c e o f Prabhat and K a k i e x h i b i t e d a h i g h degree Sudan. M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of t h e p u l s e s was o f s u s c e p t i b i l i t y . determined by oven-drying and aflatoxins were determined by TLC. Fungi were deter• GONZAGA, E . , and L. LORDELLO. 1960. mined in 50 seeds of each sample by I n t e r f e r e n c e o f nematodes i n a g r i c u l t u r a l i n c u b a t i n g batches o f f i v e seeds i n a p r a c t i c e s . R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . petri dish lined with moist filter paper. 40(473) : 1 2 - 1 3 . 915 Tables o f r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n . I n B r a z i l i n a r o t a t i o n o f r i c e and p i g e o n • pea (Cajanus c a j a n ) , t h e pigeonpea c r o p HANSFORD, C.G. 1938. showed an inferior stand in its consecutive Annual Report o f t h e P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t second y e a r w h i l e t h e p l a n t s i n p l o t s where 1936. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Uganda, 1936-37 r i c e and pigeonpea were sown a l t e r n a t e l y ( P a r t 2 ) : 4 3 - 4 9 . 921 were h e a l t h y . T h i s was due to a heavy V a r i o u s Fusarium spp. including forms i n f e s t a t i o n w i t h two nematodes w h i c h p r o l i • belonging to Hypomyces impomoea, lisia, f e r a t e when pigeonpea i s c u l t i v a t e d and a r e and gibberella were i s o l a t e d f r o m pigeonpea t h w a r t e d i n t h e i r development b y r i c e . p l a n t s t h a t had d i e d f r o m t h e t o p downwards. The Gibberella s p p . appeared t o b e t h e p r i m a r y p a r a s i t e s . A d i f f e r e n t d i s e a s e f r o m w i l t i n I n d i a i s caused b y F . vasinfec- tum.
117 Pigeonpea Bibliography
HANSFORD, C.G. 1943. e a r l i e r t h a n where p o p u l a t i o n s were h i g h , C o n t r i b u t i o n s towards t h e fungus f l o r a o f and p l a n t s o f one v a r i e t y produced s i g n i • Uganda 5 . Fungi i m p e r f e c t ! . P r o c . L i n n . f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r y i e l d s o f g r e e n p o d s . Soc. L o n d . 4 3 ( 1 ) : 3 4 - 6 7 . 922
Dendrochium gigasporum i s o l a t e d f r o m d y i n g HUTTON, F . M . , and N.E. GRYLLS. 1956. pigeonpea s t e m s . Legume ' l i t t l e l e a f , a v i r u s d i s e a s e o f s u b t r o p i c a l p a s t u r e s p e c i e s . A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. 7 : 9 5 - 9 7 . 926 HASAN, ABUL, M. WAJID KHAN, A. RASHID, and H.K. ABRAR. 1975. The symptoms of little leaf are similar to R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f c e r t a i n f u n g i c i d e s those caused by the "big-bud-witches broom" a g a i n s t Colletotrichum s p p . I n d i a n J . complex o f v i r u s e s . I t s v e c t o r i s t h e l e a f M y c o l . P I . P a t h o l . 5 ( 1 ) : 4 1 . 923 h o p p e r , Oroeius a v g e n t a t u s ( E v a n s ) , w h i c h a l s o t r a n s m i t s o t h e r v i r u s e s . Most o f t h e A l l t h e f u n g i c i d e s , v i z . , B r a s s i c o l , species and strains considered to be promi• t h i r a m , c o p r a n t o l , D i t h a n e Z - 7 8 , D i t h a n e sing pasture legumes, including Cajanus M-45, Agrosan G . N . ; c a p t a n and DDT s u c c e s s • c a j a n , possess field resistance to little fully inhibited the growth and sporulation l e a f . of C. truncatum (pigeonpea isolate). The b e s t performance was e x h i b i t e d by coprantol where pathogen failed to grow IHFIS, T., R.H. FREVRE, and H.C. KENNARD. a t any o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t r i e d . I t 1937. was f o l l o w e d by B r a s s i c o l . Captan and Pellicularia f i l a m e n t o s a on Tephrosa and Agrosan G.N. were e f f e c t i v e a t h i g h e r Cajanus indicus in Puerto Rico. FAO P1. concentrations (0.3%). P r o t . B u l l . 5 ( 1 0 ) : 1 5 9 - 1 6 0 . 927 The d i s e a s e can be c o n t r o l l e d by u s i n g HIREMATH, R . V . , R.H. BALASUBRAMANYAN, and Bordeaux m i x t u r e and Z i n e b . S . B . PURANIK. 1973. E f f e c t o f c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e o f Fusarium udum INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. B u t l e r o n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a o f 1950. Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . Scientific report of the Indian Agricul• M i c r o b . 1 2 ( 4 ) : 2 2 9 - 2 3 0 . 924 t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r F. udum has been shown to produce t h r e e t h e y e a r 1 9 4 7 - 4 8 . 182 p p . 928 enzymes v i z . , p e c t i n m e t h y l e s t e r a s e , Summary of work on Fusarium udum w i l t is polygalacturonase, and cellulose in vivo g i v e n . and in v i t r o . The culture filtrate was added t o t h e base o f 25-day o l d pigeonpea s e e d l i n g s grown i n p o t s . F u n g a l , a c t i n o - INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. mycete, and bacterial population of rhizo- 1953. sphere soil were significantly higher than S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l • n o n r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l . The p l a n t s t r e a t e d t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e y e a r w i t h c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e d i d n o t show any ended 3 0 t h June 1 9 5 1 . 120 p p . 929 variation in the fungal population. These Cajanus c a j a n : Out o f e i g h t w i l t - r e s i s t a n t was significant increase in the bacterial varieties and five hybrid derivatives, p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e o f t r e a t e d D-16-17-2 gave the highest yield. The p l a n t s w i t h i n 2 4 h o u r s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . varieties NP-41, C-38-1-2, and D-419-2-4 were highly resistant to Fusarium udum. HUTTON, D . G . , and J . L . HAMMERTON. 1975. I n v e s t i g a t i o n o n t h e r o l e o f Rotylenchulus INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. r e n i f o r m i s i n a d e c l i n e o f p i g e o n p e a . 1950. Nematropica 5 ( 2 ) : 2 4 . 925 In: ICAR Annual Report f o r 1948-49 D e l h i . No relationship was found between numbers pp. 177-190. 930 o f Rotylenohulus reniformis i n t h e s o i l V a r i e t a l t e s t s f o r w i l t r e s i s t a n c e and around plants of three pigeonpea varieties e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h Bacillus s u b t i l i s a s and t h e number of t h e s e p l a n t s showing a inhibitor of Fusarium udum are summarized. d e c l i n e . T h i s d e c l i n e s t a r t s w i t h y e l l o w • i n g o f new l e a v e s a f t e r t h e f i r s t b e a r i n g , p r o g r e s s i v e d i e b a c k o f t w i g s and main stem INGHAM, J . L . 1976. and p r e m a t u r e d e a t h of many p l a n t s . How• Induced isoflavonoids from fungus-infected e v e r , where nematode p o p u l a t i o n s were stems of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . suppressed, plants grew faster and flowered Z . N a t u r . 3 9 ( 9 - 1 0 ) : 5 0 4 - 5 0 8 . 931
118 P a t h o l o g y
From stems i n o c u l a t e d w i t h Helminthosporium n o t a t t r a c t i v e to E. kern. The l e a f (Cochliobolus) carbonum, f o u r a n t i f u n g a l hopper prefers the reduced C/N ratio found isoflavones (7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, 5, 7, i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . D e t a i l e d s t u d i e s o n 4' -trihydroxy-; 5, 7, 2', 4' -tetrahydroxy; the nutrition physiology of the leaf hopper, 5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , - t r i h y d r o x y - 7 - m e t h o x y ) and one including enzymatic studies, are required i s o f l a v o n o n e ( 5 , 2 ' - d i h y d r o x y - 7 , 4 ' - for understanding of the problem. dimethoxy-) were isolated. The structure o f t h e l a s t ( c a j a n o l ) was c o n f i r m e d b y s y n t h e s i s f r o m f e r r e i r i n . A s i x t h compound JEHLE, R . A . , and J . I . WOOD. 1926. was p r o v i s i o n a l l y i d e n t i f i e d a s 5 , 2 ' - Diseases o f f i e l d and v e g e t a b l e crops i n didydroxy-7, 4'-dimethoxyisoflavone. t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 1925. P I . D i s . Reptr (Supp.) 4 5 : 1 5 2 . 937 Diseases reported from Puerto Rico on ISLAM, N. 1970. pigeonpea were l e a f s p o t s Cercospora insta- E f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s carbon and n i t r o g e n sources on growth and sporulation of b i l i s , Phyllosticta s p p . , Vellosiella F. udum. 39 p p . M.Sc. (1970) T h e s i s . c a j a n i , R h i z o c t o n i a ferruginea, damping-off. Bidhan Chandra K r i s h i V i s w a v i d y a l a y a , K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 932 JESWANI, M.D., N. PRASAD, and P.D. GEMAWAT. 1977. M o r p h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n Fusarium J A I N , A . C . 1949. l a t e r i t u m f . c a j a n i . I n d i a n J . M y c o l . P I . E f f e c t o f c e r t a i n m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s o n t h e P a t h . 5 ( 1 ) : 4 . 938 a c t i v i t y of Fuearium udum Butler, the c a u s a l agent of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n The pathogen is highly variable in cultural ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ) w i l t . 5 0 p p . T h e s i s . characters. Single-spore isolates from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, single strains have also been observed to New D e l h i , I n d i a . 933 vary among themselves with regard to growth pattern, segmentation, substrate reaction, and pigmentation. Different isolates have JANARTHANAN, R. 1972. t h e c a p a c i t y o f s e c r e t i n g d i f f e r i n g q u a n • Occurrence of the pigeonpea cyst nematode t i t i e s o f m e t a b o l i c p r o d u c t s . i n T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n J . N e m a t o l . 2 : 2 1 5 . 934 JOFFE, A . Z . 1974. The pigeonpea c y s t nematode was found A modern system of Fusarium taxonomy. p r e s e n t i n T a m i l Nadu and i n f e s t e d cowpeas, Mycopath. 5 3 ( 1 - 4 ) : 2 0 1 - 2 2 8 . 939 w h i c h may a l s o pose a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m to the c u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s . A modern system comprising 13 sections, 33 s p e c i e s and 14 v a r i e t i e s is p r o p o s e d , based on t h e s t u d y over 30 y e a r s , of t h e JANARTHANAN, R., G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL, morphology and growth characteristics of K.S. SUBRAMANIAN, G. NAVANEETHAN, and Fuearium s p p . and t h e i r v a r i a b i l i t y under T . K . KANDASWAMY. 1973. a wide range of conditions. A r e p o r t o n t h e s u r v e y o f s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e o n r e d gram i n T a m i l Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 1 ) : 4 1 - 4 4 . 935 JOHNSON, J. 1939. S t u d i e s o n t h e n a t u r e o f brown r o o t r o t o f From a s u r v e y made o v e r 9,142 h e c t a r e s in tobacco and o t h e r p l a n t s . J . A g r i c . Res. d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f T a m i l Nadu, i t was 5 8 ( 1 1 ) : 8 4 3 - 8 6 3 . 940 observed t h a t t h e r e d gram s t e r i l i t y mosaic was p r e v a l e n t i n a l m o s t a l l p a r t s o f t h e Symptoms o f a f f e c t e d h o s t and c h a r a c t e r i s • s t a t e . The p e r c e n t a g e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e t i c s o f unknown c a u s a l agent o f brown r o o t d i s e a s e s u g g e s t s heavy c r o p l o s s e s o f r e d r o t d i s e a s e a r e g i v e n . Pigeonpeas were gram i n T a m i l Nadu. also found to be susceptible.
JAYARAJ, S . , and A . R . SESHADRI. 1967. KAISER, S . A . K . , and P. K . S . GUPTA. 1960. P r e f e r e n c e of t h e l e a f Empoasca kerri Cross p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t w i l t d i s e a s e Pruthi (Homoptera: Jassidae) for pigeonpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum s p . udum in (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.) plants p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . M y c o l . Res. i n f e c t e d w i t h s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s . 7 : 3 8 - 3 9 . 941 C u r r . S c i . 3 6 ( 1 3 ) : 3 5 3 - 3 5 5 . 936 77.50 t o 81.25% c o n t r o l o f pigeonpea w i l t The h i g h e r c o n t e n t o f c a r b o h y d r a t e i n t h e due to F. oxysporum f. s p . udum can be healthy pigeonpea plants over diseased ones a c h i e v e d b y p r i o r i n o c u l a t i o n o f t h e h o s t i n l e a v e s o f medium m a t u r i t y i s p r o b a b l y
119 Plgeonpea Bibliography
w i t h t h e nonpathogenic F. oxyeporum f. s p . KAMAL, T . P . MALL, and R.P. SRIVASTAVA. c i c e r i and F, oxyeporum f. s p . vasinfectum. 1975. M i c r o f u n g i a t t h e r o o t - s o i l i n t e r f a c e o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.) infected KAISER, S . A . K . , and P . K . S . GUPTA. 1975. b y plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s . I n f e c t i o n and p a t h o l o g i c a l h i s t o l o g y o f Technology 11(4) : 4 3 4 - 4 3 6 . 945 plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n o c u l a t e d w i t h p a t h o g e n i c and n o n - p a t h o • There was n o d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t o t a l number g e n i c formae s p e c i a l e s of Fusarium oxyspo• of species associated with healthy and rum. Z . p f l a n z k . p f l a n z s . 8 2 ( 8 - 9 ) : diseased rhizosphere. Certain fungi were 4 8 5 - 4 9 2 . 942 c o n f i n e d t o t h e r h i z o s p h e r e e i t h e r o f t h e h e a l t h y o r t h e d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . Colony Inoculation studies using the susceptible c o u n t s / g o f d r y s o i l were more i n t h e v a r i e t y EB-3 and t h e formae s p e c i a l e s udum, h e a l t h y p l a n t s t h a n i n t h e diseased o n e s . vasinfectum and ci c e r i showed F. oxyeporum S e v e r a l Penicillia and Aspergilli, p a r t i - f . s p . udum t o b e h o s t s p e c i f i c . The o t h e r c u l a r l y t h e members of Aspergillus ustus formae s p e c i a l e s produced i n i t i a l w i l t group, were characteristic of the rhizo- symptoms but the seedlings then recovered sphere under both diseased and healthy and d e v e l o p e d new l e a v e s . Hyphae o f a l l c o n d i t i o n s . The r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t was three formae speciales invaded the seed• more p r o m i n e n t i n t h e case o f h e a l t h y lings, distribution being similar, but the p l a n t s . e x t e n t o f i n v a s i o n b e i n g much g r e a t e r i n pathogenic formae speciales. Vascular t i s s u e s were p a r t i a l l y a f f e c t e d . KAMAL and AJAY KUMAR VERMA. 1976. Microfungal flora in the root region of a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . KALYANASUNDARAM, R. 1952. F e r t i l . T e c h n o l . 1 3 ( 2 - 3 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 7 . 946 A s c o r b i c a c i d and Fusarium w i l t e d p l a n t s . P r o c . I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) Fungal population in rhizosphere-free soil, 3 6 ( 3 ) : 1 0 2 - 1 0 4 . 943 r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l and r h i z o p l a n e o f a r h a r have been s t u d i e d . S t u d i e s in Madras on Fusarium vaeinfeotum on c o t t o n and F. udum on r e d gram (C.cajan) showed r e d u c t i o n i n a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t KAMAT, M . N . , and M.K. PATEL. 1948. o f h o s t l e a v e s and i n c r e a s e i n r e d u c i n g Some new h o s t s of Oidiopsis taurioa ( L e v . ) s u g a r s . C o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t r e d u c t i o n i n Salmon in Bombay. Indian Phytopath. chlorophyll and retardation of growth 1(2):153-158. 947 preceding wilting causes decrease in T h i s fungus was c o l l e c t e d f r o m plgeonpea a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t . and o t h e r h o s t s . Each c o l l e c t i o n was found t o r e i n f e c t i t s own h o s t o n l y , showing t h a t KAMAL, T . P . MALL, and R.P. SRIVASTAVA. t h e fungus was h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d . 1975. Rhizosphere mycofloras of some virus infec• KANDASWAMY, T . K . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. t e d c u l t i v a r s o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 1960. Millsp.). Technology 11(2-3):234-238. 944 A n e p i p h y t o t i c o f plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y The r h i z o s p h e r e m y c o p o p u l a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t mosaic a t C o i m b a t o r e . Madras A g r i c . J . arhar cultivars differed considerably. 4 7 : 4 4 0 - 4 4 1 . 948 There were myco-organic makeup differences N o s i g n s o f t o l e r a n c e o r r e s i s t a n c e t o i n t h e r o o t s o f h e a l t h y and d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s were n o t e d i n a The r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t was always g r e a t e r group of o v e r 100 v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus i n t h e h e a l t h y p l a n t s t h a n i n t h e i r oajan, grown at the Millet Breeding Sta• diseased counterparts. The minimum rhizo• tion, Coimbatore, India. sphere e f f e c t was m a n i f e s t e d b y c u l t i v a r Prabhat infected with the severe strain of t h e v i r u s . The r e s u l t s r e a d i l y f i t i n w i t h KERNKAMP, M . F . , and G.A. HEMERIK. 1953. t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l derangements o f t h e The r e l a t i o n of Ascochyta imperfecta to p l a n t s . The degree o f q u a n t i t a t i v e r e d u c • alfalfa seed production in Minnesota. t i o n i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m y c o f l o r a o f Phytopath. 43(7):378-383. 949 d i s e a s e d p l a n t s appeared t o b e d i r e c t l y Plgeonpea reacted positively to inoculation correlated with the degree of the severity o f i n f e c t i o n i n c u l t i v a r T - 1 7 . w i t h Aeooohyta imperfecta.
120 P a t h o l o g y
KHAN, W.M.A., and R.K. SINGH. 1974. KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1971. Anthracnose of arhar incited by Colletotri- Investigations on the l i f e history of the chum truncatum- Indian Phytopath. pigeonpea cyst nematode Heterodera cajani. 27:622-624. 950 Indian J. Nematol. 1:44-51. 954 Stem anthracnose of pigeonpea (Cajanus Temperature was an important factor govern• cajan (L.) Millsp.) caused by Colletotri- ing the time required to complete the l i f e chum truncation (Sen.) Andrush and Moore, cycle. At a soil temperature of 84°F the was observed in the last week of September nematode completed one generation in 16 1972. Survey of varieties indicated that days, whereas under cool conditions (10- only some of the early maturing varieties 25°C/50-75°F) the time required was 45 to were free from the disease during this 80 days. The nematode was able to repro• period. 'Infection was confined to main duce parthenogenetically, though it is a axis and lateral branches. Defoliation and bisexual species. For rapid multiplication, drying-up of the complete plant were the however males were considered necessary. ultimate signs of the infection.
KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1971. KHANNA, R.N., and R.S. SINGH. 1975. On the number of generations of Heterodera Microbial populations of pigeonpea rhizo- oajani, the pigeonpea cyst nematode, in a sphere in amended soils. Indian J. Mycol. year. Indian J. Nematol. 1:88-90. 955 PI. Pathol. 5(2):131-138. 951 H. cajani could complete nine generations Count of fungi and actinomycetes had in a year under laboratory conditions. inverse relationship with plant age in Duration of l i f e cycle was prolonged during nonamended s o i l , while optimum bacterial winter months. The favorable multiplica• activity occurred at maximum vegetative tion of the nematode was from June to growth of plant. Oil cake was stimulatory September and April to June. to microflora and sawdust was inhibitory. The inhibitory effect was overcome by KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1972. supplemental nitrogen. Rhizosphere of Susceptibility of plants to pigeonpea cyst pigeonpea significantly changed the effect nematode, Heterodera cajani. Indian J. of amendments on microflora. It reduced Nematol. 2:1-6. 956 stimulatory effects of amendments on bacteria and actinomycetes but accentuated One hundred and five plant species, repre• inhibitory effect of sawdust on these senting 58 genera in 21 families, were groups. tested for their suitability as hosts of Heterodera oajani', 19 of them (family : Legu- minosae) were recorded as hosts. KOSHY, P.K. 1968. Studies on the cyst-forming nematode of KULDIP SINGH, B.S. DAHIYA, and J.S. CHOHAN. pigeonpea. Ph.D. (1968) Thesis. Indian 1975. Agricultural Research Institute, New Evaluation of arhar (Cajanus cajan) germ- Delhi, India. 952 plasm lines against the s t e r i l i t y disease in the Punjab. PAU Res. J. 12(3): 327-328. 957 KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1967. Factors affecting emergence of larvae from Two hundred and thirty-four lines were cyst of Heterodera oajani Koshy. Indian screened for reaction to the s t e r i l i t y J. Nematol. 1:209-219. 953 virus in 1973 and 1974. L-3 and P-4785 were resistant and 16 others were tolerant. Emergence took place between 15 and 37°C, with 29°C optimum. More emergence was obtained from cysts conditioned to 40°C KULKARNI, Y.S., M.K. PATEL, and than those at 12°C. Aeration did not S.G. ABHYANKAR. 1953. affect emergence of larvae. But constant A new bacterial leaf spot and stem canker exposure to light gave a significantly of pigeonpea. Indian Phytopath. 5(1): higher hatch than subjecting to total 21-22. 958 darkness. Optimum pH was 10.5. Root Gives an extended account of the disease leachates from Cajanus aajan stimulated and i t s causal agent and l i s t s factors emergence of larvae from cysts. The cysts conducive to disease development. Since stored in air-dried soil under laboratory the pathogen infects pigeonpea alone, conditions remained viable for at least showing host range specificity, it is 2 years. proposed as a new species to be called Xanthomonas c a j a n i .
121 Plgeonpea Bibliography
KULKARNI, Y . S . , M.K. PATEL, and McRAE, W. 1924. S.G. ABHYANKAR. 1960. Report of the Imperial Mycologist. Sclent. A new b a c t e r i a l l e a f s p o t and stem canker Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1 9 2 3 - 2 4 : o f p l g e o n p e a . C u r r . S c i . 1 9 ( 2 ) : 3 8 4 . 959 4 1 - 5 1 . 965 A new b a c t e r i a l l e a f s p o t was f i r s t n o t i c e d Seed-borne spores of Fusarium udum caused on t h e l o w e r l e a v e s of plgeonpea (Cajanus l i t t l e w i l t o f Rahar ( P l g e o n p e a ) . Seed c a j a n M l l l s p . ) at J a l g a o n and Anand in disinfection trial on 1-acre (0.4 ha) plots September 1949. The disease symptom and gave 0.04 and 1.4% wilt on treated and un• i t s a t t a c k o n t h e p l a n t a r e d e s c r i b e d . t r e a t e d p l o t s . Disease found t o spread u p t o 9 f t ( 2 . 7 4 m ) t h r o u g h s o i l i n one season, LEACH, R., 1934. a p p a r e n t l y a l o n g r o o t s . Thus p r e v i o u s work Report o f t h e M y c o l o g i s t f o r 1933. A . Rep. on soil treatment rendered useless. Green Dep. Agrlc. Nyasaland. 1933:54-55. 960 manure plus superphosphate reduced wilt i n c i d e n c e by 25%. Armillaria meIlea killed pigeonpeas in i n f e s t e d t e a p l a n t a t i o n . McRAE, W. 1926. LEACH, R . , and J. WRIGHT. 1930. Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c l e n t . Rep. Agric. Res. Inst. Pusa, 1925-26: C o l l a r and stem canker of (Cajanus c a j a n ) 5 4 - 6 9 . 966 plgeonpea caused by a s p e c i e s of Physalo- s p o r a . Mem. Imp. C o l l . T r o p . A g r i c . Further details of field trials with green Trinidad (Mycol. Ser.) 1:12 pp. 961 manure and superphosphate are given. The p r i m a r y symptoms a r e t h e f o r m a t i o n of g r e y , s c u t i f o r m , d a r k - e d g e d l e s i o n s a v e r a • McRAE, W. 1928. g i n g 5 cm l o n g on t h e stem and b r a n c h e s . Report of the Imperial Mycologist. Sclent. The l e s i o n s t u r n d a r k brown a t t h e c o l l a r Rep. Agric. Res. Inst. Pusa, 1927-28: r e g i o n and u s u a l l y canker g i r d l e s t h e 5 6 - 7 0 . 967 c o l l a r and k i l l s t h e p l a n t . D e s c r i p t i o n Further report of green manure and super• of Phoma and Macrophoma a r e g i v e n . C u l t u • phosphate t r e a t m e n t s i n s t u d y o f Fusarium r a l s t u d i e s a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . w i l t . S u g g e s t i o n o f some o t h e r f a c t o r a s d o m i n a n t . LOPEZ ROSA, J . M . 1969. Phoma s p . The c a u s a l agent of plgeonpea McRAE, W. 1930. canker ( A b s t r a c t ) . P h y t o p a t h . Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t . 5 9 ( 1 0 ) : 1 3 4 8 . 962 Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1928-29: 5 1 - 6 6 . 968 I s o l a t i o n , v a r i e t a l r e a c t i o n s , g r o w t h i n c u l t u r e , and i n o c u l a t i o n of a Phoma s p . Incidence of pigeonpea wilt (Fusarium vasin- c a u s i n g canker i n plgeonpea i n P u e r t o Rico fectum) was f a v o r e d by superphosphate b u t a r e d e s c r i b e d . checked by green manure. Applying both gave intermediate results. Top 3 ft (92 cm) of MCDONALD, J . , 1924. s o i l was dug o u t and t r e a t e d w i t h superphos•
Anntial r e p o r t o f t h e M y c o l o g i s t f o r t h e year p h a t e (0.002% s o l u b l e P2 O 5 ) and m o i s t u r e 1923. A . Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Kenya f o r t h e year c o n t e n t r a i s e d t o l o c a l optimum b e f o r e sow• ended 3 1 s t December 1 9 2 3 : 8 1 - 8 5 . 963 i n g i n September a f t e r t h e r a i n s . N o f u r t h e r w a t e r i n g was done f o r 5 m o n t h s . L a r g e r roots Disease s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Madagascar and branching rootlets were more numerous b u t t e r beans caused by a fungus s i m i l a r to i n t r e a t e d t o p 2 f t (60 cm) b u t t h e r e was Vermucularia c a p s i c i observed on plgeonpea, n o marked d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t h i r d f t . c o n t r o l l e d on beans by Bordeaux m i x t u r e .
McRAE, W. 1 9 3 1 . McRAE, W. 1923. Note o n ' w i l t ' i n Rahar i n permanent p l o t s Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t . a t Pusa. P r o c . B d A g r i c . I n d i a , 1929. Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa 1 9 2 2 - 2 3 : Appendix 3 : 2 3 6 - 2 4 1 . 969 5 3 - 6 0 . 964 D e t a i l s o f f i r s t 2 0 y e a r s t r i a l s o f f e r t i • Fusarium w i l t of plgeonpea was v e r y s e v e r e l i z e r s o n Fusarium w i l t a r e d i s c u s s e d . i n t h e s e a s o n . M a n u r i a l e x p e r i m e n t s showed that superphosphate increased disease inci• McRAE, W. 1932. dence and g r e e n manure decreased i t . Super• Report of the Imperial Mycologist. Scient. phosphate a f t e r g r e e n manure reduced i t . Rep. I m p . I n s t . A g r i c . Res. P u s a , 1 9 3 0 - 3 1 : 7 3 - 8 6 . 970 Discussed varietal trials for wilt disease
122 P a t h o l o g y
o n r o t a t i o n l e n g t h and p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y . MAHENDRA PAL, and J . S . GREWAL. 1975. D e s c r i p t i o n of Colletotriohum c a j a n i and a R e s i s t a n c e of pigeonpea to Phytophthora Cercospora s p . i s a l s o g i v e n . blight. 1. Total phenolic content. Indian Phytopath. 28(4):559-560. 975 McRAE, W . , and F . J . F . SHAW. 1926. The t o t a l p h e n o l i c c o n t e n t i n l e a v e s o f t h e Report on e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h Cajanus indicus r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t y A S - 3 , measured 4 to 6 (Rahar) f o r r e s i s t a n c e to Fusarium vasin- days a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h P. dreahsleri f e c t u m ( w i l t d i s e a s e ) . S c l e n t . Rep. A g r i c . v a r . oajani was greater in inoculated than Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1 9 2 5 - 2 6 : 2 0 8 - 2 1 2 . 971 in uninoculated plants, while in the sus• P r o g r e s s i n s e l e c t i o n f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o c e p t i b l e T - 2 1 i t was g r e a t e r i n t h e l e a v e s w i l t i s d e s c r i b e d . of uninoculated plants.
McRAE, W., and F . J . F . SHAW. 1933. MAHENDRA PAL, and J . S . GREWAL. 1976. I n f l u e n c e o f manures o n t h e w i l t d i s e a s e o f E f f e c t of NPK f e r t i l i z e r s on t h e Phytoph• Cajanue indiaus Spreng. and isolation of thora b l i g h t o f p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . types r e s i s t a n t t o t h e d i s e a s e . P a r t I I . The A g r i c . S c i . 4 6 ( l ) : 3 2 - 3 5 . 976 i s o l a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n t t y p e s . S c l e n t . Monogr. In t h e absence of K, h i g h doses of N increa• Coun. A g r i c . Res. Pusa. 7 : 3 7 - 6 8 . 972 sed t h e i n c i d e n c e o f Phytophthora b l i g h t o f Particulars of selection in progress since pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 1923 f o r r e s i s t a n c e of Cajanus indicus Addition of K decreased the incidence, Spreng. to Fuearium w i l t . A f o r m d e s i g • r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e presence o r absence o f n a t e d Type 80 proved h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t and N or P in t h e s o i l . P d i d n o t have much Types 1 6 , 4 1 , 5 0 , 5 1 , and 8 2 were a l s o effect on disease development. r e s i s t a n t . No c o r r e l a t i o n was found b e t • ween m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s and r e s i s • MAHENDRA PAL, J . S . GREWAL, and A . R . SARBHOy. t a n c e . A l o s s of r e s i s t a n c e n o t e d in a 1970. r e s i s t a n t t y p e grown i n a f i e l d t h a t had A new stem r o t of a r h a r caused by Phytoph• been under t h e c r o p f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s was thora. I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 3 ( 5 ) : 8 3 - 8 7 . 977 n o t t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n . A new d i s e a s e caused by Phytophthora dreahs• leri Tucker var. ca j a n i was observed in MAHENDRA PAL, and J . s . GREWAL. 1975. severe form on arhar var. T-21 at Delhi and P h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s on Phytophthora Kanpur during 1968-1969. Affected plants dreahsleri v a r . c a j a n i . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . dry up rapidly, causing total loss to the 2 8 ( 4 ) : 4 7 9 - 4 8 2 . 973 crop. Brown to dark brown lesions, distin• Three weeks' incubation period and Mehro- c t l y marked f r o m d a r k green h e a l t h y p o r t i o n s t r a ' s medium were found to be optimum f o r on the stem, appear at ground level or a t h e g r o w t h of t h e f u n g u s . Maximum g r o w t h of few i n c h e s h i g h e r . High h u m i d i t y c o u p l e d t h e fungus was r e c o r d e d at pH 6.5 and o p t i • with the disease may cause rapid develop• mum t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e g r o w t h o f t h e f u n • ment o f stem r o t . gus was 30°C. Growth was a l s o good on h e x o - ses ( D - g l u c o s e , D - f r u c t o s e , D-mannose, and MAHMOOD, M. 1962. D - g a l a c t o s e ) . The g r o w t h was n e g l i g i b l e on Factors governing the production of anti• a r a b i n o s e and i n t h e absence o f c a r b o n . biotic bulbiformin and its use in the con• t r o l o f pigeonpea w i l t . 101 p p . P h . D . (1962) MAHENDRA PAL, and J . S . GREWAL. 1975. Thesis. Indian Agricultural Research U t i l i z a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e o f Phytoph• I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 978 thora dreahsleri v a r . oajani, I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 8 ( 4 ) : 4 9 9 - 5 0 1 . 974 MAHMOOD, M. 1964. Factors governing the production of anti• Ammonium s a l t s i n g e n e r a l s u p p o r t e d good b i o t i c b u l b i f o r m i n and i t s use i n t h e c o n • g r o w t h of Phytophthora dreahsleri v a r . t r o l o f pigeonpea w i l t . S c i . C u l t . 3 0 ( 7 ) : c a j a n i , indicating better utilization of 352. 979 ammoniacal n i t r o g e n . Maximum g r o w t h was on ammonium n i t r a t e . Growth was poor on c a l • The i n c i d e n c e o f pigeonpea w i l t was marked• cium n i t r a t e and sodium n i t r a t e was n o t u t i • ly reduced in soil supplemented with ground- l i z e d a t a l l . Moderate t o good g r o w t h o f nut cake, molasses, and sweet clover root t h e fungus was r e c o r d e d on monoamine d i c a r - materials on inoculation with B. subtilis. b o x y l i c amino a c i d s and amides i . e . L - a s p a r t i c a c i d , L - g l u t a m i c a c i d , MAITRA, A. 1972. L - a s p a r a g i n e , and g l u t a m i n e . S t u d i e s on some a s p e c t s of Fusarium w i l t of pigeonpea. 53 pp. M.Sc. 0.972) Thesis. Uni• versity of Kalyani, West Bengal, India. 980
123 Plgeonpea Bibliography
MAITRA, A . , and A . K . SINHA. 1973. revealed the presence of mycoplasma-like Partial inhibition of Fusarium w i l t symp• organisms (MLO) as w e l l as b u l l e t - s h a p e d toms in plgeonpea by n o n - p a t h o g e n i c formae (Rhabdo) v i r u s p a r t i c l e s i n t h e phloem. of Fuaarium oxyeporum. Curr. Scl. The r h a b d o v i r u s p a r t i c l e s were 45 to 55 mm 4 2 ( 1 8 ) : 6 5 4 - 6 5 6 . 981 in d i a m e t e r and 240 to 260 mm in l e n g t h . T h i s i s b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e f i r s t r e p o r t o f Plants were inoculated with the nonpathogen a n a t u r a l d u a l i n f e c t i o n of a p l a n t by a when 2 weeks o l d and w i t h t h e pathogen a r h a b d o v i r u s and MLO. week l a t e r . A n e a r l i e r i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h F. oxyeporum f. s p . ci c e r i or F. oxyeporum f . s p . vasinfectum d e l a y e d t h e o n s e t o f MARAMOROSCH, K . , H. HIRUMI, M. KIMURA, w i l t symptoms, t h e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t b e i n g J. BIRD, and N.G. V A K I L I . 1974. slightly more pronounced with the former. Pigeonpeas w i t c h e s 'broom d i s e a s e . Histological studies indicated that inocu• Phytopath. 64:582-583. 986 l a t i o n w i t h F . oxyeporum f . s p . c i c e r i l e d Plgeonpea plants with a witches' broom t o d e p o s i t i o n o f gum i n t h e v e s s e l s , w h i c h disease of unknown etiology were collected never showed any hyphae. The i n o c u l a t i o n at Rio Piedras and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. with nonpathogens delayed the onset of wilt In the sieve tube elements there were large symptoms. accumulations of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) i n t h e d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . Rhabdovirus MALI, V . R . , A . M . SHIRSAT, and G.M. GODBOLE. particles were also detected in the Maya• 1977. guez material. Witches' broom disease at Occurrence o f plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic i n Mayaguez m i g h t be t h e r e s u l t of t h e com• Marathwada. Res. B u l l . MAU. 1 ( 1 0 : 1 4 8 - bined action of Empoasoa t o x i n , MLO, and 149. 982 virus. The MLO-associated plgeonpea Recorded f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n Marathwada. d i s e a s e of P u e r t o Rico resembles t h e MLO - Transmission was possible by bud-grafting, and rhabdovirus-as8ociated pigeonpea also transmitted by mite. The disease was disease from the Dominican Republic. n o t f o u n d t o b e t r a n s m i s s i b l e b y s a p . MARAMOROSCH, K . , M. KIMURA, and Y . L . NENE. MALIK, R.P. 1945. 1976. C o l l a r r o t o f plgeonpea caused b y P y t h i u m Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with aphonidermatum (Edson) F i t z . I n d i a n J . pigeonpea rosette disease in India. A g r i c . S c i . 1 5 : 9 2 - 9 3 . 983 FAO PI. Prot. Bull. 24(2):33-35. 987 Isolations made from wilted plgeonpea Pleiomorphic, mycoplasma-like organisms p l a n t s o f UP-132 v a r i e t y y i e l d e d a s p e c i e s (MLO) were found in sieve elements of of Fythium, Macrophomina phaseoli, a Fuaa• pigeonpea {Cajanue oajan) p l a n t s w i t h rium d i s t i n c t f r o m F. udum, and Corticium r o s e t t e d i s e a s e . MLO were c o n f i n e d to rolfsii. The a u t h o r ' s i s o l a t e i s a c c o r d - phloem and to phloem parenchyma cells. i n g l y r e f e r r e d to F. aphonidermatum. I n o c u - H e a l t h y c o n t r o l p l a n t s were f r e e o f MLO. l a t i o n w i t h t h e fungus o n plgeonpea stems V i r u s o r v i r u s - l i k e p a r t i c l e s were n o t j u s t above s o i l l e v e l a few days a f t e r show- detected in these sections. i n g caused d e s i c c a t i o n o f t h e f o l i a g e and young s h o o t s , and i n some p l a n t s o f t h e MARAMOROSCH, K . , M. KIMURA, H. HIRUMI, c o l l a r r e g i o n a l s o . J . BIRD, and N.G. V A K I L I . 1974. Diseases of pigeonpea in the Caribbean MALL, T . P . 1975. a r e a : an e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y s t u d y . FAO S t u d i e s o n some v i r u s d i s e a s e s o f p i g e o n - PI. Prot. Bull. 22(2):32-36. 988 p e a , Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . P h . D . (1975) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f Gorakhpur, A t l e a s t f o u r d i f f e r e n t d i s e a s e s o f Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 984 u n c e r t a i n e t i o l o g y a f f e c t p l g e o n p e a , Cajanus c a j a n , p l a n t s i n t h e Caribbean MARAMOROSCH, K . , and E. HICHEZ. 1973. i s l a n d s . The w h i t e - f l y - b o r n e agent o f Rhabdovirus and mycoplasma-like organism: t h e y e l l o w mosaic d i s e a s e has n o t been N a t u r a l d u a l i n f e c t i o n of Cajanue oajan. v i s u a l i z e d by e l e c t r o n microscopy and may P h y t o p a t h . 63:202 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 985 be a v i r o i d , r a t h e r t h a n a v i r u B . The proliferation, or witches' broom, disease C . c a j a n plants with a proliferation dis• observed in the Dominican Republic and the ease were observed g r o w i n g w i l d o n t h e more severe form occurring in Puerto Rico, n o r t h s h o r e o f H i s p a n o l a i s l a n d i n t h e have been found a s s o c i a t e d w i t h mycoplasma- Dominican R e p u b l i c near t h e b o r d e r o f H a i t i . l i k e m i c r o o r g a n i s m s , as w e l l as a r h a b d o - Plants were pale green and shoved symptoms type virus. of witches' broom. Electron micrographs
124 P a t h o l o g y
MATHUR, R.S. 1954. MITRA, M. 1934. Diseases o f p u l s e c r o p s i n U.P. A g r i c . Wilt disease of Crotalaria juncea L i n n Anim. Husb. U.P. 5 ( l ) : 2 4 - 2 8 . 989 (Sunn-hemp). I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . B r i e f n o t e s a r e g i v e n o n t h e economic 4(4):701-704. 994 i m p o r t a n c e , symptoms, and c o n t r o l o f t h e Cross-inoculation experiments showed that most i m p o r t a n t d i s e a s e s o f p u l s e s i n U t t a r t h e s t r a i n s of Fusarium vasinfectum c a u s i n g P r a d e s h , I n d i a . wilts of sunnhemp and pigeonpea were simi• lar, since cross-infection could be caused. MISHRA, D . P . , and R.C.S. MEHRA. 1969. The c o t t o n s t r a i n w i l l n o t i n f e c t these c r o p s , n o r w i l l t h e i r s t r a i n s i n f e c t c o t t o n . Choanephora c u c u r b i t a r u m on Cajanus c a j a n Fungus o f t e n c a r r i e d o n s e e d . Minor w i l t • i n I n d i a . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 2 : ing fungi are Rhizoctonia s o l a n i and 515-517. 990 Neocosmospora vasinfecta. C. cucurbitarum is p a t h o g e n i c on a r h a r and s e v e r a l g e n e t i c s t o c k s o f economic v a l u e MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMMED A L I KHAN, a r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o i t . T h i s d i s e a s e and S. IYEMPERUMAL. 1977. appears t o have p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e i n r e l a t i o n t o e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s A n o t e on t h e s t u d y of redgram mutants f o r o f a r h a r . resistance to root-rot disease under field c o n d i t i o n s . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) : 6 9 1 . 995 MISHRA, R . R . , and K.K. PANDEY. 1975. Of seven red gram mutants with desirable S t u d i e s o n s o i l f u n g i s t a s i s . P a r t V I I . c h a r a c t e r s and f o u r c u r r e n t l y grown v a r i e • S t u d i e s o n c o l o n i z a t i o n o f f u n g i o n r o o t s ties studied for resistance to root-rot o f Cajanus c a j a n i n r e l a t i o n t o s o i l f u n g i - d i s e a s e f o r t h r e e seasons, mutant S-18 s t a s i s . F e r t i l . T e c h n o l . 1 2 ( 4 ) : showed the lowest incidence throughout;mean 3 2 8 - 3 3 0 . 991 root-rot incidence was only 3.9% in S-18, as against 68.1% in Prabhat and 32.3% in paren• The f u n g i s t a s i s o f t h e s o i l samples c o l l e c • t a l s t o c k , C o - 1 . t e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t depths and c l o s e v i c i n i t y o f r o o t s u r f a c e and t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o - MOHANTY, U.N. 1942. p o p u l a t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d . There was a P t . 1 . Study o f some I n d i a n A s p e r g i l l i . close correlation between the soil fungi• P t . 2 . The w i l t d i s e a s e o f pigeonpea s t a s i s and t h e s o i l m i c r o p o p u l a t i o n . (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.) with special reference to some methods of dissemination. MITRA, M. 1925. 6 9 p p . T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Rese• Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t . a r c h I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 996 Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1 9 2 4 - 2 5 : 4 5 - 5 7 . 992 MOHANTY, U.N. 1946. Study o f s o i l and f e r t i l i z e r o n w i l t i n c i • The w i l t d i s e a s e of pigeonpea (Cajanus dence c o n t i n u e d . F. udum w i l t was n o t cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e associated with waterlogging. Average t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e c a u s a l o r g a n i s m number o f w i l t e d p l a n t s i n p l o t s w i t h in the host tissue. Indian J. Agric. Sci. superphosphate 5 x. W i t h green manure o n l y 16:379-390. 997 1 / 1 0 . W i t h b o t h t r e a t m e n t s numbers 1.7 x . Fusarium udum B u t l e r , w h i c h causes w i l t of A l s o demonstrated b u l k o f i n f e c t i o n i n pigeonpea, forms abundant spore masses on s o i l , l i t t l e o n s e e d . the surface of infected plants. It was found t h a t t h e spore masses o c c u r o n l y on MITRA, M. 1 9 3 1 . branches o f i n f e c t e d p l a n t s a t a p o i n t Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t . c o n s i d e r a b l y below t h a t w h i c h t h e fungus Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 : has reached i n t h e t i s s u e , and i t i s c o n • 5 8 - 7 1 . 993 c l u d e d t h a t t h e s p o r e masses do n o t f o r m as a result of primary infection in the aerial Survey o f pigeonpea f i e l d s around Pusa p a r t s , b u t a r i s e a s a r e s u l t o f t h e outward showed 15% i n f e c t i o n by Fusarium w i l t . spread of the fungus from internally infec• Some w i l t is a l s o caused by Rhozoctonia t e d b r a n c h e s . The fungus was never found s o l a n i , inoculation with which gave about to be carried within the seeds. 80% p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s .
125 Plgeonpea Bibliography
MUKHERJEE, D . , T. K. DE, and N.R. PARUI. either of these acting independently but is 1 9 7 1 . the combined influence of both. A n o t e o n s c r e e n i n g o f a r h a r a g a i n s t w i l t disease. Indian Phytopath. 24:598- MUNDKUR, B.B. 1938. 6 0 1 . 998 Phytopathology - mycology: Pigeonpeas: Of 54 v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus cajan screened A . Rev. Biochem. A p p l . Res. I n d i a . f o r r e s i s t a n c e to Fusarium udum by a t e c h • 9 : 1 1 2 . 1003 n i q u e w h i c h i s d e s c r i b e d , none was r e s i s • A survey of relevant literature about study t a n t b u t n i n e were m o d e r a t e l y r e s i s t a n t . o f c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f f u n g i i n Evidence was found f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e of pigeonpea i s g i v e n . Wollenweber r e p o r t s pathogen r a c e s . The r e c h n i q u e a l l o w s f o r that pigeonpea that had wilted in a charac• t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f races o n t h e b a s i s t e r i s t i c manner i n t h e f i e l d s a t Pusa o f r e a c t i o n t o a s e t o f d i f f e r e n t i a l y i e l d e d the c u l t u r e s of Fusarium lateritium v a r i e t i e s . v a r . unainatum. In infective experiments conducted a t B e r l i n Dahlem, t h e fungus MULK, M.M., and M.S. JAIRAJ PURI. 1975. caused a severe f o o t r o t o f t h e c r o p . T h i s Nematodes o f leguminous crops i n I n d i a . e x p e r i m e n t i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t t u r s p p . I V . Two new s p e c i e s of Rotylenchulus F. vaeinfectum and F. lateritium v a r . filipjev. 1936. (Hoplolaimidae). Indian unainatum, case diseases of pigeonpea in J . N e m a t o l . 5 : 9 - 1 4 . 999 I n d i a . Bose f i n d s t h a t a p i g e o n p e a - tobacco rotation can considerably reduce Observations were made in measurements of t h e d i s e a s e i n w i l t - s i c k f i e l d s . t h e specimens. R. siddiqu s p . n . , 0 . 6 1 - 0 . 7 8 m m l o n g ; l i p r e g i o n w i t h i n d i s t i n c t s i m u l a t i o n s ; spear 22-24u l o n g ; spear knobs MUNDKUR, B.B. 1946. r o u n d e d , f o i l h e m i s p h e r i c a l and phasmids Report of the Imperial Mycologist. Sclent. 10-13 a t r i a l a n t e r i o r to a n u s . R. secondus Rep. Agric. Res. Inst., New Delhi, for the sp. n. 0 . 6 3 - 0 . 7 7 mm l o n g ; l i p r e g i o n T r i e n n i u m ended 3 0 t h J u n e , 1944: f a i n t l y s t r i a t e d ; spear 2 4 - 2 5 µ ; spear 5 7 - 6 3 . 1004 knobs anteriorly pointed; tail cylindroid Of 20 pigeonpea varieties tested in pots and phasmids a t a n a l l e v e l . a g a i n s t w i l t (F. udum) i n 1 9 4 2 - 4 3 , A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 was u n a f f e c t e d . I n 1943-44, MULLER, A . S . 1953. IP-80, IP-41, C-38, C-15, A-126-4-1, A f o l i a r d i s e a s e o f legumes i n C e n t r a l D - 1 6 - 1 2 - 2 , PT-12, and D-33-4-22 were A m e r i c a . FA0 P I . P r o t . B u l l . 1 ( 6 ) : resistant. Bulsar white, reputedly resis• 8 3 - 8 4 . 1000 t a n t , was s e v e r e l y i n f e c t e d . I n f i e l d p l o t s i n o c u l a t e d w i t h c u l t u r e s o f fungus Chaetoseptoria wellmanii was c o l l e c t e d in and infected debris, D-16-17-2, PT-12, and Guatemala on l e a v e s of p i g e o n p e a . The D-33-4-22 lost resistance. disease was also found to be spreading on v a r i o u s legumes. NAMBIAR, K.K.N. 1967. Studies on pigeonpea sterility mosaic MULLER, A . S . , and C. CHUPP. 1942. d i s e a s e . P h . D . (1967) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y Las Cercospora de Venezuela. B o t . Soc. of Madras, Madras, Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 1005 Venez. C i e n . N a t . 8 ( 5 2 ) : 3 5 - 3 9 . 1001 Ceraospora c a j a n i has been recognized in NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. Venezuela as a p o t e n t d i s e a s e of p i g e o n p e a . 1968. I t s symptoms a r e d e s c r i b e d . Studies on pigeonpea sterility mosaic d i s e a s e . V I . E f f e c t o f d i s e a s e o n carbo- MUNDKUR, B . B . 1935. hydrates. Proc, Indian Acad. Sci. (Sect. I n f l u e n c e o f t e m p e r a t u r e and m a t u r i t y o n B) 68:295-300. 1006 t h e i n c i d e n c e of sunn-hemp and pigeonpea T o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s w i l t a t P u s a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . in virus-diseased pigeonpea leaves than in 5 : 6 0 9 - 6 1 9 . 1002 comparable h e a l t h y leaves a t a l l ages below Records made weekly of t h e deaths of pigeon• t h e Becond l e a f . W h i l e t h e t o t a l c a r b o - pea (Cajanus c a j a n ) p l a n t s f r o m Fusarium h y d r a t e c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e d w i t h age i n vaeinfectum. Low soil temperature between h e a l t h y p l a n t s , n o such r e g u l a r p a t t e r n 1 7 ° and 29° f a v o r e d t h e d i s e a s e . The was d i s c e r n i b l e i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . S t a r c h i n f l u e n c e o f s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e and m a t u r i t y and r e s i n were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r i n o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f w i l t i s n o t due t o d i s e a s e d l e a v e s t h a n i n h e a l t h y l e a v e s b u t
126 P a t h o l o g y
s u c r o s e l e v e l s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y The d i s e a s e was g e n e r a l l y seen on young d i f f e r e n t . I n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f r e d u c i n g l e a v e s . Stems and p e t i o l e s a l s o showed sugars and n o n f e r m e n t a b l e r e d u c i n g s u b s t a n • symptoms. I n severe c a s e s , t h e a f f e c t e d ces were observed in d i s e a s e d l e a v e s o v e r leaves turned yellow, exhibiting crinkling. h e a l t h y l e a v e s . T h i s s p e c i e s , Oidiopsis taurica, d i d n o t produce the perfect stage. Plgeonpea was r e p o r t e d as a new h o s t f o r t h i s f u n g u s . NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 1969. S t u d i e s o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. d i s e a s e . V I I . E f f e c t o n m i n e r a l m e t a b o l i s m . 1965. P r o c . I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 7 0 : S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f 3 7 - 4 1 . 1007 plgeonpea. I. Transmission of the disease. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Sect. B) 62: Ca, K, Na, and Mn c o n t e n t s were l o w e r in 7 3 - 8 6 . 1012 d i s e a s e d t h a n in h e a l t h y p l a n t s , Ca decrea- s i n g w i t h t h e age o f t h e l e a v e s . The plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic was n o t transmitted by sap or insects. There were indications to show that the disease was NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. probably soil-borne. Decrease in nematode 1969. population reduced disease incidence, the S t u d i e s o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic reduction being greater in DD-treated plots v i r u s . V I I I . E f f e c t o n p h o t o s y n t h e s i s and t h a n i n Nemagon-treated p l o t s . I t i s n u c l e i c a c i d s o f plgeonpea l e a v e s . surmised t h a t t h e d i s e a s e i s p r o b a b l y Phytopath. 66:91-94. 1008 transmitted by Rotylenahulus r e n i f o r m i s A significant reduction in photosynthesis a n d / o r Tylenahorhynahus s p p . A n e g a t i v e and r a t e o f H i l l r e a c t i o n was r e c o r d e d i n correlation was obtained between the d i s e a s e d l e a v e s , p h o t o s y n t h e s i s b e i n g l e a s t population of plants and percentages of in t h e y e l l o w p a t c h e s . RNA and DNA l e v e l s i n f e c t i o n . were h i g h e r i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s o f a l l ages. RNA f r a c t i o n s presumably c o n t a i n e d v i r a l NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. as w e l l as p l a n t RNA. 1965. S t u d i e s o n s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. plgeonpea. I I . Carbohydrate metabolism of 1969. infected plants. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. S t u d i e s o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y m o s a i c . (Sect. B) 62:130-139. 1013 I X . E f f e c t o n n i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i s m . The r e d u c t i o n i n t h e c h l o r o p h y l l c o n t e n t P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 7 0 : v i r u s - d i s e a s e d plgeonpea leaves was as h i g h 200-207. 1009 as 60.9%. Carotene and xanthophyll conterts T o t a l N was h i g h e r i n d i s e a s e d t h a n i n of diseased leaves also showed a decrease h e a l t h y l e a v e s a t a l l a g e s . A l l forms o f a s d i d t h e t o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e c o n t e n t . The N, e x c e p t ammoniacal and n o n p r o t e i n , were a c t i v i t y o f c h l o r o p h y l l a s e was i n c r e a s e d increased. Free amino acids, viz., valine, due t o v i r u s i n f e c t i o n . The s y n t h e s i s o f l e u c i n e , and a r g i n i n e were a t h i g h e r c o n • s u c r o s e in d i s e a s e d l e a v e s was at a l o w e r c e n t r a t i o n s i n younger t h a n i n o l d e r r a t e t h a n i n h e a l t h y ones and r e s u l t e d i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . The h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s derangement of photosynthetic activity in o f amino a c i d s i n t h e bound f o r m i n d i s • diseased plants. The translocation of eased l e a v e s suggests t h e i r p r o b a b l e sugars was reduced and t h e n a t u r e of sugars i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o t h e v i r u s p r o t e i n . translocated was altered in the diseased p l a n t s .
NARAYANASWAMY, P. 1964. S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. red gram. Ph.D. (1964) Thesis. University 1966. of Madras, Madras, T a m i l Nadu, S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f I n d i a . 1010 plgeonpea. I I I . Nitrogen metabolism of infected plants. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. ( S e c t . B) 6 3 : 2 8 8 - 2 9 6 . 1014 NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and T. JAGANATHAN. 1975. A decrease i n t h e c h l o r o p l a s t l c p r o t e i n and A n o t e on powdery mildew d i s e a s e of p i g e o n - a slight increase in the cytoplasmic pro• pea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . t e i n was seen i n t h e d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . There S c i . C u l t . 4 1 ( 3 ) : 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 . 1011 was no appreciable quantitative difference
127 Plgeonpea Bibliography
i n t h e aminoacid c o n t e n t o f p r o t e i n s o f There was d i s e a s e i n t h e f i e l d where t h e healthy and diseased plants. The total c r o p was sown f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , b u t i t nitrogen content of the diseased leaves o c c u r r e d i n h i g h p e r c e n t a g e i n t h e f i e l d s ■ showed a p r o g r e s s i v e i n c r e a s e over h e a l t h y where grown s u c c e s s i v e l y . The v i r u s i s d u r i n g t h e d a y , f r o m morning t i l l e v e n i n g . p r o b a b l y t r a n s m i t t e d by one or more of t h e The f r e e aminoacids o f d i s e a s e d l e a v e s s o i l nematode s p e c i e s l i s t e d i n t h e t e x t . showed v a r i a t i o n s b o t h i n q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y . The presence o f two u n i d e n t i f i e d NATTRASS, R.M. 1958. aminoacids was d e t e c t e d o n l y i n d i s e a s e d Report of the Senior Plant Pathologist. l e a v e s . The aminoacids a l a n i n e , asparagine, A. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Kenya, 1965. a s p a r t i c a c i d , and a r g i n i n e , w h i c h were i n 2 : 9 - 1 4 . 1018 v e r y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n d i s e a s e d leaveB a t 6 a . m . , were e i t h e r c o m p l e t e l y Note on a bark disease of plgeonpea showing absent o r p r e s e n t o n l y i n v e r y s m a l l short longitudinal splits and stem-pitting amounts at 6 p.m. A decrease in t h e C/N leading to Die-back and collapse. Cerco- r a t i o r e s u l t e d due t o v i r u s i n f e c t i o n . s p o r a c a j a n i and Uromyces dolicholi were found as new r e c o r d s . NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 1966. NEMA, KRISHNA G0PAL. 1950. S t u d i e s o n s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f I n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f c e r t a i n s o i l m i c r o - p l g e o n p e a . I V . Changes i n a c t i v i t y o f organisms on Fusarium udum B u t l e r , t h e enzymes i n d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . P r o c . I n d i a n plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) wilt Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 6 4 ( 2 ) : 7 8 - 8 2 . 1015 o r g a n i s m . 5 4 p p . T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l • t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , The diastatic activity in plgeonpea leaves I n d i a . 1019 i n f e c t e d by PSMV was more t h a n in t h e h e a l t h y l e a v e s . Very low p e r o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y was n o t i c e d i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . NENE, Y . L . 1973. The c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y i n i n f e c t e d l e a v e s V i r a l d i s e a s e s of some warm weather p u l s e was i n c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y . The a c t i v i t i e s crops i n I n d i a . P I . D i s . Reptr 5 7 ( 5 ) : of nitrate reductase and proteolytic enzy• 4 6 3 - 4 6 7 . 1020 mes in t h e d i s e a s e d l e a v e s showed an Four v i r a l d i s e a s e s a t t a c k i n g a l a r g e i n c r e a s e over t h e h e a l t h y l e a v e s . The number of pulse crops were investigated. s i g n i f i c a n c e o f these changes i s d i s c u s s e d . Mung bean yellow mosaic virus, transmitted by the white fly, Bemisia tab NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. aci, i s t h e 1966. most widespread and causes serious losses. S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f I t a f f e c t s s e v e r a l p u l s e c r o p s , i n c l u d i n g plgeonpea. V. Organic acid metabolism and plgeonpea. r e s p i r a t i o n o f i n f e c t e d p l a n t s . P r o c . NENE, Y . L . 1977. Indian Acad. Sci. (Sect. B) 64: Survey o f plgeonpea d i s e a s e s w i t h s p e c i a l 1 3 5 - 1 4 2 . 1016 r e f e r e n c e t o w i l t and s t e r i l i t y d i s e a s e s . A g e n e r a l r e d u c t i o n i n t h e o r g a n i c a c i d The A l l - I n d i a Workshop on Assessment of c o n t e n t s o f l e a f , p e t i o l e , s t e m , and buds Crop Losses due to Pests and D i s e a s e s . o f d i s e a s e d p l a n t s was o b s e r v e d . A s c o r b i c 12 Sep 1977. U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r a l a c i d c o n t e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t t i s s u e s e x h i • Sciences, Bangalore, India. 1021 b i t e d a r e d u c t i o n . M a l e i c a c i d and c i t r i c D u r i n g r o v i n g surveys i t was found t h a t two a c i d were absent i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s and d i s e a s e s , w i l t (Fusarium udum) and steri• p e t i o l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y ; c i t r i c a c i d and l i t y mosaic ( V i r u s ? ) , were more s e r i o u s s u c c i n i c a c i d s accumulated i n stem and than o t h e r s such as l e a f s p o t s and powdery r o o t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f t h e d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . mildew. The average wilt incidence varied The r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n was i n c r e a s e d i n from 1.12 to 22.61%. The average sterility d i s e a s e d p l a n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y . mosaic i n c i d e n c e was 1.09 to 12.84%. In some of the farmers' fields the incidence NARAYANASWAMY, P . , A . R . SESHADRI, and o f w i l t v a r i e d f r o m 0 t o 93% and s t e r i l i t y K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 1963. mosaic f r o m 0 to 95%. Preliminary note on suspected nematode transmission of redgram sterility mosaic v i r u s . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 0 ( 2 ) : 1 0 9 - 1 1 0 . 1017
128 P a t h o l o g y
NENE, Y . L . , and M.V. REDDY. 1976. 0RILL0, F . I . , and R.B. VALDEZ. 1958. A new t e c h n i q u e to s c r e e n pigeonpea f o r Four diseases of coffee hitherto undescri- r e s i s t a n c e t o s t e r i l i t y m o s a i c . T r o p . bed i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . P h i l i p p . A g r i c . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 2 3 . 1022 42(7):292-302. 1026 B r i e f n o t e s a r e g i v e n o n t h e l e a f - s t a p l i n g Rhizoctonia b l i g h t was seen on plgeonpeas t e c h n i q u e i n w h i c h l e a f l e t s f r o m d i s e a s e d used a s temporary shade f o r c o f f e e t r a n s • p l a n t s i n f e s t e d w i t h m i t e s (Aceria c a j a n i ) plants. It killed all infected plants and a r e s t a p l e d t o t h e p r i m a r y l e a v e s o f t e s t produced many large light brown sclerotia s e e d l i n g s . The s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h i s t e c h - on leaves. Disease also caused defoliation n i q u e over t h e t w i g t y i n g t e c h n i q u e i s o f c o f f e e b u t n o s c l e r o t i a f o r m e d . Symp• i n d i c a t e d . toms and culture are described.
NENE, Y . L . , and M.V. REDDY. 1976. OVERMAN, A . J . 1974. Screening for resistance to sterility The influence of certain nematicides on mosaic o f p i g e o n p e a . P I . D i s . Reptr weed population in sandy soils. Proc. 60(2):1034-1036. 1023 S o i l Crop S c i . Soc. F l a . 3 3 : 7 2 - 7 4 . 1027 The s t e r i l i t y mosaic (SM) i s w i d e l y p r e v a • P r i o r t o s e e d i n g plgeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n l e n t i n t h e I n d i a n s u b c o n t i n e n t , p r o d u c i n g M i l l s p . ) as a summer crop in May, t h e complete o r p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y i n a f f e c t e d plots were broadcast-treated with carbo- p l a n t s . In some f i e l d s 100% i n c i d e n c e was f u r a n ( 1 1 . 2 k g / h a ) , sodium a z i d e ( 2 6 . 9 k g / observed. Transmission of the causal h a ) , and a c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e t w o . The agent is t h r o u g h t h e eriophyid m i t e , Aaevia carbofuran increased the number of crab- c a j a n i . Two thousand e i g h t hundred and grass and nutsedge p l a n t s i n t h e second f o u r a c c e s s i o n s , i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea cover crop test. Sodium azide was not (Cajanus c a j a n ) germplasm/cultlvars, e f f e c t i v e when used a l o n e o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n Atylosia s p p . , and Cajanus x Atylosia w i t h c a r b o f u r a n . R e s i d u a l e f f e c t s were c r o s s e s were screened f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o a l s o r e a l i z e d . SM, b y u t i l i z i n g a l e a f - s t a p l i n g i n o c u l a - tion technique. Four pigeonpea lines PADWICK, G.W. 1939. ICRISAT-3783, -6986, -6997, -7035, and one Report of the Imperial Mycologist. Sclent. cultivar (ICRISAT-7179 or HY-3C) were iden• Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i , 1938-39: t i f i e d a s immune. L i n e s showing o t h e r 1 0 5 - 1 1 2 . 1028 d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r s i n c l u d i n g l o n g e r incubation period, less disease incidence, Isolated from wilted pigeonpeas were several m i l d symptoms, and f l o w e r i n g i n s p i t e o f d i s t i n c t s p e c i e s of Fusarium, one of w h i c h i n f e c t i o n were a l s o i d e n t i f i e d . appeared to differ from F. udum and to produce severe wilting, but no foot-rot. Identity being established. NEWTON, W., and J . W . L . PEIRIS. 1953. V i r u s d i s e a s e s of p l a n t s in C e y l o n . FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . 2 ( 2 ) - . 1 7 - 2 1 . 1024 PADWICK, G.W. 1940. Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c l e n t . Pigeonpea i n Ceylon ( S r i Lanka) i s a f f e c t e d Rep. Agric. Res. Inst. New Delhi, 1939-40: by y e l l o w mosaic and p a l e m o s a i c ; symptoms 103-115. 1029 o f b o t h v i r u s i n f e c t i o n s a r e g i v e n . Experiments with cross-inoculation tests w i t h Fusarium w i l t f u n g i a r e d e s c r i b e d . ONIM, J . F . M . , and P.R. RUBAIHAYO. 1976. S c r e e n i n g pigeonpea f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o Mycovellosiella c a j a n i . SABRAO J. PADWICK, G.W. 1940. 8 ( 2 ) : 1 2 1 - 1 2 5 . 1025 Genus Fusarium 5: Fusarium udum B u t l e r . F. vasinfectum A t k . and F. lateritum v a r . O f 15,000 p l a n t s c o m p r i s i n g 2,107 v a r i e • uncinatum W.R. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . t i e s , 314 p l a n t s were s e l e c t e d f o r r e s i s • 1 0 ( 6 ) : 8 6 3 - 8 7 8 . 1030 tance to M. (Cercospora) cajani. When progeny l i n e s f r o m 1 1 o f these s e l e c t i o n s F u l l d e s c r i p t i o n s o f c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r s o f were grown a t f i v e s i t e s i n Uganda and v a r i o u s i s o l a t e s o f Fusarium causing wilt Kenya, l i n e s U C - 7 9 6 / 1 , UC-2515/2, UC-2113/1, in cotton, pigeonpea, and sunn-hemp. and UC-2568/1 were b o t h r e s i s t a n t and Suggests F . udum Butl. var. ca j a n i f o r high-yielding. Disease incidence was sig• pigeonpea wilt, organism being morpholo• n i f i c a n t l y and n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h g i c a l l y and c u l t u r a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h , b u t g r a i n y i e l d . pathogenetically different from, that causing sunn-hemp wilt.
129 Pigeonpea Bibliography
PADWICK, G.W., M. MITRA, and P.R. MEHTA. PATHAK, P . D . , and D.K. MAHESHWARI. 1973. 1940. D e t e r i o r a t i o n o f seeds o f Cajanus c a j a n The genus Fusarium IV infection and cross- L i n n . b y Aspergilli i n s t o r a g e . B . V . J . i n f e c t i o n t e s t s w i t h i s o l a t e s f r o m c o t t o n A g r i c . S c i . Res. 1 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 9 7 - 1 0 0 . 1036 (Gossypium sp.) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and sunn-hemp (Crotalaria juncea). I n d i a n In a sample drawn from storage, about 60% J . A g r i c . S c i . 1 0 : 6 9 7 - 7 0 6 . 1031 of t h e seeds were found d i s t o r t e d and a p p a r e n t l y in a s t a t e of d e c a y . Mo work F i f t y - o n e i s o l a t e s o f Fusarium f r o m c o t t o n , has been done so f a r in I n d i a on s t o r a g e p i g e o n p e a , and sunn-hemp were t e s t e d f o r of Cajanua cajan seeds. In the present c r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n . Only one of t h e 16 s t u d y m y c o f l o r a was i s o l a t e d and t h e e f f e c t c o t t o n i s o l a t e s caused w i l t i n g , b u t a o f f u n g i o n s t o r a g e was i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r number of them p r e v e n t e d n o r m a l g e r m i n a t i o n 180 d a y s . The s u r v i v a l of m y c o f l o r a on o f one o r more o f t h e t h r e e h o s t s . The seeds i n s t o r a g e was a l s o r e c o r d e d . r e s u l t s showed t h a t most o f t h e w i l t - p r o d u c i n g s t r a i n s a r e a l m o s t i f n o t entirely restricted to the original PATIL, B . G . , and J . E . SABLE. 1973. h o s t s . A note on the screening of tur against w i l t d i s e a s e . PKV Res. J . 2 ( 1 ) : 7 3 - 7 6 . 1037 PANDEY, K . K . , G.S. MISHRA, and S.K. GROVER. Some promising C. c a j a n s e l e c t i o n s f r o m a 1976. screening program against Fuearium oxyspo- Some s t u d i e s o n c h e m o s t e r i l a n t s . 1 . T h i o u • rum f. s p . udum are tested. r e a a s fungus g r o w t h i n h i b i t o r . S c i . C u l t . 4 2 ( 9 ) : 4 7 6 - 4 7 7 . 1032 PAVGI, M.S., and R.A. SINGH. 1965. I n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h i o u r e a Some p a r a s i t i c f u n g i on pigeonpea f r o m caused a gradual decrease in the mycelial I n d i a . Mycopath. M y c o l . A p p l . 2 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : d r y w e i g h t and sugar c o n t e n t of Helmintho- 9 7 - 1 0 6 . 1038 aporium aativum ( C o c h l i o b o l u s s a t i v u s ) and Fusarium oxysporum f. s p . udum L i s t o f e i g h t s p e c i e s i n c l u d e s a s new (F. udum). Cercoseptoria cajanicola, Macrophoma cajanicola, and Pyrenochaeta c a j a n i .
PARK, M. 1929. PAVGI, M.S., and U.P. SINGH. 1964. Report o f t h e m y c o l o g i c a l d i v i s i o n . Dep. P a r a s i t i c f u n g i f r o m N o r t h e r n I n d i a . A g r i c . T e c h . Rep. C e y l o n . Year 1928: 3 . Mycopath M y c o l . A p p l . 2 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 6 . 1033 3 5 5 - 3 6 1 . 1039 New r e c o r d of Oidiopaia s p . c a u s i n g powdery Among a number of p a r a s i t i c f u n g i on mildew of pigeonpea l e a v e s has been d i f f e r e n t c r o p s , Colletotrichum c a j a n i r e p o r t e d . i s l i s t e d o n p i g e o n p e a .
PARK, M. 1935. PEARL, R.T. 1923. Report o f t h e work o f t h e m y c o l o g i c a l Report of the Mycologist to the Government d i v i s i o n . Adm. Rep. D i r . A g r i c . C e y l o n . of the Central Provinces and Berar. Rep. 1934:D124-D131. 1034 Dep. A g r i c . Cent. P r o v . B e r a r , f o r t h e Rust r e c o r d e d on pigeonpeas as Woroninella y e a r e n d i n g 3 0 t h J u n e , 1 9 2 2 : 1 9 - 2 0 . 1040 umbilicata has been described with its The w i l t caused by Fusarium udum was found symptoms on t h e h o s t and t i m e of s p r e a d . t o b e q u i t e severe i n p a r t s o f B e r a r .
PATEL. M.K., and Y . S . KULKARNI. 1949. PRASAD, M . , and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1966. Nitrogen utilization by Xanthomonas malva- S t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t phospho• cearum (SM) Dowson. I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . rus c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f 2 ( l ) : 6 2 - 6 4 . 1035 chlamydospores, microconidia and macro- N i t r o g e n r e q u i r e m e n t s of Fusarium udum were c o n i d i a i n t h e c u l t u r e o f Fuearium udum investigated together with those of other B u t l e r . P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) f u n g i and b a c t e r i a . The s o u r c e o f n i t r o g e n 3 6 ( l ) : 4 3 - 4 8 . 1041 i s n o t t h e o n l y f a c t o r ; t h e source o f c a r • A c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 0.064% P in l i q u i d bon i s a l s o v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e g r o w t h medium was optimum f o r m y c e l i a l g r o w t h and o f m i c r o o r g a n i s m s . conidial formation of F. udum f r o m p i g e o n • pea while chlamydospores were formed in
130 Pathology
abundance at only the lowest levels Description of molecular structure of (0.002 - 0.004%). Cajanone is given. Cajanone, isolated by TLC from a methanolic extract of d i r e c t , PRASAD, M., and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1967. m i l l e d pigeonpea r o o t s , t o t a l l y i n h i b i t e d germ tube growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. Effect of s u l f u r on sporulatlon of Fusarium sp. udum, the pigeonpea w i l t pathogen, at udum B u t l . J. Indian Bot. Soc. 46(1): 45-51. 1042 50 ppm in vitro. The s u l f u r n u t r i t i o n of Fusarium udum Butler was studied. Ten concentrations of PURKAYASTHA, R.P., and ARATI DAS. 1973. Amino acids associated w i t h pathogenicity sulfur, supplied as MgSO4 7H2O were t r i e d f o r t h e i r effects on mycelial growth, of UV-induced mutants of Fusarium udum. c o n i d i a l production, and chlamydospore i n c i t i n g w i l t of pigeonpea. Proc. Indian formation. While 0.32% of S was optimum S c i . Cong. Assoc. 60(3):357. f o r growth and c o n i d i a l production, (Abstract). 1046 chlamydospore formation was best at 0.008% A v i r u l e n t s t r a i n (FU 13) of F. udum was and 0.016%. Beyond the optimum, growth subjected to UV-radiation. The 0.01% sur• as w e l l as sporulatlon declined sharply. v i v a l was most useful in producing the highest rate of mutation. Of the 400 sur• v i v i n g colonies studied, 8 stable amino PRASAD, M., and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1977. a c i d - d e f i c i e n t mutants were isolated and Relation of pH levels and varied n u t r i e n t characterized. Four of these mutants media to growth and sporulatlon of Fusarium required methionine e i t h e r singly or a l t e r • oxysporum f. udum (Butler) Sn. et H. Res. n a t i v e l y while one mutant (M60 ) had three J. Ranchi Univ. 13:214-222. 1043 2 alternate deficiencies as methionine/ In Fusarium oxysporum f . udum best mycelial c y s t e i n e / c i s t l n e . Growth responses of growth and sporulatlon of macroconidia and M602 and a methionine-requiring mutant microconidia were recorded at pH l e v e l of (M607) were studied in vitro. The patho• 6.0; chlamydospores, however, sporulated g e n i c i t i e s of M602 and M607 were tested on best at pH 3.5 and least at pH 6.0. For a susceptible v a r i e t y of Cajanus cajan. macroconldlal and microconldlal sporulatlon It was observed that inocula, supplemented as w e l l as for mycelial accumulation, the w i t h optimal concentrations of the required pH l e v e l of 6.5 had a p o s i t i v e adverse amino acids p a r t i a l l y restored the patho• e f f e c t . With the age of c u l t u r e , the g e n i c i t y of the test mutants which were comparative performance of the d i f f e r e n t otherwise nonpathogenic. Methionine, media v a r i e d . The best growth was in however, appeared to have an important Rawlin's and Richard's media, the sporula• r o l e in pathogenesis. t l o n of macro and microconidia were best in potato-dextrose and Cpapeck's media respectively. PURKAYASTHA, R.P., and M. CHATTOPADHYAY. 1975. A n t i b i o t i c s e n s i t i v i t y of normal and amino PRASAD, S.N. 1965. a c i d - d e f i c i e n t mutants of Fusarium udum Studies on s t e r i l i t y disease of ' r a h a r ' in r e l a t i o n to c o n t r o l of w i l t disease of (Cajanus cajan). Allahabad Fmr 39(6): Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . Indian J. 235-237. 1044 Expl B i o l . 13(1):58-60. 1047 Symptoms of the mosaic v i r u s disease on S e n s i t i v i t y of three UV-induced amino a c i d - small and c h l o r o t i c leaves and suppression d e f i c i e n t mutants in F. udum and t h e i r of flowering are l i s t e d . F i r s t symptoms parent s t r a i n (FU 13) to four a n t i b i o t i c s in l a t e v a r i e t i e s appeared 10th day a f t e r was tested in vitro, Aureofungin (100 µg/ the date o f f i r s t f l o w e r i n g . A l l v a r i e t i e s ml) most e f f e c t i v e l y i n h i b i t e d spore ger- were more or less susceptible to the mination, germ tube, and mycelial growth disease. At harvesting time the infected of the t e s t s t r a i n s . Pathogenicity tests plants were 10 to 35% and 100% in semi-late on C. cajan revealed that FU-13 and M-802 v a r i e t i e s . Severely diseased branches did were v i r u l e n t and a v i r u l e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y , not form flower buds. while M-602 and M-607 were nonpathogenic. Selective t o x i c i t y of a n t i b i o t i c s to t e s t s t r a i n s was discussed in r e l a t i o n to the PRESTON, N.W. 1977. c o n t r o l of w i l t disease of C. cajan. Cajanone: an a n t i f u n g a l isoflavanone from Cajanus cajan. Phytochem. 1 6 (1 ): 143-144. 1045
131 Plgeonpea Bibliography
RAGHAVAN, D. 1962 (EDITOR). RAVISHANKER. 1936. Crop d i s e a s e c a l e n d a r . New D e l h i : I n d i a n Isolation of wilt-resistant tur. Nagpur C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research. A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 0 ( 4 ) : 1 6 2 - 1 6 7 . 1054 115 p p . 1048
Symptoms and c o n t r o l measures f o r i m p o r t a n t RAYCHAUDHURY, S.P. 1 9 4 1 . d i s e a s e s o f 4 1 c r o p s a r e d e s c r i b e d and P t . 1 . S t u d i e s o n t h e canker d i s e a s e o f i l l u s t r a t e d and t h e month i n w h i c h t h e y plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) occur i n t h e n o r t h e r n p l a i n s , t h e h i l l s , caused by Diplodia c a j a n i Nov. Spec. P t . and the peninsular region of India is 2. S t u d i e s on Erysiphe c i c h o v a c e a r u m D.C. g i v e n . and Erysiphe p o l y g o n e De. T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 1055 RAMAKRISHNAN, K . , and T.K. KANDASWAMY. 1972. F i n a l t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t , i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n RAYCHAUDHURY, S.P. 1942. v i r u s d i s e a s e s o f p u l s e crops i n T a m i l A d i s e a s e of plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) Nadu. Coimbatore: Tamil Nadu Agricultural M i l l s p . ) caused by Diplodia c a j a n i s p . U n i v e r s i t y . 1049 No. 1 . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 1 2 : 8 3 7 - 8 4 7 . 1056 RAMAKRISHNAN, T . S . , and N.V. SUNDARAM. The diseased plgeonpea plants were examined 1955. and the collar region were found to be Notes on some fungi from South India. cankered. The disease appeared to be 4 . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 7 C 2 ) : 1 4 0 - 1 5 1 . 1050 d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e s o f a r d e s c r i b e d o n t h i s c r o p f r o m I n d i a . I t was found t h a t Woroninella umbiliaata (B and Br) P e t c h . t h e a t t a c k o f t h e pathogen was v e r y v i r u • (Synchytrium umbilicatum), w h i c h has b r i g h t lent when the collar regions were wounded orange sporangia, recorded on plgeonpea. before the inoculation; hence it appears that damage due to the disease can be RANGEL, E. 1915. m i n i m i z e d t o a g r e a t e x t e n t i f i n j u r i e s Fungus parasites of the plgeonpea. Boln. a t t h e c o l l a r r e g i o n s a r e a v o i d e d . A g r i c , Sao P a u l o . Ser. 1 6 ( 2 ) : 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 . 1051 RAYCHAUDHURY, S.P. 1947. F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on Diplodia c a j a n i Raychau- RAO, V . G . 1964. d h u r y . J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 2 6 : The genus Phyllosticta in Bombay - Mahara• 221-225. 1057 s h t r a . 4 . Mycopath. 2 2 ( 2 - 3 ) : Growth and culture of several strains of 1 5 7 - 1 6 6 . 1052 Diplodia c a j a n i from cankered pigeonpeas P h y l l o s t i c t a c a j a n i g i v e n as new r e c o r d on i s d e s c r i b e d . plgeonpea f o r t h e s t a t e . I t s symptoms and o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e d e s c r i b e d . RAYCHAUDHURY, S.P. 1950. Studies on canker disease of plgeonpea. RATHI, Y.P.S., and Y.L. NENE. 1976. I I . S t u d i e s o n r i c e . I I I . V i r u s d i s e a s e I n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t h o s t c o m b i n a t i o n s o f p l a n t s . D . P h i l . T h e s i s . C a l c u t t a o n v i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n o f mung bean y e l • University, India. 1058 low mosaic v i r u s . Pantnagar J . Res. 1 ( 2 ) : 1 0 7 - 1 1 1 . 1053 RAYCHAUDHURY, S . P . 1968. I n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e - t e s t c o m b i • Diseases of p u l s e s . I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : n a t i o n s i n v i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n o f mung 3 9 - 4 3 . 1059 bean y e l l o w mosaic v i r u s (MYMV) was W i l t d i s e a s e o f plgeonpea causes s e r i o u s studied. The minimum acquisition and ino• damage t o t h e c r o p . The d i s e a s e i s i n c i t e d c u l a t i o n p e r i o d s r e q u i r e d f o r w h i t e f l y by P. udum. Other d i s e a s e s of p u l s e c r o p s a d u l t s ( B e m i s i a t a b a c i Genn.) t o become a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . i n e f f e c t i v e v a r i e d f r o m 1 5 t o 760 m i n . and 1 0 m i n . t o 760 m i n . , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a d u l t s r e q u i r e l o n g e r a c q u i s i t i o n and ROY, T . C . 1949. inoculation periods to infest Bragg soybean I . S t u d i e s o n t h e s o i l m i c r o o r g a n i s m s w i t h and T - 2 1 plgeonpea t h a n t o i n f e c t b l a c k s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e i r a n t i b i o t i c gram and mung b e a n . effect on Fusarium udum B u t l e r , t h e w i l t organism of arhar (Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ) . I I . Some a s p e c t s o f c u l t u r a l
132 P a t h o l o g y
v a r i a t i o n and taxonomic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f produced f r o m a p p r e s s o r i u m . Out of 139 F . udum B u t l . t h e c a u s a l o r g a n i s m o f w i l t arhar varieties screened, 3/23-36/1 alone o f p i g e o n p e a . 6 2 p p . T h e s i s . I n d i a n was found resistant. Bisdithane was Agricultural Research Institute, New e f f e c t i v e t o some e x t e n t i n c h e c k i n g t h e D e l h i , I n d i a . 1060 secondary spread o f t h e d i s e a s e .
SABET, K.A. 1959. SAKSENA, H . K . , and R.R. UDIT NARAIN SINGH. S t u d i e s o n t h e b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s o f Sudan 1976. c r o p s . 3. On t h e o c c u r r e n c e , h o s t range and Mycosphaerella f r o m a l e a f s p o t of a r h a r taxonomy o f t h e b a c t e r i a c a u s i n g l e a f (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . b l i g h t d i s e a s e s o f c e r t a i n leguminous Fm S c i . 4 : 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 . 1064 p l a n t s . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 4 7 : 3 1 8 - On the basis of the morphological charac• 3 3 1 . 1061 t e r s , t h e fungus i s i d e n t i f i e d a s a s p e c i e s The concept of Xanthomonaa phaseoli is of Mycosphaerella. This appears to be t h e broadened t o i n c l u d e s e v e r a l b a c t e r i a f i r s t r e c o r d o f Mycosphaerella o n a r h a r c a u s i n g l e a f b l i g h t s o f legumes, i n c l u d i n g f r o m any p a r t o f t h e w o r l d . This s p e c i e s t h e new c o m b i n a t i o n X. phaseoli f. s p . has been r e p o r t e d a s t h e p e r f e c t s t a t e o f c a j a n i w h i c h , u n l i k e most o f the o t h e r s p e c i e s of i m p e r f e c t genera such as s p e c i a l t y p e s , i n f e c t s o n l y o n i t s o r i g i n a l Phyllostiota and Cercospora. h o s t i . e . Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.
SAMAJPATI, N. 1973. SABET, K . A . , F. ISHAQ, and 0. KHALIL. Interaction of near-ultraviolet radiation 1969. and hydrogen-ion concentration on growth S t u d i e s o n t h e b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s o f Sudan and s p o r u l a t i o n of Fusarium udum B u t l . c r o p s . 7 . New Records. Ann. A p p l . B i o l . S c i . C u l t . 3 9 ( 3 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 2 9 . 1065 6 3 ( 3 ) : 3 5 7 - 3 6 9 . 1062 At p r o p e r pH 5 . 0 , NUV i r r a d i a t i o n can Xanthomonaa phaseoli f. s p . oajani was a effectively induce either vegetative growth new r e c o r d f o r Sudan on p i g e o n p e a . The or s p o r u l a t i o n . At pH 3.5 to 4 . 5 , and 8.0 n o m e n c l a t u r e o f Xanthomonas i s d i s c u s s e d . there is no sporulation either under dark The s t r a i n s on weeds can a l s o i n f e c t or NUV b u t at 4 . 5 and 7.5 t h e r e is a s p o • c u l t i v a t e d c r o p s . r u l a t i o n under NUV. A t r e a t m e n t of NUV irradiation and pH or the interaction of b o t h o n g r o w t h and s p o r u l a t i o n o f t h e SAKSENA, H . K . , and K, KUMAR. 1 9 7 1 . t e s t - f u n g u s a r e s t u d i e d . Some aspects of e p i d e m i o l o g y and c o n t r o l of Phyllostiota l e a f s p o t of. a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . P r o c . N a t . Acad. S c i . SAROJINI, T . S . L946. I n d i a . ( S e c t . B) 3 7 ( 6 ) : 3 9 9 - 4 0 6 . 1063 S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to Fusarium udum on r e d Leaf s p o t o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . gram. P h . D . (1946) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f caused by Phyllostiota oajani Sydow has Madras, Madras, T a m i l Nadu, I n d i a . 1066 been found to occur in increasing propor• t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t U.P. i n r e c e n t y e a r s . The d i s e a s e appears i n J u l y and p e r s i s t s SAROJINI, T . S . 1950. t h r o u g h o u t t h e crop season. Two y e a r s ' S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s m i c r o - d a t a o n d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e i n f i e l d s have n u t r i e n t elements and d i s e a s e ; development shown that percentage of disease intensity of Fusarium udum on r e d gram (Cajanus indi- v a r i e s f r o m 4 . 3 t o 3 1 . 8 . The d i s e a s e c u s L i n n . ) . J . Madras U n i v . ( S e c t . B ) i n t e n s i t y was h i g h ( 2 1 . 2 t o 31.8%) f r o m 1 9 : 1 - 3 2 . 1067 July to October, at mean temperature range of 20 to 30°C and mean h u m i d i t y range of SAROJINI, T . S . 1 9 5 1 . 73 to 89%. The maximum d i s e a s e i n t e n s i t y S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . P a r t I I . was observed i n A u g u s t , a f t e r w h i c h i t Fusarium d i s e a s e on r e d gram (Cajanus gradually declined, touching its lowest indicus) . Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Sect.B) d u r i n g t h e c o o l months of December and 33(2):49-68. 1068 J a n u a r y . The pathogen s u r v i v e d i n i n f e c • t i v e s t a g e f o r more t h a n 1 5 months i n A number o f d i s t i n c t l y v a r y i n g s t r a i n s were d i s e a s e d p l a n t r e f u s e i n s o i l , w h i c h s e r v e s i s o l a t e d . P a t h o g e n i c i t y t e s t s w i t h F . udum as a p r i m a r y s o u r c e of i n o c u l u m . Spores and isolates indicated that strain I and g e r m i n a t e d in 6 to 8 h o u r s and p e n e t r a t i o n s t r a i n s I I and I I I were more v i r u l e n t t h a n of leaf occurred through stomata and intact the other strains. Preemergence wilt was s u r f a c e by means of an i n f e c t i o n peg m a i n l y caused b y s t r a i n s V and V I . M i c r o -
133 Pigeonpea Bibliography
n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n ( b o r o n , manganese, and Myacosphaerella pinoides, and of Cajanus zinc) provided seedling protection in wilt- c a j a n resistant to F. oxyaporum f. s p . i n f e s t e d s o i l s . P r e s o a k i n g o f seeds i n udum. Similarly resistant varieties of various concentrations of microelements peas and black gram are also given. also induced early germination and better seedling vigor, zinc being responsible for t h e most r a p i d d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e f u n g u s . SETH, M.L. 1965. Further observations and studies on pigeon- pea sterility. Indian Phytopath. 18: SAROJINI, T . S . 1954. 3 1 7 - 3 1 9 . 1073 S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . 1 1 . Neoaoemoapopa vasinfeata Smith. Disease of In tests on the reaction of eighteen Cajanus c a j a n v a r i e t i e s t o t h e v i r u s Cajanus c a j a n . J . Madras U n i v . ( S e c t . B ) c a u s i n g s t e r i l i t y , a l l were found t o b e 2 4 ( 1 ) : 1 3 7 - 1 4 2 . 1069 susceptible. Symptoms and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s fungus a r e g i v e n . SHARIFF, M.H. 1973. Studies on the mycoflora associated with SAROJINI, T.S., and L. YOGESWARI. 1947. the seed of wheat, paddy, pigeonpea and Aeration affecting growth and sporulation Bengal gram from three different storage o f some Fusaria i n l i q u i d c u l t u r e s . P r o c . conditions. M.Sc. (1973) Thesis. Univer• I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 2 6 ( 2 ) : s i t y o f A l l a h a b a d , A l l a h a b a d , U t t a r 6 9 - 7 6 . 1070 P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 1074 E f f e c t o f a s e p t i c a e r a t i o n o n g r o w t h and s p o r u l a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e s o i l f u n g i , v i z . , SHARMA, M.C. 1964-65. F. vasinfectum, F. moniliforme, and F. vidian Soil micro-fungi in relation to certain was s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l . S p o r u l a t i o n o f a l l edaphic f a c t o r s and a r h a r and cowpea c r o p s . t h e t h r e e was optimum a t 0.2% n i t r a t e Proc. Indian Sci. Cong. 51 & 52: n i t r o g e n i n s t a n d a r d Home and M i t t e r s ' 323 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 1075 l i q u i d medium. A e r a t i o n s t i m u l a t e d myce• S o i l c o n d i t i o n s o f a p a r t i c u l a r c r o p and l i a l g r o w t h (on b o t h d r y and ash w e i g h t its microflora have been shown to be b a s i s ) b u t i n h i b i t e d s p o r u l a t i o n ( q u a n t i • influenced by surface vegetation. This t a t i v e l y d e t e r m i n e d ) . A e r a t i o n had n o s t u d y compares t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a r h a r d i r e c t e f f e c t o n t h e p H o f t h e c u l t u r e (C. cajan ) and cowpea (F. sinensis) on medium. Sporulation decreased with the microfungi and conditions of the soils i n c r e a s i n g hours o f a e r a t i o n . on w h i c h they a r e grown. S o i l samples f r o m 0 t o 3 " , 3 t o 6 " , and 6 t o 9 " (0 t o 7.5 cm, SATHYANARAYANA, G . , and R. KALYANASUNDARAM. 7.5 to 15 cm, and 15 to 21.5 cm) h o r i z o n s 1952. were a n a l y z e d . I t was found t h a t t h e S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . V . f u n g a l p o p u l a t i o n i n s o i l s under a r h a r Symptomology o f w i l t e d c o t t o n and r e d crops i s h i g h e r t h a n i n those under cowpea. gram. P r o c . I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) A l s o , more s p e c i e s o f f u n g i a r e found i n 3 6 : 5 4 - 5 8 . 1071 s o i l s under a r h a r (53) t h a n under cowpea, t h e moniliales and phycomycetes b e i n g t h e Symptoms o f t h e w i l t ( F . udum) a r e r e c o r • most p r e v a l e n t . I n a l l , 5 8 f u n g i were d e d . W i l t symptoms i n r e d gram b y i s o l a t e d , o u t of w h i c h 27 were common to d o n o t c u l m i n a t e i n v e i n c l e a r i n g a s i n both areas, 26 restricted to arhar soils, c o t t o n , a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l and and 5 confined to cowpea soils. It was well-marked dechlorophyllation presenting presumed t h a t t h e s o i l m i c r o f l o r a i n t h i s a l m o s t a toxemic c o n d i t i o n . T h i s i s f i r s t case are more influenced by the surface seen o n t h e 1 8 t h day a f t e r g e r m i n a t i o n . cover t h a n by t h e edaphic f a c t o r s . The The p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e s e v a s c u l a r w i l t s d i f f e r e n c e s may a l s o be due to t h e n a t u r e interfering with the normal uptake of o f t h e i r r o o t exudates and hence t h e some of the essential chlorophyll-forming r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t . heavy m e t a l s i s d i s c u s s e d .
SHIT, S.K. 1976. SENGUPTA, P.K. 1974. S t u d i e s o n v a r i a b i l i t y i n Fusarium oxyapo- Diseases o f m a j o r p u l s e c r o p s i n I n d i a . rum f . s p . udum t h e i n c i t a n t o f w i l t o f PANS 20(4) : 4 0 9 - 4 1 5 . 1072 pigeonpea. 57 pp. M.Sc. (1976) Thesis. L i s t s o f v a r i e t i e s o f C i c e r arietinum Bldhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, r e s i s t a n t to F. oxysporum f. s p . ciceri and K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 1076
134 P a t h o l o g y
SHUKLA, D.S. 1975. Chromatographic demonstration showed the I n c i d e n c e o f Fuearium w i l t o f pigeonpea i n presence of fusaric acid in all affected r e l a t i o n t o s o i l c o m p o s i t i o n . I n d i a n p a r t s ( r o o t s , s t e m , and l e a f ) a f t e r i n o c u • P h y t o p a t h . 2 8 ( 3 ) : 3 9 5 - 3 9 6 . 1077 lation of susceptible variety T-105 with mycelium and spores o f v i r u l e n t i s o l a t e s Fuearium udum c a u s i n g w i l t of pigeonpea of Fuearium lateritium f. s p . eajani. p l a n t s i n I n d i a i s i n f l u e n c e d b y s o i l com• position: the higher the proportion of sand i n t h e s o i l , t h e more t h e p e r c e n t a g e SINGH, G . P . , and A. HUSAIN. 1968. o f w i l t . Role of enzymes in p a t h o g e n e s i s by Fuearium lateritium f . c a j a n i . Indian Phytopath. 2 1 ( 4 ) : 3 6 1 - 3 7 3 . 1084 SIDERIS, C.P. 1929. Pythiaceous r o o t p a r a s i t e s o f v a r i o u s a g r i • Degradation of cellwalls and disorganiza• c u l t u r a l p l a n t s . P h y t o p a t h . 1 9 ( 1 2 ) : t i o n o f v e s s e l s were e v i d e n t i n s e c t i o n s o f 1140 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 1078 r o o t s and stems o f i n f e s t e d a r h a r p r e s e n t i n t h e s e s e c t i o n s . The main f u n c t i o n o f Pigeonpea was found susceptible to most of these enzymes in pathogenesis by F. lateri- Pythium spp. isolated from various crops. tium f . c a j a n i i s t o cause t h e breakdown o f t h e h o s t t i s s u e . SIDERIS, C.P. 1932. Taxonomic s t u d i e s i n t h e f a m i l y Pythiaceae. SINGH, G . P . , and A. HUSAIN. 1970. 2. Pythium. Mycologia 24(1):14-61. 1079 Role of t o x i c m e t a b o l i t e s of Fuearium late• Pythium splendens v a r . hawaiianum n. v a r . , ritium f. eajani (Padw.) Gord. in the deve• a v e r y a g g r e s s i v e p a r a s i t e of p i n e a p p l e lopment of pigeonpea wilt. Proc. Nat. r o o t s , i s m o d e r a t e l y p a r a s i t i c o n those o f Acad. S c i . I n d i a . ( S e c t . B ) 4 0 : 9 - 1 5 . 1085 t h e pigeonpea and s e v e r a l o t h e r p l a n t s p e c i e s i n H a w a i i . SINGH, N.D. 1975. E f f e c t o f oxamyl a p p l i c a t i o n s o n eelworm SINGH, D . V . , and A . N . MISHRA. 1976. penetration into roots of tomato, lettuce Search f o r w i l t - r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f r e d and p i g e o n p e a . T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) gram i n U t t a r P r a d e s h . I n d i a n J . M y c o l . 5 2 : 3 6 9 - 3 7 3 . 1086 P I . P a t h o l . 6 ( 1 ) : 8 9 . 1080 In glasshouse tests a single foliar appli• Some o f t h e v a r i e t i e s o f r e d gram, v i z . , c a t i o n o f oxamyl o f 2,500 ppm i n h i b i t e d C-11, C-28, C-36, F - 1 8 , NP(WR)-15, N P - 4 1 , significantly the penetration of pigeonpea and T-17 w h i c h were e a r l i e r r e p o r t e d to be s e e d l i n g s by Rotylenehulue reniformis. r e s i s t a n t o r t o l e r a n t t o w i l t have proved susceptible. Some lines, Bori 192-12-5-1-2 SINGH, N.D. 1975. and Borl 192-15-2-2-11-42 were moderately S t u d i e s on t h e s e l e c t e d h o s t s of Rotylen- r e s i s t a n t . ehulu8 reniformis and i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y to soybean (Glycine max). Nematropica SINGH, G.P. 1965. 5(2):46-51. 1087 S t u d i e s o n w i l t o f a r h a r . Ph.D. (1965) S i x p l a n t s p e c i e s were t e s t e d f o r h o s t T h e s i s . Agra U n i v e r s i t y , A g r a , U t t a r s u i t a b i l i t y to if. reniformis. Tomato, P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 1081 pigeonpea, and watergrass supported large population increases but the nematode SINGH, G . P . , and A. HUSAIN. 1962. population declined under Bermudagrass P r o d u c t i o n o f p e c t i c and c e l l u l o l y t i c (Cyanodon dactylon) after 10 weeks. Signi• enzymes b y a r h a r w i l t f u n g u s . C u r r . S c i . f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s o c c u r r e d i n d r y w e i g h t s 3 1 : 1 1 0 - 1 1 2 . 1082 o f tops and r o o t s and l i n e a r g r o w t h o f i n f e c t e d soybean p l a n t s 8 weeks a f t e r S t u d i e s o n t h e r o l e o f enzymes i n t h e t r a n s p l a n t i n g i n t o n a t u r a l l y i n f e s t e d s o i l . p a t h o g e n e s i s of Fuearium lateritium f. s p . Initial larvae populations of 500 and 1,000 c a j a n i , t h e agent o f pea w i l t , r e v e a l e d R. r e n i f o r m i s reduced t h e mean w e i g h t s of t h a t t h e fungus produces c e l l u l o s e a s w e l l r o o t s by 14.7 and 53.7%, t h e tops by 37.0 as polygalacturonase in culture, and these and 54.7%, and l i n e a r t o p g r o w t h of soybean may p l a y a r o l e in t h e d i s e a s e syndrome. by 2 3 . 1 and 27.5% r e s p e c t i v e l y , when com• pared with noninoculated controls. SINGH, G . P . , and A. HUSAIN. 1 9 6 4 . Presence o f f u s a r i c a c i d i n w i l t - a f f e c t e d pigeonpea p l a n t s . C u r r . S c i . 33(9) : 2 8 7 . 1083
135 Plgeonpea Bibliography
SINGH, R., and T . P . MALL. 1974. Cercospora indica, t h e d i a g n o s i s of w h i c h E f f e c t o f a r h a r mosaic v i r u s o n y i e l d and i s g i v e n . chemical constitution of seeds of some legumes. Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l . SINHA, A . K . 1975. 1 2 ( 4 ) : 1 4 5 - 1 4 9 . 1088 C o n t r o l o f Fuaarium wilt of plgeonpea with F i e l d i n f e c t i o n o f legumes such a s l e n t i l s B a v i s t l n , a s y s t e m i c f u n g i c i d e . C u r r . Sci. w i t h a r h a r (plgeonpea) mosaic v i r u s s t r a i n s 4 4 ( 1 9 ) : 7 0 0 - 7 0 1 . 1093 AMM or ASM reduced t h e number, s i z e , and Pot t e s t s i n I n d i a r e v e a l e d t h a t c a r b e n - w e i g h t of pods and s e e d s ; decreased r e p r o • dazim a p p l i e d as a s o i l drench at 2000 ppm d u c t i v e c a p a c i t y and seed g e r m i n a t i o n ; and 10 days b e f o r e i n o c u l a t i o n of plgeonpea decreased t h e N and P compounds and carbo- p l a n t s w i t h Fuaarium w i l t c o n t r o l l e d t h e h y d r a t e s i n t h e s e e d . Decreases were d i s e a s e . g r e a t e r w i t h s t r a i n ASM than w i t h AMM.
SMALL, W. 1922. SINGH, R., and T . P . MALL. 1976. On the occurrence of a species of Fuaarium A new v i r u s d i s e a s e of a r h a r (Cajanus cajan i n Uganda. Kew B u l l M i s c e l l a n e o u s I n f o r m . ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 4 5 ( 1 7 ) : 9 : 2 6 9 - 2 9 1 . 1094 6 3 5 - 6 3 6 . 1089 A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n i s g i v e n o f c u l t u r a l Plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) in India was c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e fungus o n d i f f e r e n t media r e c e n t l y found to be i n f e c t e d by a new as w e l l as of a l a r g e s e r i e s of c r o s s - v i r u s d i s e a s e . The symptoms and t e s t s inoculations on different hosts, including conducted a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . p l g e o n p e a , b e l i e v e d to be t h e same as Fuaarium udum B u t l . f r o m I n d i a . SINGH, SHIV BAHADUR. S t u d i e s o n l e a f s p o t d i s e a s e o f a r h a r SNYDER, W . C . , and H.N. HANSEN. 1940. (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Ph.D. The s p e c i e s concept in Fusarium- Am. J. T h e s i s . Kanpur U n i v e r s i t y , Kanpur, U t t a r B o t . 2 7 : 6 4 - 6 7 . 1095 P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 1090 A s p e c i e s concept in Fuaarium is p r e s e n t e d w h i c h takes f u l l cognizance o f t h e v a r i a • SINGH, T . C . N . 1935. t i o n d i s p l a y e d b y members o f t h i s genus. S t e r i l i t y o f c r o p p l a n t s and a s t u d y o f In employing this concept in the taxonomy t h e i r r o o t s y s t e m . C u r r . S c i . o f Fusaria s e c t i o n o f elegans i n p a r t i c u • 4 : 3 0 - 3 2 . 1091 l a r , i t has seemed necessary t o r e v i s e t h e A p r e l i m i n a r y n o t e on an e x p e r i m e n t to system of classification heretofore in use. elucidate the possible physiological basis The n e c e s s i t y o f t h i s r e v i s i o n i s demon• of s t e r i l i t y in Cajanus indicus Spreng. s t r a t e d by t h e a n a l y s e s of many f o r m e r I r r i g a t i o n o f groups o f s t e r i l e p l a n t s " s p e c i e s " by means of l a r g e numbers of w i t h s o l u t i o n s o f v a r i o u s s a l t s o f p o t a s • single-spore cultures. These analyses have s i u m o r sodium and i r r i g a t i o n o f t h e shown t h a t t h e progeny of a s i n g l e - s p o r e s t r o n g l a t e r i a l r o o t s o f a f u r t h e r group culture may fall into more than one w i t h w e l l w a t e r was f o l l o w e d a f t e r a c o u p l e s p e c i e s or s u b s e c t i o n of t h e genus as o f weeks b y f l o w e r i n g . The c o n t r o l groups formerly constituted. showed n o f l o w e r s . Other c r o p p l a n t s a r e t o b e s i m i l a r l y t e s t e d . SOMANI, R . B . , P.D. WANGIKAR, and V . N . SHUKLA. 1975. SINGH, U.B. 1934. A new stem canker and d i e - b a c k d i s e a s e of S t u d i e s on Cercospora indica, new species plgeonpea. Indian Phytopath. 28(3): p a r a s i t i c on Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . 4 3 6 - 4 3 7 . 1096 I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 : 3 4 3 - 3 6 0 . 1092 The new v a r i e t i e s PL-8796 and K a k i a r e The l e a f - s p o t d i s e a s e of Cajanus indicus r e p o r t e d t o b e s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h i s d i s e a s e caused by two s t r a i n s of Cercospora o c c u r s w h i c h is caused by a s p e c i e s of Colleto- commonly. The symptoms of t h e d i s e a s e and trichum n o t c o n f o r m i n g to t h e Colletotri- t h e morphology a r e d e s c r i b e d . Between chum cajani s t a t e of Glomerella c i n g u l a t a . 20°C and 25°C i n f e c t i o n o c c u r s r e a d i l y . Beat g r o w t h o f t h e s t r a i n s takes p l a c e a t SPENCE, J . A . 1975. 100% h u m i d i t y . Both t h e s t r a i n s have been The importance of diseases in relation to f o u n d t o b e l o n g t o one s p e c i e s , w h i c h has t h e g r a i n legume r e s e a r c h program i n t h e h i t h e r t o n o t been d e s c r i b e d and i s named Eastern Caribbean. In: Tropical Diseases
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o f Legumes. Eds. J . B i r d and K . Maramoro- SUBRAMANIAN, C.V. 1955. s c h . New Y o r k : Academic P r e s s . S t u d i e s on South I n d i a n F u s a r i a . The 1 5 1 - 1 5 5 . 1097 ' W i l d t y p e ' i n Fusarium udum B u t l . J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 3 4 ( 1 ) : 2 9 - 5 6 . 1101 The g r a i n legumes program i n t h e E a s t e r n Caribbean f o c u s s e s on pigeonpea b r e e d i n g Morphological characters of conidia useful and s e l e c t i o n , p h y s i o l o g y , b i o c h e m i s t r y , i n d i a g n o s i s have been g i v e n i n d e t a i l . m i c r o b i o l o g y , c r o p p r o t e c t i o n , agronomy and A l s o w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o F . udum B u t l . , w h i c h mechanization, food-technology, economics causes wilt disease of pigeonpea. and d i s e a s e s . The c h a p t e r on pigeonpea p o i n t s o u t t h e need f o r a s u r v e y o f p i g e o n • SUBRAMANIAN, K.S., G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL, pea d i s e a s e s and f o r assessment of p o t e n • R. JANARTHANAN, and T . K . KANDASWAMY. 1973. t i a l danger f r o m d i s e a s e s c u r r e n t l y o f S t u d i e s o f t h e v a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f minor importance and more intensive study pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) t o s t e r i l i t y of d i s e a s e s t h a t have a l r e a d y been shown mosaic disease. Madras Agric. J. t o b e o f i m p o r t a n c e . 6 0 ( 1 ) : 3 8 - 4 0 . 1102 All 549 varieties studied were susceptible SREENIVASAYA, M. 1932. but are classified in three categories P r e s e n t p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m o f s p i k e depending on the severity of virus infection d i s e a s e . Cajanus indicus. Curr. Sci. o b s e r v e d . 1 ( 5 ) : 1 2 6 . 1098
The s i m p l e s t and t h e r e a d i e s t way of d i a g • SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1961. n o s i n g s p i k e i s t h r o u g h t h e e x t e r n a l symp• Studies on the wilt of pigeonpea. Ph.D. toms . C o m m u n i c a b i l i t y of t h e symptom f r o m (1961) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f Madras, one p l a n t t o a n o t h e r i s t h e c r i t e r i o n o n Madras, T a m i l Nadu, I n d i a . 1103 w h i c h i n f e c t i o u s n a t u r e o f s p i k e d i s e a s e has been f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d . in t h e rege- n e r a t i o n p l o t s , t h e s a n d a l p l a n t s a s s o c i a - SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1963. t e d w i t h leguminous h o s t s (Cajanus indicus), Fuearium wilt of pigeonpea. I. Symptomo- w h i c h f a v o r a r a p i d g r o w t h o f t h e p a r a s i t e , logy and infection studies. Proc. Indian have succumbed to t h e d i s e a s e . Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B) 5 7 : 1 3 4 - 1 3 8 . 1104 The p a t h o g e n i c i t y o f f o u r i s o l a t e s o f SRIKANTHA MURTHY, G. 1975. F. udum was t e s t e d on s i x v a r i e t i e s of S t u d i e s o n t h e n a t u r e o f p e r s i s t e n c e i n Cajanus c a j a n NP-15 proved to be t h e l e a s t Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . a g a i n s t w i l t s u s c e p t i b l e and i t i s suggested t h a t n o caused by Fuearium udum B u t l . Mysore J. spores a r e produced in t h a t v a r i e t y as a A g r i c . S c i . 9 ( 4 ) : 7 1 6 - 7 1 7 . 1099 r e s u l t o f t h e l a c k o f p r o p e r s u b s t r a t e i n t h e r o o t system o r t h e a c t i o n o f some A n a l y s i s o f two v a r i e t i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t inhibitory substance in the xylem. r e s i s t a n c e was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a h i g h e r c o n t e n t o f t o t a l s u g a r , r e d u c i n g s u g a r s , amino n i t r o g e n , amino a c i d s , p h e n o l s , SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1963. f l a v a n o l s , and a l k a l o i d s . The r e s i s t a n t Fusarium w i l t o f p i g e o n p e a . I I . Changes i n v a r i e t y a l s o c o n t a i n e d h i g h e r amounts o f t h e h o s t m e t a b o l i s m . P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. xylose, cysteine, and tryptophan, and lower S c i . ( S e c t . B) 5 7 : 1 7 8 - 1 9 4 . 1105 amounts of p h e n y l a l a n i n e . Bioassay revealed I n h e a l t h y p l a n t s o f t h e t h r e e v a r i e t i e s t h a t c a f f e i c and c h l o r o g e n i c a c i d s and a n studied, content of chlorophyll, ascorbic unidentified phenolic compound, which were a c i d , f r e e r e d u c i n g s u g a r s , and t o t a l M n present in the resistant variety, inhibited were highest in the least susceptible s p o r e g e r m i n a t i o n . I t i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t v a r i e t y , NP-15, and l o w e s t i n t h e most cysteine counteracts fungal infection by s u s c e p t i b l e , NP-24. I n NP-24, the r o o t s c h e l a t i n g f e r r i c i o n s w h i c h a c t i v a t e t h e c o n t a i n e d more t o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s t h a n t h e Fuearium t o x i n . shoots, whereas in NP-15 the reverse was true. The Fe/Mn ratio increased with SU, U THET. 1 9 3 1 . increasing susceptibility. In inoculated P l a n t d i s e a s e s i n Burma. I n t e r n . B u l l . plants, lower susceptibility was associated P l a n t P r o t . Year V : 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 . 1100 w i t h a s m a l l e r r e d u c t i o n i n c o n t e n t s o f c h l o r o p h y l l , a s c o r b i c a c i d , and t o t a l carbohydrates.
137 Pigeonpea Bibliography
SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1963. UPPAL, B.N. 1937. Fusarium w i l t o f p l g e o n p e a . I I I . Manganese A p p e n d i x , X. Summary of work done under t h e nutrition and disease resistance. Proc. Plant Pathologist to Govt. Bombay Presi- * I n d i a n Acad. S c i . 5 7 ( 4 ) : 2 5 9 - 2 7 4 . 1106 dency, Poona, f o r t h e y e a r 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 . Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bombay 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 : 2 0 3 - 2 0 7 . 1111 Manganese amendment to t h e s o i l was f o u n d t o reduce plgeonpea w i l t t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e Oidiopsis taurica was found on Cajanus indi- e x t e n t . I n p l a n t s grown i n i n o c u l a t e d c u s (C. c a j a n ) , a p p a r e n t l y f o r t h e f i r s t s o i l w i t h 8 0 ppm Mn, t h e pathogen c o l o n i z e d t i m e i n I n d i a , o t h e r a s p e c t s a r e a l s o o n l y in t h e r o o t s . At 100 and 200 ppm discussed regarding the pathogen. there was complete exclusion of the fungus. F o l i a r s p r a y s and p r e - s o a k i n g of seeds gave VAHEEDUDDIN, S. 1956. even more e n c o u r a g i n g r e s u l t s . The r o l e o f S e l e c t i o n o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n L.) resis• M n i n t h e mechanism o f d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e t a n t v a r i e t i e s a g a i n s t w i l t (Fusarium udum i s d i s c u s s e d . Butler). Agri. Coll. J. Osmania Univ. 3 : 1 2 - 1 3 . 1112 TATHODE, M.N. 1975. Selection at Sangareddy, Hyderabad State, F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on Fuaarium oxysporum f. has resulted in the varieties ST-1, ST-2, udum B u t l . Snyder and H u s a i n , c a u s i n g w i l t and S T - 3 , w h i c h y i e l d e d two to two and a o f plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . h a l f t i m e s more t h a n t h e l o c a l t y p e and M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . Marathwada K r i s h i e x h i b i t e d a h i g h degree o f r e s i s t a n c e t o Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra, F. udum. I n d i a . 1107
VAHEEDUDDIN, S . , and S.N. NANJUNDIAH. THIRUMALACHAR, M . J . , M.K. PATEL, N.B. 1956. KULKARNI, and G.W. DHANDE. 1956. E v o l v i n g w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s i n t u r E f f e c t s in vitro of some a n t i b i o t i c s on (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . t h i r t y - t w o Xanthomonas s p e c i e s o c c u r r i n g Cong. Assoc. 4 3 ( 4 ) : 2 0 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 1113 i n I n d i a . P h y t o p a t h . 4 6 ( 9 ) : 4 8 6 - 4 8 8 . 1108 A w i l t - s i c k f i e l d was c r e a t e d b y s p r e a d i n g The antibiotics used showed varying degrees compost made of w i l t e d p l a n t s . Tur was o f i n h i b i t i o n o f g r o w t h a g a i n s t a l l t h e grown i n t h i s f i e l d and a s y s t e m a t i c s e l e c • Xanthomonas s p e c i e s t e s t e d . Xanthomonas t i o n o f p l a n t s was made year a f t e r y e a r . c a j a n i i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e 3 2 s p e c i e s . L a t e r , the work was c o n t i n u e d o n l y t o t h e s e l e c t e d p l a n t s and t h e i r progeny found TUCKER, C M . 1927. r e s i s t a n t . B y 1949, t h r e e l i n e s showing Plgeonpea anthracnose. J. Agric. Res. r e s i s t a n c e to t h e e x t e n t of 80 to 90% 34(6):589-596. 1109 were i s o l a t e d . I n each y e a r c a r e was t a k e n t o see t h a t t h e p l o t was t h o r o u g h l y i n f e s • D e s c r i b e d symptoms of Colletotrichum cajani, ted with wilt Fuaarium udum and m a t e r i a l common i n P u e r t o R i c o . Loss i n y i e l d i s t o b e t r i e d was f l a n k e d b y s u s c e p t i b l e m a i n l y due to pod d r o p and seed d e c a y . l o c a l t o s e r v e a s c o n t r o l . Three s t r a i n s , M o i s t u r e i s i m p o r t a n t f o r i t s s p r e a d . The S T - 1 , S T - 2 , and S T - 3 , were i s o l a t e d , d e s c r i p t i o n o f c o n i d i a and t h e i r c u l t u r e showing a range of r e s i s t a n c e of 30 to is a l s o g i v e n . Mo i n f e c t i o n of Phaeeolus 90%. vulgaris was o b s e r v e d .
V A K I L I , N . G . , and K. MARAMOROSCH. 1974. TUCKER, C M . 1927. "Witches-broom" disease caused by mycoplas- R e p o r t o f t h e P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t . Rep. ma-like organisms on pigeonpeas (Cajanus P . R i c o U n i v . A g r i c . Exp. S t n 1923: cajan) in Puerto Rico. PI. Dis. Reptr 2 4 - 4 0 . 1110 5 8 : 9 6 . 1114 R h i s o c t o n i a ferruginea from sugarcane The m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e organism a s s o c i a t e d caused s e v e r e d a m p i n g - o f f i n plgeonpea with the disease was positively identified s e e d l i n g s . Other h o s t s were a l s o i n o c u l a • and l a t e r observed under t h e e l e c t r o n t e d , more damage was observed i n d r y s o i l s . m i c r o s c o p e . I n t e n s i v e e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e Pigeonpeas a r e damaged each y e a r by stem made t o f i n d l o c a l sources o f r e s i s t a n c e c a n k e r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Botryosphaeria and develop resistant cultivars. Leaf xanthocephala, r e p o r t e d as a s a p r o p h y t e hoppers (Empoasca s p p . ) most p r o b a b l y a r e i n I n d i a . the insect vectors, transmitting the dis• ease f r o m p l a n t t o p l a n t . A p o s s i b l e method to reduce the cost of insecticide
138 P a t h o l o g y
a p p l i c a t i o n s , as w e l l as to ensure a VASUDEVA, R . S . , A . C . J A I N , and K.G. NEMA. disease-free crop, is to develop varieties 1952. t h a t combine r e s i s t a n c e t o w i t c h e s - b r o o m Investigation of the inhibitory action of w i t h r e s i s t a n c e t o l e a f h o p p e r s . Baoillua aubtilia on Fuaarium udum B u t l . t h e fungus c a u s i n g w i l t o f pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) Millsp.). Ann. Appl. VAN VELSON, R . J . 1 9 6 1 . B i o l . 3 9 : 2 2 9 - 2 3 8 . 1121 Witches broom on pigeonpea induced by mealy bug (Planococcus) i . e . Pseudococcus c i t r i E f f e c t s o f t e m p e r a t u r e , p e r i o d o f i n c u b a • i n f e s t a t i o n . J . Papua N . Guinea A g r i c . tion, aeration, etc., on the production of 14 ( 2 - 3 ) : 1 2 9 . 1115 the inhibitory substance are described. The a c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i s absorbed b y s o i l and to a l e s s e r degree by k a o l i n . A s u i t a • VASUDEVA, R.S. 1949. b l e b a s i c medium f o r t h e g r o w t h of Baoillua S o i l - b o r n e p l a n t d i s e a s e s and t h e i r c o n t r o l , aubtilia, particularly in relation to the C u r r . S c i . 1 8 ( 4 ) : 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 . 1116 p r o d u c t i o n o f a n a n t i b i o t i c i n h i b i t o r y t o The spread and c o n t r o l of Fuaarium udum and Fuaarium udum, is d e s c r i b e d . Baoillua s u b t i l i s a r e d i s c u s s e d .
VASUDEVA, R . S . , and T . G . ROY. 1950. VASUDEVA, R.S. 1955. The e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l m i c r o f l o r a o n The e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l m i c r o f l o r a Fuaarium udum B u t l . t h e fungus c a u s i n g w i l t of Fusarium udum Butl. on the causing of o f pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . w i l t of pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). P r o c . Ann. Appl. Biol. 38(2):169-178. 1122 S i x t h I n t e r n . Cong. M i c r o b i o . 5 : I n o c u l a t i o n w i t h Fuaarium udum B u t l . 2 3 9 - 2 4 2 . 1117 produced more wilt of pigeonpea in steri• l i z e d t h a n i n u n s t e r i l i z e d s o i l a t t h e same VASUDEVA, R.S. 1958. pH. From unsterilized soils with low Report o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f Mycology and disease incidence, nine fungi, Baoillua Plant Pathology. Rep. Agric. Res. Inst. aubtilia and an Actinomyces were i s o l a t e d . New Delhi, 1955-56:85-104. 1118 The number of isolations of a particular organism varied from month to month during A b r i e f r e p o r t o f v a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e t o cropping season of pigeonpea at Delhi. Fu8arium udum w i l t and f i e l d t r i a l s w i t h Interaction of Fusarium udum and o t h e r Bacillus s u b t i l i s a n t i b i o t i c i s g i v e n . organisms i s o l a t e d was s t u d i e d , Aspergillus niger and A. terreus s e c r e t e d i n h i b i t o r y VASUDEVA, R.S. 1958. substances i n p o t a t o d e x t r o s e b r o t h . The Report o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f Mycology and n a t u r e o f medium employed and p e r i o d of P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . g r o w t h were i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n t h e New D e l h i , 1 9 5 6 - 5 7 : 8 6 - 1 0 0 . 1119 p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e i n h i b i t o r y p r i n c i p l e , w h i c h I s t h e r m o s t a b l e . The low i n c i d e n c e The cultivar S-55 developed 3.3% infection of pigeonpea wilt in unsterilized soil may w i t h Fusarium udum w i l t i n p l o t b u t rem• r e s u l t f r o m t h e i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y o f t h e a i n e d w i l t - f r e e i n t h e f i e l d . associated microflora in the soil.
VASUDEVA, R . S . , and C.V. GOVINDASWAMY. VASUDEVA, R . S . , G.P. SINGH, and M.R.S. 1953. IYENGAR. 1962. S t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l Biological activity of bulbiformin in soil. m i c r o f l o r a on Fuaarium udum B u t l . The Ann. Appl. Biol. 50(1):113-117. 1123 fungus causing the wilt of pigeonpea (Caja- nus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e - Bacillus s u b t i l i s i s capable o f p r o d u c i n g rence t o i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y . A n n . A p p l . the antibiotic bulbiformin in soil. Under B i o l . 4 0 ( 3 ) : 5 7 3 - 5 8 3 . 1120 unfavorable conditions for antibiotic p r o d u c t i o n , such a s t h e presence o f r o o t The f i l t r a t e s of Aspergillus niger and r e s i d u e s , i n o c u l a t i o n o f B . s u b t i l i s i n t o mixed f i l t r a t e s o f a l l t h e s a p r o p h y t e s s o i l r e s u l t s i n a marked l o w e r i n g o f t h e i n h i b i t e d t h e g r o w t h of F. udum on s o l i d incidence of pigeonpea wilt due to F. udum. medium. The c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e s a f t e r passage t h r o u g h s o i l beds f a i l e d t o a f f e c t VASUDEVA, R.S., P. SINGH, P.K. SEN GUPTA, and a d v e r s e l y t h e g r o w t h of F. udum because of M. MAHMOOD. 1963. change in pH. Aspergillus terreus appears Further studies on the biological activity to enhance t h e v i r u l e n c e of F. udum. of bulbiformin. Ann. Appl. Biol. 51(3):415-423. 1124
139 Pigeonpea Bibliography
Amendment o f s o i l w i t h r o o t s o f c e r t a i n WALLACE, G.B. 1932. leguminous c r o p s , m o l a s s e s , and o i l cake Tanganyika t e r r i t o r y fungus l i s t . Recent markedly i n c r e a s e d t h e a n t i b i o t i c p r o d u c • Records. 1 0 . M y c o l . C i r c . Dep. A g r i c . * t i o n by Bacillus s u b t i l i s . A s o i l amend• Tanganyike, 23:1-5 (Mimeograph). 1128 ment c o n s i s t i n g of a c o m b i n a t i o n of ground- n u t cake and molasses was about f i v e t i m e s Fusarium lateritium v a r . uncinatum was i s o - more e f f e c t i v e t h a n a d e x t r o s e amendment in l a t e d f r o m r o o t s , c o l l a r and stems o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b u l b i f o r m i n p i g e o n p e a . R e i n o c u l a t i o n caused d e a t h o f two s e e d l i n g s . and a l s o f a v o r e d i t s p e r s i s t e n c e i n t h e s o i l . The a n t i b i o t i c was found t o a c t s y s t e m i c a l l y and to be n o n p h y t o t o x i c when WATERSTON, J . M . 1944. t a k e n up by t h e r o o t s of pigeonpea (Cajanus P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bermuda, cajan) i n p o t e x p e r i m e n t . I n o c u l a t i o n o f 1 9 4 3 : 7 - 8 . 1129 B . s u b t i l i s i n t o a u t o c l a v e d s o i l amended w i t h m o l a s s e s , sweet c l o v e r r o o t s , and Uromyces dolicholi new r e c o r d and Sclero- groundnut cake reduced by 88% t h e i n c i d e n c e tinia sclerotionum found f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e of pigeonpea w i l t caused by Fusarium udum. on pigeonpea pods.
WEISS, F. 1945. VASUDEVA, R.S., T.V. SUBBAIAH, M.L.N. SASTRY, V i r u s e s d e s c r i b e d p r i m a r i l y o n leguminous G. RANGASWAMY, and R.S. IYENGAR. 1958. v e g e t a b l e and f o r a g e c r o p s . P I . D i s . Reptr ' B u l b i f o r m i n ' , a n a n t i b i o t i c produced b y (Suppl.) 154:32-80 (Mimeograph). 1130 Bacillus s u b t i l i s . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 4 6 ( 3 ) : 3 3 6 - 3 4 5 . 1125 A summary o f a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e i s p r e • sented and d e s c r i p t i o n s g i v e n o f t y p i c a l A n t i b i o t i c i s c h i e f l y a n t i f u n g a l . I t s v i r u s e s o c c u r r i n g i n t h e leguminosae. presence l e a d s t o f o r m a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r i s • Notes o n o t h e r v i r u s e s and s i m i l a r d i s e a s e s t i c b u l b s i n t h e spores and hyphae o f t h e r e p o r t e d on t h e leguminous c r o p s . t e s t f u n g i . A c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i s t h e r m o - l a b i l e . I t i s suggested t h a t t h e a n t i b i o - t i c under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t from WIEHE, P.O. 1939. those of B. aubtilie previously described, Division of Plant Pathology. Rep. Dep. t h e r e f o r e t h e name proposed f o r t h i s A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s . 1 9 3 8 : 3 4 - 3 9 . 1131 a n t i b i o t i c i s b u l b i f o r m i n . E f f e c t i v e Pigeonpea w i l t o u t b r e a k found due t o a g a i n s t F. udum- Gibberella fujikuroi v a r . subglutinans.
VENKATA RAM, C.S. 1955. WILLIAMS, F.J., K.S. AMIN, and B. BALDEV. S o i l f u s a r i a and t h e i r p a t h o g e n i c i t y . 1975. P r o c . I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) Phytophthora stem b l i g h t of Cajanus cajan. 4 2 ( 4 ) : 1 2 4 - 1 4 4 . 1126 Phytopath. 65(9):1029-1030. 1132 A number of t r a n s i t i o n a l forms were o b s e r • A new stem b l i g h t d i s e a s e of Cajanus cajan ved between t h e v i r u l e n t and a v i r u l e n t was f i r s t observed i n e x p e r i m e n t a l p l o t s i s o l a t e s p a t h o g e n i c o n c o t t o n and pigeonpea, i n I n d i a i n 1966, and was e p i p h y t o t i c a t i n d i c a t i n g t h a t Fusaria o c c u r i n s o i l s i n New D e l h i i n 1969. I t i s capable o f a m u l t i p l i c i t y o f p a t h o g e n i c f o r m s . I n c a u s i n g widespread damage. Symptoms a r e c e r t a i n s t r a i n s o f h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d d a r k brown t o b l a c k l e s i o n s w h i c h p a r t i a l l y w i l t Fusaria, F. udum and F. vasinfectum o r e n t i r e l y e n c i r c l e t h e stem a t t h e base h o s t s e l e c t i v i t y was observed and many or on branches up to a meter above s o i l o t h e r s were n o n s p e c i f i c t o t h e h o s t . l e v e l . Rapid w i l t i n g o f f o l i a g e o c c u r s The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e s e r e s u l t s i n t h e above t h e l e s i o n . The pathogen appears to taxonomy o f Fusaria i s d i s c u s s e d . M i x i n g be a new s p e c i e s of Phytophthora. two i s o l a t e s r e s u l t e d e i t h e r i n s y n e r g i s m and a u g m e n t a t i o n i n p a t h o g e n i c i t y o r i n antagonism and decrease i n i n f e c t i o n . WILLIAMS, F . J . , J . S . GREWAL, and K.S. AMIN. 1968. S e r i o u s and new d i s e a s e s of p u l s e c r o p s in WALLACE, G.B. 1932. I n d i a i n 1966. P I . D i s . R e p t r 5 2 : Report o f t h e M y c o l o g i s t . A . Rep. Dep. 3 0 0 - 3 0 4 . 1133 A g r i c . Tanganyika T e r r i t o r y , 1 9 3 0 ; 5 3 - 5 5 . 1127 S e v e r a l d i s e a s e s caused c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c • t i o n i n y i e l d o f p u l s e crops i n I n d i a d u r i n g Nematospora coryli f o u n d in t h e seeds of t h e 1966 season. S t e r i l i t y mosaic o f p i g e o n p e a . Cajanus c a j a n was p r e v a l e n t in e a s t e r n
140 P h y s i o l o g y
U t t a r P r a d e s h . A new y e l l o w symptom PHYSIOLOGY ( p r o b a b l y o f v i r u s o r i g i n ) , and a new w i l t (caused by a f u n g u s ) , were seen on Cajanus c a j a n at New D e l h i .
WILLIAMS, R . J . , and D . J . ALLEN. 1976. ABRAMS, R. 1960. Plgeonpea diseases. Grain legume training course. Pathology. 16 August to 26 Novem• E f f e c t o f g i b b e r e l l i c a c i d o n dormant seed b e r , 1976. I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . and subsequent crops of plgeonpea (Cajanus 58 p p . 1134 c a j a n ) . J . A g r l c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 4 ( 1 ) : 2 1 - 2 7 . 1137 Plgeonpea appears to be relatively disease- Seed of commercial plgeonpea varieties f r e e i n A f r i c a . I n N i g e r i a , t h e o n l y ( K a k i , Saragateado, and F l o r i d o ) were d i s e a s e o f consequence i s l e a f r u s t , caused soaked overnight in gibberellic-acid by livedo oajani Syd. Cercospora l e a f spot s o l u t i o n s , ( 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , and 50 ppm) in (Cercospora c a j a n i Henn.) o c c u r s at I I T A . order to determine the effect of the acid V i r u s - l i k e symptoms a r e r a r e . I n East on plant height, flowering period, and A f r i c a , Fusarium w i l t , powdery mildew y i e l d . There were n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e • (Leveillula taurica) ( L e v . , A r n . ) and a rences in plant height between the three l e a f s p o t (Mycovellosiella c a j a n i P. Henn. varieties that could be attributed to the Rangel e x . T r o t t e r ) may o c c a s i o n a l l y assume gibberellic-acid treatments. Differences economic i m p o r t a n c e . in flowering periods could not be attributed to the gibberellic-acid treatments, as such WOLLENWEBBER, H.W. 1938. d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o f g e n e t i c o r i g i n . Gibbe• Fusarium-produced diseases of plgeonpea rellic acid had no effect on yield of the (Cajanus c a j a n ) . A r b . B i o l . A n s t . R e i c h - green peas. s a n s t . B e r l . 2 2 : 3 3 9 - 3 4 7 . 1135 Expanded L a t i n d i a g n o s i s g i v e n of Fusarium ADSULE, R.N., and G.K. BARAT. 1977. lateritium Nees v a r . uncinatum WR. 1930 Occurrence o f o x y l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e i n h e l d i n pure c u l t u r e s i n c e i t s i s o l a t i o n Indian pulses. Experientia 33(4): f r o m plgeonpea i n 1905 b y B u t l e r , s t i l l 4 1 6 - 4 1 7 . 1138 p a t h o g e n i c , g i v i n g a brown b a s a l r o t . T h i s The presence of oxalyl-CoA synthetase was fungus o n l y a t t a c k s plgeonpea and appears observed in common edible pulses. Except• l e s s s e r i o u s t h a n w i l t caused by F. udum. i n g i n c h i c k p e a , t h e changes i n o x a l y l - C o A synthetase activity of winter pulses procee• YOGESWARI, L. 1948. ded in s t a g e s . The enzyme remained more The element n u t r i t i o n o f f u n g i . I . The a c t i v e i n l a t e s t r a i n s t h a n i n e a r l y e f f e c t o f b o r o n , z i n c , and manganese o n s t r a i n s o f w i n t e r p u l s e s . The enzyme i n Fusarium species. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. summer pulses behaved differently from ( S e c t . B) 2 8 : 1 7 7 - 2 0 1 . 1136 t h a t i n w i n t e r p u l s e s . O n t h e b a s i s o f a c t i v i t y o f o x a l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e , i t i s N u t r i t i o n a l p h y s i o l o g y of F. udum and surmised t h a t p e a , c h i c k p e a , and l e n t i l o t h e r s p e c i e s was s t u d i e d . Media w i t h h i g h may be p l a c e d in one g r o u p , summer p u l s e s C.N r a t i o were f a v o r e d b y t h e f u n g u s . (plgeonpea, soybean, green gram and cowpea) Optimum pH f o r g r o w t h was 5 . 0 . Responded in a second group, and chickpea only in a w e l l t o v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b o r o n , third group. z i n c , and manganese. F. udum 0.5 ppm of B, Z n , and Mn was optimum. H i g h e r c o n c e n • t r a t i o n s were t o x i c . Combination o f e l e • AGARWAL, P . K . , and J . L . KARIHALOO. 1975. ments was b e t t e r t h a n i n d i v i d u a l elements Standardization of germination method for a l o n e . pigeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n ) s e e d . Seed Res. 3 ( 1 ) : 2 1 - 2 5 . 1139 U s i n g seeds f r o m o n l y one r e g i o n i n I n d i a , i t was found t h a t a good method t o e f f e c • tuate germination is between blotting paper layers or in sand at 30°C. Seven abnorma• l i t i e s a r e d e s c r i b e d .
141 Pigeonpea Bibliography
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 1 . subsequent storage life under certain The r o o t system o f p l a n t s . Agronomico temperature and humidity conditions. A Campinas 3 ( 3 ) : l - 3 . 1140 range of c h e m i c a l s — i n c l u d i n g s a l t s such as NaCl, phenols, vitamins, and antipatho- Cajanus c a j a n : The maximum r o o t i n g d e p t h genic compounds — added to t h e w a t e r in observed was 2.95 m b u t 91% of t h e t o t a l low concentrations (10- 5 to 10- 3 ) gave r o o t w e i g h t was f o u n d i n t h e f i r s t 3 0 cm. further improvement in germinability. T w o - y e a r - o l d p l a n t s g r o w i n g 50 cm a p a r t f u r n i s h e d t h e s o i l w i t h a r o o t w e i g h t o f 14,968 k g p e r a l q u e i r e ( 6 , 1 6 0 k g / h a ) , o f CHEEMA, K.S. 1976. w h i c h 1 3 , 5 7 1 k g were f o u n d i n t h e f i r s t Transport, distribution and utilization of
30 cm l a y e r . 14C photosynthate in arhar (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . M.Sc. (1976) T h e s i s . G.B. Pant Uni- v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and Technology, ANONYMOUS. 1970. P a n t n a g a r , U t t a r P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 1145 Report o f t h e f a c u l t y o f a g r i c u l t u r e , U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 . P e r o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y i n l e a v e s o f Cajanus DEKA, P . C . , A.K. MEHRA, N.N. PATHAK, and c a j a n - 269 p p . 1141 S.K. SEN. 1978. Isolation and fusion studies on protoplasts Plgeonpea: P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s o n mature from pollen tetrads. Experientia l e a v e s o f Cajanus c a j a n i n d i c a t e t h a t dwarf 33(2):182-184. 1146 c u l t i v a r s show more p e r o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y t h a n t a l l c u l t i v a r s . P o l l e n t e t r a d s and p o l l e n g r a i n s o f Cajanus cajan, Lea mays, L. c y l i n d r i c a and L. escu- lentum were treated with several different ASANA, R . D . , and M.N. SARIN. 1968. enzymes. A f t e r 4 h of t r e a t m e n t w i t h 5% Crop P h y s i o l o g y i n I n d i a . T e c h . B u l l . 1 6 c e l l u l o s e , about 80% p r o t o p l a s t i s o l a t i o n I n d i a n Coun. A g r i c . Res. ( A g r i c . S e r . ) . was o b t a i n e d f r o m p o l l e n t e t r a d s o f 1968. 98 p p . 1142 C. c a j a n and Z. mays and about 60% f r o m T h i s r e v i e w d e a l s w i t h a number o f c r o p s , L. oylindrioa and L. esculentum. When cereals, and legumes including plgeonpea. these mononucleate protoplasts were incu• Aspects considered include seed germina• b a t e d i n t h e presence o f 0.05 M CaCl2 i n t i o n , dormancy, g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t , 0.3 M g l u c o s e at pH 1 0 . 5 , 70 to 80% mineral nutrition and uptake (N, P, K, f u s i o n was a c h i e v e d . micronutrients) growth regulators, salt t o l e r a n c e , w a t e r r e l a t i o n s ( w a t e r r e q u i r e • DERIEUX, M. 1969. ment, drought resistance), vernalization Study about the formation and the evolution and p h o t o p e r i o d i s m . of t h e seeds of plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) • P r o c . C a r i b b . Fd Crops Soc. 7 : 2 0 4 - BALDEV, B . , and S.K. SINGH. 1974. 207. 1147 E f f e c t o f TIBA o n y i e l d and p h o t o s y n t h e t i c I n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f wet Guadeloupe, when enzyme i n r e d gram. C u r r . S c i . 4 1 ( 4 ) : blooming flowers were marked every day, 9 4 - 9 5 . 1143 a low r a t e of pod s e t t i n g (10 to 12%) Seed y i e l d was enhanced by TIBA a p p l i c a t i o n was n o t i c e d . The maximum w e i g h t of f r e s h in Cv. BS1. The c o n c . 100 µ g / m l gave t h e pea is reached 27 days a f t e r f l o w e r i n g f o r maximum yield increase of 21% over control. t h e v a r i e t y G I - 5 4 / 3 o f T r i n i d a d and 2 9 A l s o t h e r e was a g r a d u a l decrease in t h e days after flowering for the variety a c t i v i t y of RUDP c a r b o x y l a s e enzyme w i t h 249623 f r o m I n d i a . A t t h i s s t a g e t h e t h e i n c r e a s e o f TIBA c o n c e n t r a t i o n . I t i s q u a l i t y o f t h e pea i s q u i t e good (29% suggested t h a t t h e a c t i o n o f TIBA needs d r y m a t t e r f o r G I - 5 4 / 3 ) , The d r y w e i g h t further investigation. of pea reaches t h e maximum 38 days a f t e r f l o w e r i n g .
BASU, R . N . , T . K . BOSE, K. CHATTOPADHYAY, M.D. GUPTA, N. DHAR, C. KUNDU, R. MITRA, DERIEUX, M. 1970. P. PAL, and G. PATHAK. 1975. Research on seed setting and seed develop• Seed treatment for the maintenance of ment in the plgeonpea. Proc. 7th Ann. vigour and viability. Indian Agric. Meet. C.F.C.S. Martinique - Guadeloupe 1 9 ( 1 ) : 9 1 - 9 6 . 1144 1969:204-211. 1148 Soaking seeds o f d i f f e r e n t c r o p s ( i n c l u d i n g About 10% of t h e f l o w e r s produced p o d s , plgeonpea) i n w a t e r f o r 2 t o 6 h o u r s , pod l e n g t h i n c r e a s e d u n t i l t h e 1 1 t h d a y. f o l l o w e d b y d r y i n g , s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d The maximum s i z e and maximum f r e s h w e i g h t
142 P h y s i o l o g y
o f t h e seeds were a t t a i n e d a f t e r about 2 8 EZEDIMA, F.O.C. 1965. d a y s ; t h e d r y - m a t t e r p e r c e n t a g e was t h e n Some factors influencing the production of 29 and 37 r e s p e c t i v e l y . A r a p i d d e c l i n e grain legumes in Southern Nigeria. Proc. i n f r e s h w e i g h t was seen a f t e r t h e 2 8 t h A g r i c . Soc. N i g e r i a . 4 : 4 8 - 5 0 . 1153 d a y . D r y - m a t t e r w e i g h t o f t h e seeds c o n t i • nued t o i n c r e a s e u n t i l t h e 3 8 t h d a y ; a Pigeonpea is intermediate in its nutritio- s l i g h t d e c l i n e o c c u r r e d i n t h e n e x t few n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . Low y i e l d s a r e because days u n t i l f u l l m a t u r i t y . o f d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t e m p e r a t u r e , heavy o v e r c a s t , and h i g h h u m i d i t y d u r i n g growing season or from daylength sensiti• DEY, P.M. 1973. v i t y . L o c a l s t r a i n s a r e p r e f e r r e d t o B . L . A r a b i n o s i d f r o m Cajanus c a j a n A new higher yielding introduced varieties. enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Interplanting may affect yield and hamper 3 0 2 ( 2 ) : 3 9 3 - 3 9 6 . 1149 effective control of pests. Pest control i n c r e a s e s y i e l d s . A new enzyme, B . L . A r a b i n o s i d a s e , has been d e t e c t e d in t h e dormant seeds of Cajanus indicus- T h i s enzyme is d i f f e r e n t f r o m GHODKI, J. P . , and P.V. SANE. 1974. - g a l a c t o s i d a s e and does n o t h y d r o l y z e an Study of photosynthetic and metabolic role - ß - g a l a c t o s i d e or an -ß - f u c o s i d e . of different nonleaf green tissues of p l a n t s . P r o c . Symp. G.B. Pant U n i v . A g r i . Tech. P a n t n a g a r , A p r i l 1 2 - 1 4 : DEY, P . M . , and M. DIXON. 1974. 764-774. 1154 S e p a r a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s o f -galactosidase and ß-galactosidase from Cajanus indicus- The rates of fixation and distribution of
B i o c h i m . B i o p h y s . A c t a . 3 7 0 : 2 6 9 - 2 7 5 . 1150 CO2 by f r u i t s of r e d k i d n e y bean (Ph. vulgaris), a r h a r (C. cajan), cotton, and In Cajanus indicus and ß-galactosidase, peas a r e d e s c r i b e d . w h i c h a r e i n s e p a r a b l e by Sephadex g e l c h r o - matography, have now been s e p a r a t e d by C M . C e l l u l o s e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . - G a l a c t o • GURURAJA RAO, G . , and G. RAJESWARA RAO. s i d a s e (EC 3, 2 . 1 . 2 2 ) has been r e s o l v e d 1978. into isoenzymes and ß-galactosidase S a l i n i t y induced changes i n k e t o a c i d s i n (EC 3 , 2 . 1 . 2 3 ) i n t o t h r e e . V a r i o u s t h e leaves o f p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . E x p l p r o p e r t i e s of enzymes have been s t u d i e d , B i o l . 1 6 : 2 7 0 . 1155 each w i t h i t s own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s . Accumulation of phosphenol pyruvate and o x a l o a c e t a t e was found i n s a l i n i z e d p l a n t s , DUTT, B . K . , and A . G . THAKURTA. 1937. while pyruvate, glucozylic acid, and keto- Investigations on the 'after ripening' of glutarate accumulated in control plants t h e seed (Cajanus c a j a n ) . T r a n s . Bose Res. in the first trifoliate leaves at five I n s t . 1 0 ( 1 9 3 4 - 3 5 ) : 7 3 - 9 1 . 1151 s t a g e s o f development.
DUTT, B . K . , and A . G . THAKURTA. 1939. HAMMERTON, J . L . 1975. C a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y o f Cajanus seed a t d i f f e • E f f e c t s o f d e f o l i a t i o n o n pigeonpeas r e n t s t a g e s : p r e - r e s t i n g , r e s t i n g and p o s t - (Cajanus c a j a n ) . E x p l A g r i c . 1 1 ( 3 ) : r e s t i n g . T r a n s . Bose Res. I n s t . B : 1 7 7 - 1 8 2 . 1156 9 3 - 1 0 3 . 1152 M i l d manual d e f o l i a t i o n o f pigeonpea p l a n t s Preresting seeds (i) were fresh before had little effect on pod number, pod weight, b e i n g d r i e d , r e s t i n g ( i i ) , those t h a t had or number of seeds per pod in two e x p e r i • been d r i e d t o l e s s t h a n 12% m o i s t u r e ; m e n t s . The e f f e c t s o f severe d e f o l i a t i o n p o s t r e s t i n g ( i i i ) , those t h a t had been depended on timing and differed between steeped i n w a t e r t o v a r i o u s d e g r e e s . I n pigeonpea cultivars. Late severe defolia• (i), both catalase activity and respiration t i o n reduced pod numbers i n b o t h e x p e r i •
(O2 a b s o r p t i o n ) dropped r a p i d l y w i t h ments, but early and intermediate severe d e c r e a s i n g m o i s t u r e , a l t h o u g h t h e two d e f o l i a t i o n d i f f e r e d i n t h e i r e f f e c t s . c u r v e s were n o t p a r a l l e l . I n ( i i ) , t h e r e Some physiological implications of these was some c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y b u t p r a c t i c a l l y results are discussed, no respiration. In (iii), catalase increa• sed r e g u l a r l y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g m o i s t u r e HAMMERTON, J . L . 1975. above 10%, w h i l e r e s p i r a t i o n d i d n o t s t a r t Effects of growth regulators on pigeonpea t o i n c r e a s e u n t i l m o i s t u r e was 30%. (Cajanus c a j a n ) . E x p l A g r i c . 1 1 ( 4 ) : 241-245. 1157
143 Pigeonpea Bibliography
The pod s e t o f pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s w i d e l y age of 73 d a y s . grown in Jamaica may be as low as 2 to 4%. Treatment w i t h ethephon (500 ppm) s u b s t a n • ISWARAN, V. 1976. t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d pod numbers o f a r u s t - Photoperiodic study on pigeonpea (Cajanus s u s c e p t i b l e c u l t i v a r b y i n d u c i n g l e a f f a l l oajan). Fd Fmg A g r i c . 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 3 . 1162 and a second f l o w e r i n g . The t r e a t m e n t reduced seed number per pod in both culti- T h i s s t u d y showed t h a t pigeonpea (Cajanus v a r s . Bg ( 2 , 3 0 0 ppm) i n c r e a s e d pod number c a j a n ) also responded to the effect of i n t h e r u s t - r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r b u t reduced d a y l e n g t h . Pigeonpea p l a n t s grown under mean pod w e i g h t and seed number per p o d . l o n g - d a y c o n d i t i o n s produce more f l o w e r s and taller plants, compared with short-day treatments, and the yields are also higher. HAMMERTON, J . L . 1977. The outcome of t h e s t u d y shows t h a t p h o t o - P r e d i c t i n g d r y w e i g h t s o f pigeonpea p l a n t s p e r i o d and o t h e r f a c t o r s a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e from non-destructive measurements. f l o w e r i n g and f r u i t i n g i n p i g e o n p e a . J . A g r i c . S c i . Camb. 8 8 ( 2 ) : 4 4 9 - 4 5 4 . 1158 I n e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h s i x Cajanus c a j a n IYENGAR, A . K . , and P.R. KULKARNI. 1975. v a r i e t i e s grown i n t h e f i e l d a t one s i t e , Modified method for isolation of verbascose h e i g h t and stem d i a m e t e r was t h e most f r o m Cajanus c a j a n ( r e d g r a m ) . I n d i a n J . r e l i a b l e c h a r a c t e r f o r p r e d i c t i n g t o t a l Expl. Biol. 13(3):307-308. 1163 d r y w e i g h t . A modified method has been developed to i s o l a t e verbascose f r o m legumes. The HUXLEY, P . A . , and R . J . SUMMERFIELD. 1976. production has been confirmed on the basis Photomorphogenetic e f f e c t s o f lamp t y p e o n of its hydrolysis products, chromatographic g r o w t h o f some s p e c i e s o f t r o p i c a l g r a i n characteristics and melting point. legumes in controlled environment growth c a b i n e t s . P I . S c i . L e t t e r s 6 ( 1 ) : 2 5 - 3 3 . 1159 JERMYN, M.A. 1975. Precipitation reactions between components Three c u l t i v a r s of Ph. lunatus, two of o f p l a n t t i s s u e e x t r a c t s . A u s t . J . P I . pigeonpea, one of cowpea, and one of soy• P h y s i o l . 2 : 5 3 3 - 5 4 2 . 1164 bean were grown i n g r o w t h c a b i n e t s w i t h i l l u m i n a t i o n f r o m v a r i o u s t y p e s o f l a m p s . For t h e leguminous s e e d s , i n c l u d i n g Cajanus Different responses to illumination were oajan, precipitation reactions occur f o u n d b o t h between s p e c i e s and between between e x t r a c t s o f c o t y l e d o n s and e x t r a c t s c u l t i v a r s . Measurements o f l e a f a r e a , o f t i s s u e s o f t h e p a r e n t p l a n t s , even o f number of main stem nodes and i n t e r n o d e t h e t e s t s o f t h e seeds. The n a t u r e o f l e n g t h were measured w i t h i n 2 days of t h e these r e a c t i o n s appears to be t h e same as b e g i n n i n g o f f l o w e r i n g and the morphogene- t h o s e o f t h e i n t e r - s p e c i e s o n e s . Both t i c e f f e c t s o f t h e v a r i o u s types o f lamp t y p e s of r e a c t i o n may be examples of ways compared and t h e most s u i t a b l e regime f o r i n w h i c h p l a n t c e l l s r e c o g n i z e s e l f f r o m individual cultlvars determined. n o n s e l f .
IKDRA RANI. 1966. JERMYN, M . A . , and Y . M . YEOW. 1975. S t u d i e s on urease of Cajanus -indicus and A c l a s s o f l e c t i n s p r e s e n t i n t h e t i s s u e s urease i n h i b i t o r o f melon s e e d s . Ph.D. o f seed p l a n t s . A u s t . J . P I . P h y s i o l . (1966) Thesis. Banaras Hindu University, 2 : 5 0 1 - 5 3 1 . 1165 V a r a n a s l , U t t a r P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 1160 I n legume seeds t h e m a j o r p a r t o f t h e specific glycoprotein lectin is concen• ISTVAN, P . , E. PENA GARCIA, and t r a t e d i n t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r spaces a s A. LEVIA SANCHEZ. 1975. distinct globular bodies. The purification A s t u d y o f g r o w t h and a b s o r p t i o n o f m a c r o - and a n a l y s i s o f t h e g l y c o p r o t e i n f r o m a n u t r i e n t s i n t h e f i r s t s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p • s e l e c t i o n o f s p e c i e s i s d e s c r i b e d . H y d r o - ment o f pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . xyproline and glucosamine are present and C i e n c l a s : S e r i e 1 0 B o t a n i e s 1 : 1 6 . 1161 t h e m a j o r sugars a r e g a l a c t o s e and a r a b i - n o s e . N e i t h e r t h e f u n c t i o n o f l e c t i n nor Pigeonpea s e e d l i n g s were grown i n s o l u t i o n t h e reasons f o r i t s e x t r a o r d i n a r y e v o l u • c u l t u r e under c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s (25 + t i o n a r y s t a b i l i t y i s known. L e c t i n s f r o m 2°C, and 12-hr daylength), and data collec- C. oajan have been studied in more detail t e d o n t h e i n c r e a s e i n l e n g t h o f stem and b y p h y s i o c h e m i c a l t e c h n i q u e s . r o o t and i n l e a f a r e a , and o n t h e u p t a k e of w a t e r and K, Ca, K g , N, and P, up to t h e
144 Physiology
KABI, J . , and UMA DEVI. 1975. and 1.5% concentrations, induce male s t e r i • I n t e r a c t i o n of coumarln and l i g h t on the l i t y but reduce the y i e l d . The 1% s o l u t i o n germination of the seeds of Cajanus cajan. of FW-450 applied before f l o r a l - b u d i n i t i a • Proc. Indian S c i . Cong. 62(3):92-93 t i o n induces 100% pollen s t e r i l i t y w i t h (Abstract). 1166 minimum reduction in y i e l d . Coumarln (1.0 x 102m) i n h i b i t e d germination of Cajanus oajan seeds and l i g h t had no KHAN, M.A., R.P. CHANDOLA, and P.C. TYAGI. reverse action on the i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s of 1973. coumarln. Amino acids increased in the Laboratory germination tests on arhar axis of the c o n t r o l up to 72 and in the (Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Raj. J. cotyledons up to 48 hours a f t e r soaking, Agric. S c i . 4(1):25-27. (From Indian whereas in the cou-treated, s l i g h t increase Science Abstracts 12,965). 1170 was found a f t e r 24 hours, followed by decrease. Sugars increased in the axis The temperature in the germinating chambers a f t e r 48 hours in the c o n t r o l and decreased was alternated 8 hours 20°C and 16 hours gradually in the treated. The r e s p i r a t i o n 30°C. Dehradun paper and r o l l paper towel r a t e was greatly enhanced a f t e r 48 hours gave equal r e s u l t s , s l i g h t l y higher than in in the c o n t r o l a x i s , whereas in the cou- sand. Seeds were counted a f t e r 6 days and treated ones the r a t e was s l i g h t l y enhanced f i n a l count was a f t e r 13 days. The germi• up to 24 hours followed by a d e c l i n e . nation was constant at 25°C and 30°C. 35°C Coumarln showed s i m i l a r i n h i b i t i n g effects temperature gave s l i g h t l y higher germina• both in l i g h t and dark. t i o n .
MADHAVA RAO, K.V. 1970. KANTA KUSUM, and D. PADMANABHAN. 1964. Some aspects of p r o t e i n and nucleic acid In v i t r o culture of embryo segments of changes during seed development and germi• Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . Curr. S c i . nation of pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus 33(23):704-706. 1167 Spreng ). Ph.D. (1970) Thesis. S r i The responses of the r a d i c l e , the plumule, Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra and the cotyledonary node are not i d e n t i • Pradesh, I n d i a . 1171 c a l . The phenomenon of apical dominance p r e v a i l s even in the embryonal stages. The MADHAVA RAO, K.V., and G. RAJESWAR RAO. d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of primary xylem takes 1974. place independently in the plumule Gibberellin-like substances in developing (endarch), the cotyledonary node ( t r a n s i • and germinating seeds of pigeonpea (Cajanus t i o n ) , and the r a d i c l e (exarch). The indicus Spreng). Indian J . P I . Physiol. destiny of the organs has already been 17(1-2) :65-72. 1172 determined. The developing and germinating seeds of C. indioue (Cajanus cajan) contained one KATHJU, S., and M.N. TIWARI. 1968. neutral and one acidic f r a c t i o n of gibbere• Nuclear d i s t r i b u t i o n of acid phosphatase l l i n - l i k e substances. The low a c t i v i t y of in Cajanus indicus Spreng. Curr. S c i . these substances in developing seeds at 37(3):83-84. 1168 10 days a f t e r anthesis increased up to 30 The autonomous cytoplasmic i n c l u s i o n s , days a f t e r anthesis and decreased there• namely lysosymes and mitochondria, which a f t e r except f o r the neutral e t h y l acetate were supposed to be the only centers of f r a c t i o n (NEAF). Their high a c t i v i t y at the enzyme a c t i v i t y did not i n d i c a t e any the 4th day of germination decreased up to a c t i v i t y . The reports about the d i s t r i b u • the 10th day a f t e r germination and increa• t i o n in nucleus and n u c l e o l i appear to be sed in roots and seedlings w i t h age; the more convincing f o r the c e l l s of the a c i d i c e t h y l acetate and acidic chloroform r a d i c l e of the seedlings of Cajanus f r a c t i o n s showed a higher g i b b e r e l l i n - l i k e indicus. a c t i v i t y than NEAF and acid butanol f r a c t i o n s at a l l stages of germination. KAUL, C.L., and S.P. SINGH. 1967. Effects of some growth regulators w i t h MADHAVA RAO, K.V., and G. RAJESWAR RAO. gametocidal properties on Cajanus cajan 1974. (L.) M i l l s p . Indian J . A g r i c . S c i . Protein and nucleic acid metabolism of 37:69-76. 1169 developing and germinating seeds of pigeon• pea (Cajanus indicus Spreng) . J. Indian Maleic hydrazide, FW-450, and coumarln, Bot. Soc. 53(3-4):249-260. 1173 each applied as f o l i a r sprays of 0.55%, 1%,
145 Plgeonpea Bibliography
P r o t e i n and n u c l e i c a c i d m e t a b o l i s m o f t h e enzyme is found to be 450,000 with 3 readi• developing and germinating seeds of Cajanus ly a c c e s s i b l e and 11 masked SH g r o u p s . The indicus Spreng were studied. Proteinase latter react after denaturation only. and rNase a c t i v i t i e s i n d e v e l o p i n g and germinating seeds were also analyzed for MEHTA, B . V . , and P.D. KHATRI. 1962. t o t a l p r o t e i n and RNA c o n t e n t s . The r a t e A c c u m u l a t i o n and movement o f m i n e r a l s i n o f p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h plgeonpea (Cajanus aajan Millsp.) plant. d i f f e r e n t organs were a l s o s t u d i e d u s i n g J . Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v . B a r o d a . 1 4 C - L - l e u c i n e . The r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d 1 1 : 1 0 9 - 1 2 2 . 1177 in relation to the physiological function o f each o r g a n . A t a l l s t a g e s o f g r o w t h , c a l c i u m and mag• nesium are greater in the leaves than other o r g a n s , and seeds a r e r i c h e r i n n i t r o g e n , MADHAVA RAO, K . V . , and G. RAJESWAR RAO. phosphorus, and p o t a s s i u m t h a n o t h e r 1975. tissues. The nutrients exported in a Growth, respiration and endogenous auxins c r o p p r o d u c i n g 1630 l b / a c (1825 k g / h a ) of o f d e v e l o p i n g and g e r m i n a t i n g seeds o f d r y m a t t e r were N - 29 lb (13.15 k g ) ; plgeonpea (Cajanus indicus S p r e n g ) . Seed P - 9 l b ( 4 . 0 8 k g ) ; K - 10 l b ( 4 . 5 k g ) ; Res. 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 1 0 . 1174 Ca - 12 lb ( 5 . 4 k g ) ; and Mg - 5 lb ( 2 . 2 k g ) . I t was observed t h a t t h e maximum d r y w e i g h t of t h e seed preceded t h e maximum amounts of MISHRA, D., and S.K. M0HANTY. 1966. r e s p i r a t i o n and endogenous a u x i n s , i n d i c a - The e f f e c t of B-Nine ( N - d i m e t h y l amino t i n g t h e i r i n v o l v e m e n t and u t i l i z a t i o n succinamic a c i d ) on the shoot g r o w t h of during synthesis and accumulation of Cajanus c a j a n . Curr. Sci. 35:340- r e s e r v e substances in t h e embryo. A c l o s e 3 4 1 . 1178 correlation between the rate of respiration and endogenous a u x i n s was a l s o observed B-9 at the highest concentration (0.50%) i n t h e g e r m i n a t i n g s e e d . T h r o u g h o u t , the i s d e f i n i t e l y i n h i b i t o r y t o t h e shoot RF r e g i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to IAA and IAN g r o w t h of a r h a r . The cause of shoot s y n c h r o n i z e d w i t h t h e s t a g e s o f g r o w t h and r e t a r d a t i o n i n t h e t r e a t e d p l a n t s may b e development, indicating their close e i t h e r a n i n h i b i t i o n o f c e l l d i v i s i o n o r association with these processes. a reduction in the number of cells.
MALHOTRA, O . P . , and INDRA RANI. 1969. MISHRA, D . , and S.K. M0HANTY. 1966. P u r i f i c a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s o f urease o f A n o t e on t h e response of c r o p seeds to Cajanus indiaus. Indian J. Biochem. pre-sowing treatment with B-Nine. Trop. 7 ( l ) : 1 5 - 2 0 . 1175 Agric. (Trinidad) 43:347-349. 1179
Urease f r o m C. indicus, i t s u l t r a v i o l e t Seeds of a number of c r o p s i n c l u d i n g absorption spectrum, and thermal denatura- plgeonpea were soaked f o r 2 4 h r i n 0 . 1 2 5 , t i o n a r e d e s c r i b e d . Urease i s i n h i b i t e d 0 . 2 5 , and 0.5% s o l u t i o n of B-9 ( N - d i m e t h y l - at high substrate concentrations in Tris- amino succinamic acid) and then germinated. a c e t l c a c i d b u f f e r s . A l k a l i m e t a l and The i n h i b i t i v e e f f e c t of B-9 was e v i d e n t n i t r a t e i o n s a l s o i n h i b i t t h e enzyme. I t i n a l l p l a n t s under t r i a l : 0.5% s o l u t i o n has been concluded t h a t t h e s u b s t r a t e (Urea) reduced t h e l e n g t h of s e e d l i n g s by 25% to b i n d s t o t h e enzyme t h r o u g h hydrogen 50%, depending on species and cultivar. b o n d i n g , w h i c h i n v o l v e s u r e a p r o t o n s . Rice and f i n g e r - m i l l e t were a f f e c t e d l e s s than other crops.
MALHOTRA, O . P . , and INDRA RANI. 1970. K i n e t i c b e h a v i o r o f urease o f Cajanus MITRA, P., and S. BANERJEE. 1958. indicus. I n d i a n J . Biochem. 7 ( 3 ) : S t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f g e r m i n a t i o n o n 1 6 2 - 1 6 6 . 1176 strepogenin contents of pulses. Indian J. Med. Res. 4 6 : 4 9 2 - 4 9 5 . 1180 Cajanus urease is i n h i b i t e d by Hg2 + , pcMB, cu2+, N-ethylmalelmide and iodoacetamide. S t r e p o g e n l n was e s t i m a t e d i n s i x p u l s e s and This inhibition is noncompetitive (k1 f o r i n c a s e i n w i t h L a c t o b a c i l l u s c a s e i a s t e s t Hg2 + = 1.6 x 10- 8 M). The SH content of o r g a n i s m . Phaseolus radiatus, Ph.mungo, Cajanus urease has been e s t i m a t e d by and Visum sativum contained more strepoge• amperometric t i t r a t i o n w i t h A g + i o n s a t n l n and Cajanus indiaus. Lens esculenta, room temperature in the native and denatu• and Cicer arietinum l e s s s t r e p o g e n l n t h a n r e d s t a t e s . On t h e b a s i s of t h e SH c a s e i n ; f o r 4 8 h o u r s a f t e r g e r m i n a t i o n , c o n t e n t , t h e m i n i m a l m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f v a l u e s f o r t h e p u l s e s were a l l l e s s t h a n for casein.
146 P h y s i o l o g y
MUKHERJEE, D. 1974. o r acetone were t r i e d . Best c r y s t a l l i z a • K e t o - a c i d s and amino a c i d s changes i n t i o n was a c h i e v e d , b u t i n poor y i e l d , b y l e a v e s , f l o w e r s and f r u i t s o f Cajanus extraction with 40% ethanol and precipita• c a j a n . J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 5 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : t i o n w i t h a n e q u a l amount o f a b s o l u t e 1 1 5 - 1 1 8 . 1181 ethanol. The enzyme appears to be complete• Correlative studies on changes in keto acids l y s p e c i f i c f o r u r e a . and f r e e amino a c i d s and amide have been made i n l e a v e s , f l o w e r s , and f r u i t s o f NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1960. Cajanus c a j a n . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of k e t o A s t u d y on urease f r o m Cajanus oajan. I V . a c i d s has been found to be much h i g h e r t h a n K i n e t i c s t u d y w i t h c r y s t a l l i n e u r e a s e . t h e q u a l i t y o f amino a c i d s i n t h e s e p a r t s . Ann. Biochem. E x p l Med. 2 0 : 1 5 7 - 1 6 4 . 1186 These metabolites, especially keto acids, a r e r e a d i l y used u p d u r i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m a • The optimum pH was found to be 7.2 to 7.5 tion of vegetative into reproductive phase a t s u b s t r a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0 . 0 1 t o and o t h e r a c t i v e g r o w t h p e r i o d s o f t h e 0.05 M and 7.4 t o 7.6 a t 0.5 M. A pH p l a n t . higher than optimum favors enzyme-substrate complex f o r m a t i o n w h i l e l o w e r p H f a v o r s d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t s . MULIMANI, V . H . , and MADAIAH. 1974. Studies in urease EC-3.5-1.5, distribution o f Urease i n p l a n t , seeds/Cajanus indicus, NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1964. Cuaumis s a t i v u s d r y i m b i b e d seeds s y n t h e s i s . E f f e c t o f versene o n t h e a c t i v i t y o f urease J . K a r n a t a k a U n i v . 1 9 : 1 7 6 - 1 8 3 . 1182 from r e d gram. Cajanus oajan. J. P r o c . Inst. Chem. 36(3):188-191. 1187
NATH, R.L. 1960. A c t i o n of urease f r o m Cajanus indiaue on PALIWAL, K.V., and G.L. MALIWAL. 1973. b l o o d u r e a in vivo. J. Proc. Inst. Chem. S a l t t o l e r a n c e of some a r h a r (Cajanus indi- cus) and cowpea (V. s i n e n s i s ) v a r i e t i e s at 3 2 ( 4 ) : 1 6 5 - 1 6 7 . 1183 g e r m i n a t i o n and s e e d l i n g s t a g e s . Ann. A h i g h l y s o l u b l e p r e p a r a t i o n was made of Arid Zone 12(3-4):135-144. 1188 urease f r o m C. indiaue. T h i s p r e p a r a t i o n when i n j e c t e d i n t r a v e n o u s l y i n t o dogs The e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t s a l i n i t y l e v e l s showed t h a t t h e average l o w e r i n g o f b l o o d at v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of NaCl + CaCl2 u r e a was about 28% in 45 m i n u t e s . on 23 C. indiaue v a r i e t i e s , and 13 v a r i e - t i e s of V. sinensie. Increased salinity reduced germination percentage and seedling NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1960. h e i g h t i n a l l v a r i e t i e s b u t s i g n i f i c a n t Note on t h e s t u d y of Urease f r o m Cajanus varietal differences in salt tolerance i n d i c u s (Arhar). Bull. Calcutta Sch. Trop. were n o t e d . Med. 8 ( 2 ) : 5 9 - 6 0 . 1184
Urease was p r e p a r e d f r o m dehusked seeds by PANDEY, R . K . , and M.C. SAXENA. 1974. v a r i o u s methods. The a c t i v i t y a t 37°C, M o r p h o l o g i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e d e v e • d e t e r m i n e d by t h e method of Nath and U l l a h , lopment o f e f f i c i e n t p l a n t types o f a r h a r was almost 1.6 t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t at and gram. P r o c . 2nd General Cong. SABRA0, 30°C. The h i g h e s t a c t i v i t y was o b t a i n e d New D e l h i , I n d i a . 1012-1015. 1189 when e x t r a c t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t w i t h 40% e t h a n o l . P r o d u c t s f r o m acetone p r e p a r a • The v e g e t a t i v e and r e p r o d u c t i v e phases i n tions were more soluble in water than those i d e a l t y p e s of Cajanus c a j a n and Cicer f r o m e t h a n o l p r e p a r a t i o n s . A t l o w e r c o n • a r i e t i n u m are considered in relation to centrations there was deviation from the photosynthesis and respiration. C. arieti- first order law, which could be explained num i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d i n r e l a t i o n t o f r o s t and s a l i n i t y r e s i s t a n c e . by i n h i b i t i o n by NH4+ f r o m (NH4 ) 2 CO3 formed b y t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f u r e a . PANDEY, R . K . , M.C. SAXENA, M.H. KALUBARME, V . B . SINGH, and V . V . S . S . PRASAD. 1976. NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1960. G e n o t y p i c v a r i a t i o n s i n p h o t o s y n t h e t i c r a t e A s t u d y on urease f r o m Cajanus oajan L i n n . and r e s p i r a t o r y l o s s e s i n some g r a i n M i l l s p . P a r t I I I . C r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . A n n . legumes. PI. Biochem. J. 3(l):72-80. 1190 Biochem. Exp Med. 2 0 ( 5 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 . 1185 The r e l a t i v e r a t e o f p h o t o s y n t h e s i s (RRP) E x t r a c t i o n o f t h e crude powder w i t h w a t e r , in Cajanus oajan c u l t i v a r s , as measured by a c e t o n e , o r e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d b y p r e c i p i t a - 14 CO2 fixation ranged from 100% in14cv. t i o n w i t h v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f e t h a n o l 14 Pant A-3 to 126% in c v . UPAS-120. CO2
147 Pigeonpea Bibliography
f i x a t i o n was n o t r e l a t e d t o s p e c i f i c l e a f germ tube g r o w t h of Fusarium oxysporum w e i g h t . R e s p i r a t o r y l o s s e s d u r i n g 2 0 days f . s p . udum. The pigeonpea w i l t p a t h o g e n , a f t e r exposure were 63% i n s e e d l i n g s o f at 50 ppm in vitro. UPAS-120 and 51% in P r a b h a t . The RRP in 13 Vigna aureus c u l t i v a r s ranged f r o m RACHIE, K.O., and T.N. KHAN. 1972. 100% in LM-646 to 196% in LM-205. The E f f e c t o f v a r i o u s d r y i n g and f r e e z i n g translocation of 14 f r o m l e a v e s , s t e m s , C t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e v i a b i l i t y o f some g r a i n and p e t i o l e s t o r e p r o d u c t i v e organs and legume seeds. SABRAO Newsletter 4(2): seeds i n c r e a s e d w i t h a g e . The RRP in 20 7 9 - 8 4 . 1195 Cicer arietinum cultivars ranged from 100% i n S-330-1 t o 224% i n L - 5 5 0 . Pods and The v i a b i l i t y o f seed f o l l o w i n g s t o r a g e a t stem made a c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n to subzero temperatures appeared to depend on photosynthesis. the m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f s e e d . I t was shown t h a t legume seeds need n o t have g r e a t e r m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t t h a n c e r e a l seeds t o PANDEY, S . N . 1975. withstand storage at subzero temperatures, E f f e c t of p l a n o f i x ( -NAA) on f l o w e r a factor important to the long-term storage abscission and productivity of arhar of g r a i n legume seeds . (Cajanus c a j a n ) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Herrill). Pesticides 9(9):42-44. 1191 REDDY, P . R . , L . V . SUBBA RAO, and This experiment showed clearly that crops MADHUSUDHAN RAO. 1978. d i f f e r i n s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s o f hormones Nutritional disorders in pigeonpea (Cajanus for minimizing abscission, and for maximum aajan (L.) Mlllsp.) cv. HY-3C and remedial p r o d u c t i o n o f biomass and g r a i n y i e l d . Low measures. Sci. Cult. 44(l):36-37. 1196 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (10 to 30 ppm) were found effective in at least two phases of growth Among these mineral deficiencies, Zn i n b o t h t h e legumes t r i e d . O n t h e o t h e r d e f i c i e n c y was found to be predominant h a n d , h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (40 to 80 ppm) over calcium and boron. A combined nutri• were e f f e c t i v e a t t h e f i r s t phase o f t i o n a l s p r a y o f z i n c s u l f a t e , c a l c i u m g r o w t h . n i t r a t e , and boraz a t 0.2% c o n c e n t r a t i o n each a t weekly i n t e r v a l s f o r two times i s recommended to overcome these deficiencies. POKLE, Y . S . 1974. Foliar abnormality in first foliage pairs of Vigna c a t j a n g and Cajanus c a j a n . RIOLLANO, A. 1964. Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 7 : 8 8 - 9 0 . 1192 E f f e c t s o f p h o t o p e r i o d i s m and o t h e r f a c t o r s on the improvement of pigeonpea varieties. A p l a n t w i t h t h r e e f i r s t f o l i a g e l e a v e s was J. Agric. Univ. P. Rico 48:232-235. 1197 found i n Cajanus c a j a n . The progeny r a i s e d f r o m t h e s e l f e d seeds of these p l a n t s was I n P u e r t o R i c o , where t h e annual d a y l e n g t h found t o possess normal f i r s t f o l i a g e v a r i a t i o n is no more t h a n 2 h o u r s , t h e l e a v e s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e p l a n t was n o t „ early, highest yielding varieties of a m u t a n t . A temporary r e v e r s i o n of a gene Cajanus c a j a n flower and produce most o r polygene b l o c k g o v e r n i n g t h e l e a f h e a v i l y under t h e s h o r t e r day c o n d i t i o n s , c h a r a c t e r may have promoted development of but only one generation can be produced e x t r a f o l i a g e . i n a y e a r . Under c o n t r o l l e d 8 - h r p h o t o - p e r i o d s , i t has been found t h a t two gene• r a t i o n s can b e produced each y e a r and i t PRADHAN, T . K . 1963. has been suggested t h a t t h i s t e c h n i q u e 1. S t u d i e s on urease f r o m Cajanus indicus, could be used to accelerate breeding. a r h a r , and 2 . s t u d i e s o n phosphate f r o m Phaseolus vulgaris, French b e a n . P h . D . (1963) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l c u t t a , SEN GUPTA, J . C . 1955. West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 1193 The p h y s i o l o g y of g r o w t h and development o f some c r o p p l a n t s . B u l l . B o t . Soc. Bengal. 9:62-80. 1198 PRESTON, N.W. 1977. Cajanone: an antifungal isoflavanone from Cajanus c a j a n . Phytochem. 1 6 ( 1 ) : SETHUNATHAN, N. 1970. 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 . 1194 F o l i a r s p r a y s o f g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s and Rhizosphere effect in Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . Description of molecular structure of 2. Qualitative changes in the rhizosphere c a j a n o n e i s g i v e n . Cajanone, isolated by and c e r t a i n m e t a b o l i c changes i n t h e TLC f r o m a m e t h a n o l i c e x t r a c t o f d i r e c t , p l a n t . P I . S o i l 3 3 ( 1 ) : 7 1 - 8 0 . 1199 m i l l e d pigeonpea r o o t s , t o t a l l y i n h i b i t e d
148 P h y s i o l o g y
Sprays affected the percent distribution of Widest Mn/Fe ratio of 32:1 proved optimum i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e o f f o r t h e r e d u c i n g and n o n r e d u c i n g sugars C. aajan. Sprays of 2 - 4 - D , NAA, and IAA- of the shoots, and only nonreducing sugar promoted s t a r c h h y d r o l y z i n g g r o u p , s p r a y s o f t h e r o o t ; f o r r e d u c i n g sugar c o n t e n t o f o f MH and g i b b e r e l l i n reduced t h e i r i n c i - t h e r o o t , t h e r a t i o 1:7 proved optimum. dence. Suggested that transport and accu• The a c c u m u l a t i o n of l a r g e r number of amino m u l a t i o n o f c a r b o h y d r a t e s i n t h e r o o t s a c i d s i n t h e shoot o f t h e manganese- m i g h t l i m i t t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h i s group o f d e f i c i e n t p l a n t s was e v i d e n c e d . bacteria in MH-and gibberellin-treated p l a n t s . The r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d w i t h SINGH, A . , and A. PAL. 1964. r e f e r e n c e t o m e t a b o l i c changes i n t h e p l a n t . The influence of molybdenum on the growth of r o o t and s h o o t of Cajanus c a j a n . P r o c . Nat. Acad. Sci. India (Sect. B) 34: SHAMA RAO, H.K. , and S. NARAYANASWAMY . 1 4 2 - 1 5 2 . 1203 1975. The differential response of molybdenum on E f f e c t o f gamma i r r a d i a t i o n o n c e l l p r o l i • the light-loving and light-avoiding parts f e r a t i o n and r e g e n e r a t i o n i n e x p l a n t e d of Cajanus aajan was investigated under t i s s u e s o f pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) c o n t r o l l e d p o t - c u l t u r e c o n d i t i o n s i n Millsp.). Radiat. Bot. 15(3):301-305. 1200 diffused daylight. Branching of shoots Seeds exposed to 5 Krad produced a c l u s t e r remained unchanged under the various molyb• o f a d v e n t i t i o u s r o o t s o n a c a l l u s i n g denum levels, though the roots behaved medium, w h i l e h y p o c o t y l e x p l a n t s o f g e r m i • differently with the dose of supply. While n a t e d s e e d l i n g s f r o m s i m i l a r seeds produced Moa t r e a t m e n t proved optimum f o r t h e r a t e abundant c a l l u s e s , w h i c h on a d i f f e r e n t i a • o f e l o n g a t i o n o f b o t h t h e shoot and t h e t i n g medium, r e g e n e r a t e d s h o o t buds and r o o t , t h e Mo was l e a s t c o n d u c i v e . Dry p l a n t l e t s . Only c a l l u s e s d e r i v e d f r o m m a t t e r a c c u m u l a t i o n o f shoots remained seeds exposed to 5 Krad d i f f e r e n t i a t e d stationary under the Mob level of supply. plantlets. However, callus tissues derived For r e d u c i n g sugars of b o t h shoots and f r o m t h e 5-Krad t r e a t m e n t s were f r i a b l e r o o t s , Mob t r e a t m e n t proved optimum. Mo and r e l e a s e d p r o t o p l a s t s r e a d i l y and i n d e f i c i e n c y r e s u l t e d i n decrease o f f r e e l a r g e numbers o n enzymatic d i g e s t i o n o f t h e amino acids in shoot. With age, glutamic c e l l w a l l s o f c e l l s grown a s s u s p e n s i o n s . acid content was depressed, irrespective M e s o p h y l l c e l l p r o t o p l a s t s o b t a i n e d f r o m of t h e l e v e l of Mo s u p p l y . Maximum l e v e l t h e t i s s u e - c u l t u r e - i n d u c e d p l a n t showed of molybdenum helped in the maximum accumu• spontaneous adhesion and fusion. lation of histidine and lysine at 41 days. A l a r g e number of u n i d e n t i f i e d amino a c i d s also developed in the Mob treatment. SHARMA, D . P . , and M. STREIL. 1977. P h y t o s t e r o l s , t r i f e r p i n c i d and o t h e r l i p i - d i c c o n s t i t u e n t s f r o m Cajanus aajan ( L . ) S0NAVNE, K.M. 1928. M i l l s p . l e a v e s . Czechoslavak c h e m i c a l L o n g e v i t y o f c r o p s e e d s . P a r t I . A g r i c . J . communications 42:2448-2451. 1201 India 23(4):271-276. 1204 S i x t e e n farm-grown crops were examined to SINGH, A . , and A. PAL. 1963. a s c e r t a i n l o n g e v i t y o f c r o p seeds i n Role o f manganese i n t h e g r o w t h o f r o o t and storage. Seeds were stored in sealed glass shoot of Cajanus aajan. Proc. Nat. Acad. b o t t l e s w i t h a n a p h t h a l e n e b a l l i n e a c h . Sci. India (Sect. B) 33(4)-.571-582. 1202 Germination tests were carried out indoors i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y b y s i m p l e methods. The Morphogenetic effects of increasing dosage s t u d i e s showed t h a t w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f of manganese on t h e l i g h t - a v o i d i n g and g r o u n d n u t , and t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , b a j r a l i g h t - l o v i n g p a r t s o f Cajanus c a j a n (germination percentages 23.8 and 61.2 (Type 1 ) p l a n t s under c o n s t a n t s u p p l y o f respectively in the fifth year), the crop i r o n at 0.07 ppm in each case have been seeds t e s t e d l o s t l i t t l e v i a b i l i t y o v e r recorded. Manganese deficiency series has 5 years. Tur (C. ca j a n ) showed 87.1% a l s o been i n c l u d e d . I n c r e a s e d s u p p l y o f g e r m i n a t i o n . The " h a r d s e e d " o f p u l s e s manganese stimulated ramification of roots. (seeds that fail to germinate immediately I n l i n e a r g r o w t h , manganese s u p p l y o f 2.5 after the sowing to freshly harvested seed) ppm (Mn. F e . 3 2 : 1 ) p r o v e d d e l e t e r i o u s f o r t e s t e d l o s t t h i s hardness w i t h i n a y e a r o f s h o o t a s w e l l a s r o o t ; t h e n o r m a l s u p p l y harvesting and storage. ( 0 . 0 1 ppm, Mn. Fe. 1:7) p r o v e d optimum. Dry m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n o f b o t h s h o o t s and roots increased with increase in Mn. supply.
149 Pigeonpea Bibliography
SONAVNE, K.M. 1934. c o t y l e d o n s the i n c r e a s e was up to 2 days L o n g e v i t y o f c r o p s e e d s . F a r t I I . A g r i c . o n l y . The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f c o t y l e d o n Live-Stk. India 4(3) :287-292. 1205 decreased and t h e amino a c i d s i n c r e a s e d f o r 3 days f o l l o w e d by a d e c r e a s e . The S t u d i e s showed t h a t legume seeds s t o r e d i n amino a c i d s d e c r e a s e . The amino a c i d s s e a l e d g l a s s b o t t l e s , w i t h a n a p h t h a l e n e decreased in embryonic axes; while the b a l l i n e a c h , remained v i a b l e even a f t e r protein increased initially followed by 1 2 y e a r s o f s t o r a g e i n some c a s e s . A f t e r a decrease thereafter. 7 years' storage, the germination percent• age f o r p u l s e s (except K a b u l i gram, w h i c h gave o n l y 42% g e r m i n a t i o n ) , ranged f r o m SUMATHI, S . , and T . N . PATTABHIRAMAN. 55 to 99 (61% f o r C. c a j a n ) . 1976. N a t u r a l p l a n t enzyme i n h i b i t o r s . 2 . P r o t e - ase i n h i b i t o r s o f s e e d s . I n d i a n J . SOOTHA, G . D . , and S.K. GUPTA. 1976. Biochem. Biophys. 13(l):52-56. 1209 E l e c t r o n s p i n resonance s t u d y o f manganese ( i i ) and f r e e r a d i c a l i n p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . Seeds of nine legumes, including red gram, Biochem. Biophys. 13(3) :304-305. 1206 were screened f o r i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t i e s . I n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t t r y p s i n was I n e l e c t r o n s p i n resonance (ESR) s p e c t r a o f stronger than activity against chymotrypsin, ground and unground samples of pigeonpea and sword bean showed comparable activity and o t h e r p u l s e s , s i x r e s o l v e d h y p e r f i n e a g a i n s t a l l t h r e e p r o t e a s e s . The i n h i b i • components o f d i f f e r e n t l i n e w i d t h s due t o t o r y a c t i v i t i e s were g e n e r a l l y more t h e r m o - M n 2+ i o n s and one n a r r o w l i n e due to a l a b i l e under a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n s . f r e e r a d i c a l ( n o t i d e n t i f i e d ) were observed. Mn2 + i o n s were found o n l y i n t h e i n n e r seed t i s s u e s , b u t t h e f r e e r a d i c a l o c c u r r e d SUMMERFIELD, R . J . , P.A. HUXLEY, and o n l y i n t h e o u t e r c o a t and was t h o u g h t t o F.R. MINCHIN. 1977. p l a y a r o l e in seed dormancy and s t o r a g e Plant husbandry and management techniques s t a b i l i t y . for growing grain legumes under simulated t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n c o n t r o l l e d e n v i r o n • m e n t s . E x p l A g r i c . 1 3 ( l ) : 8 1 - 9 2 . 1210 SPENCE, J . A . , and S . J . A . WILLIAMS. 1972. Use of photoperiod response to change plant O f f e r s p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s t o problems d e s i g n . Crop S c i . 12(1) : 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 . 1207 i n c u r r e d i n g r o w i n g c u l t i v a r s o f cowpea, soybean, l i m a b e a n , and pigeonpea under I n T r i n i d a d , pigeonpeas a r e u s u a l l y sown simulated tropical conditions in controlled w i t h r e l a t i v e l y wide s p a c i n g i n May-June environments namely ( i ) ' S a x c i l ' growth when t a l l i n d e t e r m i n a t e c v . grow t o 2.5 m cabinets in which daylength, day and night and dwarf d e t e r m i n a t e c v . to 1.5 m, n e c e s • temperatures, light intensity and quality, s i t a t i n g hand h a r v e s t i n g because o f t h e i r Rh and CO2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were p r e c i s e l y h e i g h t and woody s t e m s . By p l a n t i n g dwarf c o n t r o l l e d and c o u l d b e v a r i e d over t i m e ; d e t e r m i n a t e c v . i n December, s o t h a t t h e (ii) compartmentalized glasshouses and p l a n t s were i m m e d i a t e l y s u b j e c t e d t o adjoining dark compartments where daylength flower, inducing short days, small plants and day and n i g h t temperatures were a u t o • a b o u t 1 m t a l l were p r o d u c e d , w h i c h c o u l d matically controlled and night-break be harvested mechanically. With a popula• illumination could be provided, and (iii) tion of 165,000 such plants/ha a seed yield heated plastic-film houses simulated the o f 2 . 5 t / h a was o b t a i n e d , w h i c h compares environment o f wet t r o p i c s i n a l l f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h e commercial y i e l d s o f r e s p e c t s e x c e p t d a y l e n g t h , f o r g r o w i n g t a l l c v . grown a t about 6,600 p l a n t s / h a . daylength-insensitive tropical legumes to m a t u r i t y d u r i n g t h e UK summer months. SUBRAMANIAN, V., A. MANICKAM, and G. PADMANABHAN. 1976. TAITT, E . G . , and J . A . SPENCE. 1976. Biochemical changes during early germina• The m i c r o m e t e o r o l o g y of a pigeonpea s t a n d . t i o n o f r e d gram, Cajanus c a j a n (L.) seeds. Agric. Meteor. 17(3):205-210. 1211 I n d i a n J . E x p l B i o l . 1 4 ( 6 ) : 736-737. 1208 Data are presented on the microclimate above t h e c r o p canopy of a l a r g e s t a n d of Carbohydrate c o n t e n t o f c o t y l e d o n s d e c r e a • pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) g r o w i n g a t t h e sed i n i t i a l l y f o l l o w e d b y f u r t h e r r i s e , f i e l d s t a t i o n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e w h i l e i n embryonic a x e s , t h e q u a n t i t y West I n d i e s , T r i n i d a d . There a r e a l s o i n c r e a s e d i n i t i a l l y f o l l o w e d b y a r e d u c t i o n a d d i t i o n a l d a t a o n c e r t a i n p h y s i o l o g i c a l and f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e . The s u g a r s c o n t e n t parameters — s t o m a t a l r e s i s t a n c e and l e a f o f embryos i n c r e a s e d u p t o 3 d a y s , w h i l e i n w a t e r p o t e n t i a l — and complementary d a t a
150 Utilization
f r o m p o t t e d p l a n t s whose s o i l m o i s t u r e was The urease a c t i v i t y o f e x t r a c t s o f g e r m i • controlled. n a t e d seeds of Glycine hispida, Dolichos biflorus, Canavalia, and Cajanus i n d i c u s THAKURTA, A . G . , and B.K. DUTT. 1938. were h i g h e r t h a n those o f ungerminated Investigation on the oxygen consumption of seeds. The a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e powdered the seed of Cajanus. T r a n s . Bose. Res. germinated seeds were somewhat lower than I n s t . 1 1 ( 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 ) : 3 9 - 5 3 . 1212 those o f t h e ungerminated seeds. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e between e x t r a c t s and powders indicates that germination merely increases VAMADEVAN, V . K . , S. NAYAK, C. SREEDHARAN, the s o l u b i l i t y o f t h e u r e a s e . and B.K. MANDAL. 1973. S t u d i e s o n s u n l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n p r o f i l e i n d i f f e r e n t c r o p s . Annual r e p o r t , CRRI, VISWANATH, B. 1917. C u t t a c k . 1973. 1213 Some enzymes of g e r m i n a t i n g r e d gram (Cajanus indicus) . A g r i c . J. ( S p e c i a l Data o n s u n l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n p r o f i l e s I n d i a n S c i . Cong. No.) 1 2 : 1 0 9 - 1 1 6 . 1218 measured a t t h e f l o w e r i n g stages i n m a i z e , r e d gram, w h e a t , k e n a f , m u s t a r d , r i c e b e a n , An aqueous extract of the germinated dhal sweet p o t a t o , sunnhemp, French b e a n , and possesses t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f a n e r e p t a s e , peas a r e g i v e n . Rice bean (V. umbellata) amylase, c y t a s e , m a l t a s e , s u c r a s e , o x i d a s e , was t h e most e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z e r o f s o l a r l i p a s e , and u r e a s e . No peptase is p r e s e n t e n e r g y . i n t h e normal s e e d . H y d r o l y s i s o f t h e r e s e r v e p r o t e i n takes p l a c e at a much l a t e r stage in germination, whether this hydro• VARADARAJAN, T . , and J. SAKHARAM RAO. l y s i s i s due t o p r o t o p l a s m i c a c t i v i t y o r 1973. t o t h e s e c r e t i o n o f a s e p a r a t e enzyme i n Effect of temperature pre-treatment on the t h e course o f g e r m i n a t i o n i s s t i l l d o u b t f u l . ascorbic acid content in germinating Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) r e d gram. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 5 ) : 3 3 9 . 1214
The a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t of red gram was found t o b e a c c e l e r a t e d a t l o w e r tempera• t u r e s round about 30 to 40 C. UTILIZATION
VEERASWAMY, R. 1959. ABBAS, M. 1934. F a s c i a t i o n o f shoots i n redgram (Cajanus The preparation of Thiruppathur Dhall c a j a n M i l l . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 7 ) : ( f r o m Cajanus c a j a n ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 276-277. 1215 2 2 ( 7 ) : 2 4 5 - 2 4 8 . 1219 F i r s t r e c o r d o f f a s c i a t i o n i n pigeonpea Two methods—commercial and ordinary— of t y p e Anand-4B. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e dhal preparation are discussed. In the f a s c i a t e d shoot a r e d e s c r i b e d . I t i s commercial method, a s u r p l u s of w a t e r soaks suggested t h a t f a s c i a t i o n i s a p h y s i o l o • i n t o the gram, making i t b u l g e ; when d r i e d , g i c a l phenomenon. t h e gram s h r i n k s , becomes l i g h t , and assumes a b o a t shape w i t h a d e p r e s s i o n in t h e m i d d l e . I n t h e o r d i n a r y method, o n l y VENKATARAMAN, K . , and K. MEENAKSHI. t h e r e q u i r e d q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r i s used and 1962. t h e d h a l does n o t s h r i n k b u t w e i g h t s more. A c t i v a t i o n o f dormant meristems i n t h e T h i s d h a l i s known a s G e t t i p a r u p u , w h i l e c o t y l e d o n a r y a x i l s of Cajanus aajan L i n n . t h e c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d d h a l is known as M i l l s p . Madras A g r i c . J . 49(1) : 3 2 . 1216 T h a t t i p a r u p u . V a r i a t i o n s i n s o i l c o n d i • The g e r m i n a t i o n of t h e seed in C. aajan t i o n s a l s o a f f e c t t h e q u a l i t y o f d h a l . ( L i n n ) M i l l s p . i s h y p o g e a l . There were m e r i s t e m a t i c t i s s u e s i n t h e a x i l s o f t h e AGUIRRE, E.F., and M.A. VALDIVIA. 1941. cotyledons, remaining latent under the Cajanus indicus as a f o r a g e p l a n t . A g r i - suppressive influence of the primary shoot. cultura Mod. Habana 2(1):148-150. 1220 A p i c a l dominance has been r e p o r t e d .
VENKATASUBBAN, A . , R. KARNAD, and N.N. DASTUR. 1936. Urease activity of germinating seeds. Proc. I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 4 : 3 7 0 - 3 7 5 . 1217
151 Pigeonpea Bibliography
ANANDASWAMY, B . , P. GOPINATH, S. KUPPUSWAMY, t i o n i s t s , d i e t i t i a n s , community development and N.Y.R. IYENGAR. 1970. w o r k e r s , s c h o o l t e a c h e r s , and p o p u l a r i z e r s . Package and s t o r a g e s t u d i e s on precooked The information will also be of value in and d e h y d r a t e d r i c e and t u r d h a l (Cajanus d e v e l o p i n g programs t o i n f l u e n c e t h e c a j a n ) i s consumer package. J . F d S c i . d i e t a r y h a b i t s o f people and t o i n c r e a s e Technol. 7:43-45. 1221 the p r o d u c t i o n and consumption o f g r a i n legumes, w h i c h o f f e r , i n many c o u n t r i e s , R e s u l t s of a s t u d y on packaging and s t o r a g e the most feasible means of attacking o f precooked and d e h y d r a t e d r i c e and t u r protein malnutrition. d h a l (Cajanus cajan). Using a consumer package consisting of a double pouch—an i n n e r pouch o f r e g e n e r a t e d c e l l u l o s e f i l m BARLOW, J.W. 1 9 7 1 . (300 MST) and an o u t e r pouch of p o l y c e l l — C o l o r s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f peas. U n i t e d S t a t e s gave t h e precooked and d e h y d r a t e d r i c e and P a t e n t 3583, 873. 1226 t u r d h a l a s h e l f l i f e o f 8 0 days under The n a t u r a l green c o l o r o f pigeonpeas i s accelerated conditions of storage at 37°C s t a b i l i z e d b y t r e a t m e n t i n t h e presence o f and 90% RH. water with compounds capable of yielding
SO2 a t pH o f 6 . 0 . ANONYMOUS. 1947. Report o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i A g r i c u l • BELOSLUDCEVA, N.G. 1962. tural Experiment Station for the biennium Pigeonpea - a new p l a n t m a t e r i a l f o r e n d i n g June 3 0 , 1946. 157 p p . 1222 obtaining native shellac. Tr. Prikl. Bot. Investigations showed that C. c a j a n is a Genet. Selek. (USSR) 34(1) :197-203. 1227 good f e e d s t u f f f o r a range o f domestic D e s c r i b e s 2 4 c u l t i v a r s o f Cajanus i n d i c u s a n i m a l s and i t has been found u s e f u l i n obtained from India and elsewhere. Some swine p r o d u c t i o n and f o r d a i r y c a t t l e . o f t h e e a r l y m a t u r i n g forms w o u l d , i t i s t h o u g h t , b e s u i t a b l e f o r c u l t i v a t i o n i n ANONYMOUS. 1948. t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . Report o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i A g r i c u l • tural Experiment Station for the biennium BENEZRA, M.V., and M.A. BARROETA. 1953. e n d i n g June 3 0 , 1948. 171 p p . 1223 A preliminary investigation of Quinchoncho C. c a j a n as a g r a z i n g c r o p has t h e d i s a d • (Cajanus indicus). Revta Fac. A g r i c . U n i v . v a n t a g e o f poor s u r v i v a l . G r a z i n g swine Cent. Venez. 1(2):211-215. 1228 e n t i r e l y u p r o o t e d t h e s t a n d s . Even w i t h The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of t h e meal f r o m more l e n i e n t g r a z i n g b y c a t t l e , severe Cajanue indiaue c u t a f t e r 60 days was breakage often necessitated stand renewal higher, and the crude fiber content lower a f t e r e v e r y 3 to 5 y e a r s . The e f f e c t i v e t h a n t h a t o f good a l f a l f a l e a f m e a l . overall grazing duration suggested is P r o t e i n i n c r e a s e d and i n crude f i b e r , a s h , 3 y e a r s . fat, and Ca decreased with the density of cultivation. The meal from flowering ARAULLO, E.V. 1974. p l a n t s (120 days o l d ) was i n f e r i o r t o t h a t P r o c e s s i n g and u t i l i z a t i o n o f cowpea, f r o m p l a n t s 6 0 days o l d . chickpea, pigeonpea and mungbean. Inter• a c t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e w i t h f o o d s c i e n c e . BODDY, M. 1 9 7 1 . Proc. interdisciplinary symposium, Who needs p o e t r y when you have got some 1974. 1 3 1 - 1 4 2 . 1224 pigeonpeas? The Sunday Australian. 19 Sep. 1 9 7 1 . 1229 AYKROYD, W . R . , and J. DOUGHTY (EDITORS). A n A u s t r a l i a n c o l u m n i s t r e c o l l e c t s t h a t 1 9 6 4 . C. c a j a n pea d i s h e s have l o n g been f a m i l i a r Legumes in human n u t r i t i o n . FAO N u t r i t i o • i n t h e European d i e t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e n a l S t u d i e s No. 1 9 . Rome; FAO. n o r t h o f E n g l a n d . 138 p p . 1225
The nonograph g i v e s a n account o f t h e g r a i n CARMEN MURO, J. 1956. legumes and t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o human Ramie as a p r o t e i n f o r a g e . B o l . T r i m . Exp. diets and nutrition, based on the available Agropec. 5 ( 2 ) : 2 0 - 2 4 . 1230 t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e . I t a l s o d e a l s w i t h measures to i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i o n and consump• The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of r a m i e (Bochmeria t i o n o f t h i s group o f f o o d s . T h i s i s nivea) i s l e a s t h a n t h a t o f a l f a l f a i n t e n d e d f o r a g r o n o m i s t s , d o c t o r s , n u t r i • (Medicago a p p . ) b u t h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f
152 aoys (Glycine s o j a ), pigeonpea (Cajanus GAYWALA, P.M. 1938. indicus), and g u i n e a g r a s s . The c u l t i v a t i o n of Cajanus aajan and t h e methods o f p r e p a r i n g m a r k e t a b l e D h a l . CHAUDHARI, R.M. 1936. T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 6 0 ( 1 - 6 ) : 2 1 2 - A n o t e on t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of d h a l ( P u l s e ) 2 2 1 . 1236 f r o m t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) g r a i n . Foona A c l o s e o b s e r v a t i o n and s t u d y of t h e c o n d i • A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 2 8 ( 1 ) : 3 0 - 3 2 . 1231 t i o n s under w h i c h Cajanus aajan i s c u l t i • v a t e d i n I n d i a i n d i c a t e s t h a t some v a r i e t i e s DATE, W.B. 1955. are capable of successful cultivation for seed p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e d r y p a r t s o f C e y l o n . A n t i o x i d a n t p r o p e r t y o f some legume f l o u r s . The small-scale processes of dhal-making S c i . C u l t . 2 1 : 1 0 6 . 1232 d e s c r i b e d h e r e a r e f a i r l y s i m p l e and d o Comparative c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f a n t i o x i d a n t n o t r e q u i r e , e x p e n s i v e o u t f i t s . The b y d i f f e r e n t legume f l o u r s i n a sweet p r o • r e q u i s i t e number of d r y sunny days a r e d u c t were s t u d i e d . None of t h e samples a v a i l a b l e i n t h e d r y zones f o r the p r e p a • developed any r a n c i d i t y a t t h e end o f ration of dhal. The local consumption of 2 months. Only t h e Bengal gram f l o u r d h a l i n Ceylon i s c o n s i d e r a b l e . Under t h e sample developed some r a n c i d i t y a f t e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e w i t h 4 months. Bengal gram has t h e l e a s t some effort and attention to produce good k e e p i n g q u a l i t y , a f a c t s u p p o r t e d b y t h e q u a l i t y d h a l f o r l o c a l c o n s u m p t i o n . The p h o s p h o l i p i d c o n t e n t f i g u r e s o f t h e s e c r o p i t s e l f i s l i k e l y t o prove a n i m p o r t a n t f l o u r s . rotational crop or an appropriate mixed crop i n t h e v i l l a g e a g r i c u l t u r e o f t h i s c o u n t r y , w h i l e t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f d h a l DHILLON, R . S . , A. SINGH, and A . S . PARMAR. offers an opportunity of being taken up as 1970. a new and p r o f i t a b l e c o t t a g e i n d u s t r y in S t u d i e s on t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of young mango t h e d r y zone. g r a f t s w i t h v a r i o u s green s h e l t e r s . P b H o r t . J . 1 0 ( 3 - 4 ) : 2 1 3 - 2 2 1 . 1233 GRUBBEN, G . J . H . 1970. The f i e l d e s t a b l i s h m e n t of young mango O b s e r v a t i o n s o n l i v i n g s u p p o r t s , hedges g r a f t s i n t h e m a r g i n a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s and c l i m b i n g p l a n t s i n domestic e n c l o s u r e s o f t h e c e n t r a l Punjab was c o n s i d e r a b l y in South Dahomey. Commun. Found. NEDERF. h e l p e d b y p l a n t i n g banana s u c k e r s t o Amsterdam. 17 p p . 1237 p r o v i d e s h e l t e r s . Almost 90% o f t h e p l a n t s survived, compared with 62% under Seebania F a m i l y k i t c h e n gardens i n Dahomey a r e aegyptiaaa and 54% under Cajanus indicus. o f t e n surrounded by p a l i s a d e s made f r o m palm l e a v e s s u p p o r t e d b y l i v i n g p l a n t s . E i g h t such p l a n t s are h e r e d e s c r i b e d and DRAPER, C . I . 1944. illustrated. Cajanus aajan is among t h e Algaroba beans, pigeonpeas, and processed commonest h e d g i n g p l a n t s l i s t e d h e r e . garbage i n t h e l a y i n g mash. H a w a i i A g r i c . The illustrated descriptions of these Exp. S t n P r o g . Rep. 4 4 . 1234 plants include information on planting, The seed of C. aajan is n o t commonly used and t h e i r v a l u e f o r shade, f o o d , o r i n f e e d i n g young c h i c k e n s , i n c o r p o r a t i n g m e d i c i n a l p u r p o s e s . i t i n t o t h e r a t i o n s o f p u l l e t s was found b e n e f i c i a l a s i t was n o t t o x i c t o t h e HENKE, L.A. 1943. p o u l t r y . Roughages f o r d a i r y c a t t l e i n H a w a i i . Hawaii Agric. Exp. Stn Bull. 92. 1238 ELLIOT, W. 1862. The u t i l i t y of C. c a j a n as a f o r a g e f o r On t h e f a r i n a c e o u s g r a i n and t h e v a r i o u s d a i r y c a t t l e i n H a w a i i was demonstrated k i n d s o f p u l s e s used i n S o u t h e r n I n d i a . when podded g r e e n tops f e d to c a t t l e gave T r a n s . P r o c . B o t . Soc. E d i n b . 7 : 2 7 6 - higher milk production than alfalfa gave. 300. 1235 The pigeonpea p l a n t is known by many names. HENKE, L . A . , S.H. WORK, and A.W. BURT. In I n d i a Cajanus indioue f l a v u s is termed 1940. (according to Elliot) adhaki, tuvarai, Beef cattle feeding trials in Hawaii. k a n d u . The p u l s e when s p l i t i s i n g r e a t Hawaii Agric. Exp. Stn Bull. 85. 1239 and g e n e r a l esteem, and forms t h e most g e n e r a l l y used a r t i c l e o f d i e t among a l l S t u d i e s on t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of C. aajan as c l a s s e s . a f e e d s t u f f f o r beef c a t t l e i n H a w a i i show• e d t h a t t h e f o r a g e was v a l u a b l e f o r beef
153 Pigeonpea Bibliography
g r a z i n g and f a t t e n i n g and a l s o f o r swine KHARE, R . N . , K. KRISHNAMURTHY, and production. S.V. PINGALE. 1966. M i l l i n g l o s s e s o f f o o d g r a i n s . P a r t I . S t u d i e s on l o s s e s of r e d gram (Cajanus HERRERA, P . G . , and L . V . CROWDER. 1963. cajan) during milling. Bull. Grain I n f l u e n c e o f c u t t i n g , o n t h e herbage y i e l d Technol. 4(3):125-132. 1244 of plgeonpeas (Cajanue oajan). Agricultura T r o p . 1 9 : 5 2 1 - 5 3 1 . 1240 The processing of pigeonpea grain in a m i l l i s o u t l i n e d . The n a t u r e o f v a r i o u s Crude protein yields from defoliated stands p r o d u c t s and b y p r o d u c t s and t h e i r p r o p o r • totaled 4,850 kg/ha over a 3-year period. t i o n s a r e shown. W h i l e t h e o r e t i c a l o u t p u t B y d e f e r r i n g d e f o l i a t i o n u n t i l t h e r e p r o • o f s p l i t k e r n e l s ( d h a l ) was 84.7%, o n l y d u c t i v e s t a g e , a h i g h e r t o t a l crude p r o t e i n 76.1% was r e c o v e r e d i n t h e t e s t r u n and y i e l d was r e a l i z e d . Regrowth d i d n o t 10% was unfit for human consumption. Loss• o c c u r when t h e c r o p was c u t at ground e s a r e a s c r i b e d t o f a u l t y r o l l e r s and l e v e l , compared w i t h c u t t i n g a t h e i g h t s shellers, rats, birds, and storage insects. o f 1.50 t o 0.15 o r 0.30 m, o r o f 1.00 t o Methods to a v o i d l o s s e s are recommended. 0 . 3 0 m.
KRISHNAMURTHY, K . , G.K. GIRISH, T. RAMASIVAN, HEYNES, K. 1919. S.K. BOSE, K. SINGH, and R.P.S. TOMER. Food and f o d d e r p l a n t s (Redgram). Kew 1972. B u l l . 1 5 . 1241 A new process f o r t h e removal o f husk of Cajanus i n d i c u s S p r e n g . : Pigeonpea, red gram using 'Sirka'. Bull. Grain Congopea, Angolapea, Dhal, or Dal (India), Technol. 10(3):18. 1245 Bombay T a r e . P e r e n n i a l , u s u a l l y grown as I n l a b o r a t o r y t r i a l s , h e a t i n g t h e p u l s e a t an a n n u a l , 8 to 9 f t . The p r i n c i p a l source 60°C f o r 30 minutes f a c i l i t a t e d easy o f s u p p l y t o t h e U.K. i s B r i t i s h I n d i a , removal o f husk i n r o l l e r s . I n a l a r g e also cultivated in Tropical Africa, Vene• d h a l m i l l , however, t r e a t m e n t w i t h s i r k a zuela, Madagascar, Philippines, Mauritius, (fermented sugarcane molasses) gave better West I n d i e s , Guiana, A u s t r a l i a , and o t h e r quality of dhal at less cost than treatment h o t c o u n t r i e s . Used as f o o d - t h e t e n d e r with mustard oil. green p o d s , t h e young g r e e n peas, and t h e r i p e ones w h o l e , s p l i t , o r ground i n t o m e a l . The young s h o o t s and l e a v e s , s t r i p • KRISHNASWAMI, S., and D.R. SAIKIA. 1959. ped o f f a t t i m e t h e peas a r e h a r v e s t e d , Lac c u l t i v a t i o n i n Assam w i t h n o t e s o n use make good f o d d e r f o r c a t t l e . The p l a n t i s of A r h a r , Cajanus cajan, and o t h e r s p e c i e s s p e c i a l l y grown i n Bengal and Assam f o r a s l a c h o s t s . I n d i a n Lac Res. I n s t . B u l l . f e e d i n g t h e l a c i n s e c t and i n Madagascar R a n c h i . 9 7 : 7 . 1246 and A n t i l l e s f o r f e e d i n g s i l k w o r m s .
KURIEN, P . P . , and H.A.B. PARPIA. 1968. INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION. 1965. Pulse milling in India. I: Processing and I S I s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r " t u r " C h u n i . I S I : m i l l i n g of Tur a r h a r (Cajanus cajan L i n n . ) . 3160-1965: p p . 8. 1242 J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 5 ( 4 ) : 203-207. 1247 P r e s c r i b e s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e methods Dhal m i l l i n g i s a v i t a l i n d u s t r y , f o r more o f t e s t f o r t u r o r a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) t h a n t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e t o t a l pulses c h u n i f o r use a s l i v e s t o c k f e e d . produced in the country are processed into dhal. However, methods and machinery currently in use are laborious and waste• JAYAL, M.M., P.S. GUPTA, and V. MAHADEVAN. ful. Improved processing technique and 1970. machinery a r e r e q u i r e d . Problems o f d u s t Nutritive value of arhar (Cajanus indicus) prevention, infestation control, effective bhoosa f o r f e e d i n g c a t t l e . I n d i a n V e t . J . quality control, and development and pro• 4 7 ( 3 ) : 2 5 3 - 2 6 0 . 1243 duction of improved varieties of pulses Fed a s s o l e f e e d , a r h a r bhoosa ( c h a f f ) with better milling quality and yield are c o u l d meet o n l y a p a r t o f t h e d r y m a t t e r , needed on a c o u n t r y w i d e b a s i s . digestible crude protein, and total digest• i b l e n u t r i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s o f g r o w i n g LIORENS, A. A . , A. JOSE OLIVIER!, and c a l v e s b u t i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a c e r e a l J . M . RIOS. 1956. roughage and a n o i l c a k e , i t formed a P r o d u c t i o n and m a r k e t i n g o f pigeonpeas i n satisfactory ration and fulfilled nutrient P u e r t o R i c o . ( E and R.S.) 3 2 . A g r i . Exp. requirements. S t n U n i v . P. R i c o . 1248
154 Utilization
Production, canning, and marketing of NATH, R . L . , S.K. J A I N , and R. DUTT. 1960. p i g e o n p e a , a m a j o r c r o p i n P u e r t o R i c o , On the preparation of protein-rich biscuit a r e d e s c r i b e d . I t was e s t i m a t e d t h a t from protein hydrolysates. Bull. Calcutta 25% of t h e green pea produced in P u e r t o Sch. Trop. Med. 8(5):161-162. 1253 Rico was l o c a l l y consumed and d u r i n g t h e The b i s c u i t s were p r e p a r e d w i t h o r w i t h o u t 1953-54 s e a s o n , 66% of t h e 250,000 cases hydrolysate of Cajanus indiaua, a r h a r , of seed canned was s h i p p e d to New Y o r k f o r which raised the protein content from 9.5 consumption by i m m i g r a n t P u e r t o R i c a n s . to 13%. The pulse-free biscuits had no measurable f r e e amino a c i d s and o n l y MAHER, C. 1949. 0.15% SH groups measured as c y s t e i n e . Economic and s o c i a l s t u d i e s i n t h e i r r e l a • A p a p a i n h y d r o l y s a t e of s m a l l prawns was t i o n t o s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n . B u l l . A g r i c . n o t s u i t a b l e because i t s o b j e c t i o n a b l e Congo Beige 4 0 : 2 4 3 9 - 2 4 4 5 . 1249 s m e l l c o u l d n o t be removed, b u t a h y d r o • lysate made with 6 N HC1 gave more promise. The uses of Cajanus c a j a n , a d e e p - r o o t e d protective and restorative crop, in c o n s e r v i n g s o i l a r e d i s c u s s e d . OAKES, A . J . 1970. Legumes in the U.S. Virgin Islands. T u r r i a l b a 2 - ( 2 ) : 1 5 1 - 1 6 5 . 1254 MANKAD, B . N . , and R.C. THACKER. 1958. Saccharification of agricultural wastes. Legumes as g r e e n manure crops a r e recommen• 1 . H y d r o l y s i s o f s t i c k s o f B h i n u , V i j a y ded to p r o v i d e ground cover and improve cotton and Tur under different concentra• fertility, tilth, and water-holding capa• t i o n s o f a c i d and d i f f e r e n t p r e s s u r e s . c i t y o f t h e s o i l s . S e v e r a l legumes have J . I n d i a n A p p l . Chem. 2 1 ( 1 ) : 2 5 - 3 0 . 1250 been e v a l u a t e d as green manure crops in the Virgin Islands, species particularly A n i n c r e a s e o f a c i d i n c r e a s e s t h e p e r c e n t adapted l o c a l l y i n c l u d e (Doliohos lablab y i e l d o f r e d u c i n g s u g a r s . The optimum L., Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea t r e a t m e n t t i m e i s 1 h r . and t h e optimum L., Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . , cowpea, and p r e s s u r e 40-60 l b / s q . i n . velvetbean. Pigeonpea thrives in the Vir• g i n I s l a n d s , where i t i s o f t e n grown a s a n MATHUR, V . K . , B. PRABHAKARA BHATT, a n n u a l . I t a l s o s e r v e s a s w i n d b r e a k p r i o r B. BHAGIRATHI, B.S. BHATTI, and H. KATH. t o b e i n g t u r n e d under f o r green manure. 1974. The maximum green matter is produced by Development of quick-cooking dehydrated sowing t h e c r o p b r o a d c a s t a t t h e r a t e o f curried spinach-dehusked red-gram. 15 to 30 l b / a c ( 1 1 . 7 to 33.0 k g / h a ) at the J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 1 1 ( 2 ) : 5 7 - 5 9 . 1251 onset of the fall wet season. Yields of 7 to 8 t o n s / a c (16 to 18 m t / h a ) green Spinach was d e h y d r a t e d w i t h o u t i m p a i r i n g m a t t e r a r e produced w i t h i n 5 to 6 months. i t s green c o l o r , and t h e d e e p - f a t f r i e d The most serious insect damage observed on spinach curried along with precooked, pigeonpea is t h a t caused by pod and stem dehydrated red gram. The curried product b o r e r s . i s found t o b e s t a b l e u p t o 1 y e a r b o t h a t ambient temperature (24-30°C) and at 37°C. PANIKKAR, M.R. 1950. A l t e r n a t e f u e l - A r h a r s t a l k . I n d i a n NATH, R.L. 1959. Fmg 11:496. 1255 P r e p a r a t i o n o f p r o t e i n - r i c h b i s c u i t s w i t h p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e s o f p u l s e s . B u l l . I n Bombay a r h a r s t a l k i s p r o f u s e l y used a s C a l c u t t a Sch. T r o p . Med. 7 : 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 . 1252 f u e l b y c u l t i v a t o r s . Data have been c o l l e c • t e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s r e g a r d i n g t h e A p a s t e f r o m C a r i c a papaya was mixed w i t h y i e l d o f d r y s t a l k s , w h i c h ranges from p a s t e s made f r o m t h e p u l s e s , i n c l u d i n g 8 maunds (650 l b s ) to 60 maunds. The Cajanus indicus, and k e p t f o r 24 h o u r s at h e a t i n g v a l u e o f a r h a r stem was about h a l f 37°C. A f t e r b o i l i n g and s t r a i n i n g , t h e t o t h a t o f a n e q u a l w e i g h t o f good q u a l i t y r e s i d u e was c o n c e n t r a t e d and mixed w i t h c o a l . I t s use a s a f u e l i s suggested t o f l o u r , f a t , and sugar t o make p a l a t a b l e avoid wasteful burning cattle manure. b i s c u i t s t h a t c o u l d b e s t o r e d f o r 2 t o 3 weeks. P r o t e i n c o n t e n t ranged f r o m 1 1 . 3 to 15.52 and f r e e amino a c i d N f r o m 123 PATEL, B . M . , and P.C. SHUKLA. 1973. t o 240 mg per 100 g . E f f e c t o f f e e d i n g c l u s t e r b e a n f o d d e r and pigeonpea fodder on body weights and milk y i e l d o f K a n k r e j c o n s . I n d i a n V e t . J . 50(11):1126-1132. 1256
155 Plgeonpea Bibliography
The t u r g o t a r t r e a t m e n t s r e s u l t e d i n l o s s Pigeonpeas soaked in a 0.2% sodium h y d r o • i n bodyweight o f cows, reduced d r y m a t t e r x i d e s o l u t i o n f o r 4 hours were s l i g h t l y intake, somewhat poor utilization of diet• easier to dehydrate than untreated ones; * ary nutrients, and depressed production a f t e r d e h y d r a t i o n they were a b l e t o absorb o f m i l k o f l o w n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y . I t more w a t e r . The t r e a t e d pigeonpeas had a is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e may be some t o x i c h i g h e r s t a r c h c o n t e n t and a l o w e r sugar p r i n c i p l e a n d / o r s p e c i f i c substances i n content than the untreated ones; the t u r g o t a r w h i c h i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r these protein content of the treated and untrea• adverse e f f e c t s . On t h e o t h e r hand guar t e d samples was t h e same. g o t a r appeared to be a good q u a l i t y f e e d and can s u s t a i n about 5 kg of m i l k per d a y . RAHMAN, A . R . 1964. E f f e c t of s t o r a g e and p a c k i n g on t h e qua• PATEL, B . M . , M.S. NAPHADE, and L . D . KAMDEV. lity of dehydrated and dehydrofrozen pigeon• 1972. peas. J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 8 ( 4 ) : M i c r o b i a l p o p u l a t i o n o f s t r a i n e d rumen 318-326. 1260 l i q u o r o f l a c t a t i n g cows f e d w i t h c l u s t e r - Storage in p o l y t h e n e bags at room tempera• bean and plgeonpea f o d d e r . I n d i a n J . t u r e and a t 37°C r e s u l t e d i n a r e d u c t i o n o f M i c r o b . 1 2 ( l ) : 5 5 - 5 7 . 1257 t h e t o t a l sugar c o n t e n t ; s t o r a g e i n bags The o b s e r v a t i o n s o n d i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n t o f a s w e l l a s a t t h e h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e p r o t o z o a i n c l u s t e r b e a n f o d d e r i n d i c a t e reduced the reconstitution percentage. The t h a t a l l t h e genera e x c e p t h o l o t r i c h s , overall quality, determined in organoleptic increased in population due to supplemen• t e s t s , was h i g h e s t i n t h e f r o z e n p r o d u c t t a t i o n o f t a p i o c a and m o l a s s e s . I n the and lowest in the peas stored in polythene plgeonpea f o d d e r e x p e r i m e n t E n t o d i n i u m b a g s . However, s i n c e a l l samples were i n c r e a s e d , w h i l e E p i d i t h i u m and Opyryo- w e l l a c c e p t e d , s t o r a g e o f d e h y d r a t e d scolex decreased. Entodinium was predomi• pigeonpeas in p o l y t h e n e bags may be the n a n t in CBF e x p e r i m e n t s . The l o w e r most profitable method. p r o t o z o a p o p u l a t i o n in PPF may be due t o l o w e r a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c a r b o h y d r a t e s . RAJAGOPALAN, C.K. 1973. Red gram d h a l : Fm F a c t o r y 7 ( 8 ) : 2 5 . 1261 PULLE, M.W. 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 . U t i l i z a t i o n o f v e g e t a b l e p r o t e i n s i n cheese RIVAS, N . , and E. GOMEZ RIVAS. 1975. m a n u f a c t u r e . J . N a t . A g r i c . Soc. Ceylon Study o f t h e c a n n i n g q u a l i t y o f t h e p i g e o n • 1 1 / 1 2 : 4 5 - 5 2 . 1258 peas (Cajanus c a j a n ) v a r . Panameno. Revta The p r e p a r a t i o n of a " c h e e s e " f r o m p l a n t de la Facultad de Agronomics 8(3): p r o t e i n s was i n v e s t i g a t e d . P r o t e i n e x t r a c • 7 7 - 8 1 . 1262 t s were o b t a i n e d from soybeans, green gram, Experimental work conducted in Venezuela and t u r d h a l ; f i l t e r e d t o remove i n s o l u b l e suggests t h a t t h e Panameno v a r i e t y , when sediments; and processed with addition of t e s t e d f o r f l a v o r , c o l o r , aroma, and 0.4% CaS04 , 1.5% c i t r i c a c i d , 0.5% r e n n e t t e x t u r e i s s u i t a b l e f o r c a n n i n g . e x t r a c t , 2% l a c t i c a c i d , and 5% c u l t u r e ( c u r d o r Y o g h u r t ) . Beany f l a v o r was e l i m i • n a t e d by h e a t i n g to 100°F (38°C) o v e r 30 RODRIGUES PEIXOTO, A. 1960. m i n . A f t e r 2 to 4 weeks r i p e n i n g at 60 to Guandu (Cajanus indicus) and i t s u s e s . 70% RH in a r e f r i g e r a t o r , t h e s o f t cheese R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . 4 0 : 7 9 . 1263 p r e p a r e d c o u l d be used as a s p r e a d . To Cajanue indiaue was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o B r a z i l produce c h e d d a r - t y p e h a r d cheese, e n r i c h • i n t h e days o f t h e s l a v e - t r a d e . I t has ment w i t h 100% m i l k s o l i d s p r o v i d e d t h e v a r i o u s u s e s , f o r example, a s human f o o d , desirable attributes. Tabulated values for as a f o d d e r , as a green manure, as a shade t h e a p p r o x i m a t e p e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n and p l a n t f o r young c o f f e e t r e e s , and a s f u e l . t a s t e p a n e l s c o r e s showed t h a t soybean A w i d e r use of Cajanus i n d i c u s by humans cheese was s u p e r i o r t o t h e o t h e r two i n would contribute to improving the protein p r o t e i n and f a t c o n t e n t s . s u p p l y o f t h e B r a z i l i a n p o p u l a t i o n , a s t h e d r y seeds c o n t a i n about 18% of p r o t e i n s . RAHMAN, A . R . 1 9 6 1 . The e f f e c t o f c h e m i c a l p r e t r e a t m e n t o n t h e SAMMY, G.M. 1 9 7 1 . q u a l i t y o f d e h y d r a t e d p i g e o n p e a s . J . Canning p o t e n t i a l o f t h e plgeonpea c u l t l v a r A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 5 ( 3 ) : 1 7 2 - 1 9 1 . 1259 Gl 2 6 / 2 . Fd T e c h n o l . S e r . Fac. Engg U n i v . W. I n d i e s 4 : 4 . 1264
156 Utilization
C u l t i v a r G1 26/2 plgeonpeas were compared the dry ones, (ill) as in (ii) but exclu• w i t h a c a n n i n g f a c t o r y s u p p l y o f f r e s h l y d i n g t h e d r y p o d s . The h a r v e s t e d seeds shelled pigeonpea of mixed varieties were canned and t h e p r o d u c t Judged a c c o r d • processed and a n a l y s e d i n i d e n t i c a l f a s h i o n . ing to the color and turbidity of the The b e s t r e t o r t i n g t i m e was found to be l i q u o r and t h e c o l o r o f t h e p e a s . The 2 5 m i n , w h i c h f o r G l 2 6 / 2 r e s u l t e d i n 20% q u a l i t y o f t h e p r o d u c t o b t a i n e d w i t h s p l i t s , good t e x t u r e , and 29.42 l i g h t h a r v e s t i n g method, ( i i i ) e q u a l l e d t h a t o f t r a n s m i t t a n c e f o r a 1:5 d i l u t i o n . For t h e ( i ) w i t h t h e e x t r a advantage o f e a s i e r mixed v a r i e t i e s , t h e s p l i t s were 55%, harvesting operations. texture was good, and light transmittance was 24.0% f o r a 1:20 d i l u t i o n . Gl 26/2 had good c a n n i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and gave a SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1964. higher quality product than did the mixed A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e shear p r e s s t o d e t e r m i n e v a r i e t i e s . the degree of maturity of plgeonpeas. J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 7 ( 3 ) : 2 1 2 - 216. 1268 SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 1 . T r i a l s demonstrated t h a t t h e Lee-Kramer The i n f l u e n c e o f degree o f m a t u r i t y o n t h e shear press affords a rapid and sufficient• q u a l i t y o f canned p l g e o n p e a s . J . A g r i c . l y a c c u r a t e means o f a s s e s s i n g t h e degree U n i v . P. R i c o . 4 5 ( 4 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 5 1 . 1265 o f m a t u r i t y o f plgeonpeas f o r c a n n i n g I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e t i n n i n g o f plgeonpeas purposes. The maximum pressure readings (Cajanus cajan) in b r i n e showed t h a t a o b t a i n e d when plgeonpeas of t h e K a k i s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o d u c t can o n l y b e o b t a i n e d variety, harvested at different stages of f r o m f u l l y m a t u r e , b u t s t i l l g r e e n , p e a s . ripeness from very tender green to overripe O v e r r i p e y e l l o w peas a r e more s t a r c h y t h a n y e l l o w . M a t u r i t y c r i t e r i a used w e r e : green o n e s , and c o n s e q u e n t l y , absorb more alcohol-insoluble solids content, starch w a t e r . The presence of an a p p r e c i a b l e content, total solids content and percent• p e r c e n t a g e of y e l l o w peas causes a p r o p o r • age of y e l l o w peas. t i o n a t e i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f b r o k e n s k i n s and s p l i t p e a s , and t h e b r i n e becomes d a r k and t u r b i d . SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F., M.A. GONZALEZ, and J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 . The f r e e z i n g o f plgeonpeas f o r m a r k e t . SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1962. J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 5 ( 4 ) : 2 0 5 - P r o c e s s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f plgeonpeas 206. 1269 o f t h e K a k i and Saragateado s e l e c t i o n s . Experiments conducted in Puerto Rico J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 6 ( l ) : 2 3 - 3 3 . 1266 showed that frozen plgeonpeas (Cajanus A study to determine the effect of selec• c a j a n ) can be k e p t f o r at l e a s t 2 y e a r s t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o n t h e p r o d u c t q u a l i t y w i t h o u t any a p p r e c i a b l e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n of plgeonpeas (Cajanus cajan). The quality, provided the enzyme system is selections generally grown in Puerto Rico completely inactivated by proper blanching . f o r c a n n i n g purposes were compared. No The best results were obtained with fully marked differences between the two varie• mature green peas b l a n c h e d in w a t e r at a t i e s were o b s e r v e d , b u t f o r t h e c o l o r o f temperature of 90.5°C for 5 minutes. t h e b r i n e , w h i c h was l e s s t u r b i d and A m a r k e t i n g t e s t demonstrated t h a t t h e l i g h t e r f o r t h e Saragateado s e l e c t i o n . p r o d u c t was w e l l r e c e i v e d by consumers. The r e s u l t s o f t h e s h e l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s and a number of d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, and o f plgeonpeas f o r p r o c e s s i n g a r e J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 . d i s c u s s e d . The e f f e c t of some p r o c e s s i n g v a r i a b l e s on the q u a l i t y o f canned p l g e o n p e a s . J . A g r i c . SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1964. U n i v . P. Rico 4 5 ( 4 ) : 2 3 2 - 2 5 8 . 1270 The i n f l u e n c e o f t h e degree o f m a t u r i t y Storage of u n s h e l l e d peas at 45 F f o r 9 d u r i n g t h e h a r v e s t i n g p e r i o d o n t h e q u a l i t y days had no a p p r e c i a b l e e f f e c t on t h e qua• o f canned p l g e o n p e a s . B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. l i t y o f canned p r o d u c t . The l e n g t h o f t h e A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 1 1 7 : 1 - 1 6 . 1267 b l a n c h i n g p e r i o d was found t o d e t e r m i n e t o Plgeonpeas o f t h e v a r i e t i e s Saragateado a certain degree the color and turbidity and K a k i , grown i n P u e r t o R i c o , were h a r • of the brine; the longer the blanching vested (i) according to the commercial p e r i o d , t h e c l e a r e r and l e s s t u r b i d t h e method (selective picking of ripening pods); brine. Holding time before retorting ( i i ) b y removal o f a l l t h e p o d s , i n c l u d i n g and length of cooling time had no effect
157 Plgeonpea Bibliography
o n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e canned p r o d u c t . SINGH, JAGDAYAL. 1965. C o n t a c t o f plgeonpeas w i t h i r o n , b r a s s , o r A r h a r (Cajanus cajan) as green s h e l t e r f o r copper s u r f a c e was found t o r e s u l t i n b r i n e young mango t r e e s . P b H o r t . J . 5 ( 1 ) : d i s c o l o r a t i o n . The a d d i t i o n of 2% sugar 9 - 1 1 . 1274 to t h e b r i n e was found to have no e f f e c t A n o v e l method of p l a n t i n g each mango g r a f t o n t h e f l a v o r o r t h e o v e r a l l q u a l i t y o f w i t h i n p e r e n n i a l green s h e l t e r s o f a r h a r canned peas. Recommendations a r e made f o r (Cajanus indicus) was evaluated and found t h e b e s t process t o use i n c a n n i n g h i g h - t o b e i d e a l i n p r e v e n t i n g s u n b u r n , f r o s t , q u a l i t y p l g e o n p e a s . and cold injury, at the same time was capable of inducing vigorous shoot elonga• SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, J . R . BENERO, t i o n g r o w t h . The o r g a n i c c o n t e n t o f and I. HERNANDEZ. 1963. 'basin soil' incidentally increased from The brine-grading of plgeonpeas. J. Agric. arhar leaf shed, and prunings left also U n i v . P. Rico 4 7 ( 1 ) : 1 4 - 2 3 . 1271 acted as an effective mulch. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e g r a d i n g o f p i g e o n - p e a s , e i t h e r b e f o r e o r a f t e r b l a n c h i n g , SQUIBB, R . L . , A. FALLA, J . A . FUENTES, and i n b r i n e s o f s p e c i f i c g r a v i t i e s r a n g i n g H.T. LOVE. 1950. f r o m 1.09 to 1.14 were conducted in P u e r t o Value of Desmodium, plgeonpea f o d d e r , R i c o . I n e v e r y case a c l e a r s e p a r a t i o n Guatemalan and U n i t e d S t a t e s a l f a l f a meals was o b t a i n e d , a l l t h e f l o a t e r s b e i n g y o u n g , i n r a t i o n s f o r baby c h i c k s . P o u l t r y S c i . t e n d e r peas o f s u p e r i o r c a n n i n g q u a l i t y . 29:482-485. 1275 The s i n k e r s , however, c o n s i s t e d of a Desmodium meal and to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , m i x t u r e o f green and y e l l o w ( o v e r r i p e ) plgeonpea f o d d e r m e a l , may r e p l a c e a l f a l f a peas w h i c h c o u l d n o t b e s e p a r a t e d . B r i n e - meal as a source of c a r o t e n e and o t h e r g r a d i n g o f plgeonpeas i s n o t e c o n o m i c a l . e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t s i n baby c h i c k r a t i o n s . T h i s i s o f i m p o r t a n c e f o r L a t i n American SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , A . J . RODRIGUES, and t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s a s a l f a l f a grows o n l y i n J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 . l i m i t e d a r e a s , whereas numerous s p e c i e s o f Improved methods of c a n n i n g p l g e o n p e a s . t h e genus Desmodium grow a b u n d a n t l y B u l l . A g r i c . Exp. Stn U n i v . P.R. t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r o p i c s . Plgeonpeas y i e l d 1 5 7 : 1 - 2 6 . 1272 good f o d d e r c r o p s in c e r t a i n areas and may be used to supplement t h e p r o d u c t i o n of When plgeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n ) are canned Desmodium m e a l s . by a process s i m i l a r to t h a t used commer• c i a l l y f o r c a n n i n g peas (Pisum sativum) t h e b r i n e darkens and develops a h i g h t u r b i d i t y w h i c h a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t s t h e i r q u a l i t y . But a n almost c o l o r l e s s b r i n e o f low t u r b i d i t y can b e o b t a i n e d i f t h e enzyme i s i n a c t i v a t e d b e f o r e s h e l l i n g b y steaming t h e pods a t a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e . S h e l l - l i f e s t u d i e s showed t h a t plgeonpeas canned by t h e p r e h e a t i n g methods keep f o r a t l e a s t a y e a r w i t h o u t any change i n f l a v o r o r u n d e s i r a b l e changes i n t h e c o l o r and turbidity of the brine. Equipment requirements for a commercial processing l i n e a r e g i v e n .
SCHAFFHAUSEN, R.V. 1965. Weight increase of Zebu Cattle grazing on legumes. D o l i c h o s lablab and Cajanus indicus. Proc. 9th Int. Grassld Congr. Sao Paulo 2 : 9 6 5 - 9 6 8 . 1273 The p o t e n t i a l of plgeonpea as a t r o p i c a l dry-season protein supplement for increased b e e f p r o d u c t i o n was i n d i c a t e d i n B r a z i l , when C, oajan was sown in c o n t o u r f u r r o w s in a pangola g r a s s (D i g i t a r i a decumbens) p a s t u r e , Zebu b u l l s g a i n e d a n average o f 35 kg in 93 days d u r i n g s e v e r e d r o u g h t .
158 A U T H O R I N D E X
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161 Pigeonpea Bibliography
Gupta, M . D . , 1144 Howard, A . , 445 Jacob, M.K., 478 Gupta, P . K . S . , 9 4 1 , 942 Howard, G . L . C . , 445 Jadav, A . S . , 553 Gupta, P . S . , 1243 Hubbell, D.S., 81 Jadhav, P . S . , 236 Gupta, S . C . , 525, 918 H u l s e , J . H . , 283, 284, 285 Jadhav, T.K., 827 Gupta, S . K . , 633, 1206 Husain, A., 1082, 1083, J a f f e , W . G . , 287, 288, 289 1084, 1085 Gupta, S . L . , 819 Jagannathan, T., 1011 Gupta, T . N . , 72 H u s s a i n , T . , 241 Jaimangal Sahai see Gupta, V . P . , 754 Hutchinson, J.B., 377, 378, Sahai, J.M, G u r u r a j a Rao, G . , 1155 446 J a i n , A . C . , 9 3 3 , 1121 H u t t o n , D . G . , 925 Jain, H.K., 458, 459, 460, Hutton, F.M., 926 4 6 1 , 4 6 2 , 532
Huxley, P.A., 1159, 1210 Jain, R.P., 528 Jain, S.K., 756, 1253 H a b i b , F . G . K . , 279 J a i n , T . C . , 236 H a b i s h , H . P . , 920 Jairaj Puri, M.S., 999 H a l d a r , M.K., 252 Jakhmola, S . S . , 6 1 5 , 669, Hammerton, J . L . , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 670, 708 76, 925, 1156, 1157, 1158 ICRISAT, 4 4 7 , 448 I h f i s , T . , 927 Jambhale, Narayan D h o n d i , Hanagodimath, S . B . , 77 I I T A , 4 4 9 , 450 757 Handique, L . K . , 443 Ikegwuonu, F.I., 250, 286 Janarthanan, R., 640, 934, Hansen, H . N . , 1095 Iljin, W.S., 82 935, 1102 H a n s f o r d , C . G . , 9 2 1 , 922 J a w a l e , M . D . , 663 Hanumantha Rao, H . K . , 752 I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Institute, Jayabhima Rao, K., 531 Hanuntantha Rao, K . , 280 New Delhi, 83, 451, 452, Jayal, M.M., 1243 Haque, M . F . , 765 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 4 5 5 , 4 5 6 , 928, Jayaraj, S., 936 Harcharan S i n g h , 6 1 3 , 6 1 4 , 929 Jayaram, G., 230 647 Jayaramaiah, M., 704 Hartman, C . P . , 281 I n d i a n C e n t r a l C o t t o n Committee, 84 Jebamoni Rabindra R., 607, Hasan, A b u l , 923 I n d i a n C o u n c i l o f A g r i • 653, 688 Hassan, M.A., 522 c u l t u r a l Research, J e h l e , R.A., 937 H a w t i n , G . C . , 444 New D e l h i , 4 5 7 , 930 Jermyn, M.A., 290, 1164, H a z a r i k a , S . H . , 634 1165 H e c t o r , J . M . , 375 I n d i a n Standards I n s t i t u t i o n , 1242 J e s w a n i , L . M . , 4 3 5 , 4 6 3 , H e i n r i c h , C., 635 I n d r a R a n i , 1160, 1175, 1176 464, 465, 466, 745, 746, H e i n r i c h , W . O . , 636 Inforzato, R., 85 758 H e m e r i k , G . A . , 949 Ingham, J . L . , 931 J e s w a n i , M . D . , 938 Henderson, T . H . , 590, 591 Joffe, A.Z., 939 Henke, L . A . , 1238, 1239 I p e , I . M . , 6 3 7 , 6 3 8 , 639 I r v i n e , F . R . , 8 6 J o g l e k a r , R . G . , 759 H e r i w a , R . N . , 282 Ishaq, F., 1062 Johnson, J . , 940 Hernandez, I . , 1271 Islam, N., 932 Johnson, R . M . , 291 Hernandez, M . , 272 I s t v a n , P . , 1161 Joplin, C.E., 641 H e r r e a r a , D . , 206 J o s h i , A . B . , 435 H e r r e r a , E . , 234 I s w a r a n , V . , 1162 Iyemperumal, S., 995 J o s h i , B . C . , 5 1 2 , 756, 760 H e r r e r a , P . G . , 7 8 , 1240 I y e n g a r , A . K . , 1163 J o s h i , G . , 642 Heynes, K . , 1241 Iyengar, M.R.S., 1123 J o s h i , K . R . , 87 H i c h e z , E . , 985 I y e n g a r , N . Y . R . , 1221 J o s h i , K . S . , 557 H i l a l , S . H . , 279 J o s h i , R . K . , 576, 577 H i r e n a t h , K . G . , 755 I y e n g a r , R . S . , 1125 J o s h i , S . N . , 4 6 7 , 761 H i r e m a t h , P . C . , 856 Julia, F.J., 2, 3, 153 H i r e m a t h , R . V . , 924 H i r u m i , H . , 986, 988 H o r t a F e r r e i r a , A . , 7 9 , 8 0 Hosaka, E . Y . , 376
162 Author Index
K a b i , J . , 1166 K o e h l a r , C . S . , 646 L a n d r a u , J . R . P . , 107 Kadara, B . S . , 468 K o l h e , A . K . , 764 Lange, D . J . d e . , 300 Kadwe, R . S . , 292 K o l i , B h a r a t i , 294 L a t e e f , S . S . , 6 2 1 , 650 K a i s e r , S . A . K . , 9 4 1 , 942 Kooner, B a n t s i n g h , 647 L a u r e n c e , G . A . , 651 K a j j a r i , N . B . , 4 3 2 , 762 K o r y t k o w s k i , C , 648 L a w a n i , S . M . , 484
Kalubarme, M . H . , 1190 Koshi, P.K., 952, 953, 954, Laxman S i n g h , 1 0 8 , 109, 110, K a l y a n S i n g h , 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 9 5 5 , 956 198, 209, 297, 298, 3 9 1 , 9 1 , 115 K r a u s s , F . G . , 1 0 0 , 380, 4 7 5 , 4 8 5 , 529, 577, 578, 766, Kalyanasundaram, R., 9 4 3 , 476 798, 799, 8 0 0 , 8 0 1 , 805 1071 K r i s h n a m o o r t h y , K . K . , 163 L e a c h , R., 9 6 0 , 961 Kamal, 9 4 4 , 9 4 5 , 946 Leakey, C . L . A . , 513 K r l s h n a m u r t h y , K . , 6 3 0 , 1244, Kamal Choudhury see 1245 Lee, C.W., 348 Choudhury, Kamal K r i s h n a n , C . K . , 327 L e e l a D a v i d , A . , 652 Kamat, M . N . , 504, 947 K r i s h n a n , R . H . , 4 7 7 , 840 L e e l a , R., 263 Kamdev, L . D . , 1257 Krishnaswami, S., 1246 Lenka, D . , 111 Kandaswamy, T . K . , 935, 948, L e o n a r d , W . H . , 118 1049, 1102 Krishnaswamy, N . , 559 K r o b e r , O . A . , 295, 478 Levia Sanchez, A., 1161 K a n i t k a r , A . G . , 116 K u l d i p S i n g h , 957 L i m , G . , 828 Kanta Kusum, 1167 K u l k a r n i , L . G . , 101 L i o r e n s , A . A . , 1248 K a p a d i a , M . N . , 643 K u l k a r n i , N . B . , 1108 L o c s i n , A . M . , 299 K a p a d i a , T . J . , 348 Lombard, J . H . , 300 Kapoor, K . N . , 644 K u l k a r n i , P . M . , 87 K u l k a r n i , P . R . , 308, 1163 Lopez Rosa, J . M . , 962 Kapur, A . S . , 3 2 0 , 3 2 1 , 322 K u l k a r n i , R . M . , 469 L o r d e l l o , L . , 915 K a p u r , R., 726, 763 K u l k a r n i , U . G . , 479 L o u s t a l o t , A . J . , 112 K a r i h a l o o , J . L . , 1139 K u l k a r n i , Y . S . , 958, 959, Lovadini, L.A.C., 113 K a r n a d , R., 1217 1035 L o v e , H . T . , 1275 K a s a s i a n , L . , 9 2 , 9 3 Kumar, A . , 678, 765 L u s e , R . A . , 301 K a s h k a r y , V . K . , 478 Kumar, K . , 1063 K a t h j u , S . , 1168 Kumar, L . S . S . , 4 8 0 , 560, K a t i y a r , R . P . , 430 5 6 1 , 562, 563 K a t i y a r , S . S . L . , 679 Kumar, P . , 102 K a t y a l , S . L . , 9 4 Kumar, V . , 717, 875 McDonald, J . , 963 K a u l , A . K . , 293, 533 Kundu, C , 1144 McRae, W., 9 6 4 , 965, 966, K a u l , C . L . , 379, 4 6 9 , 1169 Kuppuswamy, S . , 296, 649, 967, 968, 9 6 9 , 9 7 0 , 9 7 1 , K a u l , J . N . , 5 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 1221 972 K e l k a r , S . G . , 470 K u r i a n , S . , 358 Madaiah, M . , 1182 K e n n a r d , H . C . , 927 Kurien, P.P., 1247 Madhava Rao, K . V . , 1 1 7 1 , Kernkamp, M . F . , 949 K u r i e n , S . , 264 1 1 7 2 , 1173, 1174 K h a l i l , 0 . , 1062 K u r t a k o t i , F . B . , 432 Madhusudhan Rao, 1196 Khamankar, Y . G . , 558 K u r u p , P . A . , 323 Maesen, L . J . G . van d e r , 486 Khan, A . R . , 9 7 , 393, 445 Kyneur, G.W., 103 M a g i s t a d , O . C . , 114 Khan, M.A., 2 4 1 , 1170 Mahadevan, V . , 1243 Khan, M.Q., 645 Mahadevappa, M . , 728 Khan, T . N . , 9 8 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , Mahadik, C . N . , 209 1195 Mahammed A l i k h a n , W. see Khan, W.M.A., 4 7 3 , 4 9 4 , 769, L a c k e y , J . A . , 381 Khan, W.M.A. 803, 950, 995 Laker, J.S., 104 Lakshmana, R . J . , 360 Mahatim S i n g h , 115 Khanna, R . N . , 951 L a k s h m i , R . V . , 441 Mahendrapal, 973, 9 7 4 , 9 7 5 , K h a r e , R . N . , 1244 L a l , M . S . , 481 976, 977 K h a t r i , P . D . , 1177 Maher, C . , 1249 K i l l i n g e r , G . B . , 9 9 , 474 L a l , R., 105, 173 Maheshwari, D . K . , 1036 K i m u r a , M . , 986, 9 8 7 , 988 L a l , R . K . , 478 L a l , S . , 106, 4 8 2 , 483
163 Pigeonpea Bibliography
Maheshwari, S.K., 108, 109, Menezes, O.B. de 122, 4 9 1 , Mukhopadhyay, I . , 389 19S 768 M u l e y , D . P . , 771 Mahmood, M . , 9 7 8 , 979, 1124 M i l e s , J . F . , 123, 492 M u l i m a n i , V . H . , 1182 Mahras, G . H . , 279 M i l l e r , C . D . , 302, 303, 304 M u l k , M.M., 999 M a i t r a , A . , 9 8 0 , 981 M i l l s , P . F . L . , 124 M u l l e r , A . S . , 1000, 1001
M a j o r , N . G . , 282 M i n c h i n , F . R . , 1210 M u l l e r , H . M . , 189 M a l a k a r , M . C . , 251 M i r a n d a , H . , 271 Mundkur, B . B . , 1002, 1003, M a l h o t r a , O . P . , 1175, 1176 M i s h r a , A . , 340 1004 M a l h o t r a , R . S . , 5 2 8 , 767, M i s h r a , A . N . , 1080 Munoz, A . M . , 773 809 Mlahra, D., 1178, 1179 M u n s e l l , H a z e l , E . , 310
M a l i , V . R . , 982 M i s h r a , D . P . , 990 Munwar Basha, K . , 510 M a l i k , R . C , 166 M i s h r a , G . S . , 1032 M u r t h i , A . N . , 793 M a l i k , R . P . , 983 M i s h r a , K . C , 125, 140 Murugesan, M . , 818 M a l i w a l , G . L . , 1188 M i s h r a , M . C , 356 M u t a l i k D e s a i , K . S . , 659 M a l l , T . P . , 842, 944, 945, M i s h r a , R.R., 991 M u t h a i a h , C , 595 9 8 4 , 1088, 1089 M i s h r a , S . D . , 592 M u t h u k r i s h n a n , T . S . , 917 M a m a r i l , J . C . , 337 M i s h r a , S . L . , 908 Mandal, B . K . , 1213 M i t a l , S . P . , 808 Mane, S . S . , 487 M i t c h e l l , H.W., 63 M a n g a l s a i n , 693 M i t r a , C . R . , 305 Manlckam, A . , 1208 M i t r a , M . , 9 9 2 , 9 9 3 , 994, N a d a r a j a n , N . , 496 M a n j h i , S . , 116 1031 Nagaraja Rao, U . N . , 281 M a n j i t Singh D h o o r i a , 633 M i t r a , P . , 1180 N a i k , M . S . , 533 M a n j u n a t h , A . , 829 M i t r a , R., 1144 N a i r , G . G . K . , 131 Mankad, B . N . , 1250 M i t r a , R . K . , 276 N a i r , K . S . , 836 Manke, S . B . , 7 3 1 , 737 M i t r a , R . N . , 593 N a i r , P . K . K . K . , 383 Mann, H a r o l d H . , 488 M i t r a , S . N . , 306, 307 N a i t h a n i , S . P . , 564 Maramorosch, K., 877, 985, M o d i , J . D . , 308 Nambiar, K . K . N . , 1 0 0 5 , 1 0 0 6 , 9 8 6 , 9 8 7 , 988, 1114 Mohamed A l l , A . , 126 1007, 1008, 1009 Marcus, A . , 117 Mohamed A l i Khan, W. see N a n d i , L . A . , 830 M a r t i n J o h n , H . , 118 Khan, W.M.A. N a n d i , P . , 888 Mascarenhas, H . A . A . , 113 Mohamed H a n i f a , A . , 6 5 2 , 653 Nanjappa, 497 M a s l e k a r , S . R . , 783 Mohamed S h e r i f f , N. see N a n j u n d i a h , S . D . , 1113 M a t h u r , B . P . , 97 S h e r i f f , N.M. Nanne, E . , 132 M a t h u r , R . S . , 989 Mohanty, S . K . , 1178, 1179 Naphade, M . S . , 1257 M a t h u r , V . K . , 1251 Mohanty, U.N., 996, 997 Narasimha M u r t h y , B . L . , 370 M a t h u r , Y . K . , 609 M o h a t k a r , L . C , 505 Narayana, N . , 316 Maurya, R . A . , 44 M o l l i s o n , J . , 594 Narayanaswamy, D . , 2 6 4 , 358 Mayee, C D . , 914 M o n i z , L . , 827 Narayanaswamy, P . , 1010, Mbowe, F . F . A . , 489 Morbad, I . R . , 7 7 0 , 813 1 0 1 1 , 1012, 1013, 1 0 1 4 , Meenakshi, K . , 1216 Morcos, S . R . , 279 1015, 1016, 1017
Mehra, A . K . , 1146 M o r e l , R., 127 Naray anaswamy, P . S . , 667 Mehra, R . C . S . , 990 M o r t o n , J . F . , 128, 348 Narayanaswamy, S . , 390, 1200 Mehra, S . L . , 239 Mosqueda, S.A., 289 Narkhede, B . N . , 774 Mehta, B . V . , 1 3 1 , 1177 Mtenga, L . A . , 309 N a t a r a j a n , M . , 133 Mehta, D . N . , 490 Mukand S i n g h , 46 N a t h , H . , 1251
Mehta, P . R . , 1031 Mukewar, A . A . M . , 771 N a t h , R . L . , 1183, 1 1 8 4 , Mehta, T . R . , 1 1 9 , 120 M u k h e r j e e , D . , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 , 1185, 1186, 1187, 1 2 5 2 , M e l l o , F . A . F . , d e 121 1 9 1 , 4 9 5 , 772, 9 9 8 , 1181 1253 Menachery, Maggie, 342 M u k h e r j e e , K . L . , 125, 140 N a t t r a s s , R . M . , 1018 Menden, E . , 357 M u k h e r j e e , S . , 913 Navaneethan, G . , 6 4 0 , 935
164 Author Index
Nayak, S . , 1213 P a l a c i o s , G . , 834 P a t l l , M . K . , 504 Neelam S i n g h , 297 Palanisamy, N., 163 Patil, P.S., 733, 734 Nema, K . G . , 1019, 1121 Palaniswamy, G . A . , 215, 333, Patil, R.B., 497, 786 Nema, N . A . , 134 5 3 9 , 7 9 2 , 819 P a t r o , G . K . , 149 N e m a , S . P . , 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , 313, P a l i w a l , K . V . , 1188 Pattabhiraman, T.N., 1209 314 P a l o , A . N . , 139 Pattanaik, S., 175 Nene, Y . L . , 9 8 7 , 1020, 1 0 2 1 , P a n c h a b h a v i , K . S . , 659 P a u l , S . , 150 1022, 1023, 1053 Pande, V . N . , 565 P a u l , W . R . C . , 1 5 1 , 152 N e t k e , S . P . , 2 9 4 , 325 Pandey, H.N., 125, 140 Pavgi, M.S., 1038, 1039 Newton, W., 1024 Pandey, K.K., 991, 1032 Pawar, A . D . , 662 N i c h o l s , R., 135, 136 Pandey, R . B . , 141 Pawar, V.M., 625, 663 Nigam, P . K . , 713 Pandey, R . K . , 1189, 1190 P e a r l , R . T . , 1040 Nigam, S . S . , 278 Pandey, R . L . , 766 P e i r i s , J . W . L . , 1024 Nigam, V . N . , 315 Pandey, S . N . , 1191 Peha-Garcia, E., 1161 N i l s s o n , L e l s s n e r , G . , 226 P a n d i t , P . V . , 660 P e r e z , A . , 171 N i y o g i , S . P . , 316 Pandya, P . S . , 4 7 0 , 775 P h i r k e , T . S . , 569, 741 N o l b e r g a , B . , 289 Pandya, S . C . , 806 P i e r r e , R . E . , 76, 500 N o r r i s , D . O . , 8 3 1 , 832 Panlkkar, M.R., 142, 143, Pietri, R., 41, 153 N o r r i s , R . V . , 344 1255 P i n g a l e , S . V . , 1244 N o r t o n , G . , 317 Pankaja Reddy, R., 1 4 4 , 4 9 9 , P i n h e i r o , E . D . , 893 Nye, P . H . , 137 566, 776 P o k l e , Y . S . , 505, 787, 1192 Pannu, J . S . , 145 Popenoe, W., 154 Panse, V . G . , 146, 446 Prabhakar Bhatt, B., 1251 P a n t , N . C . , 6 9 9 , 700, 7 0 1 , Pradhan, K., 339 702, 703 P r a d h a n , T . K . , 1184, 1185, Oakes, A . J . , 1254 P a n t , R., 320, 3 2 1 , 322 1186, 1187, 1193 Ochse, J . J . , 384 Odak, S . C . , 655, 656 P a n t o n , C . A . , 500 P r a h l a d S i n g h , 339 Oke, O . L . , 138, 318, 833 P a r a s h a r , R . R . , 391 P r a s a d , M . , 8 9 1 , 1 0 4 1 , 1042, O l i v a r e s , H . , 289 P a r k , M . , 1033, 1034 1043 Parmanlk, L . M . , 661 P r a s a d , M . V . R . , 155 O l l v i e r i , J o s e , A . , 1248 Parmar, A . S . , 1233 P r a s a d , N . , 938 Onim, M . F . , 795, 1025 ( a l s o Onim, J . F . M . ) Parpia, H.A.B., 262, 263, Prasad, R., 89, 90, 91 O r i a n , A . T . E . , 657 264, 1247 Prasad, S.N., 506, 1044 O r i e u x , L . , 910 Parsons, D.J., 147 Prasad, V.V.S.S., 1190 P a r u i , N . R . , 998 P r a s a n n a l a k s h m i , S . , 236 O r i l l o , F . I . , 1026 P a t e l , B . M . , 1256, 1257 Pretna, L . , 323 Orraca-Tetteh, R., 182 Overman, A . J . , 1027 Patel, H.K., 616 Premsekhar, S . , 156 Oza, G . M . , 385 P a t e l , M . K . , 9 4 7 , 9 5 8 , 9 5 9 , P r e s t o n , N.W., 1045, 1194 1035, 1108 P r i t c h a r d , A . J . , 546 P a t e l , R . B . , 162 Pugh, B . M . , 157 P a t e l , S . M . , 468 P u l l e , M.W., 1258
P a t h a k , D . K . V . , 777 P u r a n i k , S . B . , 924 P a c h p o l , L . S . , 732, 738 P a t h a k , G . , 1144 P u r k a y a s t h a , R . P . , 1046, Padmanabhan, D . , 1167 P a t h a k , G . N . , 148, 5 0 1 , 5 0 2 , 1047 Padmanabhan, G . , 1208 567, 5 6 8 , 778 P u r o h i t , M . L . , 694 P a d w l c k , G.W., 1028, 1029, P a t h a k , N . N . , 1146 Purseglove, J.W., 386 1030, 1031 Pushpamma, P . , 324 P a t h a k , P . D . , 1036 P a l , A . , 1202, 1203 Patll, B.G., 1037 Puttarajappa, P.K., 158 P a l , B . P . , 498 P a t i l , J . A . , 503, 7 2 1 , 775, Puttarudraiah, M., 664 P a l , P . , 1144 779, 7 8 0 , 7 8 1 , 782, 783, P y n a e r t , L . , 159 P a l , R . K . , 319 784, 785 P a l , S . K . , 658
165 Pigeonpea Bibliography
Quadros, A . S . d e . , 160 Ramalingam, C., 387 Reghupathy, A . , 671 Q u a n t i n , P . , 127 Ramanathan, G . , 163 R e k h i , S . S . , 7 4 2 , 743, 744, Q u i l t , P . , 5 6 Raman, Kapur see Kapur, R. 794 Ramanujam, S., 164, 511, 760 R e n a r d , M . , 169 Ramasastri, B.V., 328 R i a z , F . , 240
Ramasivan, T . , 1245 R i c h a r d o , B . , 256 Ramaewamy, K . R . , 473 R i c h h a r i a , R . H . , 170 R a b i n d r a , R . J . see Ramaswamy, P . P . , 836 R i o l l a n o , A . , 1 7 1 , 1197 Jebamoni Rabindra, R. Rameshwar P r a s a d , 609 R i o s , J . M . , 1248 R a c h i e , K . O . , 1 6 1 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 , Ramiah, P . V . , 329 R i p p e r t o n , J . C . , 376 4 4 4 , 4 7 2 , 4 8 4 , 507, 5 0 8 , Ramos, C , 171 5 0 9 , 6 4 6 , 1195 Ramos, V . D . , 233 Rivas, N., 1262 Ranade, K . , 909 Robbins, R.C., 304 R a f i q u l I s l a m , 824 Rane, A . E . , 668 R o b e r t o , J . , 256 Raghavan, 0 . , 1048 Ranganathan, S . , 3 3 0 , 331 Roche, P., 172 Raghunathaswami Rangasamy, P . , 387, 5 4 0 , 817 Rockwood, W . D . , 509 Ayyangar, P . A . , 360 Raghupathy, A . , 7 9 2 , 8 1 9 , Rangaswami, G . , 823 Rockwood, W . G . , 173 840 a l s o Reghupathy, A. Rangaswamy, G . , 1125 R o d r i g u e s , A . J . , 1272 Rangaswamy, H.R., 632 Rodrigues P e i x o t o , A . , 1263 Rahman, A . R . , 1259, 1260 R a n g e l , E . , 1051 R o d r i g u e z , G . O . , 596 Rahman, M . M . , 259 Rao, H.K.S., 561 Rohewal, S.S., 512 R a i , K a l p a n a , 325 R a i n a , A . K . , 665 Rao, K . C . , 340 R o l a n d o , M . N . , 256 R a j , D . , 510 Rao, K . S . , 165 Rowlands, R., 268 Rao, M . P . , 595 Roy, B . R . , 306 R a j a g o p a l a n , C . K . , 195, 6 5 4 , Rao, M.V.L., 346 Roy, S.C., 307 788, 1261 Rao, M.V.R. see Roy, T . C . , 1060 R a j a g o p a l a n , C . L . K . , 666 Rama Rao, M.V. R a j a l a k s h m i , 263 Roy, T . G . , 1122 R a j a m a n i , A . , 510 Rao, N . G . P . , 1 4 4 , 4 9 9 , 5 6 6 , Roy, Ashok, 572, 573 776 Royes, W.V., 334, 388 Rajammal, P . D . , 326 Rao, P . S . , 332 Rubaihayo, P . R . , 513, 795, R a j a n , P . , 265 Rao, S.V., 358 1025 R a j a n i , H . J . , 162 Rao, V . G . , 1052 R a j a s e k a r a n , V . P . A . , 213 Rudra, M.N., 335 R a j e n d r a n , G., 917 R a s h l d , A . , 923 R a t h i , S . S . , 166 Rajendra Prasad see R a t h i , Y . P . S . , 1053 P r a s a d , R. Rathnaswamy, R., 214, 215, Rajeswara Rao, G . , 1155, 3 3 3 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 1 , 6 7 1 , 792, 1172, 1173, 1174 818, 8 1 9 , 840 S a b e t , K . A . , 1 0 6 1 , 1062 R a j e s w a r i , R., 326 Sable, J.E., 1037 R a u t , N . K . , 911 S a b n i s , T . S . , 174 R a j u , D . R . G . , 789 Ravenza, M.V.B., 167 Saha, N., 552 R a j u , M . S . , 835 Ravishankar, 1054 S a h a i , J . M . , 4 3 6 , 501 Ram, R . A . , 7 9 0 , 791 Rawat, R . R . , 6 6 9 , 670 Ram L a k h a n , 8 1 1 , 812 Ray, G . K . , 253 S a h a r i a , D . , 672 Rao P r a k a s h , 522 Sahasrabudhe, V.B., 184 Raychaudhury, S . P . , 887, Sahib, M.K., 237 Ram V i s h a l , 67 1055, 1 0 5 6 , 1057, 1058, Sahu, D., 175 Rama Rao, M . V . , 327, 349, 1059 S a i k i a , D . R . , 1246 3 5 0 , 351 Raymond, W . D . , 291 Rama S u b b a i a h , K . , 645 Reddy, B . V . S . , 793 Sakharam Rao, 1214 Ramabhadran, G . , 747 Saksena, H . K . , 9 0 4 , 1063, Reddy, L . J . , 5 5 4 , 555, 5 7 0 , 1064 Ramakrishnan, T . S . , 1050 5 7 1 , 793 S a l a n k i , M . S . , 813 Ramakrishnan, C , 667 Reddy, M . V . , 1022, 1023 S a l e t t e , J . E . , 176 Ramakrishnan, K . , 9 4 8 , 1006, Reddy, P . R . , 1196 1 0 0 7 , 1 0 0 8 , 1009, 1 0 1 2 , Reem, H.W., 168 S a l u n k h e , A . R . , 796 1 0 1 3 , 1 0 1 4 , 1 0 1 5 , 1 0 1 6 , S a m a j p a t i , N., 1065 1017, 1049
166 Author Index
Sambamurthy, R., 268, 326 S e l v a r a j , K . V . , 3 6 S h i v a s h a n k a r , G . , 230, 518 Sammy, G . M . , 1264 Sen, A . , 383 S h r i v a s t a v a , M . P . , 1 1 0 , 297, Samuels, G . , 107 Sen, A . N . , 1 9 0 , 274 5 2 0 , 575, 576, 577, 578, Samuel, G. S a t h l a b a l a n see Sen, N . K . , 389 805 S a t h l a b a l a n , Samuel G. Sen, S . , 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 , 4 9 5 , 797 S h r i v a s t a v a , P . S . , 806
S a n c h e z - N i e v a , F . , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 , Sen, S . K . , 517, 1146 S h u k l a , D . S . , 1077 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 1265, 1266, Sen Gupta, J . C . , 1198 S h u k l a , P . C . , 1256 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, Sen Gupta, K . , 1 9 1 , 797 S h u k l a , S . P . , 394 1 2 7 1 , 1272 Sengupta, P . K . , 717, 1072, S h u k l a , V . N . , 1096 Sandbhor, N . V . , 784 1124 Siddiqui, M.K.H., 697
Sandhu, H . S . , 181 S e s h a d r i , A . R . , 9 3 6 , 1017 S i d e r i s , C . P . , 1078, 1079 Sane, P . V . , 1154 S e t h , M . L . , 677, 1073 Sidheswar P r a s a d , 522 Sangappa, H . K . , 673 S e t h i , C . L . , 839 Sidhu, A.S., 633 Sangwan, P . S . , 543 S e t h i , S . C . , 754 S i k d a r , A . K . , 5 7 9 , 580 Sanjeevarayappa, K . V . , 265 S e t h u n a t h a n , N . , 8 3 8 , 1199 S i k k a , K . C . , 341
Sankaran, S . , 336 Sevilla-Eusebio, J., 337,338 S i l , S . N . , 523 Santhanaraman, T., 619 Sewa Ram, 193 S i l v a , D . M . , 893 S a n t o n , W . R . , 182 Shah, A . A . , 196 S i l v a , S . , 245 S a r a f , C . S . , 4 , 183 Shah, F . H . , 238 S i l v e s t r e , P . , 597 S a r a n z , H . , 289 Shama Rao, H . K . , 3 9 0 , 1200 S i m h a d r i , P . , 841
Sarbhoy, A . R . , 977 Shambulingappa, K.G., 518 S i n g h , A . , 4 , 183, 1202, Sardar S i n g h , 184 Sharat Chandra, H . C . , 751 1203, 1233 S a r i n , M . N . , 1142 Sharda, D . P . , 339 S i n g h , A . B . , 807 S a r o j i n i , T . S . , 1066, 1067, S h a r i f f , M . H . , 1074 S i n g h , B . B . , 5 2 4 , 525 1068, 1069, 1070 Sharma, C . N . , 574 S i n g h , B . D . , 525, 588
S a s t r y , M . L . N . , 1125 Sharma, D . , 108, 109, 198, S i n g h , B . R . , 529 S a s t r y , S . D . , 278 298, 3 9 1 , 4 8 5 , 514, 5 1 9 , S i n g h , D . , 166, 1 9 6 , 807 S a t h l a b a l a n , Samuel G . , 6 4 0 , 5 2 0 , 578, 798, 799, 8 0 0 , S i n g h , D . N . , 808 935, 1102 801 S i n g h , D . V . , 1080 Sathyanarayana, G . , 1071 Sharma, D . P . , 1201 S i n g h , G . P . , 1 0 8 1 , 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1123 S a t i j a , D . R . , 727 Sharma, H . K . , 3 9 1 , 798, 799, S a t p a t h y , R . K . , 111 8 0 0 , 801 S i n g h , H . , 393 S a t y a n a r a y a n a , P . , 329 Sharma, M . C . , 1075 S i n g h , H . D . , 341 S a u m i t r a , B . S . , 115 Sharma, N . K . , 839 S i n g h , H . P . , 526 S a v a l i a , B . M . , 674 Sharma, N . L . , 194 S i n g h , I . B . , 790, 791 S i n g h , J a g d a y a l , 1274 S a v a n t , N . K . , 53 Sharma, P . , 791 S a v i l l e , A . H . , 185 Sharma, R . P . , 431 S i n g h , K . , 6 3 0 , 1245 Sawhney, J . S . , 145 Sharma, S . K . , 12 S i n g h , K . B . , 5 2 7 , 5 2 8 , 647, Saxena, H . P . , 6 7 5 , 676 Sharma, S . P . , 293 809 Saxena, J . K . , 717, 812 Sharma, Y . K . , 298, 340 S i n g h , K . P . , 5 0 2 , 778, 909 Singh, L. see Laxman Singh Saxena, K . B . , 514 Shaw, F . J . F . , 392, 393, 802, Saxena, M . C . , 186, 187, 2 3 2 , 9 7 1 , 972 S i n g h , M . , 44 515, 526, 8 3 7 , 1189, 1190 S h e i k h , Y . L . , 785 S i n g h , M . K . , 810 Saxena, S . S . , 516 S h e r i f f , N . M . , 195, 213, S i n g h , M . P . , 197 S c h a f f h a u s e n , R . V . , 188, 4 9 3 , 4 9 4 , 538, 5 4 0 , 6 5 4 , S i n g h , N . D . , 1086, 1087 1273 769, 8 0 3 , 8 1 7 , 8 4 0 , 995 S i n g h , N . P . , 515
Sekhon, H . S . , 9 5 , 96 S h i n d e , V . K . , 739, 804 S i n g h , P . , 790, 7 9 1 , 1124 S e k i g u c h i , N . , 303 S h i r s a t , A . M . , 982 S i n g h , R., 8 4 2 , 1088, 1089 S e l l s c h o p , J . , 189 S h i t , S . K . , 1076 S i n g h , R . A . , 1038 S e l v a k u m a r i , G . , 2 1 3 , 2 1 4 , S h i v a p u r i , T . N . , 521 S i n g h , R . B . , 588, 820 840 S h i v a r a j , B . , 497 S i n g h , R . C . , 207
167 Pigeonpea Bibliography
S i n g h , R . K . , 1 1 5 , 950 S r i n i v a s a n , K . , 814 Susheelamma, N . S . , 346 S i n g h , R . M . , 588, 820 Srinivasan, K.S., 265 Swaminathan, M . , 262, 263, S i n g h , R . P . , 150, 155, 805 S r i n i v a s a n , M . , 296 2 6 4 , 265, 3 3 1 , 347, 358 S i n g h , R . S . , 951 Srinivasan, P.R., 359 Swaminathan, M . S . , 5 3 2 , 533 S i n g h , S . , 341 Srinivasan, V., 336, 531 Swamy, G . , 589
S i n g h , S . B . , 199 S r i n i v a s a n , V . K . , 560 S i n g h , S h i v Bahadur, 1090 Srivastava, A.S., 679, 680, S i n g h , S . K . , 1143 681 S i n g h , S . P . , 379, 4 6 9 , 5 1 2 , Srivastava, B.K., 682 530, 5 8 1 , 8 0 7 , 1169 S r i v a s t a v a , D . P . , 373, 749, T a i t t , E . G . , 1211 750 T a k a h a s h i , M . , 544 S i n g h , T . C . N . , 1091 T a l e y , Y . M . , 668 S i n g h , U . B . , 1092 S r i v a s t a v a , G . P . , 356 T a l w a r , S . N . , 755 S i n g h , U . P . , 1039 Srivastava, J.L., 680, 681 Tandon, R . N . , 906 S i n g h , V e d p a l , 582 S r i v a s t a v a , K . M . , 679 S i n g h , V . B . , 1190 Srivastava, O.S., 683, 684 Tandon, V . B . , 248 S r i v a s t a v a , R . P . , 9 4 4 , 945 T a r a , M.R., 327, 348, 349, S i n g h , Z . , 6 7 0 , 692 350, 351 S i n h a , A . K . , 9 8 1 , 1093 S t e d e , W., 182 T a r h a l k a r , P . P . , 144 Sittha, K . S . , 197 S t o c k d a l e , F . , 685 Tathode, M . N . , 1107 S i n h a , M . L . , 909 S t r e i l , M . , 1201 S i n h a , M.M., 678 Su, U T h e t , 1100 Tawde, S . , 352, 353, 354, S u a r d , C , 5 9 355 S i n h a , S . , 918 T a y l o r , T . , 6 2 3 , 689 S i n h a , S . C . , 356, 483, 8 1 1 , Subba Rao, L . V . , 1196 T e e r a n d a j , G . H . , 815 812 Subba Rao, N . S . , 843 T e i x e i r a , C . G . , 893 S i n h a , S . S . N . , 583, 584 Subbaiah, T . V . , 1125 Sivaraman, E . , 342 Subramaniam, A . , 156 Ter H o r s t , K . , 534 Subramaniam, N . , 280 Thacker, R.C., 1250 Sivaswamy, N . , 4 7 3 , 585 Th a k a r , C . V . , 556 S m a l l , W . , 1094 Subramaniam, V . , 344 T h a k a r e , K . K . , 292 S m a r t t , J . , 200 Subramanian, C . V . , 1101 Thakur, D., 690 S n e h l a t a , N . , 267 Subramanian, K . S . , 640, 935, Snyder, W . C . , 1095 1102 Thakurta, A.G., 1151, 1152, Subramanian, S . , 1103, 1104, 1212 S o d h i , J . S . , 767 1105, 1106 Thevasagayam, E.S., 691 Sohan S i n g h , 201 Thimmaiah, G . , 659 S o i t o u t , M . , 597 Subramanian, T . R . , 607, 649, Thirumalachar, M.J., 1108 S o l a n k i , M . S . , 770 686, 687 S o l o c o t z i , E . H . , 202 Subramanian, V . , 296, 1208 T h o b b i , V . V . , 604 Subramanya, R., 262, 263 Thomas, S . M . , 52 Solomon, S . , 203, 813 Subramanyam, K., 395 Thombre, M.V., 5 6 1 , 5 6 2 , Somani, R . B . , 1096 563, 586, 719, 720 Sonavne, K . M . , 1204, 1205 Sugawe, G . T . R . , 205 Thomps t o n e , E . , 208 Sood, N . K . , 694 Sugiyama, T . , 309 S o o t h a , G . D . , 1206 S u l l a d m a t h , V . V . , 856 T h o r a t , T . Y . , 816 S u m a t h i , S . , 1209 T i d k e , P . M . , 587 Sousa, J . A . , 204 Summerfield, R.J., 1159,1210 T i l a k , K . V . B . R . , 8 3 7 , 841 Spence, J . A . , 227, 1097, T i w a r i , A . S . , 209, 3 4 0 , 529 1207, 1211 Sundaram, N . V . , 1050 T i w a r i , M . N . , 1168 S q u i b b , R . L . , 1275 Sundaram, S . , 43 S r e e d h a r a n , C , 1213 S u n d a r a r a j a n , A . R . , 3 3 1 , 345 Tomer, R . P . S . , 1245 Sundram, P . S . , 344 T o r r e s , M . , 648 Sreekantaradhya, R., 518 S u r , S . C . , 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 , 5 1 7 , T o s h , G . C . , 149 S r e e n i v a s a y a , M . , 1098 797 T r i p a t h i , B . K . , 430 S r e e n i v a s a n , A . , 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , T r i p a t h i , R . D . , 356 313, 314 S u r e j , J . J . , 206 Srikanthamurthy, G., 1099 S u r i n d e r S i n g h , 207 T r i p a t h i , S . C . , 8 2 6 , 909 S u r u l i v e l u , T . , 6 5 3 , 688 T r i v e d l , K . A . , 210 S r i k a n t i s , S . G . , 343 Suryanarayanan, S., 850 T r u m b l e , H . C . , 226 S r i n i v a a a Rao, P . , 328 Susheela, A., 266 T u c k e r , C M . , 1109, 1110
168 Author Index
T u r n e r , F . , 535 V e n u g o p a l , S . , 687 W r i g h t , W.A., 961 T y a g i , P . C . , 1170 Verma, Ajaykumar, 946 W u r s t e r , R . T . , 161 Verma, B . K . , 697 W y l i e , A . P . , 551 Verma, G . , 216 Verma, S h a s h i , 698, 699, 700, 7 0 1 , 702, 703
U d i t N a r a i n S i n g h , R . R . , V e r t e u i l , L . L . , 217, 218 1064 Vidhyasekaran, P., 542 Yadahalli, Y.H., 229, 230 U k i r d e , R . H . , 211 V i e g a s , A . P . , 893 Yadav, D . , 707 Umadevi, 1166 Vijayalakshmi, D., 358 Yadav, D . S . , 186, 187, 2 3 1 , Umar, S . N . , 255 Vijayaraghavan, P.K., 359 232, 515, 837 Yadav, H . S . , 708 U p p a l , B . N . , 212, 1111 Vincent, C, 59 U r s , T . S . , 262, 263 V i s h a k a n t a i a h , M . , 704 Yadav, L . N . , 209, 821 Vishwakarma, S . J . , 67 Yadav, R . P . , 678 Visweswara Gowda, B . L . , 704 Yadav, R . S . , 568 V i s w a n a t h , B . , 360, 1218 Yadav, V . N . , 807 Yaseen, M . , 709 V i s w a n a t h , B . N . , 632 Vaheeduddin, S . , 536, 1112, V i t a l , A . F . , 873 Yeow, Y . M . , 290, 1165 1113 V i t t a l , T . M . , 133 Y o g e s w a r i , L . , 1070, 1136 Vaishampayan, S.M., 692 V o e l c k e r , John A u g u s t u s , 219 V a k i l , U . K . , 3 1 1 , 312, 313, 314
V a k i l i , N . G . , 986, 988, 1114 V a l d e z , R . B . , 1026 Z a i n , B . K . , 240 V a l d i v i a , M.A., 1220 Wajidkhau, M., 923 Zain-Ul-Abedin, M., 240 Vamadevan, V . K . , 1213 Wakankar, S . M . , 543, 821 Z a l a v a d i a , R . V . , 710 V a n g a l a , R.R., 357 Walker, R.W., 103 Z i l e Singh see. S i n g h , Z. W a l l a c e , G . B . , 1127, 1128 Van-Schaik, P . H . , 466 W a l l i s , E . S . , 10, 2 2 0 , 221 Van V e l s o n , R . J . , 1115 V a r a d a r a j a n , T . , 1214 Walton, R.R., 705 Varma, B . K . , 693 Wangikar, P . D . , 1096 Vasudeva Menon, P . P . , 607, Waterston, J.M., 1129 653, 688 Watkins, J.M., 222 Watson, K . A . , 223 Vasudeva, R . S . , 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1 1 2 1 , W a t t , S i r George, 224, 225 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125 W e i s s , F . , 1130 Veda, 0 . , 537 Wenholz, H., 397 Veda, O . P . , 694 Westphal, E., 398 Whiteman, P . C . , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , Veeraswamy, R., 213, 214, 2 2 1 , 3 6 1 , 546 215, 333, 387, 493, 538, 539, 540, 5 4 1 , 695, 769, Whyte, R.O., 226, 399 792, 803, 817, 8 1 8 , 819, Wiehe, P . O . , 1131 1215 Williams, F.J., 855, 1132, 1133 Velez F o r t u n e , J . , 4 0 2 , 403, W i l l i a m s , I . H . , 706 404 Venkata Ram, C . S . , 1126 Williams, R.J., 1134 Venkata Rao, S . , 262, 263 W i l l i a m s , S . J . A . , 227, 1207 Venkataraman, K . , 1216 Wilsie, C.P., 228, 544 Wollenwebber, H.W., 1135 Venkateswara Rao, P . , 396 Wood, J . I . , 937 Venkateswarlu, J., 66 V e n k a t e s w a r l u , S . , 588, 820 Woodford, R . C . , 545 Venkata Seshu Reddy, K . , 696 Work, S . H . , 1239 Venkatasubban, A . , 1217 W r i g h t , J . , 185
169
SUBJECT INDEX
AGRONOMY BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION (Contd..) C r o p p i n g s y s t e m s , 5 , 6 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 2 0 , 2 2 , C o m p o s i t i o n o f g r a i n , 1 9 4 , 2 4 7 , 2 5 4 , 2 5 9 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 6 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 7 , 2 9 0 , 2 9 1 , 5 5 , 5 7 , 6 2 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 7 7 , 7 9 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 , 3 0 5 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 5 , 8 0 , 8 4 , 8 7 , 9 6 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 5 , 318, 320, 321, 322, 324, 331, 333, 334, 1 2 0 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 3 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 4 7 , 3 4 0 , 3 4 1 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 6 , 3 5 6 , 798 1 5 5 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 8 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 2 , 1 8 1 , Cooking t i m e , 2 5 5 , 2 7 2 , 2 9 8 , 333, 336, 3 4 0 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 7 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 7 , 360 2 0 9 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 229 E s s e n t i a l o i l s , 278 C u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 3 , 2 9 , 3 5 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 6 1 , 9 7 , 98, 1 0 1 , I r r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t s , 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 3 , 314 1 0 5 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 7 3 , 1 8 8 , 1 9 6 , N u t r i t i v e v a l u e , 2 3 8 , 2 4 0 , 2 4 1 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 9 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 3 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 528 2 5 0 , 2 5 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 6 , 2 5 7 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 , F e r t i l i z a t i o n , 1 8 , 2 1 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 2 , 4 1 , 4 5 , 2 6 4 , 2 6 5 , 2 6 6 , 2 6 7 , 2 6 8 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 2 , 5 0 , 5 3 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 3 , 8 2 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 6 , 2 8 7 , 2 8 8 , 9 5 , 9 7 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 5 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 6 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 6 , 3 1 9 , 3 2 1 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 2 , 1 5 0 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 4 , 3 2 5 , 3 2 6 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 , 3 3 8 , 3 3 9 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 3 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 3 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 4 , 3 4 8 , 3 5 8 , 641 1 7 5 , 1 7 6 , 1 8 4 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 4 , 1 9 5 , 2 0 5 , P r o t e i n c o n t e n t , 2 9 2 , 1165 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 213 Protein quality, 237, 238, 241, 242, 249, G e n e r a l , 1 0 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 7 , 4 7 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 6 8 , 2 7 3 , 2 8 0 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 4 , 2 9 9 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 6 , 7 1 , 7 6 , 8 1 , 8 3 , 8 6 , 9 4 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 4 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 5 , 326, 3 3 5 , 3 3 7 , 3 3 8 , 3 4 7 , 3 4 9 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 6 , 3 5 0 , 3 5 1 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 7 , 359 1 4 8 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 4 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 9 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 2 , Starch quality, 308, 320, 328, 332 2 1 7 , 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 6 , 2 3 1 , Vitamin content, 239, 244, 245, 246, 248, 2 3 2 , 641 2 5 3 , 2 5 8 , 2 6 1 , 2 7 5 , 2 8 9 , 3 0 2 , 303 H a r v e s t i n g , 9 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 227
I r r i g a t i o n , 4 8 , 126 BOTANY P l a n t i n g d a t e , 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 3 2 , 3 8 , 5 4 , 5 8 , Anatomy, 3 8 3 , 3 9 0 , 396 6 0 , 7 1 , 7 3 , 7 5 , 9 5 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 5 6 , Embryo c u l t u r e , 389 1 6 6 , 1 7 1 , 1 9 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 7 , 1207 F l o r a l b i o l o g y , 3 6 7 , 3 7 0 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 7 , P l a n t i n g d e n s i t y , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 3 8 , 3 9 4 , 395, 4 9 0 , 4 9 1 , 538 5 1 , 6 0 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 8 8 , 9 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 1 , M o r p h o l o g y , 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 6 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 3 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 8 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 0 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 3 9 3 , 3 9 7 , 490 2 2 7 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 0 , 1207 O r i g i n , 1 2 8 , 2 0 0 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 5 , 368, R a t o o n i n g , 9 , 1 6 , 2 6 , 3 4 , 7 8 , 206 3 6 9 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 5 , 3 8 6 , 3 8 8 , 399
Weed c o n t r o l , 1 , 3 , 3 2 , 4 4 , 7 4 , 9 2 , 9 3 , Taxonomy, 3 6 1 , 3 6 2 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 6 , 3 6 8 , 3 7 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 4 9 , 164 3 7 5 , 3 7 7 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 1 , 3 8 4 , 3 8 6 , 3 9 8 , 4 8 6 , 808
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, 2 3 3 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 6 , 319 BREEDING A d a p t a t i o n , 1 8 , 8 3 , 1 0 0 , 4 2 8 , 4 3 8 , 4 3 9 , BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION 4 4 0 , 4 4 6 , 4 5 7 , 4 6 3 , 4 6 4 , 4 6 6 , 4 7 5 , 4 7 8 , Analytical methods, 269, 281, 290, 293, 4 8 9 , 4 9 2 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 6 , 5 3 4 , 545 3 0 0 , 3 0 6 , 3 0 7 , 3 2 7 , 3 3 0 , 3 3 4 , 3 4 7 , 3 5 3 , D i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e , 8 3 , 3 9 2 , 4 0 7 , 4 3 5 , 4 5 1 , 3 5 4 , 355 4 5 2 , 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 4 5 5 , 4 5 6 , 4 8 0 , 4 9 8 , 5 0 4 , A n t i n u t r i t i v e f a c t o r s , 352 5 1 2 , 536 Pigeonpea Bibliography
BREEDING ( C o n t d . . ) ENTOMOLOGY ( C o n t d . . ) G x E i n t e r a c t i o n s , 4 0 4 , 4 3 7 , 4 4 6 , 4 7 8 , 485 Crop l o s s , 6 0 4 , 6 1 2 , 6 1 4 , 6 1 5 , 616, 627, Insect resistance, 537 6 2 8 , 645, 646, 6 4 8 , 6 5 4 , 6 5 5 , 6 5 9 , 663, 670, 672, 678, 679, 683, 695, 696, 704 I n t r o d u c t i o n s , 1 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 4 0 4 , 4 1 0 , 4 1 1 , F i e l d p e s t s , 5 9 9 , 606, 608, 6 1 1 , 6 1 2 , 6 1 3 , 4 1 4 , 4 2 4 , 4 3 4 , 4 4 3 , 4 4 7 , 4 4 8 , 4 7 2 , 4 7 5 , 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 486, 4 8 8 , 4 9 2 , 5 0 9 , 5 3 4 , 5 3 5 , 1227 6 2 3 , 6 2 4 , 6 2 5 , 6 2 6 , 6 2 7 , 6 2 9 , 6 3 2 , 633, M e t h o d o l o g i e s , 4 1 8 , 4 2 1 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 0 , 4 4 6 , 6 3 4 , 635, 636, 6 3 7 , 638, 6 3 9 , 6 4 0 , 6 4 1 , 4 5 8 , 4 6 2 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 6 , 4 9 9 , 5 0 5 , 5 0 7 , 519, 6 4 3 , 6 4 4 , 645, 646, 6 4 8 , 6 5 0 , 6 5 1 , 6 5 2 , 5 2 1 , 5 2 3 , 5 2 6 , 5 2 9 , 5 3 2 , 716, 723 6 5 3 , 6 5 4 , 655, 6 5 6 , 6 5 7 , 6 5 8 , 6 5 9 , 6 6 0 , 6 6 1 , 662, 663, 6 6 4 , 665, 6 6 6 , 6 6 7 , 668, M u t a t i o n , 6 5 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 3 , 4 2 0 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 3 , 4 6 1 , 6 6 9 , 670, 6 7 2 , 6 7 3 , 6 7 4 , 675, 6 7 6 , 677, 4 7 3 , 4 7 9 , 4 8 7 , 4 9 3 , 4 9 4 , 4 9 6 , 5 0 0 , 5 1 3 , 6 7 8 , 679, 6 8 0 , 6 8 1 , 6 8 2 , 6 8 3 , 6 8 4 , 685, 5 2 0 , 524 6 8 6 , 687, 688, 6 8 9 , 6 9 0 , 6 9 1 , 6 9 2 , 6 9 3 , New c u l t i v a r s , 4 6 , 1 4 4 , 2 3 0 , 4 0 5 , 4 0 6 , 408, 6 9 4 , 695, 696, 6 9 8 , 7 0 0 , 7 0 1 , 7 0 2 , 704, 409, 4 1 2 , 4 1 3 , 4 1 4 , 415, 416, 4 1 7 , 4 1 9 , 707, 936, 1114, 1115 4 2 2 , 4 2 4 , 4 2 5 , 4 2 6 , 4 3 2 , 4 3 5 , 4 3 6 , 4 4 1 , Pollinating insects, 605, 706, 708 4 4 2 , 4 4 6 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 0 , 4 5 9 , 4 6 0 , 4 6 7 , 4 7 4 , 4 7 7 , 4 8 1 , 4 8 2 , 4 8 3 , 4 8 4 , 4 9 4 , 4 9 5 , 4 9 7 , Stored grain insects, 598, 629, 630, 631, 5 0 1 , 5 0 2 , 5 0 3 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 5 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 5 , 6 4 2 , 6 4 9 , 6 6 7 , 6 7 1 , 6 9 7 , 710 5 2 7 , 5 2 8 , 5 3 0 , 5 3 1 , 5 4 0 , 5 4 1 , 542, 543 N u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , 3 8 , 8 3 , 2 4 3 , 4 2 7 , 4 4 4 , GENETICS 4 6 5 , 4 7 8 , 4 8 5 , 5 0 0 , 5 1 3 , 533, 725 P l a n t t y p e , 7 2 1 , 7 3 1 , 776, 778, 779, 797, P o l l i n a t i o n , 3 7 0 , 3 7 4 , 3 9 3 , 4 0 1 , 4 2 3 , 4 4 5 , 8 0 3 , 8 1 1 , 1189 4 4 7 , 4 6 8 , 4 6 9 , 4 7 0 , 4 9 0 , 4 9 1 , 506, 5 1 4 , Induced mutations, 520, 575, 740, 741, 814 5 1 7 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 2 , 5 3 8 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 4 , 744 M u t a t i o n s , 7 1 5 , 7 8 4 , 787, 788, 797, 820 Qualitative CYTOGENETICS - L i n k a g e , 1 4 8 , 4 5 3 , 719, 720, 730, 732, C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s , 363, 5 4 6 , 5 4 7 , 5 4 8 , 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 739, 756, 549, 5 5 0 , 5 5 1 , 5 5 3 , 5 5 4 , 555, 5 5 7 , 5 5 9 , 7 6 4 , 7 8 0 , 782 5 6 4 , 5 6 6 , 576 - Marker gene, 1 4 8 , 4 5 1 , 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 7 1 1 , Mutagen e f f e c t s , 4 7 3 , 583, 5 8 4 , 585, 588 714, 717, 718, 719, 720, 7 2 1 , 729, 7 3 0 , P o l y p l o i d s , 5 4 7 , 5 4 8 , 5 5 0 , 5 5 7 , 5 5 8 , 5 6 0 , 7 3 1 , 7 3 2 , 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 567, 5 6 8 , 569, 5 7 5 , 577, 5 8 1 , 5 8 2 , 587 739, 7 4 1 , 7 4 2 , 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 749, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 7 6 2 , 764, Wide c r o s s e s , 4 8 0 , 5 5 2 , 5 5 4 , 5 5 5 , 556, 5 6 i , 768, 769, 7 7 4 , 775, 780, 7 8 1 , 7 8 2 , 783, 5 6 2 , 5 6 3 , 5 6 5 , 5 7 0 , 5 7 1 , 5 7 2 , 5 7 3 , 5 7 4 , 786, 794, 796, 8 0 2 , 804, 8 0 8 , 8 1 0 , 8 1 1 , 5 7 8 , 5 7 9 , 5 8 0 , 586 8 1 2 , 815 - P l e i o t r o p y , 746 ECONOMICS, 589, 5 9 0 , 5 9 1 , 5 9 2 , 5 9 3 , 5 9 4 , 5 9 5 , - R e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a n t s , 740, 748, 758, 5 9 6 , 5 9 7 , 1249 760, 778, 785, 793, 820 Quantitative, 712, 763 ENTOMOLOGY - C o r r e l a t e d e f f e c t s , 2 9 8 , 336, 3 9 1 , 4 3 0 , C o n t r o l 505, 5 2 4 , 5 2 9 , 713, 716, 722, 7 2 4 , 725, - B i o l o g i c a l , 599, 6 0 0 , 6 0 2 , 6 0 3 , 6 1 0 , 6 1 1 , 728, 750, 753, 754, 7 6 1 , 765, 7 7 1 , 7 7 3 , 613, 6 1 4 , 6 2 1 , 6 2 6 , 6 2 7 , 6 6 1 , 709 777, 8 0 6 , 8 0 7 , 809, 818, 8 1 9 , 821 - C h e m i c a l , 598, 6 0 1 , 6 0 7 , 6 0 9 , 6 1 3 , 6 1 4 , - D i a l l e l a n a l y s i s , 723, 7 2 4 , 798, 799, 801 6 1 6 , 6 2 0 , 636, 6 4 5 , 6 4 6 , 6 4 9 , 6 5 1 , 6 5 2 , - D i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n , 752, 767, 791 653, 6 5 7 , 6 5 8 , 6 6 7 , 6 6 8 , 6 7 0 , 6 7 2 , 676, 678, 6 8 0 , 6 8 4 , 6 8 8 , 6 8 9 , 6 9 0 , 6 9 1 , 6 9 2 , - G e n e t i c a d v a n c e , 4 3 0 , 7 5 1 , 7 5 5 , 790, 7 9 2 , 6 9 7 , 6 9 8 , 6 9 9 , 7 0 0 , 7 0 1 , 7 0 2 , 7 0 3 , 705, 807 707, 7 1 0 , 1114 - H e r l t a b i l i t y , 1 4 8 , 4 3 0 , 4 7 6 , 7 5 1 , 754, - C u l t u r a l , 6 8 9 , 695 7 5 5 , 7 6 1 , 7 6 5 , 766, 7 7 2 , 7 7 3 , 789, 7 9 0 , 7 9 2 , 7 9 5 , 7 9 9 , 8 0 0 , 806, 8 0 7 , 816 - Host p l a n t r e s i s t a n c e , 6 0 4 , 615, 6 1 8 , 6 2 2 , 6 2 7 , 6 2 8 , 6 3 3 , 6 4 7 , 6 5 5 , 663, - Heterosis, 770, 805, 813, 817 6 6 6 , 6 6 9 , 6 7 1 , 6 9 4 , 1114 - I n h e r i t a n c e , 725, 726, 727, 800
172 Subject Index
MICROBIOLOGY PATHOLOGY ( C o n t d . . ) Cross i n o c u l a t i o n g r o u p s , 8 2 7 , 835 Fungal diseases (contd..) 1052, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059; E f f e c t i v e n e s s , 827, 835 1060, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, Nematode i n f e c t i o n , 839 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1 0 8 1 , 1082, 1083, N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n , 3 1 , 145, 190, 4 3 8 , 8 2 4 , 1084, 1085, 1090, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 829, 8 3 2 , 8 3 3 , 840 1096, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1 1 0 1 , 1103, 1104, N i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , 830 1105, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, N i t r o g e n o u s f e r t i l i z e r s , 8 2 9 , 833 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, N o d u l a t i o n , 8 8 , 8 9 , 2 7 4 , 8 2 2 , 824, 828, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 829, 8 3 1 , 8 3 2 , 8 3 3 , 839 1136 Nonnodulating bacteria in nodules, 834 Nematodes, 2 7 , 4 3 9 , 869, 877, 886, 908, 9 0 9 , 915, 917, 925, 9 3 4 , 952, 953, 9 5 4 , Rhizobium inoculation, 825, 837, 840, 841, 955, 956, 999, 1017, 1027, 1086, 1087 843 Virus and virus-like diseases, 677, 844, Rhlzosphere microflora, 823, 826, 838, 1199 853, 858, 863, 8 6 6 , 8 7 1 , 875, 876, 878, Seed p e l l e t i n g , 8 2 5 , 837 8 8 5 , 887, 8 9 5 , 8 9 6 , 9 2 6 , 935, 9 3 6 , 9 4 4 , 9 4 5 , 948, 957, 9 7 0 , 9 8 2 , 984, 985, 986, S y m b i o t i c v a r i a b i l i t y , 836 987, 988, 989, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, V i r u s i n f e c t i o n , 842 1009, 1010, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1020, 1 0 2 1 , 1022, 1023, 1024, 1044, 1049, 1053, 1073, 1088, 1089, 1 0 9 1 , 1097, 1098, PATHOLOGY 1100, 1102, 1114, 1115, 1130, 1133, 1134 B a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s , 8 7 1 , 8 9 3 , 958, 959, Unknown causes, 940 1 0 6 1 , 1062, 1108 Disease c o n t r o l , 1048 - B i o l o g i c a l , 846, 8 4 7 , 8 6 5 , 879, 9 0 0 , 919, PHYSIOLOGY 9 2 4 , 930, 9 5 1 , 9 6 4 , 965, 966, 9 6 7 , 968, C e l l b i o l o g y , 1146, 1164, 1200 990, 9 9 1 , 992, 1116, 1118, 1120, 1 1 2 1 , 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1194 D e f o l i a t i o n , 1156 - C h e m i c a l , 8 5 6 , 865, 888, 9 1 1 , 923, 927, E f f e c t s o f l i g h t , 7 , 5 9 , 113, 1 7 1 , 1153, 963, 969, 976, 9 7 8 , 979, 1032, 1068, 1159, 1162, 1197, 1207, 1210, 1213 1093, 1108 Enzymes, 1138, 1141, 1143, 1149, 1150, 1160, 1163, 1168, 1172, 1175, 1176, 1182, - Host p l a n t r e s i s t a n c e , 8 5 2 , 8 5 7 , 859, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1193, 1209, 8 6 0 , 8 6 1 , 8 6 4 , 865, 8 8 1 , 890, 897, 9 0 1 , 1217 9 0 2 , 914, 929, 9 7 1 , 972, 975, 9 9 5 , 998, 1004, 1023, 1025, 1037, 1054, 1080, Growth r e g u l a t o r s , 3 2 , 8 3 8 , 1137, 1143, 1102, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1119 1157, 1166, 1169, 1172, 1178, 1179, 1 1 9 1 , 1194, 1199 Fungal d i s e a s e s , 795, 845, 8 4 6 , 8 4 7 , 848, 849, 8 5 0 , 8 5 1 , 8 5 2 , 8 5 4 , 8 5 5 , 8 5 6 , 857, M e t a b o l i s m , 1145, 1 1 8 1 , 1201 858, 859, 8 6 0 , 8 6 1 , 8 6 2 , 863, 8 6 4 , 865, P h o t o s y n t h e s i s , 4 3 8 , 1143, 1145, 1154, 867, 8 6 8 , 8 7 0 , 8 7 1 , 872, 8 7 3 , 8 7 4 , 879, 1189, 1190 8 8 0 , 8 8 1 , 8 8 2 , 8 8 3 , 8 8 4 , 8 8 7 , 8 8 8 , 889, 890, 8 9 1 , 8 9 2 , 8 9 4 , 8 9 7 , 8 9 8 , 8 9 9 , 900, Plant growth, 59, 85, 396, 524, 1140, 1147, 9 0 1 , 9 0 2 , 903, 9 0 4 , 905, 906, 907, 910, 1148, 1153, 1158, 1167, 1192, 1198, 1210, 912, 9 1 3 , 9 1 4 , 916, 918, 9 1 9 , 9 2 0 , 9 2 1 , 1 2 1 1 , 1215, 1216, 1218 9 2 2 , 9 2 3 , 9 2 4 , 9 2 7 , 9 2 8 , 9 2 9 , 9 3 0 , 9 3 1 , P l a n t n u t r i t i o n , 5 5 , 5 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 5 , 136, 9 3 2 , 9 3 3 , 9 3 7 , 938, 9 3 9 , 9 4 1 , 9 4 2 , 943, 137, 1 3 8 , 1 4 0 , 8 0 6 , 1142, 1 1 6 1 , 1177, 946, 947, 949, 950, 9 6 0 , 9 6 1 , 9 6 2 , 963, 1196, 1202, 1203, 1206 9 6 4 , 965, 966, 967, 968, 9 6 9 , 9 7 0 , 9 7 1 , 972, 973, 9 7 4 , 975, 976, 977, 9 7 8 , 979, Seed p h y s i o l o g y , 3 1 5 , 5 9 8 , 1139, 1142, 9 8 0 , 9 8 1 , 9 8 3 , 989, 9 9 1 , 9 9 2 , 9 9 3 , 9 9 4 , 1144, 1147, 1 1 5 1 , 1152, 1165, 1166, 1170, 995, 996, 9 9 7 , 998, 1000, 1 0 0 1 , 1002, 1 1 7 1 , 1173, 1174, 1179, 1180, 1195, 1204, 1003, 1004, 1 0 1 1 , 1018, 1019, 1 0 2 1 , 1025, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1209, 1212, 1214, 1217 1026, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1033, 1034, Soil salinity effects, 1155, 1188 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1 0 4 1 , 1042, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1050, 1 0 5 1 ,
173 Pigeonpea Bibliography
UTILIZATION Cover c r o p , 2 2 3 , 3 8 0 , 4 7 4 , 4 7 5 , 1249 F o r a g e , 9 , 7 1 , 7 8 , 8 0 , 8 7 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 4 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 8 8 , 3 8 0 , 4 7 4 , 1220, 1223, 1228, 1 2 3 0 , 1238, 1 2 3 9 , 1 2 4 0 , 1 2 4 1 , 1256, 1 2 5 7 , 1273 F u e l , 1 2 5 5 , 1263
Green manure, 2 1 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 7 1 , 8 5 , 1 0 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 5 2 , 1 6 2 , 169, 1 7 2 , 196, 2 0 4 , 2 2 2 , 3 8 0 , 4 7 5 , 1 2 5 4 , 1263 Hedge, 1237 Human f o o d , 1 2 8 , 2 9 7 , 3 7 2 , 1225, 1229, 1 2 3 2 , 1235, 1 2 4 1 , 1 2 5 3 , 1258, 1263 Lac h o s t , 1 2 2 7 , 1 2 4 1 , 1246 L i v e s t o c k f e e d , 1 0 0 , 128, 339, 4 7 5 , 1222, 1 2 4 2 , 1243 P o u l t r y f e e d , 1 2 3 4 , 1275 P r o c e s s i n g , 1 , 1 2 8 , 1 7 8 , 349, 3 5 0 , 3 5 1 , 4 0 0 , 1 2 1 9 , 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 4 , 1226, 1 2 3 1 , 1236, 1 2 4 4 , 1245, 1 2 4 7 , 1248, 1250, 1 2 5 1 , 1252, 1253, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1 2 6 1 , 1262, 1264, 1 2 6 5 , 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1 2 7 1 , 1272
Shade, 2 0 1 , 1233, 1263, 1274 W O R D I N D E X
Aoanthomia tomentosicollis, Aspergillus giganteus, 850 Brassicol, 856, 923 623 Aspergillus niger, 269, 1120, Broad l e a f l e t b a s e , 764 Acenaphthene, 581 1122 Brudhus s p . , 669 Aceria c a j a n i , 1 0 2 2 , 1023 Aspergillus terreus, 1120, Bruchus albocallosus , 629 Acetocarmine t e s t , 379 1122 Brudhus bacbicus, 615
Adisura atkinsoni, 675 Aspergillus ustus, 945 Bruohua c h i n e n s i s , 629 A f l a t o x i n , 920 Attapulgite, 697 Brudhus theobromae, 667 Agromyza obtusa see Atylosia, 368, 5 5 4 , 555, Bud, 559 Melanagromyza obtusa 556, 570, 572, 573, 574, Bulbiformin, 978, 979, 1123, A g r o s a n , G . N . , 923 5 7 9 , 5 8 0 , 586, 1023 1 1 2 4 , 1125
A l a c h l o r , 44 Atylosia lineata, 5 7 1 , 578 Bux, 652 Albizzia lebheck, 661 Atylosia saarabaeoides, 571 Albizzia odorotissima, 661 Atylosia seriaea, 571 A l c i d e s c o l l a r i s , 659 Autotetraploids, 547, 548, A l d i c a r b , 653 5 5 0 , 557
A l d r i n , 668 Azotobacter, 826 C - 1 1 , 426 A l i q u a t , 93 C-26, 426 Amiben, 93 Cajanone, 1045, 1194 Amino a c i d s , 238, 249, 256, Callosobruohus c h i n e n s i s , 267, 276, 2 7 9 , 280, 2 8 3 , 265, 649, 665, 671, 673, 2 9 1 , 299, 309, 316, 3 2 2 , 697 350, 3 5 1 , 3 5 4 , 357, 358, B - 7 , 495 485 B - 9 , 1178, 1179 C a l l o s o b r u c h e s maculatus, Babla thorn leaves, 253 6 3 0 , 6 3 1 , 710 Amylase, 1218 Bacillus c o n c o m i t a n s , 834 Canavalia s p . , 25 Anarsia epiphippias, 675 Baaillus subtilis, 9 3 0 , 9 7 9 , Canavalia ensiformis, 8 4 4 , Anaylostomia stercorea, 610, 1116, 1118, 1121, 1122, 1254 648, 651 1123, 1 1 2 4 , 1125 A n e u p l o i d , 520 Cancer, 348 Bean, 271 Cannabis indica, 434 A n g l e o f secondary Bemisia tabaci, 1020, 1053 Canning p i g e o n p e a s , 1272 b r a n c h i n g , 768 Bengal gram, 238, 2 5 1 , 262, Canning q u a l i t y , 1262, 1264 A n t h e s i s , 395 263, 265, 280, 282, 332 Captan, 856, 923 A n t i i n h i b i t o r , 731 B e n l a t e , 911 A n t i o x i d a n t , 1232 Carbaryl, 607, 616, 646, B e n o t o n i t e , 697 653, 672, 684 Apantelee taragamal, 661 BHC, 6 4 5 , 653 C a r b o f u r a n , 1027 Aphis c r a c c i v o r a , 651 B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e , 249, 2 5 1 , C a r b o h y d r a t e s , 2 9 1 , 1257 A p i s dorsata, 706 2 5 2 , 287, 3 2 1 , 338 C a r b o p h e n o t h i o n , 653 Apis florea, 374 B i s c u i t s , 1252, 1253 A r a b i n o s e , 290 Carboxylase, 1143 Black gram, 238, 280, 332 C a r o t e n e , 253 A r a b i n o s i d a s e , 1149 Blossom-thrips, 670 - C a r o t e n e , 248 A r a d h i s hypogaea, 1 8 4 , 2 5 0 , Boohmeria nivea, 1230 ß - C a r o t e n e , 248 286, 419 Bordeaux mixture, 927, 963 Cassia obtusifolia, 320 A r g i n i n e , 344 B o r e r s , 676 Arhar mosaic v i r u s Cassia occidentalis, 320 i n f e c t i o n , 842 Borooeras c a j a n i , 128 C a t a l a s e , 1152 Botryosphaeria Catochrysops onejus, 615, Armillaria mellea, 960 xanthocephala, 1110 617 Aacoahyta imperfecta, 949 Bracon c a j a n i , 602 Catochrysops strabo, 668 A s h , 1228 B r a n c h l e s s , 811 Aspergilli, 9 4 5 , 1036 Cawnpore-132, 453 Cawnpore m u t a n t , 452 Plgeonpea Bibliography
Centroaema pubescens, 3 5 7 , Colletotrichum c a j a n i , 8 6 2 , Diethyl-dithiocarbamate, 247 833 9 7 0 , 1 0 3 9 , 1096, 1109 D i g e s t i b i l i t y , 328, 329, 332 Ceratoma ruficornis, 896 Colletotriohum truncation, Digestibility coefficient, Cercoseptoria 9 2 3 , 950 272 aajanioola, 1038 Colobodea dolichotis, 687 D i m e t h o a t e , 6 0 7 , 646, 6 7 0 , 6 7 8 , 6 8 4 , 692 Ceraospora s p . , 9 7 0 , 1 0 6 4 , Colocasia antiquoram, 434 1092 Common b e a n , 877 Diphaulaca, 608 Ceraoepora oajani, 8 7 2 , 8 9 2 , Compolitis chlorodaea, 709 Diphenamil, 74 1 0 0 1 , 1018, 1134 C o m p o s i t e s , 471 Diplodia c a j a n i , 1055, 1056, Cercospora indica, 1092 Copper, 269 1057 Dipterex, 620 Cercospora instabilis, 937 C o p r a n t o l , 923 Ceresan w e t , 856 Corcyra c e p h a l o n i c a , 642 D i s u l f o t o n , 652 Cerococcus catenorius, 636 C o r t i c i u m rolfsii, 983 Dithane M-45, 923 Cerulina, 605 Cosmolyce bacticus, 615 D i t h a n e Z - 7 8 , 923 Ceuthorhynchus Coumarin, 1166, 1169 Dolichos, 635 asperulus, 6 3 2 , 686 Dolichos biflorus, 4 8 , 2 9 2 , Cover crops, 151, 152 835 Chaetoaeptoria Cowpeas, 2 7 1 , 273, 2 8 8 , 2 9 1 , wellmanii, 1000 299, 342, 598, 689, 877, Doliahos lablab, 1 3 9 , 188, C h a l c i d l a r v a l p a r a s i t e , 599 1224 287, 310, 1254 " C h e e s e , " 1258 C r e e p i n g , 782 Dwarf m u t a n t , 779 Chemical mutagens, 461 Cross p o l l i n a t i o n s , 538 Chickpea see Ciaer arie- Crotalaria, 2 7 , 202 tinum Crotalaria junoea, 4 6 9 , 1254 Chimera, 788 Crotalaria medicaginea, 320 C h l o r a l h y d r a t e , 569 Crude f i b e r , 1228 Eiphosoma annulatum, 602 C h l o r o x u r o n , 74 Elasmopalpus Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, 3 4 1 , rubedinellus, 648 Chlorphenamidine, 653 598 Empoasca s p p . , 1114 Choanephora c u c u r b i t a r u m , 990 Cyanodon dactylon, 32 Empoasca fibilis, 651 C h o l i n e , 2 5 8 , 261 Cyperus rotundus, 112 Chromatography, 315 Cyrtozemia c o g n a t a , 658 Empoasca kerri, 936 Chromosome d o u b l i n g , 581 EMS, 4 3 1 , 4 7 3 , 4 7 9 , 583, 820 C y s t e i n e , 273 E n b u t o x , 149 Chromosome number, 546 C y s t i n e , 3 0 4 , 344 Endosulfan, 607, 609, 672, Ciaer, 486 Cytase, 1218 678, 6 8 4 , 6 8 8 , 6 9 2 , 698, Ciaer arietinum, 2 4 9 , 2 5 1 , 699, 7 0 1 , 702 2 5 2 , 2 8 7 , 310, 3 2 0 , 3 2 2 , 3 4 6 , 4 3 7 , 4 6 5 , 598, 6 3 5 , E n d r i n , 6 7 0 , 6 8 0 , 6 9 1 , 692 1224 a l s o see Bengal gram Ensilage, 80 E p i d i t h i u m , 1257 CXTA-1, 450 D a l a p o n , 469 EPTC, 93 C I T A - 2 , 450 Dasychira mendosa, 693 E r e p t a s e , 1218 C I T A - 3 , 450 DDT, 6 0 1 , 6 2 0 , 645, 646, 923 Clavigralla gibbosa, 6 1 1 , Deficiency symptoms, 135 E r i o p h y i d , 677 6 1 3 , 6 2 6 , 644 Dehydration, 349, 1251, Erysiphe aiahoraoearum, 1055 Clavigralla horrens, 613 1259, 1260 Eryeiphe polygons, 1055 E t h e p h o n , 1157 C l e i s t o g a m y , 3 7 4 , 758 D e h y d r o f r o z e n , 1260 Etiella zinckenella, 618 C l u s t e r b e a n , 1257 Demarchus pubipennie, 656 C o - 1 , 4 1 6 , 4 1 9 , 4 9 7 , 5 1 0 , Dendroohium gigasporum, 922 Euaelatoria s p p . , 709 541 Dense i n f l o r e s c e n c e , 764 Eucelis c r i t i c a , 684 C o - 2 , 540 DES, 473 Euohrysops onejus, 643 Eucosma c r i t i c a , 617, 661 C o f f e e , 636 Desmodium distortum, 844 Euderus agromyzae, 627 C o h e r i t a b i l i t y , 819 Desmodium gyroides, 845 C o l c h i c i n e , 4 7 9 , 582 Dhania, 253 Euderua lividus, 600 Colletotrichum spp. , 9 2 3 , Diazinon, 636 Euproctis scintillans, 664 1096 D i e l d r i n , 691
176 Word I n d e x
E x e l a s t i s atomosa, 556, 604, Fusarium udum ( c o n t d . . ) G r i s e o f u l v i n , 888 6 0 6 , 6 1 5 , 622, 6 2 4 , 655, 1 0 2 1 , 1028, 1030, 1035, Groundnut, 439 668, 6 6 9 , 678, 690, 6 9 4 , 1040, 1 0 4 1 , 1042, 1046, Growth h a b i t , 4 5 1 , 7 3 2 , 782, 702, 705 1047, 1059, 1060, 1065, 804 1066, 1067, 1068, 1070, Gwalior-3, 481, 543, 713 1071, 1077, 1095, 1099, 1 1 0 1 , 1105, 1112, 1113, 1116, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1 1 2 1 , 1 1 2 2 , 1123, 1124, F a s c i a t i o n , 717, 812 1126, 1135, 1136 F a t s , 2 9 1 , 1228 Hadronotus antestiae, 6 1 1 , F a t t y a c i d s , 305 Fusarium udum v a r . 626 F e n i t r o t h i o n , 6 0 7 , 646, 688 cajani, 1030 H a e m o g l u t i n i n s , 279, 357 F e n t h o a t e , 607 Fusarium vasinfeotum, 859, Hard s e e d , 1204 8 7 9 , 8 8 4 , 9 2 1 , 943, 968, Harvesting, 177 F i x a t i o n , 559 9 7 1 , 9 9 4 , 1002, 1003, F l a t t e n e d p o d , 741 1126 HC1, 569 Flower c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 729, 733, H e l i c o v e r p a armigera see 749, 7 8 0 , 783 FW-450, 469 Heliothis armigera Fodder, 535 Heliothis armigera, 6 1 5 , 620, 625, 645, 646, 6 6 2 , F o r a g e , 1 5 1 , 152 668, 6 7 2 , 6 9 4 , 696, 702, Frankliniella 709 s u l p h u r e a , 6 9 2 , 708 F r e e z i n g , 1269 Galactose, 290 Heliothis virescens, 6 1 8 , French b e a n , 631 - G a l a c t o s i d a s e , 1149 648 ß-Galactosidase, 1150 Heterodera cajani, 839, 917, F r o s t , 425 Gall-disease, 866 953, 9 5 4 , 955, 956 F r o s t damage, 160 Gamma-irradiation, 311, 312, Heterodera vigni n. s p . , 908 Frozen p i g e o n p e a s , 1269 3 1 4 , 524, 575, 1200 F r u c t o s e , 315 Hexaploids, 568
Fusarium, 4 4 3 , 5 0 4 , 5 4 0 , Gamma-radiation, 313, 583 HN03 , 569 845, 8 5 5 , 867, 9 0 1 , 9 1 2 , Gamma r a y s , 4 0 2 , 403 HY-3a, 518 9 2 1 , 939, 964, 967, 969, G e r m i n a t i o n , 1139, 1142, HY-3c, 518 972, 980, 9 8 1 , 983, 993, 1 1 7 0 , 1180, 1188, 1204, H y b r i d v i g o r , 7 70 1028, 1029, 1 0 3 1 , 1093, 1205, 1216, 1217, 1218 1095, 1105, 1106, 1134, Hydrolysis, 1250 1136 Germplasm, 486 H y d r o x y p r o l i n e , 290 Gibberella, 921 Hypolipidaemlc activity, 323 Fusarium cajani, 938 Gibberella fujikuroi v a r . F u s a r i u m lateritium, 938 subglutinans, 1131 Fusarium lateritiwi . f. sp. Gibberella singulation, 1096 cajani, 1082,1083,1084,1085 Fusarium lateritiumvar. Gibberellic acid, 1137 uncinatum, 1003, 1128, 1135 Gibberellin, 1172, 1199 IAA, 1199 Gigas c h a r a c t e r s , 569 Indigofera hirsuta, 27 Fusarium merismoides, 847 Gigas l e a f , 787 I n d o r e N o . 5 , 409 Fusarium oxysporum f. s p . G l o b u l i n , 276, 316, 344, Induced male sterility, 469 udum, 8 9 1 , 8 9 4 , 9 4 1 , 9 4 2 , 346, 353, 354 Inhibitors, 357, 731 1032, 1037, 1043, 1045, 1072, 1076, 1107 Glomerella singulation, 1096 Inoculants, 832 Glucosamine, 290 I n o c u l a t i o n , 837 Fusarium oxysporum f. s p . Glycine javanica, 188 Insect Infestation, 265 ciceri, 942 Glycine max, 250, 2 8 6 , 322 Intercropping, 164, 183, 229 Fusarium oxysporum f. s p . Glycine soja, 287, 1230 In vitro c u l t u r e , 1167 vasinfeotum, 942 Fusarium udum, 1 0 , 4 2 5 , 435, G l y c o p r o t e i n , 290 Ionizing radiation, 461 5 1 2 , 5 5 6 , 846, 8 5 5 , 8 6 3 , Glyricidia maculata, 686 I P - 1 5 , 408 870, 8 8 0 , 888, 889, 8 9 4 , Green gram, 238, 280, 332, I P - 4 1 , 452 8 9 7 , 9 0 0 , 902, 9 2 4 , 9 2 8 , 631 I P - 8 0 , 452 929, 9 3 0 , 9 3 2 , 933, 9 4 3 , Green manure, 152, 424 Ipomaea batatua, 434 965, 9 9 7 , 998, 1 0 0 4 , 1 0 1 9 ,
177 Pigeonpea Bibliography
I r o n , 330 Maarophoma, 961 Musa paradieiae, 245 I s o l a t i o n , 4 0 5 , 423 Maarophoma c a j a n i , 868 Mutagens, 741 Maarophoma c a j a n i c o l a , 1038 M u t a n t , 721 Maarophoma phaseoli, 8 7 4 , M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g , 494 9 0 7 , 983 Mycosphaerella s p . , 1064
Madurasia obscurella, 700 Mycovellosiella c a j a n i , 795, J a s s i d s , 6 7 6 , 698 M a l a t h i o n , 607, 636, 672 1025, 1134 Maleic hydrazide, 1169 M a l t e s e , 1218 M a l v i , 446
Manganese, 269 NAA, 1 1 9 1 , 1199 K a f f i r c o r n , 262 Manihot utilissima, 434 N a r c o t i c , 384 K a k i , 414 Maruca testulalis, 6 3 4 , 675 N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g , 393, 4 4 5 , K a n k e - 3 , 425 M a t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e , 726 4 6 8 , 4 9 0 , 506, 5 2 2 , 539, K a n k e - 9 , 425 MCPB, 9 3 , 149 544 K a o l i n i t e , 697 Neem l e a v e s , 253 Medicago s p p . , 8 3 4 , 1230 K h a r g o n e - 2 , 4 8 1 , 510 Medicinal properties, 253 Nematodes, 8 3 9 , 877, 1017 K i d n e y b e a n s , 500 Megachile s p p . , 605, 706 Nematospora c o r y l i , 1127 Megaahile lanata, 374 Neocosmoapora vasinfecta, Melanagromyza obtusa, 599, 8 8 2 , 9 9 4 , 1069 6 0 0 , 6 0 6 , 6 0 9 , 6 1 2 , 6 1 4 , Net protein utilization 615, 6 2 0 , 6 2 2 , 627, 6 2 8 , (NPU), 238, 241 6 3 7 , 6 3 8 , 6 3 9 , 6 4 7 , 6 5 4 , L a b l a b vulgaris, 434 6 5 5 , 6 6 6 , 6 6 9 , 678, 6 7 9 , New Era 40-6, 454 L a c - h o s t , 102 6 8 0 , 6 8 1 , 6 8 3 , 6 9 4 , 6 9 5 , New v i r u s d i s e a s e , 1089 L a c t a t i n g , 1257 704 New w i l t , 1133 L a t h y r i s m , 335 New y e l l o w s , 1133 L a t h y r u s s a t i v u e , 2 4 9 , 259, Melanagromyza phaeeoli, 700 N i c o t i n i c a c i d , 246, 389 2 8 1 , 4 3 7 , 593 Malanospora brevirostrata, 850 Nitro-BT-stained, 379 Leaf t h i c k n e s s , 733 Meloidogyne, 2 7 , 439 N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n , 1 9 0 , 829, L e a f l e t number, 783 Meloidogyne incognita, 8 3 9 , 833 L e a f l e t shape, 7 2 0 , 7 3 1 , 886 N i t r o g e n u p t a k e , 190 733, 7 8 0 , 782 N-mineralization, 830 L e c t i n , 290 Mephosfolan, 652 Metanil yellow, 306, 307 N o d u l a t i o n , 1 3 6 , 829 Leghaemoglobin, 839 Methionine, 241, 256, 267, Nodule b a c t e r i a , 835 Legume b a c t e r i o l o g y , 832 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 , 287, 298, 335 N o - e y e , 4 0 5 , 414 Lens c u l i n a r i s , 310 M e t h y l demeton, 620 N o n f l o w e r i n g , 760 Lena esculenta, 249, 2 5 9 , N o n - s p e c i f i c i t y , 840 2 8 7 , 3 2 2 , 437 M i c e , 240 Milling losses, 1244 Norman, 2 7 , 474 L e n t i l , 238, 2 8 0 , 2 8 8 , 3 4 1 , M i n t o , 405 N o t c h l e s s l e a f l e t a p e x , 764 5 9 8 , 631 MMS, 479 NP-69, 4 5 3 , 454 L e u c i n e , 241 M o l a s s e s , 1257 NP-132, 454 Leveillula taurica, 1134 NP(WR)-15, 413 L i c o p e n e , 248 Molybdenum, 269 M o n o c r o t o p h o s , 6 0 7 , 6 7 8 , 688 NP(WR)-18, 413 Lima b e a n , 6 3 1 , 877 Moong see Mung Numerical classification, L i m i n g , 114 M o r p h o l o g i c a l , 822 361 L i n o l e i c a c i d , 259 Mosaic, 876, 878, 895, 896, L i p a s e , 1218 1088 L i t t l e - l e a f , 926 Moth bean, 631 L y s i n e , 2 6 5 , 2 7 1 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 5 , Mukta, 415, 417, 459, 460 344 Multicarpellate, 820 Obcordate leaflets, 746, 808 Mung, 6 9 8 , 699, 700, 7 0 1 , Obcordate leaves, 762 7 0 2 , 7 0 3 , 1224 Oblong obovate, 747 Oblong t r i f o l i a t e , 7 4 2 , 759
178 Word I n d e x
Obovate l e a f l e t s , 775 Phoma, 8 5 4 , 9 6 1 , 962 P r o m e t r y n e , 3, 4 4 , 7 4 , 92 Obovate l e a v e s , 782 P h o r a t e , 6 9 8 , 7 0 0 , 702, 703 P r o s t r a t e , 745 Oedocephalum Phosalone, 688 P r o t e a s e , 1209 coprophilum, 850 Phosphamidon, 609, 658 P r o t e i n , 263, 265, 2 7 1 , 274, O i d i o p s i s s p . , 1033 Phosphate uptake, 140 276, 289, 291, 295, 427, 478, 485, 500, 725, 726, Oidiopsis taurica, 9 4 7 , P h o s p h i n e , 598 1228, 1240 1 0 1 1 , 1111 Phospholipid, 1232 Oligosaccharides, 315 Phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n , 1 5 0 , Protein content, 89, 108, Oncideres amputator, 651 163, 166, 175 116, 153, 194, 298, 301, O p y r y o s c o l e x , 1257 Phosphorus p l a c e m e n t , 150 329, 333, 437, 722, 798 Protein digestibility, 257, Orosius argentatus, 926 P h o t o p e r i o d , 171 272, 288 O x a l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e , 1138 Phoxim, 649 Oxamyl, 1086 Phycitinae, 635 P r o t e i n E f f i c i e n c y R a t i o O x i d a s e , 1218 P h y l l o d y , 87 5 (PER), 265, 268, 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , Oxyrhaohis tarandus, 661 Phyllosticta spp., 937, 272, 321, 326, 358 1063, 1064 P r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e s , 1252, O x y s o l , 153 1253 Phyllosticta c a j a n i , 8 7 3 , 1052, 1063 P r o t e i n a s e , 1173 Phytin, 345 P r o t o z o a , 1257 Phytophthora, 855, 975, 9 7 6 , Pseudococcus c i t r i , 1115 1132 Pseudomonas s p p . , 893 P-4587, 511 Puooinia s p p . , 864 P-4785, 511 Phytophthora c a j a n i , 855 P a l m i t i c a c i d , 259 Phytophthora dreohsleri v a r . Pusa Ageti, 415, 417, 459, Pant A - 1 , 422 c a j a n i , 9 7 3 , 9 7 4 , 975, 977 460 Pant A - 2 , 4 2 2 , 515 Pigeonpea cyst nematode, 934, Pyrenochaeta c a j a n i , 1038 952 P y r i d o x i n e , 389 Pant A - 3 , 4 2 2 , 515 Pythium s p p . , 1078 P a r a q u a t , 3, 9 2 , 105 Pisum sativum, 139, 249, P a s t u r e s , 832 259, 287, 310, 322, 437 Pythium aphanidermatum, 983 Path a n a l y s i s , 818 Plant habit, 738 Pythium splendeus v a r . Pea, 273, 3 4 1 , 587 Plant height, 768 hawaiianum, 1079 P l e i o t r o p y , 746, 787 P e a r l m i l l e t , 262 Pellicularia filamentosa, 927 Plume m o t h , 612 Penicillia, 945 Pod b o r e r s , 607, 6 5 2 , 653, Pennisetum typhoideum, 87 663 see also P e p t a s e , 1218 H e l i o t h i s armigera Quinalphos, 678 Pod b u g , 612 P e r o x i d a s e , 1141 P e t a l c o l o r , 768 Pod color, 451, 719, 729, Phaeeolue, 202, 368 7 3 1 , 733, 738, 768, 780, Phaeeolue aconitifolius, 292 7 8 2 , 804 Phaseolus aureus see Pod f l y see Melanagromyza R a g i , 2 6 2 , 2 6 4 , 308 Vigna radiata obtu8a R a n c i d i t y , 1232 Ratooning, 514 Phaseolus c a l o a r t u s , 337, Pod habit, 451 R a t s , 256, 268, 282, 285, 338 Pod s i z e , 768 287, 304, 342 Phaeeolue c o c c i n e u s , 439 Pointed leaf apex, 794 Phaeeolue limeneis, 310 Pollen variability, 379 Reducing sugars, 1250 Phaeeolue lunatus, 2 5 0 , 2 7 3 , P o l l i n a t i o n , 367 Reduviid, 626 286, 318, 357, 439 Rhizobium, 89, 274, 832 Polyembryony, 394 Rhizoctonia, 5 4 0 , 8 9 9 , 1026 Phaeeolue mungo see P o l y p l o i d y , 558 Rhizoctonia ferruginea, 937, Vigna mungo Polysaccharides, 297, 346 1110 Phaeeolue r a d i a t u s see Popus, 405 Vigna radiata Prabhat, 483 Rhizootonia s o l a n i , 9 9 3 , 9 9 4 Phaeeolue vulgarie, 139, Rhynohosia minima, 876 2 7 2 , 2 7 3 , 279, 287, 309, Pratylenchus s p p . , 886 R i c e , 264 310, 3 4 1 , 598 Proliferation disease, 985 Root n o d u l e s , 833
179 Pigeonpea Bibliography
R o s e t t e d i s e a s e , 987 S t e r i l i t y m o s a i c , 677, 9 3 5 , TIBA, 1143 R o t y l e n c h u l u s reniformis, 9 3 6 , 9 4 8 , 9 8 2 , 1005, 1006, Toxaphene, 667 8 6 9 , 9 2 9 , 1012, 1 0 8 6 , 1087 1 0 0 7 , 1008, 1009, 1010, Trichlorphon, 653 Rounded l e a f , 744 1 0 1 2 , 1013, 1 0 1 4 , 1015, Triohoptilus congrualis, 674 Rumen l i q u o r , 1257 1016, 1 0 1 7 , 1 0 2 1 , 1 0 2 2 , T r i f l u r a l i n , 4 4 1023, 1102, 1133 Trifolium s p p . , 832 S t i c k e r s , 825 T r i p l o i d s , 568 S t i p u l e l e n g t h , 735 Trithion, 668 S t o r a g e l i f e , 1144 T r o p i c a l , 832 S - 5 , 4 4 1 Strains, 835 T r o p o t o x , 149 S - 8 , 510 Stylo8anth.es gracilis, 833 S - 1 8 , 542 Trychogrammatoidae S-103, 512 S u c r a s e , 1218 armigera, 709 S A - 1 , 477 S u c r o s e , 315 Trypsin inhibitors, 279, S y m b i o t i c , 836 2 8 8 , 352, 358 S a l t t o l e r a n c e , 1188 Synahytrium phaseoli-radiata, T r y p t o p h a n , 2 5 6 , 2 6 7 , 287, S a p o n i n , 254 918 2 9 5 , 298, 3 0 0 , 3 0 4 , 327 Sohisotetranyohus, 633 Sclerotinia s c l e r o t i n u m , 1129 Synahytrium umbilicatum, 1050 Tur 1 5 - 1 5 , 467 Seed c o a t c o l o r , 719, 720, Tur I P I - 5 , 481 729, 7 3 2 , 7 8 3 , 810 Tylenchorhynohus s p p . , 1012 T y p e - 1 0 5 , 436 Seed c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 739, 749, T y r o s i n e , 344 7 8 0 , 794 Seed p e l l e t i n g , 8 2 5 , 832 T - 5 , 498 Seed s i z e , 799 T - 7 , 4 9 5 , 5 0 1 , 516 S e l f i n g , 470 T - 1 6 , 4 2 4 , 498 T-17, 501, 516 S e p a l o i d , 4 5 3 , 454 T - 2 1 , 5 0 2 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 6 , 527 Ujjain-7, 543 S e p a l o i d f l o w e r , 760 U n i f o l i a t a , 742 S e r o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s , 832 T - 2 4 , 432 UPAS-120, 4 2 2 , 525 Sharda, 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 , 4 5 9 , 460 T - 4 1 , 4 2 4 , 498 Urease, 1175, 1176, 1182, S h o r t s t i g m a , 785 T - 5 0 , 4 2 4 , 498 1183, 1 1 8 4 , 1185, 1186, T - 5 1 , 4 2 4 , 498 1187, 1193, 1217, 1218 S i l i c i o u s e a r t h , 697 T - 8 0 , 424 Simple l e a f , 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 759, Uredo cajani, 898, 1134 760 T - 8 2 , 424 U r i c a c i d , 265 S m a l l l e a f l e t s , 775 T - 8 4 , 503 Uromyoes dolicholi, 903, Smear t e c h n i q u e , 576 T - 1 3 6 - 1 , 432 1018, 1129 Taeniothrips distalis, 517, Sodium a s i d e , 1027 707 Sodium t r i c h l o r o a c e t a t e , 112 Soluble carbohydrates, 320 Taeniothrips nigrioornis, Somatic v a r i a t i o n , 566 6 9 2 , 708 Sorghum, 619 T a m a r i n d , 405 Varitox, 149 T a p i o c a , 1257 V e g e t a b l e t y p e s , 297 Sorghum bicolor, 77 Taraostigmodee s p . , 650 V e i n c o l o r , 7 1 9 , 7 2 0 , 7 3 2 , Sorghum vulgare, 184 7 3 6 , 739 Soybean, 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 7 1 , 2 9 9 , TCA, 149 V e l v e t b e a n , 1254 318, 4 3 9 , 5 0 0 , 5 9 8 , 6 3 1 , Temperate, 832 6 8 9 , 877 T e s t a c o l o r , 733, 735, 768 Vermicularia c a p s i c i , 963 Tetranychus s p p . , 651 Vesak, 253 Spike d i s e a s e , 1098 Tetraploids, 520, 560, 567, Vioia faba, 598 S p r e a d i n g h a b i t , 794 5 6 8 , 5 7 5 , 577, 587 Vigna, 202 Standard p e t a l c o l o r , 804 Vigna aconitifolia, 5 9 8 , 6 3 1 Stem c o l o r , 732 T h i a m i n , 2 3 9 , 389 Stemfly, 676 T h i r a m , 8 5 6 , 923 Vigna c a p e n e i s , 439 Thosea asperiens, 619 Vigna c a t j a n g , 3 2 2 , 359 S t e r i l e m u t a n t s , 4 3 1 , 758 T h r e o n i n e , 265 Vigna mungo, 1 7 , 7 0 , 1 8 3 , S t e r i l i t y , 8 5 2 , 8 5 3 , 8 5 7 , T h r i p s , 698 2 4 9 , 259, 2 9 2 , 3 2 2 , 339, 8 6 3 . 8 8 5 , 8 8 7 , 9 5 7 , 1044, 3 4 6 , 4 3 7 , 4 6 5 , 5 4 5 , 598 1073
180 Word I n d e x
Vigna nilotica, 79 Zero t i l l a g e , 173 Vigna radiata, 1, 7, 1 3 9 , Z i n e b , 927 183, 249, 273, 2 9 2 , 3 2 2 , Zonabris pustulata, 634 337, 338, 3 A 1 , 346, 4 3 7 , 4 6 5 , 545, 598
Vigna sinensis, 1 3 9 , 2 7 2 , 287, 2 9 1 , 2 9 2 , 337, 338, 3 4 1 , 357, 4 3 7 , 8 4 4 , 1188 2 - 4 - D , 1199 Vigna u m b e l l a t a , 250 2-4-DB, 149 Vigna unguiculata, 250, 286, 3D-8104, 449 310, 318, 357 3 D - 8 1 1 1 , 449 3D-8127, 449 V i t a m i n , 291 V i t a m i n A, 2 4 4 , 2 4 8 , 302
V i t a m i n B 1 , 239, 275, 3 0 2 , 389 V i t a m i n B Complex, 289
V i t a m i n C, 253
V i t a m i n G ( B2 ) , 245 Voandzeia subterranea, 434
Water h y a c i n t h , 587 W h i t e f l o w e r c o l o r , 781 W i l t r e s i s t a n c e , 393, 4 1 5 , 426, 5 4 2 , 563, 802 W i t c h e s ' broom, 9 8 5 , 986, 988, 1114, 1115
Woroninella u m b i l i c a t a , 1034, 1050
Xanthomonas s p p . , 1108 Xanthomonas c a j a n i , 958,1108 Xanthomonas malvacearum, 1035 Xanthomonas phaseoli, 1061 Xanthomonas phaseoli f. s p . cajani, 1 0 6 1 , 1062
X - r a y , 433, 473 Xylocopa, 605
Y e l l o w m o s a i c , 1 0 2 0 , 1 0 2 4 , 1053
181
APPENDIX
P I G E O N P E A S Y N O N Y M Y
L a n g u a g e N a m e ( s )
E n g l i s h A l b e r g a , A n g o l a p e a , C o n g o p e a , G u n g o , G u n g o p e a , N o - e y e - p e a , P i g e o n p e a , P o r t o R i c a n p e a , R e d g r a m , Y e l l o w - d h a l
F r e n c h A m b r e ' v a d e , P o i s d ' A n g o l e , P o i s p i g e o n
S p a n i s h Guandu, Gandul, Quinchonchos
Indian languages
B e n g a l i Tur, Rahar, Orhor G u j a r a t i T u v e r H i n d i A r h a r
K a n n a d a T o g a r i M a l a y a l a m T h u v a r a m M a r a t h i T u v e r S a n s k r i t Adhaki, Tuvari, Tuvarika T a m i l T h u v a r a i T e l u g u K a n d u l u
L o c a l n a m e s
A r m e n i a Y e w o f - a t e n
C o n g o Ohota-farengota
Philippines K a d y o s
S o m a l i Salboco-ghed
V e n e z u e l a Quinchonchos
ICR 80-0039
183