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Preparation and Anisotropic Properties of Textured Structural Ceramics: a Review

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Preparation and Anisotropic Properties of Textured Structural Ceramics: a Review Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2019, 8(3): 289–332 ISSN 2226-4108 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-019-0325-5 CN 10-1154/TQ Review Preparation and anisotropic properties of textured structural ceramics: A review Zhuo ZHANGa,b, Xiaoming DUANa,b,c,*, Baofu QIUa,b, Zhihua YANGa,b,c, Delong CAIa,b, Peigang HEa,b, Dechang JIAa,b,c,*, Yu ZHOUa,b aKey Laboratory of Advanced Structural-Functional Integration Materials & Green Manufacturing Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China bInstitute for Advanced Ceramics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China cState Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China Received: November 23, 2018; Revised: March 16, 2019; Accepted: March 22, 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. Abstract: Ceramics are usually composed of randomly oriented grains and intergranular phases, so their properties are the statistical average along each direction and show isotropy corresponding to the uniform microstructures. Some methods have been developed to achieve directional grain arrangement and preferred orientation growth during ceramic preparation, and then textured ceramics with anisotropic properties are obtained. Texture microstructures give particular properties to ceramics along specific directions, which can effectively expand their application fields. In this review, typical texturing techniques suitable for ceramic materials, such as hot working, magnetic alignment, and templated grain growth (TGG), are discussed. Several typical textured structural ceramics including α-Al2O3 and related nacre bioinspired ceramics, Si3N4 and SiAlON, h-BN, MB2 matrix ultra-high temperature ceramics, MAX phases and their anisotropic properties are presented. Keywords: texture; structural ceramics; anisotropic properties; strengthening and toughening mechanisms properties. When some external conditions, such as stress 1 Introduction fields, electromagnetic fields, and temperature fields, are applied during the process of material preparation, Since the periodicity and density of the atoms in single grains can be preferentially aligned along specific crystals are not identical along different directions, the crystallographic directions, forming texture microstructures physical and chemical properties of single crystals along [1–3]. Performances of materials along preferred crystal different directions are various. But most materials, lattice orientation can be enhanced by texturing so that either metals or ceramics, are polycrystalline materials they can be applied to more harsh service environments composed of unoriented grains, resulting in their isotropic [4–6]. For many metallic materials, their slip systems can *Corresponding authors. be activated at suitable temperature, and then grains E-mail: X. Duan, [email protected], [email protected]; D. Jia, [email protected] can be easily oriented by deformation, such as rolling www.springer.com/journal/40145 290 J Adv Ceram 2019, 8(3): 289–332 and extrusion [7–12]. Subsequent heat treatment of along the lamella and better mechanical properties deformed metal can result in oriented nucleation of perpendicular to the lamella. recrystallization and preferred orientation growth [13– There are many examples of textured materials with 17]. By appropriate deformation and heat treatment, excellent performances in natural creatures. Natural texture degree and grain size of metals can be adjusted, materials, such as nacre, bone, and bamboo, usually and the required anisotropic properties can be obtained combine stiff and soft components and possess hierarchical [18–21]. Unlike metals, atoms in ceramics are mainly structures [41]. For example, many skeletal tissues interconnected by covalent and ionic bonds, which are consist of organic fibrils and mineral particles [42,43]. strong enough to prevent plastic deformation. So In the exoskeleton of Homarus americanus, the organic deformation techniques are not suitable for texture matrix consists of α-chitin fibrils and some non- formation of ceramics. Specific techniques, such as hot crystalline proteins. Most of the α-chitin lattice cells working, magnetic alignment, and templated grain are oriented with the long crystallographic axis towards growth (TGG), have been invented, which can effectively the surface of the exoskeleton to provide mechanical promote the preferred orientation of ceramic grains support for the body [44]. Another typical example is [2,22,23]. that many mollusks protect themselves from predators Textured ceramics have many superior properties by their hard external shells consisting of a brittle compared with ceramics composed of randomly oriented external calcite layer and a tough internal nacre layer. grains. As for functional ceramics, texture microstructures The nacre layer is composed of aragonite, chitin, and can increase the critical current density of superconductors proteins, and possesses the brick-and-mortar structure [24–26], increase the electrical conductivity of ionic employing a variety of toughening mechanisms such as conductors [27,28], heighten the magnetic anisotropy crack deflection and microbuckling to induce a gradual of hexaferrite ceramics [29–31], and improve the “graceful failure” [45]. Inspired by specific structures electromechanical coupling coefficient of piezoelectric of natural creatures, much research has been put into ceramics [32–35]. As for structural ceramics, fracture textured materials possessing hierarchical structures toughness along specific directions increases with the [46–58]. incorporation of oriented grains, which favor the There have already been some reviews about textured mechanisms of crack deflection, crack bridging, and metals and functional ceramics [32,59–63]. But there are few summaries about textured structural ceramics. grain pull-out [36–39]. Figure 1 shows the schematic In this review, an overview of preparation methods of diagram of the microstructure of a lamellar textured textured structural ceramics is given. In addition, the porous α-alumina (α-Al O ) specimen prepared by hot- 2 3 state of the art of several typical textured structural pressing (HP) and its anisotropic mechanical properties ceramics and their anisotropic properties are discussed. and thermal conductivities [40]. Due to the texture The aim of this review is to give a brief introduction of microstructure, it possesses higher thermal conductivity textured structural ceramics for new researchers in this field and to provide some useful references for them. 2 Characterization of texture Texture can be divided into morphological texture where anisometric grains are oriented and crystallographic texture where grains have preferred crystal lattice orientation. These axis orientations (the c-axis orientation, the a,b-axis orientation, etc.) in the remainder of this review all refer to the crystallographic axes system. Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the microstructure and Morphological texture and crystallographic texture usually anisotropic mechanical properties and thermal conductivities coexist for textured structural ceramics. Morphological of a lamellar textured porous α-Al2O3 specimen prepared by HP. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40], © texture can be characterized by microscopes such as Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. 2015. optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope www.springer.com/journal/40145 J Adv Ceram 2019, 8(3): 289–332 291 (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), etc. Crystallographic texture can be characterized by pole figures and inverse pole figures obtained with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) using SEM, Euler maps obtained with EBSD using SEM, etc. The diffraction intensities of special crystal planes obtained by XRD and neutron diffraction (ND) can also be used to characterize crystallographic texture. ND is very useful to analyze large bulk materials as neutrons have the highest penetration among neutrons, electrons, and X-ray [64], and it can also be used for in situ observation of texture development due to its low absorption [65–67]. As the characterization methods of texture are usually used in the following parts of this review, they are discussed here firstly. 2. 1 Characterization of morphological texture OM and SEM can provide visualized morphology information of textured materials. TEM can be used to Fig. 2 OM thermal etched surfaces of textured alumina observe morphological microstructure and determine ceramics: (a) perpendicular to the magnetic field direction; (b) parallel to the magnetic field direction. Reproduced grain orientation in a small area of several micrometers. with permission from Ref. [68], © Elsevier Ltd and Figure 2 shows the polished surface morphology of Techna Group S.r.l. 2012. textured alumina observed by OM, indicating that plate-like alumina grains were oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field that applied during slip casting [68]. But in most cases, especially for the ceramics with fine grain sizes, SEM is used more frequently due to its higher resolution than OM. Figure 3 shows the fracture morphology of textured alumina ceramics [69]. Although the grain size is only about 1–5 μm, texture characteristics can be observed clearly. And the relationship between magnetic field and grain preferred orientation is the same as that in Fig. 2. Figure 4 shows the TEM images of textured h-BN-MAS composites prepared from
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