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Using Phenomenography to Study Factors Affecting the Propagation of Invalid Science

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Using Phenomenography to Study Factors Affecting the Propagation of Invalid Science ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن دوره 16، اﺳﻔﻨﺪ 1396، -1114 1097 ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي روش ﭘﺪﯾﺪار ﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻬﺪي دادﺧﻮاه1، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﮕﺰﯾﺎن2، زﻫﺮا ﻫﻤﺖ1 درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: 27/6/96 ارﺳﺎل ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ اﺻﻼح: 27/8/96 درﯾﺎﻓﺖ اﺻﻼﺣﯿﻪ از ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه: 10/11/96 ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: 96/11/24 ﭼﮑﯿﺪه زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. آﮔﺎﻫﯽ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ را ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﺸﯽ وﺳﯿﻊﺗﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت آﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺧﻮد ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ و ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺧﻮدداري از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺎﯾﮥ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺧﻮد ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آورﻧﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روش: در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روﯾﮑﺮد ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﭘﺪﯾﺪارﻧﮕﺎري، ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ 12 ﻧﻔﺮ ﮐﻪ در زﻣﯿﻨﮥ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ، ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ داراي داﻧﺶ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪهاﻧﺪ؛ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ و ﮐﺪﮔﺬاري ﻧﻈﺮي 8 ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺣﺼﺎء ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ در درك ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪي در ﻓﻀﺎي ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ دﺧﯿﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮﮔﯿﺮي ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﮥ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان در ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ، ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﺟﺎي داد. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي ﮐﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ را ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. Downloaded from journal.rums.ac.ir at 9:13 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ، ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ را ﻣﺤﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار داد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻼت رده ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ و ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻏﯿﺮﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل اﺧﻼق ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺠﻼت و ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. واژهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮐﯿﻔﯽ، ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ 1- داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﮐﺘﺮاي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ، ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اداري و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ، ﻣﺸﻬﺪ، اﯾﺮان 2- (ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل) داﻧﺸﯿﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اداري و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ، ﻣﺸﻬﺪ، اﯾﺮان ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: 38803550-051، دورﻧﮕﺎر: 38803550-051، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮏ: [email protected] 1098 ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي روش ﭘﺪﯾﺪار ﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ... " " ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ ﺳﺆال ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﮐﺪام ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟" ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ از راهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ وﺟﻮد دارد ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺑﯽﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ رﻧﺞ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ. ﮐﻪ از ﺣﻮﺻﻠﮥ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺧﺎرج اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﻧﮑﺘﮥ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺳﺖ. از آﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﻼت ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺻﻠﯽ داﻧﺶ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ داراي داوريﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد و اﺻﻮﻟﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻬﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﭘﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ ﭘﺲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت اﺳﺎس ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﯽرﻏﻢ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي روشﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮي ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﺎﻓﺘﮥ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻋﻠﻤﯽ، ﺣﺘﯽ اﮔﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻓﺮاد آﮔﺎه و ﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل و ارﺟﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي را درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ وﻟﯽ ﭘﺲ از ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎن ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﺻﺤﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ. زﯾﺎد ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻮدن آنﻫﺎ ﮐﺸﻒ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻼت ﺗﺎزه ﮐﺎر و ﺟﺪول 1 ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﭘﺮ اﺳﺘﻨﺎدﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت داراي ﺧﻄﺎ، رﺗﺒﮥ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮد، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻌﻀﺎً در ﻣﺠﻼت ﻧﻘﺺ ﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي دﯾﮕﺮان را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ دﻧﯿﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽﺧﻮرد. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺳﺎلﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر و درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ارﺟﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺮخ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻠﺐ اﻣﺘﯿﺎز ﺑﻮدن آنﻫﺎ ﭘﯽﺑﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ [6- 3]. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ (Retraction) در ﺣﺎل اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ اﺳﺖ [2-1] ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮي ﻋﺒﺎرت ":Retracted" در ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺳﭙﺲ در زﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺆاﻻت زﯾﺎدي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﭘﺮاﺳﺘﻨﺎد اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﮔﺮدﯾﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ؛ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﺑﯽﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟ ":Retracted" در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد ﮐﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﯾﮏ روش ﻧﺎب ﻋﻠﻤﯽ را ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داد؟ ﭘﺲ از ﭼﺎپ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﯽ، ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻮدن و ﯾﺎ وﺟﻮد روشﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ داﻧﺶ ﺑﯽاﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺧﻄﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﭘﯽﺑﺮده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد؛ ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮار دادن اﯾﻦ ﮐﺪاﻣﻨﺪ؟ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﮐﺪام ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ ﻋﺒﺎرت در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎره Downloaded from journal.rums.ac.ir at 9:13 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام از ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻓﻮق ﮐﺎر ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ را اﻃﻼعرﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد [7] اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﯽﻃﻠﺒﺪ. اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﻧﺎﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﺧﻄﺎ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺧﻮد ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه رﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از دﯾﺪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﯿﻦ آن رﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ ﺳﻠﺐ اﻣﺘﯿﺎز ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰﯾﻤﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺻﻼح ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ و درآﻣﺪه و ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ. اﺑﺰاري ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻨﺒﯿﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﻧﯿﺴﺖ [8] در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺪف "ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن دوره 16، ﺷﻤﺎره 12، ﺳﺎل 1396 ﻣﻬﺪي دادﺧﻮاه و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران 1099 ﺟﺪول 1- ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﯽ، ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده، ﻏﯿﺮﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﯾﺎ داراي ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد [7] ﺗﻌﺪاد اﺳﺘﻨﺎدات ﺳﺎل ردﯾﻒ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺳﺎل ﺳﻠﺐ اﻣﺘﯿﺎز (ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮔﻮﮔﻞ ﭼﺎپ اﺳﮑﺎﻟﺮ) Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non- specific colitis, and The Lancet 2327 2010 1998 pervasive 1 developmental disorder in children Purification and ex vivo expansion of postnatal 1575 2009 2001 Blood human marrow 2 mesodermal progenitor cells Viral pathogenicity determinants are The EMBO suppressors of 1189 2015 1998 journal 3 transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana TREEFINDER: a BMC powerful graphical 1031 2015 2004 evolutionary analysis environment 4 biology for molecular phylogenetic ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮر ﮐﻪ در ﺟﺪول 1 ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ، ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ (Pseudoscience) ﻧﻤﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺮ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ (ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده) ﺧﻮد ﭘﺎﯾﮥ ﺑﯿﺶ از آنﻫﺎ را ﻣﺤﻮر ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. 1000 ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ را ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ دادهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﯾﺎي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اراﺋﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ واﺿﺢ و ﺻﺮﯾﺢ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﮐﻤﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ و ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ دﺷﻮار ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ و واژﮔﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ از در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد. از اﯾﻦ ﭘﺲ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر Downloaded from journal.rums.ac.ir at 9:13 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 ﺷﯿﻮة اﯾﺠﺎد و ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ آنﻫﺎ، ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺿﺮوري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻠﯽ از واژة ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت و ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﭘﯿﺶ رو ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ راهﻫﺎي ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل ﭘﯿﺘﺮ ﻫﻮﺑﺮ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﯽﮐﻮﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ، ﻫﺪف (Peter Huber) اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد از اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ او ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺒﺪع واژة Junk science ﯾﺎد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد [9]. وي، ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ، ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ و ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ارﺟﺎع ﺷﺪه در [9]، ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ زﯾﺮ را ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﺷﮑﻞ- داده اﺳﺖ [10] : ﮔﯿﺮي اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﺳﺖ. در واﻗﻊ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي از داﻧﺶ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺷﺒﯿﻪ آن اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن دوره 16، ﺷﻤﺎره 12، ﺳﺎل 1396 1100 ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي روش ﭘﺪﯾﺪار ﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ... اﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎم ﻧﺪارد و آﻣﯿﺨﺘﻪاي از دادهﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺮﺿﺎﻧﻪ، ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ درﻣﺎﻧﯽ (homeopathy) ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻮﻋﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ از اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎجﻫﺎي ﺟﻌﻠﯽ و ﺣﻘﻪﺑﺎزي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ اﺳﺖ. در واﻗﻊ ادﻋﺎﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﯿﺎن اﺳﺖ. دن ﭘﺮي (Dan Perri) ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﯽ از ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻮر از ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻻﯾﺮوﺑﯽ دادهﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﻪاي از ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ درﻣﺎﻧﯽ اﻓﮑﺎر واﻫﯽ، ﺗﻌﺼﺐ و ﺗﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ". اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽدارد ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ درﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ آﻧﭽﻪ از ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ در ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺰﺷﮏ آﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺳﺎﻣﻮﺋﻞ ﻫﺎﻧﻤﻦ ( Samuel ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد، ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ Hahnemann) ﻣﻄﺮح ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ [15-14]. ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﮥ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ و ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪاي ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ (pseudoscience)، ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ/ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﺤﺮ/ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺪ/ﻋﻠﻢ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ دارد. ﮐﯿﻤﯿﺎﮔﺮي ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮد رﯾﺸﻪاي دﯾﺮﯾﻨﻪ دارد ﻣﻨﺤﺮف/ﻋﻠﻢ دروﻏﯿﻦ ( junk/voodoo/bad/bent/bogus ﺟﺰء ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ (ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮده ﺷﺪه ﺷﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ) science) اﺳﺖ [11]. اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ واژﮔﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮر زﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﯽﺷﻤﺎري از ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﻮد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮده ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، وﻟﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ از در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ، ﺷﯿﻤﯽ، ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژي، روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻗﺮن ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺎن آنﻫﺎ از ﺣﻮﺻﻠﮥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻋﻠﻢ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻮده اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺧﺎرج اﺳﺖ [16]. اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ دﻫﻪﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. از در ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي آﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﮐﻤﯽ دﺷﻮار ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در ﻣﻮرد ﻧﺸﺮﯾﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﻟﺬا ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه در اداﻣﻪ، ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﯽﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﯾﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﺟﻬﺖ دﺳﺖ دوم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. در ﺳﺎل 1796، ﭘﺰﺷﮏ اﺗﺮﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت و ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ داوري داراي ﻧﻘﺺ ﺑﻮده و در ازاي Franz Joseph Gall ﻓﺮاﻧﺘﺲ ﯾﻮزف ﮔﺎل ( ) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺟﻤﺠﻤﻪ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ از ﻣﺤﻘﻘﯿﻦ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪاي Downloaded from journal.rums.ac.ir at 9:13 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 ﺧﻮاﻧﯽ (Phrenology) را ﻣﻄﺮح ﮐﺮد.
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