FORESTRY COMMISSION
YAKOMBO FOREST RESERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN (Buipe Forest District)
MARCH,2016
YAKOMBO FOREST RESERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN
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FOREWORD
The constitution of each forest reserve mandated the then Forestry Department to develop working plans to be able to effectively and efficiently manage, protect and develop forest and wildlife resources in each of these reserves to benefit all segments of society. Nevertheless, a century of evolution of Forest Policy formulation, institutional transformation and management, including development and protection has given birth to a trendy and sophisticated societal demand on the forests of Ghana.
These developments require the reinvigoration and revision of the existing working plans which were written, taking into consideration the socio-economic and cultural issues prevailing at that time.
The policy and the legal framework which prevailed at the time of the constitution of these reserves emphasized on the contribution of forestry to environmental management inter alia the protection of water bodies and their sources, providing the necessary environment for our agricultural practices, prevention of erosion in mountainous areas and preservation of bio- diversity.
This framework engendered the then Forestry Department to a non-participatory approach to resource management culminating in policing and less regard to the stakeholders.
Over a period, forest and wildlife resources management regimes have undergone substantial changes in conformity with modern developmental trends, more especially international conventions and ramifications.
Consequently, the FC has thought it wise to revise these working plans to reflect these ramifications, technologies, geo-spatial information systems and rules and regulations. Furthermore, the new plans are intended to achieve the aims of multipurpose and sustainable use of forest and wildlife resources, promotion of ecotourism, Voluntary Partnerships Agreements with the European Union, climate change, carbon trade and participatory management, using participatory and collaborative interventions with the use of technology to reduce transaction cost and for effective management. Again, forest policies, master plans and legislation have also undergone great reviews, giving
iii new directions to affect forest and wildlife management and utilization, hence the need for updated management plans.
Furthermore ACT 571 re-established The Forestry Commission of Ghana which brought together hitherto different organizations mandated to protect, manage and regulate the nation's forests and wildlife resources and to provide for related matters.
Therefore, suffice me to inform all stakeholders that these ramifications have obliged FC to develop and implement this management plan for sustainable and effective management and utilization of our forest and wildlife resources with more emphasis on plantation development, improvement in carbon stock under the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+), the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the Bio-Diversity Conservation Programmes.
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Chief Executive of Forestry Commission – Mr. Samuel Afari Dartey
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PREFACE Forest Management issues are of great concern globally due to high demand of forest resources and ever increasing population. As a result of this, the Forest Services Division (FSD) of the Forestry Commission is facing challenges in managing the nation’s forest resources.
It is hoped that with the co-operation of all stakeholders – Forest Services Division of the Forestry Commission, Chiefs, the various District Assemblies where the Reserve is located and the Forest Fringe Communities, this management plan will be well executed to achieve the expected objectives.
The management plan was written by the District Forest Manager of Buipe, Mr. Kweku Antwi Bosiako assisted by Mr. Kofi Kyei.
The following Managers from the Regional Office were instrumental in preparation of the plan: Mr. Yaw Atuahene Nyarko, Regional Manager and Mr Dickson Sakyi, Assistant Regional Manager. Mr. Godfred Ohene Gyan, Mr. Boakye Acheampong and Mohammed Yakubu, all of the RMSC-FC contributed to the preparation of this plan.
A technical Group made up of Mr. Raphael Yeboah, Executive Director of FSD, Mr. Alex Boadu, Director of Operations, Mr. H.C.A. Brown, Director of Plantations, Mr. Edward Obiaw, Director of RMSC, Dr. Kwakye Ameyaw and Mrs. Edith Abruquah, Operation Managers of FSD, Mr. Ofoe Portuphy of the ICT Department, Mrs. Diana Fiati, Mr. Kofi Adu Gyamfi and Yaw Bio of Operations Unit of FSD provided technical support for the preparation of the Plan.
We are very appreciative to the International non-government organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of environment (IUCN) for providing technical support in the preparation of the plan. We are also beholden to our foreign partners particularly the World Bank under the NREG-TA and candidly thank them for providing support for the plans preparation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ...... iii
PREFACE ...... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viiii
APPENDICES ...... 80
INDEX OF TABLES
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
PART II
BACKGROUND ...... 1
1.1 General Introduction ...... 1
1.2 Description of Forest Management Area ...... 2
1.2.1 Location and Extent of Forest Reserve ...... 2
1.2.2 Physical Environment ...... 3
1.2.2.1 Topography and Drainage ...... 3
1.2.2.2 Geology and Soils ...... 3
1.2.2.3 Climate ...... 3
1.2.2.3.1 Rainfall ...... 3
1.2.2.3.2 Temperature ...... 4
1.2.2.3.3 Humidity ...... 5
1.2.3 Ownership and rights ...... 5
1.2.3.1 Timber Harvesting Rights ...... 6
1.2.3.2 Commercial harvesting Rights for Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) ...... 6
1.2.4 Community and Cultural Setting ...... 6
1.2.5 Socio-economic Activities ...... 6
1.2.5.1 Population dynamics ...... 7
1.2.5.2 Economic Activities ...... 7
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1.2.5.3 Local people’s Relations with the reserve ...... 8
1.2.5.4 District Development Plan ...... 9
1.2.6 Stakeholder Analysis ...... 11
1.3 Previous Management ...... 12
1.3.1 General Objectives (Past) ...... 12
1.3.2 Management Categories ...... 12
1.3.2.1 Plantation Development ...... 12
1.3.2.2 Protection ...... 13
1.3.2.3 Timber Production Areas ...... 13
1.3.2.4 Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) ...... 14
1.3.2.5 Labour and Employment ...... 14
1.3.2.6 Revenue Collected and Distributed to Landowner(s) in last ten (10) years...... 14
1.4 Current Status of Forest Resources ...... 14
1.4.1 Flora Description ...... 14
1.4.2 Statistics of Stocking ...... 16
1.4.3 Stocking Density ...... 16
1.4.4 Basal area estimates ...... 16
1.4.5 Stand Volume ...... 16
1.5 Fauna Description ...... 17
1.6 Carbon stocks ...... 18
PART II
EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ...... 20
2.1 Principles and Objectives ...... 20
2.2 Forest Management Principles ...... 20
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2.3 Current Forest Management Objectives ...... 21
2.4 Strength Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis ...... 22
2.2.1 Protection zone objective ...... 24
2.2.2 Production zone objective ...... 25
2.2.3 Governance objective ...... 25
2.2.4 Limestone mining zone objective ...... 26
2.2.5 Research objective ...... 26
PART III
MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS ...... 27
3.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 27
3.2.1 Specific objectives ...... 28
3.2.2 Management Prescriptions for Protection Zone Specific objectives ...... 28
3.2.2.1 External boundary maintenance objectives ...... 28
3.2.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 28 3.2.2.2 Swamp sites and other conservation areas ...... 29
3.2.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 29
3.2.2.3 Catchment areas of Black Volta ...... 29
3.2.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 29
3.2.2.4 Wildfire Management ...... 29
3.2.2.4.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 30
3.2.2.5 Encroachment ...... 30
3.2.2.5.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 30
3.3 Production zone ...... 30
3.3.1 Specific objectives ...... 30
3.3.2 Management Prescriptions for Production Zone Specific objectives ...... 30
3.3.2.1 Sustainable harvesting techniques ...... 31
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3.3.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 31
3.3.2.2 Existing Plantations ...... 31
3.3.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 31
3.3.2.3 New Plantations ...... 31
3.3.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 32
3.4 Governance ...... 32
3.4.1 Specific objectives ...... 32
3.4.2 Management Prescriptions for Specific objectives of Governance ...... 33
3.4.2.1 Benefit Sharing ...... 33
3.4.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 33
3.4.2.2 Alternative livelihood activities ...... 33
3.4.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 33
3.4.2.3 Provision of Social Amenities ...... 34
3.4.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 34
3.4.2.4 Law enforcement ...... 34
3.4.2.4.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 34
3.5 Limestone Mining Zone ...... 34
3.5.1 Specific objectives ...... 34
3.5.2 Management Prescriptions for Specific objectives on Limestone Mining ...... 35
3.5.2.1 Boundaries of Mining zone ...... 35
3.5.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 35
3.5.2.2 Monitoring of mining activities ...... 35
3.5.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 35
3.5.2.3 Reclamation of mined area ...... 35
3.5.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 35
3.5.2.4 Environmental Standards for mining in forest reserve ...... 36
3.5.2.4.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 36
3.5.2.5 Revenue from mining ...... 36
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3.5.2.5.1 Management Prescription ...... 36
3.6 Research and Development ...... 36
3.6.1 Specific objectives ...... 36
3.6.2 Management Prescriptions for Specific objectives on Research ...... 37
3.6.2.1 Carbon Stocks ...... 37
3.6.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 37
3.6.2.2 Regeneration studies ...... 37
3.6.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 37
3.6.2.3 Community interactions ...... 37
3.6.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions ...... 37
3.7 Support / General Activities ...... 38
3.7.1 Infrastructural Development ...... 38
3.7.1.1 Road and Track Network...... 38
3.7.1.2 Buildings ...... 38
3.7.1.3 Logistics ...... 38
3.9 Health and Safety for field Operations ...... 39
PART IV
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 40
4.1 General ...... 40
4.2 Management Plan Implementation ...... 40
4.2.1.Implementation Arrangement for the Ten (10) Year Period (2016 – 2025) ..... 40
4.3. Cost of Implementation and Funding ...... 44
4.3.1. Cost Estimates ...... 44
4.4. Revenue Flow Distribution ...... 47
4.4.1 Sources of Revenue ...... 47
4.4.3 Revenue Disbursement Arrangement ...... 48
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4.5. Funding ...... 50
4.6 Monitoring and Review ...... 50
4.6.1 Monitoring Strategies ...... 51
4.6.2 Review of Performance ...... 57
4.6.2.1 Schedule for Performance review ...... 57
4.6.2.2 Criterion for view ...... 57
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Description Of Boundaries of Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 58
Appendix 2: Progress Map for Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 59
Appendix 3: Land Cover Map for Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 60
Appendix 4: Relief Map Of Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 61
Appendix 5: Average Annual Rainfall Figures For The Period 2005 – 2014 ...... 62
Appendix 6: Average Monthly Rainfall Figures For The Period 2005 – 2014 ...... 62
Appendix 7: Mean Monthly Maximum Temperatures For The Period 2005 – 2014 ...... 62
Appendix 8: Indicative levels of Plantation Development ...... 63
Appendix 9: Compartments with water bodies running through them ...... 64
Appendix 10: Cost estimates ...... 65
Appendix 11: Species List for Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 73
Appendix 12: Stem Numbers Per km2 Grouped according To Diameter Classes ...... 75
Appendix 13: Basal Area in m2 per km2 Grouped According To cm Diameter Classes ...... 77
Appendix 14: Volume in m3 per km2 Grouped according To Diameter Classes - Yakombo Forest Reserve...... 79
Appendix 15 Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Per Ha of All Species >= 10 cm dbh Grouped According to Species - Yakumbo Forest Reserve ...... 81
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INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Population Distribution of major forest fringe Communities of Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 7
Table 1.2 Causes of environmental Problems in the Central Gonja District ...... 10
Table 1.3 Stakeholders and responsibilities ...... 11
Table 1.4 Ten (10) most common tree species in Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 12 Table 1.5 Past management and indicative level of success ...... 15
Table 1.6: Basal area estimates per hectare ...... 16
Table 1.7: Stand volume estimates per hectare ...... 17
Table 5: Summary of first 10 species with the highest amount of carbon stocks in Yakombo Forest Reserve ...... 18
Table 2.0 SWOT Analysis for Protection objectives ...... 22
Table 2.1 SWOT Analysis for Production Objective ...... 23
Table 2.2 SWOT Analysis for Limestone Mining ...... 23
Table 2.3 SWOT Analysis for Governance objectives ...... 24
Table 2.4 Compartments in the Protection Zone ...... 25
Table 4.1 Implementation arrangements for the prescribed activities ...... 41
Table 4.2 Cost estimated for the prescribed activities ...... 44
Table 4.3 Estimated Amount of Revenue Projected to accrue in the next five years...... 48
Table 4.4 Details of Revenue Disbursement Arrangements ...... 49
Table 4.5 Monitoring Strategy for Protection ...... 52
Table 4.6 Monitoring strategy for Production (Plantation Development) ...... 53
Table 4.7 Monitoring Strategy for Limestone Mining ...... 55
Table 4.8 Monitoring Strategy for Management for NTFPs ...... 55
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADM Assistant District Manager AGC Ashanti Gold Company BP Boundary Pillar CFC Community Forest Committees CREMA Community Resource Management Areas DA District Assembly Dbh Diameter at Breast Height DM District Manager
DPs Development Partners ED Executive Director FC Forestry Commission FC-HQ Forestry Commission Headquarters FFC Forest Fringe Communities FG Forest Guard
FIP Forest Inventory Project FMU Forest Management Unit FOB Freight on Board FORIG Forestry Research Institute of Ghana FSD Forest Services Division GAP Ghana Prime Wood Limited
GNFS Ghana National Fire Service ICED International Center for Enterprise and Sustainable Development ILO International Labour Organization LAS Legality Assurance System MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies ME Moist Evergreen Forest Type MLNR Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MM Middle-level Manager
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MoP Manual of Procedures MOU Memorandum of Understanding MRIP Multi Resource Inventory Project MTS Modified Taungya System NNPDP New National Plantation Development Programme NGO Non – Governmental Organization NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products OASL Office of the Administration of Stool Lands PSP Permanent Sample Plot PWC Protection Working Circle
PNIL PN Industries Limited REDD Reduced Emission on Deforestation and Degradation RIL Reduced Impact Logging RM Regional Manager RMSC Resource Management Support Centre RS Range Supervisor
SM Senior-level Manager SSSS Single Spine Salary Structure SRA Social Responsibility Agreement TUC Timber Utilization Contract TVD Timber Validation Department VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreement
WD Wildlife Division WTS Wood Tracking System
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Executive Director, FSD – Mr. Raphael Yeboah
Director of Operations, FSD (HFZ) – Mr. Alex A. Boadu
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PART 1 BACKGROUND
1.1 General Introduction
Global trends in sustainable forest management are evolving and have taken into consideration several initiatives which include market instruments such as forest certification, legal timber procurement and forest governance, all in an effort to guarantee forest sustainability and responsible purchasing. Other global environment initiatives such as Convention on Climate Change are opening new opportunities that are attracting finance capital and mechanisms to enhance the forest ecosystem. For example carbon trading in the context of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) are international mechanisms to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. REDD+ is a broader REDD framework which includes forest conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
This management plan seeks to translate national forest policies into a well thought-out strategic framework that will lead to the preparation of annual operational programmes for effective and efficient management of this forest reserve. The management plan will regulate forestry activities for a set period of 10 years through the application of prescriptions that specify targets, actions and control arrangements. In this respect this plan will form part of the general forest management system that regulates protection, inventories, yield determination, harvesting, silviculture, conservation, monitoring and other relevant operations.
Additionally, this management plan seeks to provide continuity in managerial operations over time to formalize administrative arrangements and provide a basis for monitoring forestry activities. This has been done based on key principles and criteria for sustainable management of Ghana’s natural and planted forests.
To ensure effective implementation, including monitoring, this plan has been prepared using up- to - date and accurate information on the reserve covering: location and extent; ownership and rights; topography, climate and soils; flora and fauna; potential income and other benefits; challenges and opportunities for sustainable management.
This forest management plan has the purpose not only of setting out approved management objectives and specified actions, but equally important, communicating these to the resource
1 owners and other stakeholders who are concerned with the implementation of the plan. To ensure these, the preparation of the plan went through the following processes:
i. Gathering, collating and analysing all relevant information concerning the forest resources (flora and fauna), and environmental services of the forest reserve adopting the standard methodologies;
ii. Review all available data on the forest reserve to make them useful inputs for the management plan;
iii. Organizing stakeholder meetings and workshops to provide initial input for the confirmation of socio-economic data and establishing management objectives for the forest;
iv. Drafting of management plan for the forest reserve, adopting a standard outline and achieving this through research and consultation with all stakeholders;
v. Organizing workshop for stakeholder comments on the draft plan and;
vi. Producing a plan that is acceptable to the Forestry Commission, landowners and other stakeholders.
1.2 Description of Forest Management Area
1.2.1 Location and Extent of Forest Reserve
The Yakombo Forest Reserve was named after a river that drains in the area from north to south. The Forest Reserve is situated in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana. It is located at the West of Buipe extending to Nwampe, Lito and Buachipe Villages. Yerada Forest Reserve in the Bole District lies on the western side of the Yakombo Forest Reserve. The Reserve lies between latitudes 80 42’ and 80 56’ North and Longitudes 20 6’ and 10 29’ West. It is found on Survey Department field sheet numbers 080 2A1 – 080 2A4, 080 3B2 and 080 3B4.
The Yakombo Forest Reserve falls under the political administration of Central Gonja District Assembly with the headquarters at Buipe. Buipe/Damongo Forest District is in-charge of the administration of the Forest Reserve with the district office currently located at Buipe.
The Yakombo Forest Reserve covers a land area of 1,210.95km2 with total perimeter of 222.16km. There is no admitted farm in the Forest Reserve.
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A detailed description of the reserve boundaries is shown in Appendix 1.
1.2.2 Physical Environment
1.2.2.1 Topography and Drainage
The Yakombo Forest Reserve is generally flat, interspersed with a few deep valleys and gentle slopes. Some portions of the Forest Reserve are very rocky. The general elevation of the forest reserve ranges between 150m and 200m above sea level.
The Black Volta lies very close to me southern portions of the reserve, especially from BP 56 – 68, BP 1 – 2and BP 230 – 240. A number of streams and their tributaries run through the reserve flowing from north to south to join the Black Volta. They include Fulban, Sepi, Lambo, Bombiri, Yakombo and Gbongbon Rivers.
During the rainy season especially, between June and October, most of the valleys in the reserve are filled with water but dry up quickly during the long dry season.
1.2.2.2 Geology and Soils
A substantial portion of the Forest Reserve soils are deep loamy and clayey in nature. There are deposits of limestone in the reserve, particularly the eastern portion. Other portions of the reserve are also covered by laterite and granite rocks. Exploration work done by Savacem Company has revealed that large deposits of limestone (8.7 million MT of pure limestone over an area of 49.98 km2) are located at the north eastern portion of the reserve. The company is currently mining limestone in the off- reserve area close to BP 227 and BP 223.
1.2.2.3 Climate
The Forest Reserve lies within the southern savanna climatic belt, which is characterized by a single rainfall season from end of May to September, and a dry season from mid-October to mid- May. The dry season consists of hot days followed by cool nights with clear skies.
As a result of the predominantly dry conditions, the forest reserve is prone to wild fires.
1.2.2.3.1 Rainfall
The area has a unimodal rainfall pattern and it is increasingly becoming more erratic with annual average rainfall between 800mm and 1,200mm. The rainfall commences in May and extends to October with the peak period between June and September. The highest average monthly
3 precipitation in the last ten (10) years occurred in the month of September with170.53mm of rainfall.(Appendix 3)
The low rainfall figures recorded in the area contributes to the low regeneration of the vegetation.
The figure below shows the annual rainfall recorded over the last 10 years (2005 – 2014)
Fig 1 Annual Rainfall in mm for a period of 10 years
1.2.2.3.2 Temperature
Normally, temperatures are very high, especially during the dry season. The maximum average monthly temperature is between 30 0C and 38 0C. The highest maximum temperature occurs in March, followed by February and April. Thus, the hottest period is from February to April. Figure 1.2 shows the maximum average temperature for the area.
The lowest average temperature is between 22 0C and 29 0C during the wet season occurring especially between July and October. The dry season is notably characterized by the dry harmattan wind which is dusty, blowing from North east from December to March. The relatively harsh temperature conditions also contribute to the menace of wild fires.
Appendix 4 shows the mean monthly maximum temperatures over a period of ten (10) years (2005 – 2014).
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Fig. 2 Monthly maximum average temperature (◦C)
1.2.2.3.3 Humidity
The average relative humidity is usually around 65% and during the dry harmattan season, the relative humidity can be as low as 12 %.
1.2.3 Ownership and rights
The Yakombo Forest Reserve is located in the Buipe Traditional Area in the Northern Region. The chiefs of Buachipe, Tinga, Damongo, Buipe, Kolonso, Kabalima and Fumbo claimed ownership of the reserve during the Reserve Settlement Commissioner’s sittings. However, the Reserve Settlement Commissioner was silent on the ownership of the reserve during his ruling.
The Kasaworo-wura of Buipe Traditional Area performs all purification rights in the reserve on behalf of Buipe-wura.
The Reserve Settlement Commissioner in his judgment gave the local communities the following rights:
Unrestricted rights to their farms (if any) in the reserve.
Unrestricted right of access to their fetish groves, shrines, sacred rivers and ponds.
Should be allowed to fetch water from the streams in the reserve as they were doing before the reserve was constituted.
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They must have unrestricted right to fish in the ponds and rivers provided they do not dam nor poison the rivers or ponds. They should not be allowed to alter the course of rivers unless this is permitted by Government.
They should also have access to Dawadawa, Shea and Coconut trees but they are not allowed to cut down these trees.
The hunting rights of the people are also preserved but this will be under license from the officials of the Forestry Department (now Forest services Division).
They will also have unrestricted right to use existing footpaths.
The collection of firewood and access to clay pits are also preserved. They will be unrestricted at all times.
1.2.3.1 Timber Harvesting Rights
There has been no natural timber harvesting rights in the Forest Reserve.
1.2.3.2 Commercial harvesting Rights for Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
No commercial harvesting rights have been granted for the harvesting of grasses, herbs, edible fruits, chew sticks, pestles, poles, etc. The NTFPs that are collected by the various forest fringe community members are strictly for domestic purposes.
1.2.4 Community and Cultural Setting
Most of the communities close to the reserve are located in the northern and eastern sides of the reserve. The western portion has no major communities fringing the forest. New Buipe is the biggest settlement close to the forest and can be found on the eastern side of the reserve. Other fringe communities on the eastern part are Benkrom, Kpikpaligu, Gbini, Alhassankura, Nyogbini, Bogyesekrom, Morno and Binyalipe. Apart from Buipe, the reserve is not easily accessible to these communities because of the Black Volta. On the northern side are Old Buipe, Nwampe, Wanyon, Lito, Gbalokura, Lito Dagati, Kotito, Kojokura and in the south is Buachipe and Kulunso.
Majority of the people are Muslims.
1.2.5 Socio-economic Activities
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1.2.5.1 Population dynamics
The 2010 population and housing census indicated that there are 22 ethnic groups settling in the forest fringe communities. Apart from the Gonjas (indigenes) the major tribes who have migrated to the area include Tampulmas, Dagombas, Mamprusis, Dagarbas, Fulanis, Grushies and Akans. There has been inter-tribal marriage amongst the members in the various communities that has promoted peaceful co-existence.
According to the 2010 population and Housing Census, the population distribution of the major forest fringe communities is indicated in the Table 1.1 below.
Table 1.1 Population Distribution of major forest fringe Communities of Yakombo Forest Reserve
NAME OF POPULATION TOTAL COMMUNITY POPULATION MALE FEMALE Buipe 5,756 5,897 11,653 Old Buipe 122 119 241 Nwampe 497 394 891 Lito 1,108 1,018 1,200 Buachipe 313 162 475 Total 7,299 7,590 14,460
SOURCE: Central Gonja District Assembly, 2010 1.2.5.2 Economic Activities
The socio-economic survey conducted in June 2015, indicated that majority of the people (>90 %) living in the forest fringe communities are mostly food crop and livestock farmers. Land rotation is practiced for a period of 1-3 years and the crops cultivated include yams, maize, millet, guinea corn, cassava, groundnuts, cowpea, rice, etc. The land rotation period for maize and groundnut is above 5 years. The livestock that are reared by the community members include cattle, sheep, goats, guinea fowl, fowls and pigs.
Part of the food crops cultivated and livestock reared are sold in the local markets and markets outside the District for financial returns. However, some quantity of food items are stored for domestic use. The number of goats, sheep and cattle possessed by a member of the community determines the level of wealth.
Some of the community members are also involved in commercial charcoal production and illegal chainsaw activities for income generation purpose. Women are also engaged in pito
7 brewing and shea butter processing to generate income. Both men and women collect fire wood for sale to sustain them financially especially in the dry season. The forest fringe communities involved in these economic activities include Buipe, old Buipe, Nwampe, Lito and Buachipe among others.
The major challenges in income generating activities are as follows:
Price fluctuations and or low price for farm produce
Declining soil fertility or low crop yield
Lack of market or storage facilities or access roads
Destruction of farms by wildfires
High cost of labour and agricultural implements
Limited land for farming
Unpredictable climate and low rainfall
Lack of credit facilities
The community members suggested that, shea nut production and processing, competitive markets for shea nut, provision of fertilizer and rearing of farm animals could improve the income generation capacity of the area.
1.2.5.3 Local people’s Relations with the reserve
The people of Buachipe have over the years protected the cultural site where annual rituals are performed for fishing. Some of the community members settling close to the Forest Reserve have in the past been engaged by the Forestry Commission in the cleaning of the external boundaries of the reserve on contract basis as and when funds are made available. The fringe communities participated in the implementation of various forest plantation projects which include Government Plantations and Expanded National Forest Plantation Development Project.
Members of the forest fringe communities collect NTFPs such as poles, Shea fruits, Dawadawa fruits, fire wood and edible fruits from the forest reserve for domestic purposes. Other community members undertake hunting in the forest reserve.
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Some members of the community are involved in the illegal production of charcoal and chain sawing of trees in the forest reserve. During the dry season, some headsmen burn the forest to stimulate the growth of fresh grasses for animal grazing purposes.
Farming activities were not allowed in the Forest Reserve until the year 2002 when the Modified Taungya System was introduced, which permitted farmers to cultivate their annual crops whilst collaborating with FSD to establish tree plantations. However, one community known as Gbongbonto is settling illegally in the Forest Reserve and undertaking farming activities. The Gbongbonto community members took advantage of the absence of external boundary pillars and the blocked boundaries to settle in the reserve close to the external boundary.
1.2.5.4 District Development Plan
The Central Gonja District Assembly has identified issues related to the causes of degradation of the environment and the possible measures to mitigate its negative effects in a 5 year development plan as shown in the Table 1.2 below.
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Table 1.2 Causes of environmental Problems in the Central Gonja District
No. PROBLEMS CAUSES MITIGATING MEASURES -Tree felling -Establishment of woodlots -Bush burning -leaving more economic trees on farm lands -Sand mining -Sand mining regulated Land Degradation / -Flooding and erosion -Checking migrating Fulani herdsmen 1. Deforestation -Overgrazing -Plantation establishment -Illegal chain-sawing -Sensitization of charcoal producers -Charcoal burning -Task force to check chain-sawing -Poor farming methods -Group hunting -Conduct Fire education campaign -Honey harvesting -Bye laws to stop group hunting 2. Bush burning -Farm preparation -Farmers educated on good farming methods -Herdsmen early burning -Farming along rivers -Leaving forest along river courses -Disposal of waste products -Stopping bushfires 3 Flooding during raining season -Soil erosion -Good farming methods -Enforce waste management laws -limestone mining -Cement company to take measures to reduce dust 4 Pollution of the environment -Cement production production
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1.2.6 Stakeholder Analysis
The socio-economic survey conducted in the fringe communities identified the following stakeholders: Traditional Authorities, District Assembly, Community/Farmers, Forestry Commission, MOFA, the youth and unit committee. In order to protect the forest reserve from degradation, the identified stakeholders were assigned responsibilities in Table 1.3 as follows:
Table 1.3 Stakeholders and responsibilities
Stakeholder Responsibility
Land owners Provide land for farming Traditional Stop illegal activities by the community members Authorities Settlement of disputes Sanctions for offenders Forestry Commission Motivate community members Help in proper management of the forest Patrolling by Forest guards Provide field equipment Provide seedlings for plantation Initiate collaborative approaches to help communities in protecting the forest Police Arrest and prosecute offenders Enforcement of bye laws District Assembly Avoidance of political interference Enactment of bye laws Provide field equipment MOFA Provide advice on modern methods of farming Provide equipment for farmers Seedlings for farming Farmers Report offenders to the traditional authorities Prevent bush fires Not to farm in the reserve Savacem Reclaim mined site Re-vegetate reclaimed site Reduction in pollution Avoidance of pollution of water bodies EPA / Liaison Group Monitor mining activities on Mining Ensuring safety standards Impose sanction for breaching mining rules Water Resources Regulation and management of water bodies Commission Collect, collate and disseminate data on water resources NGOs/CSOs Provision of funds for reforestation activities Assist in providing alternative livelihood activities for fringe communities Advocacy and capacity building of fringe communities
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1.3 Previous Management
1.3.1 General Objectives (Past)
In the past, no management plan was developed for management of the Yakombo Forest Reserve. However, the management of the reserve has been guided by the objectives of reservation as mentioned in the Reserve Settlement Commissioner’s report. These are; a) To protect the catchment area of the Black Volta and the various streams in the reserve. b) To control soil erosion. c) To conserve indigenous tree species. d) To secure the supply of forest produce for fringe communities.
Table 1.4 Past management and indicative level of success Management Objectives Indicative level of success Protection of water bodies Vegetation along water bodies has largely been maintained. Only approved fishing methods used. Control of soil erosion Establishment of plantations has improved the soil protection functions of the forest. Conservation of indigenous trees No timber harvesting has taken place in the reserve. Taboo for felling Shea and Dawadawa trees has been respected. Supply of forest produce to fringe Annual collection of Shea and Dawadawa fruits. communities NTFPs not harvested commercially. Harvesting of poles for domestic use. Collection of dead wood for firewood. Collection of grasses for roofing.
1.3.2 Management Categories
1.3.2.1 Plantation Development
During the perio between 1971 and 1974, a portion of Yakombo Forest Reserve was earmarked for the establishment of Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus spp. and Gmelina arborea plantations. A tree plantation with a of total area 618.65 ha was developed but the project was abandoned because of large deposits of limestone beneath the soil and close to the surface which impeded root growth. Currently, because the project was abandoned, there exist patches of Gmelina and Teak plantation with an estimated area of 25 ha.
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In 2002, the Modified Taungya System was introduced and by the end of 2009, 1,076 ha of Teak Plantation had been established. During the same period, HIPC Plantation Project was initiated which also established 350 ha of Teak and Eucalyptus plantations.
The last plantation project undertaken in Yakombo Forest Reserve was the Expanded National Forest Plantation Development Project which was carried out between 2010 and 2013. A total of 474 ha of Teak Plantation were established under this project which was contracted out to a private company known as Ecotech Services Limited.
In all the Plantation Projects carried out in Yakombo Forest Reserve, no silvicultural practices (Tending, Pruning, and Thinning) were carried out and thus tree growth and form are poor.
Furthermore, the outbreak of annual bush fires leads to high mortality and over the years, the economic value of the standing trees have drastically reduced.
1.3.2.2 Protection
Part of the external boundary (approximately 80 km) of the Forest Reserve is cleaned or maintained and patrolled by Forest Guards to prevent encroachment and the spread of wildfires from off-reserve areas. Boundary planting has also been undertaken at sections of the reserve boundary.
A section of the external boundary is blocked and only about 80 km distance is currently being maintained by Forest Guards. Maintenance of the remaining section of the reserve boundary has been a long standing problem. Records indicate that, the demarcation of the reserve took place from 1967 to 1969 and only 20 pillars out of 237 were erected. Lack of water in the area and villages along the boundaries hampered the exercise. The lack of Forest Guards to maintain the boundary compounded the problem and this has been the situation since 1972.
Again, anti-bushfire campaigns are carried out annually in the forest fringe communities to prevent wild fires. Unfortunately the efforts have been thwarted by the local people as they continue to set fires to the forest in search of game and farming.
1.3.2.3 Timber Production Areas
Extraction of timber has not been permitted in Yakombo Forest Reserve because of the low level of stocking. However, illegal chain sawing operations have occasionally been carried out in areas well stocked with Mahogany tree species especially along river courses.
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1.3.2.4 Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
There has not been any management programmes or practices on NTFPs in Yakombo Forest Reserve. However in 2007, a permit was granted to an applicant to remove dead trees from plantation sites for charcoal production. A similar permit was also granted to another applicant in 2011.
1.3.2.5 Labour and Employment
The local community members living along the fringes of Yakombo Forest Reserve provided labour for the plantation development projects. Some few members were also engaged in external boundary cleaning on contract. Employment opportunities were also offered to few local communities members as Forest Guards in the Forestry Commission. Seedling production on contract was granted to some local people.
1.3.2.6 Revenue Collected and Distributed to Landowner(s) in last ten (10) years.
No commercial harvesting of Teak Stands or natural timber trees has been carried out in Yakombo Forest Reserve ever since the Forest Reserve was created. However, a permit has been granted to a company to harvest 20.00 ha Teak stand. It is anticipated that the revenue that would accrue would be shared in accordance with the law to land owners and other stakeholders.
1.4 Current Status of Forest Resources
1.4.1 Flora Description
A survey conducted by RMSC in May 2015 to assess the biological and ecological status of the reserve confirmed that the natural vegetation is woodland savanna consisting of dispersed trees and shrubs with a fairly closed but not dense canopy and an undergrowth of coarse grasses and a lot of herbaceous plants. Sixty (60) different species were recorded but the vegetation is dominated by three species namely Vitellaria paradoxa, Terminalia avicennoides and Pterocarpus erinaceus, which account for more than 53% of the flora population. The 10 commonest species (Table 1.4) constitute more than 83% of the flora population.
The flora population is dominated by small sized trees and the relative abundance of big trees is insignificant. Two species of conservation concern, Vitellaria africana and Afzelia africana(listed as under significant pressure from over exploitation on the IUCN Red Data List) were found in the reserve. A large number of the species recorded fall within the green star rating and thus fairly common and are not of immediate conservation concern. Although the green star rated species are of no conservation concern due to their commonness and abundance,
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Pterocarpus erinaceus (African Rosewood) which is a high quality timber is under severe pressure from over exploitation and conservation of residual population of such species may be important in preserving local population and ecology.
Additionally, more than half of the total number of species encountered are yet to be star rated and were therefore considered unknown or of savannah origin. Star rating of species developed by Hawthorne and Abu-Juam (1995) was to a large extent restricted to species occurring in the High Forest Zone and therefore most species occurring in the transition and savanna zones were not included in this color coding system. It may however, turn out that in the future if extensive surveys are carried out in the transition and savanna zone as was done in the High Forest Zone, some of these species may qualify as high priority conservation species in Ghana.
Table 1.5 Ten (10) most common tree species in Yakombo Forest Reserve No. SCIENTIFIC LOCAL FAMILY FREQCY NAME NAME NAME 1 Vitellaria paradoxa Kokulwu Sapotaceae 462 2 Unknown Taala (blank) 241 3 Terminalia 213 avicennoides Kipalari Combretaceae 4 Pterocarpus erinaceus Gyankpelia Fabaceae 117 5 Diospyros 114 mespiliformis Kakebe Ebenaceae 6 Anogoissus leiocarpus Kekale Combretaceae 73 7 Unknown Gongonturbi (blank) 56 8 Psedocedrela kotschyi Dol Meliaceae 29 9 Unknown Kagbon (blank) 28 10 Vitex diversifolia Tiktikye Vebenaceae 25
Generally, the natural vegetation of Yakombo Forest Reserve is Guinea Savanna which consists of mostly short deciduous trees and shrubs which are widely distributed with annual grasses such as Andropogon gayanus, Cenchrus biflorus, Panicum lastum, Panicum turgiolum, Sporobulus pyramiladis etc.
The grasses grow in tussocks and can reach 2.7m during the wet season and wither in the dry season. Riverine forest can be found along the banks of streams and rivers that traverse the Forest Reserve especially Yakombo and Gbongbonto rivers.
The dominant tree species found along the river banks include Khaya Senegalensis, Mitra gynainermsi, Afzelia africana, Diospros mesipiliformis, Ceiba pentandra etc. Some other dominant trees species such as Terminalia macropteria, Terminalia avicinoides, Detarium microcarpum, Tamarindus indica, Accaciaspp, Fucusspp, Borassusa ethiopum, Anonna
15 senegalensis, Afromosia laxiflora, Burkea africana, Grewia spp., Lannea spp., Gardenia spp. and Pterocarpus erinaceus are identified in the forest.
Though the woodland is exposed to the annual wildfires, there is occurrence of blocks of good quality and dense vegetation in certain areas.
1.4.2 Statistics of Stocking
1.4.3 Stocking Density
A stocking density for trees ≥ 10 cm DBH is estimated as 170.53 stems /ha (SE= 17.2, Minimum = 144, Maximum= 204) for the sampled area. Tree saplings below 10 cm DBH recorded a mean of 251.7 stems / ha (SE= 50.1, Min = 161, Max = 335). The results indicate spatial variation in stocking density is significant among the areas sampled.
1.4.4 Basal area estimates
A mean basal area of 5.21m2/ha (SE = 0.8, Min = 4.6 m2/ha Max = 5.4 m2/ha) is estimated for all trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) for the sampled area. Sampled sites showed little variation in basal estimates indicating marginal difference in vegetation condition. A few tree species such as Vitellaria paradoxa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Terminalia avicennoides, etc. among others account for the large percentage of basal estimate per hectare. Table 3 provides a summary of ten (10) most dominant species.
Table 1.6: Basal area estimates per hectare
Scientific Name Local name Basal area(m2/ha) Vitellaria paradoxa Kokulwu 1.479467 Pterocarpus erinaceus Gyankpelia 0.635078 Diospyros mespiliformis Kakebe 0.585589 Terminalia avicennoides Kipalari 0.450021 Unknown Taala 0.314696 Unknown Gongonturbi 0.157052 Unknown Kagbon 0.135985 Anogoissus leiocarpus Kekale 0.125852 Vitex diversifolia Tiktikye 0.119644 Daniella oliveri Kanyan 0.11296
1.4.5 Stand Volume
A stand volume of 57.89m3/ha was estimated for Yakombo for all trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) for the sampled area. Table 1.7 below shows ten trees of high volume.
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Table 1.7: Stand volume estimates per hectare Scientific Name Local Name Vol m3/ha Vitellaria paradoxa Kokulwu 16.47948 Pterocarpus erinaceus Gyankpelia 7.039671 Diospyros mespiliformis Kakebe 6.65621 Terminalia avicennoides Kipalari 4.911518 Unknown Taala 3.254964 Unknown Gongonturbi 1.626128 Unknown Kagbon 1.505387 Vitex diversifolia Tiktikye 1.450342 Anogoissus leiocarpus Kekale 1.340384 Daniella oliveri Kanyan 1.299226
1.5 Fauna Description
A total of 128 bird species were recorded during the survey. The open woodland recorded 174 individuals belonging to 55 species, the riverine habitat recorded 26 species and the tree grass mosaic area recorded 47 species.
Shannon-Wiener diversity index for open woodland was 3.4107, that of the riverine was 2.3033 and the tree grass mosaic habitat had an index of 3.1665. The most abundant species recorded were the Cattle Egret (Family Ardeidae) which had a relative abundance of 15.5; the Bronze Manikin (Family Estrildidae) which had a relative abundance of 37.7 and the Orange-cheeked Waxbill (Family Estrildidae) which also had a relative abundance of 19.4. Six schedule (I) species were observed in this reserve but they are all of least concern internationally. These are Black-billed Kite, Grasshopper Buzzard, Gabar Goshawk, Lizard Buzzard, Shikra and Cattle Egret.
In total, 52 individual mammals belonging to 16 species were recorded during the survey. The riverine habitat recorded 12 individuals made up of 6 species. The open woodland habitat recorded 21 individuals made up of 6 species and the tree grass mosaic habitat recorded 19 individuals made up of 4 species. The diversity index recorded were 1.5607, 1.3393 and 1.1785 being the index for open woodland, riverine and tree grass mosaic habitats respectively. The open woodland habitat is the most diverse among the three sites surveyed. The Oribi was abundant in all the three sites surveyed. There was no schedule (I) species observed in this forest reserve for mammals.
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1.6 Carbon stocks
The reserve is well stocked in carbon and it has an above ground tCO2e of 80.67 per ha. This figure is higher than Savannah Woodland estimate for close forest (65 tCO2e per ha) and comparable with close forest estimate for Dry Semi-deciduous forest (85 tCO2e per ha). Species that contributed significantly to high carbon stocks in Yakombo Forest Reserve include Vitellaria paradoxa, Diospyros mespiliformis, Diospyros, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Terminalia avicennoides, Daniella oliveri, and Acacia gourrmaensis. Again, many unknown species contributed significantly to the carbon stocks in the Reserve and that effort should be made to identify these unknown species (Table 5). It was also observed that apart from Pterocarpus erinaceus and Daniella oliveri most of these species do not contribute to economic timber species of Yakombo Forest Reserve and Ghana at large but have the potential for carbon trade because of their contribution to carbon dioxide sequestration. Appendix 14 depicts the list of tree species encountered at Yakombo Forest Reserve.
Table 5: Summary of first 10 species with the highest amount of carbon stocks in Yakombo Forest Reserve
Scientific Name Local Name Carbon (tons/Ha) tCO2e/Ha Vitellaria paradoxa Kokulwu 4.38 16.08 Diospyros mespiliformis Kakebe 2.45 8.98 Pterocarpus erinaceus Gyankpelia 2.24 8.22 Terminalia avicennoides Kipalari 1.48 5.44 UNKNOWN Taala 0.81 2.96 UNKNOWN Kagbon 0.55 2.00 Daniella oliveri Kanyan 0.51 1.86 Acacia gourrmaensis Gosabla 0.50 1.84 UNKNOWN Kawoba 0.47 1.72 UNKNOWN Gongonturbi 0.46 1.68
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The Executive Director, Mr. Raphael Yeboah addressing stakeholders of the Yakombo Forest Reserve.
The Regional Manager for the Northern Region addressing the stakeholders of the Yakombo Forest Reserve at the stakeholder workshop
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PART II
EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
2.1 Principles and Objectives
2.2 Forest Management Principles
The preparation of this plan took cognizance of the fundamental importance of the principles of sustainability as vital components for setting objectives and subsequent implementation of prescriptions.
The basic principles guiding the preparation of this plan are:
Forest policy and legal framework Law enforcement Security of tenure of forest resources and land Goals and objectives for forest management Enhancing the active participation of communities and land owners in resource management Equitable benefit sharing Increase biodiversity conservation Minimization of adverse environmental impacts Sustainable management of savannah woodland Restoration of degraded forest Economic benefits from commercial plantations Private sector participation in forest management Exploring payment for environmental services Emerging global issues such as Climate Change and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) Observing international treaties, convention and protocols on forest.
The management goal and specific objectives identified for Yakombo Forest Reserve were in accordance with policy priorities, resource potentials and constraints. The goal which is the long term vision for the forest reserve is obtained from the 2012 Forest and Wildlife Policy of Ghana which aims to promote the “conservation and sustainable development of the nation’s forest and wildlife resources for maintenance of environmental stability and continuous flow of
20 optimum benefits to present and future generations whilst fulfilling Ghana’s commitments under international agreements and conventions”.
Based on the principle of sustainability, the resources of Yakombo Forest Reserve shall be managed to ensure the achievement of social, economic, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future generations.
To ensure the sustainability of the forest resources and to maintain their full multiple values, effective measures shall be taken to protect the Yakombo Forest Reserve against harmful environmental practices like annual bushfires, pest and diseases and pollution (air, water and soil), as well as prevent other harmful effects of human encroachment (illegal farming, human settlements, over grazing by livestock, sand mining) and reduce the adverse environmental impacts of the proposed limestone mining by SAVACEM. The Forestry Commission in collaboration with the Liaison Group on mining will ensure that all mined areas are reclaimed and re-vegetated.
2.3 Current Forest Management Objectives
Yakombo Forest Reserve has been managed since its reservation in 1974 without a management plan but has been guided by the objectives of reservation. The development of this plan is therefore a paradigm shift from the past and the plan aims at the protection of water bodies, supply of forest products to fringe communities, plantation development and the provision of other environmental services. In addition, the plan is also aimed at ensuring good mining practices (limestone mining) and land restoration after mining.
The Yakombo Forest Reserve will be classified into two main zones, namely Protection and Production zones. The production zone comprises plantation development zone and limestone mining zone.
The main objectives for management are listed below:
i. To conserve the forest ecosystem to ensure maintenance and improvement of the catchment area and its tributaries.
ii. To manage the production zone for the sustainable production of timber.
iii. To enhance stakeholder participation in the management of the forest reserve.
iv. To ensure strict adherence to approved mining guidelines and practices.
v. To promote research for enhanced resource management.
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2.4 Strength Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis
The “SWOT” analysis is carried to identify all possible factors that are likely to have positive or negative effects on the attainment of set objectives for the creation and sustainable management of Yakombo Forest Reserve. The analysis will also assist in the adoption of strategies or measures to reduce the negative factors while encouraging the positive ones.
The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats likely to affect the management of Yakombo Forest Reserve to achieve the set objectives of protection, Production, Limestone Mining and Governance are indicated in Tables 2.0 to 2.3.
Table 2.0 SWOT Analysis for Protection objectives Strengths Weakness Presence of important water bodies Section of the external boundary blocked including the Black Volta Lack of support from local chiefs to No farming activities in swampy and prevent forest offences rocky areas External boundary not wholly pillared Existing legislations to support Inadequate operational funds prescriptions Lack of accurate data Highly qualified professional and No bye laws to protect cultural sites technical FSD staff Abuse of Modified Taungya System Few fringe Communities close to the forest High regard for cultural sites by communities Opportunities Threats Donor and Environmental NGOs support Occurrence of annual bushfires Strong governmental support Illegal timber operations and chain Increase public awareness on forestry sawing activities matters Illegal farming and human settlements Readiness of local people to collaborate Land hunger as a result of increase in Availability of indigenous knowledge population pressure Availability of funding mechanisms Group hunting (REDD+) High demand for fuel wood and NTFPs. Taboo to fell fruit trees Inadequate support from Police and Judiciary to enforce forest laws/Inadequate support from the Judiciary and law enforcement agencies. Political interference Mining of limestone
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Table 2.1 SWOT Analysis for Production Objective Strengths Weakness Availability of vast land for Inadequate funds and late release of funds commercial plantation from government for plantation activities Availability of Professional and Delayed payment of field staff for work technical FSD staff done Availability of relatively cheap labour Lack of logistics to support operations Knowledge of forest fringe Bad access roads communities in plantation activities Inadequate staff Availability of constant source of water Rocky areas (Limestone deposits) for nursery establishment. Opportunities Threats Existing government policies and Occurrence of annual bushfires legislation Long dry season period High interest of private plantations Illegal grazing by livestock developers in plantation development Illegal chain sawing Carbon credit marketing Illegal farming High demand for plantation products Expansion of human settlements eg. Teak poles High population pressure leading to demand Volta lake transportation available for more land.
Table 2.2 SWOT Analysis for Limestone Mining Strengths Weakness Large deposit of limestone in a section of Lack of technical know-how in the forest reserve mining activities on the part of FC staff Presence of Savanna Cement Company Lack of logistics to monitor mining at Buipe activities Availability of both skilled and unskilled Lack of labour to monitor mining labour activities Availability of management plan Existing government policy on mining in forest reserves Opportunity Threat Existing collaboration with stakeholders Air and water pollution (EPA, Minerals commission, District Destruction of habitat for wildlife Assembly, etc) to monitor mining operations Un-reclaimed mine site pose threat Volta Lake transportation to human life Available market for cement in Northern Increase in mining related diseases Ghana and ailments Possible loss of biodiversity
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Table 2.3 SWOT Analysis for Governance objectives Strengths Weakness Abundance of fruits trees for Little knowledge on forestry matters processing to earn income Low support from communities to deal Existence of rights for access to with forest offences NTFPS Poor accessibility to communities Taboo to fell fruit/nuts trees for Absence of communication system fuelwood Lack of structures and expertise in Support from NGOs and donor communities to negotiate for benefits agencies Absence of guidelines to manage NTFPs Opportunities Threats Establishment of processing Occurrence of annual bush fires factory for nuts e.g. Sheanuts Illegal grazing by livestock Attraction of more investors for Illegal farming and settlements plantation establishment Illegal chain sawing Employment opportunities for Mining activities with its associated forest fringe communities for plantation pollution activities Over flowing of streams and rivers Availability of market for fuelwood, Shea butter and Dawadawa market Construction of more access roads Volta lake Transport
2.2.1 Protection zone objective
The main objective under this zone is to conserve the forest ecosystem to ensure the maintenance and improvement of the catchment area and its tributaries.
Specific objectives
i. To maintain the integrity of the forest reserve by securing the222.16km of the external boundaries.
ii. To zone and manage swamp sites and other conservation areas for enhanced biodiversity to provide ecological protection to flora and fauna.
iii. To maintain and improve the catchment areas of the Black Volta and its tributaries.
iv. To institute measures to protect the forest reserve against annual wildfires.
v. To protect the forest reserve from encroachment.
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The compartments making up the protection zones are identified as Appendix 6 and the number of compartments is indicated in Table 2.4 below:
Table 2.4 Compartments in the Protection Zone Protection zone No. of Remarks Compartments Conservation 195 Compartments with water bodies running through Compartments 972, 939 and 905 between BP 238 Swamp 3 and 231
TOTAL 198
2.2.2 Production zone objective
To manage the production zone for the sustainable production of timber
Specific objectives
i. To develop and implement sustainable harvesting techniques the commercial fruit trees and other NTFPs within the reserve.
ii. To manage 1,925 ha of existing plantation to optimize yield.
iii. To develop 10,000 ha of new plantation stands through Public Private Partnership.
2.2.3 Governance objective
To enhance stakeholder participation in sustainable management of the forest reserve.
Specific objectives
i. To ensure sustainable and equitable provision of benefits to forest fringe communities.
ii. To facilitate the provision of social amenities to the forest fringe communities through social responsibility agreements.
iii. To engage NGOs and CSOs in community involvement in forest management activities.
iv. To reduce the pressure of the Yakombo Forest Reserve by developing alternative livelihood schemes.
v. To collaborate with law enforcement bodies to reduce illegal activities in the reserve.
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2.2.4 Limestone mining zone objective
To ensure strict adherence to approved mining guidelines and practices to prevent adverse impact on the reserve.
Specific objectives
i. To maintain the boundaries of the mining zone to prevent incursions into the remaining areas of the reserve.
ii. To monitor the activities of the mining of limestone in the forest reserve to ensure that good mining practices are carried out.
iii. To monitor to ensure that all mining sites are reclaimed according to environmental standards.
iv. To ensure that mining activities adhere to all environmental standards.
v. To optimize revenue from mining licensing and production activities.
2.2.5 Research objective
To promote research for enhanced resource management.
Specific objectives
i. To carry out studies on the carbon stocks in the forest reserve.
ii. To conduct studies on the effects of mining of limestone in the forest reserve.
iii. To conduct research to enhance regeneration potentials of important tree species.
iv. To continuously conduct research on community interactions in the reserve.
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PART III
MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS
3.1 Management Prescriptions
This part of the management plan concentrates on the various interventions or measures that will be carried out to achieve the set objectives in respect of the identified management zones as indicated in Part II. The interventions adopted are to ensure the maintenance and improvement of the integrity of the Yakombo Forest Reserve.
This part therefore indicates the prescriptions for the attainment or improvement of the broad and specific management objectives set out for the various management zones notably protection, production, limestone mining, governance and research.
The entire area of 111,600 ha of Yakombo Forest Reserve covering a total of 1,032 Compartments would be managed sustainably to achieve the set objectives or goals for the period of this plan (10 years). Figure 3 indicates the levels of plantation development.
Figure 3: Levels of plantation development.
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3.2 Protection zone
These are areas that have critical and ecological importance by virtue of the services they provide which should be conserved and protected. Individual species that are of conservation significance within the reserve will also be identified and given special management attention. The management objective of this component in the Management Plan, is to protect areas of high biodiversity and are of national and international value.
3.2.1 Specific objectives
i. To maintain the integrity of the forest reserve by securing the 221.16km of the external boundaries.
ii. To zone and manage swamp sites and other conservation areas for enhanced biodiversity to provide ecological protection to flora and fauna.
iii. To maintain and improve the catchment areas of the Black Volta and its tributaries.
iv. To institute measures to protect the forest reserve against annual wildfires.
v. To protect the forest reserve from encroachment.
3.2.2 Management Prescriptions for Protection Zone Specific objectives
3.2.2.1 External boundary maintenance objectives
The specific objective is to maintain the integrity of the forest reserve by securing the 222.16km of the external boundaries.
3.2.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions Determine a suitable approach of re-opening the blocked external boundary of a distance of 142 km to verify possible encroachment.
The external boundary perimeter of 222.16 km will be maintained at least twice annually in accordance with a boundary maintenance schedule.
The total perimeter of 222.16 km of the external boundary of the Forest Reserve will be inspected at least twice every year. The Range Supervisor of the Range will be responsible for the inspection.
A total of 217 Pillars will be fixed along the external boundary of the Forest Reserve at every 400m and change of direction.
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Erection of sign post on roads entering the Forest Reserve.
The external boundaries of the Forest Reserve will be patrolled regularly to prevent encroachment.
External boundary planting of 22 km at a distance of 5mx5m will be carried out annually.
3.2.2.2 Swamp sites and other conservation areas
The objective is to zone and manage swamp sites and other conservation areas for enhanced biodiversity to provide ecological protection to flora and fauna.
3.2.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions
Creation of buffer of a minimum of 50m along rivers and 25m along streams.
No Plantation activities in the buffer areas.
No Mining activities in the listed compartments.
Preventing the area from annual bushfires.
Prohibition of the use of chemicals and unapproved methods for fishing.
Carrying out intensive educational campaigns in the forest fringe communities on the need to protect these areas from illegal activities and bushfires.
Regulate the harvesting of NTFPS in the areas.
Enrichment planting along the buffer of streams, rivers and swampy areas.
3.2.2.3 Catchment areas of Black Volta
The objective is to maintain and improve the catchment areas of the Black Volta and its tributaries.
3.2.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions
Identify compartments along rivers and streams in the reserve.
Demarcate clearly the external boundaries of the identified compartments
Maintain the external boundaries at least twice a year.
3.2.2.4 Wildfire Management
The objective is to institute measures to protect the forest reserve against annual wildfires.
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3.2.2.4.1 Management Prescriptions
To carry out anti-bushfire sensitization and awareness campaigns every year starting in September in the forest fringe communities.
Establishment of anti-bushfire squads in each of the forest fringe communities.
Provision of bushfire fighting equipment, protective clothing and other incentives for the committee members.
To construct fire rides of 10m wide around plantation coupes and other protected areas.
Early burning will be encouraged in sensitive areas to reduce the amount of fuel on the forest floor.
3.2.2.5 Encroachment
The objective is to protect the forest reserve from encroachment.
3.2.2.5.1 Management Prescriptions
Prevent Fulani herdsmen from accessing the Yakombo Forest Reserve.
Erecting of visible sign posts at vantage points to indicate clearly the existence of the Forest Reserve.
Periodic patrolling to identify and promptly stop possible encroachments.
Collaborate with the District Security Council (DISEC), Regional Security Council (REGSEC) and land Owners to eject illegal settlers (Gbongbonto) in the Forest Reserve.
3.3 Production zone
The objective is to manage the production zone for the sustainable production of timber.
3.3.1 Specific objectives
i. To develop and implement sustainable harvesting techniques for the commercial fruit trees and other NTFPs within the reserve.
ii. To manage 1,925 ha of existing plantation to optimize yield.
iii. To develop 10, 000 ha of new plantation stands through Public Private Partnership.
3.3.2 Management Prescriptions for Production Zone Specific objectives
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3.3.2.1 Sustainable harvesting techniques
The objective is to develop and implement sustainable harvesting techniques for the commercial fruit trees and other NTFPs within the reserve.
3.3.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions
NTFP inventory to determine stocking levels.
Prevention of bushfires to encourage natural regeneration of the indigenous flora and reproduction of fauna.
Regulate the harvesting of NTFPs through the issuance of free permits by committees.
Regulate hunting through the issuance of hunting license.
Enforce regulations and laws on close season hunting period.
Harvesting of the NTFPs for only domestic purposes and not for commercial.
3.3.2.2 Existing Plantations
The objective is to manage 1,925 ha of existing plantation to optimize yield.
3.3.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions
Inventory shall be carried out to determine stocking, estimated volume and growth rate.
Weeding shall be done twice a year.
Pruning shall be done in the stands according to established guidelines.
Thinning shall be carried out in accordance with thinning schedule.
Fire rides shall be maintained annually.
Fire patrols shall be carried out during the fire season.
Final harvesting shall be done at the end of the rotation period.
Coppice management shall be carried out after final harvesting.
3.3.2.3 New Plantations
The objective is to develop 10,000 ha of new plantation stands through Public Private Partnership.
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3.3.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions
In the plantation area, a minimum of 96 ha plantation stand will be established annually.
Develop a brochure on basic data for the forest reserve to attract private plantation developers
The Forest Services Division (FSD) and private Plantation Developers or investors will restock the area in collaboration with Forest fringe communities through contract labour.
The Forest Services Division (FSD) will survey and demarcate the annual plantation coupes in January each year.
Clearing and site preparation will be done annually by Contract workers between February and March each year.
During the site preparation, niches and isolated indigenous trees would be maintained and retained respectively to enhance biodiversity in the plantation zone.
The planting of seedlings will start in June and end in mid-August.
The tree species would be inter-cropped with food crops by the contract workers to generate additional income to the Forest fringe communities to reduce poverty.
The food crops will be allowed to remain on the plantation stand for a maximum of 3 years.
The contract workers will tend the Plantation stand at least thrice a year.
Fire rides of 5m wide will be constructed around each of the sub-divisions of 16 ha.
Contract workers will patrol the plantation stand in the dry season to prevent bushfires from late October to April the succeeding year.
3.4 Governance
The Forest fringe communities have rights to harvest NTFPs for domestic purposes and therefore management will ensure sustainable management of these resources to meet their needs. Management will focus on the most common NTFPs which include sheanut fruits, Dawadawa fruits, medicinal plants, pestles, grasses and dead wood for firewood.
3.4.1 Specific objectives
i. To ensure sustainable and equitable provision of benefits to forest fringe communities.
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ii. To reduce the pressure of the Yakombo Forest Reserve by developing alternative livelihood schemes.
iii. To facilitate the provision of social amenities to the forest fringe communities through social responsibility agreements.
iv. To collaborate with law enforcement bodies to reduce illegal activities in the reserve.
3.4.2 Management Prescriptions for Specific objectives of Governance
3.4.2.1 Benefit Sharing
The objective is to ensure sustainable and equitable provision of benefits to forest fringe communities.
3.4.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions
FSD to in a transparent manner make available revenues generated from the Forest Reserve.
Prepare and make available Disbursement of Revenue Report to all relevant stakeholders
3.4.2.2 Alternative livelihood activities
To reduce the pressure of the Yakombo Forest Reserve by developing alternative livelihood schemes.
3.4.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions
Continue to engage the forest fringe communities in undertaking Contract Boundary Cleaning.
Liaise with Savanna Cement Company to engage the services of forest fringe communities in re-planting of mined areas in the forest reserve.
Engage Donor and Forest Based Organizations to provide funds for livestock rearing in forest fringe communities.
Promote alternative livelihood programmes in the fringe communities e.g. Bee keeping, grass-cuter rearing etc.
Implement the appropriate livelihood interventions based on the community interest.
Monitor and evaluate the livelihood activities every six months.
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Encourage the District Assembly and non-Governmental Organizations to support the livelihood programmes as part of poverty reduction strategy.
3.4.2.3 Provision of Social Amenities
The objective is to facilitate the provision of social amenities to the forest fringe communities through social responsibility agreements.
3.4.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions
Assisting affected communities in calculating accrued benefits for the preparation of a Social Responsibility Agreement.
Apply all mechanisms available to ensure companies operating in the reserve meet the social amenity needs of communities as specified in the Social Responsibility Agreement.
3.4.2.4 Law enforcement
The objective is to collaborate with law enforcement bodies to reduce illegal activities in the reserve.
3.4.2.4.1 Management Prescriptions
To collaborate with security agencies to enforce the forest and wildlife laws strictly to deter offenders of forest laws.
To collaborate with judicial service to speed up prosecution of forest offences.
To engage the Rapid Response Team to prevent forest offences such as group hunting, fishing with chemicals and harvesting of honey with fire.
3.5 Limestone Mining Zone
A total of 20 compartments have been identified as potential mining areas for limestone in the forest reserve. Approved guidelines for mining in forest reserves will be strictly enforced and all mined sites shall be reclaimed and as much as possible restored to its previous state.
3.5.1 Specific objectives
i. To maintain the boundaries of the mining zone to prevent incursions into the remaining areas of the reserve.
ii. To monitor the activities of the mining of limestone in the forest reserve to ensure that good mining practices are carried out.
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iii. To monitor to ensure that all mining sites are reclaimed according to environmental standards.
iv. To ensure that mining activities adhere to all environmental standards.
v. To optimize revenue from mining licensing and production activities.
3.5.2 Management Prescriptions for Specific objectives on Limestone Mining
3.5.2.1 Boundaries of Mining zone
The objective is to maintain the boundaries of the mining zone to prevent incursions into the remaining areas of the reserve.
3.5.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions
Periodic cleaning of the mining zone boundaries.
Periodic patrolling of the mining zone boundaries.
Pillars will be fixed along the internal and external boundaries of the mining zone.
Erection of sign post to differentiate the mining zone from the main reserve.
3.5.2.2 Monitoring of mining activities
To monitor the activities of the mining of limestone in an area of 20 compartments in the forest reserve to ensure that good mining practices are carried out.
3.5.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions
Mining area will be divided into acceptable mining blocks.
Mining of limestone will be done sequentially.
Mining activities will be strictly monitored by District Manager and Staff.
Ensure that Streams and Rivers are not blocked and free from pollutants.
3.5.2.3 Reclamation of mined area
The objective is to monitor to ensure that all mining sites are reclaimed according to environmental standards.
3.5.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions
The top soil shall be properly stored.
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All mined pits shall be reclaimed immediately after mining.
All reclaimed mined sites shall be re-vegetated promptly.
All salvaged trees in the reserve shall be paid for.
No waste materials will be left in the Forest Reserve.
3.5.2.4 Environmental Standards for mining in forest reserve
The objective is to ensure that mining activities adhere to all environmental standards.
3.5.2.4.1 Management Prescriptions
Ensure mining in the reserve conforms tolay down rules and procedures as prescribed by law.
Liaise with relevant mining agencies to monitor the mining activities in the reserve to prevent breach of laid down procedures.
3.5.2.5 Revenue from mining
The objective is to optimize revenue from mining licensing and production activities.
3.5.2.5.1 Management Prescription
Issue out permit for mining in the reserve at a fee.
Ensure all affected forest products in the mining area are paid.
Submit proposal for the reclamation exercise to rake in revenue for the Forestry Commission.
3.6 Research and Development
To promote research for enhanced resource management.
3.6.1 Specific objectives
i. To carry out studies on the carbon stocks in the forest reserve.
ii. To conduct studies on the effects of mining of limestone in the forest reserve.
iii. To conduct research to enhance regeneration potentials of important tree species.
iv. To continuously conduct research on community interactions in the reserve.
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3.6.2 Management Prescriptions for Specific objectives on Research
3.6.2.1 Carbon Stocks
The objective is to carryout studies on the carbon stocks in the forest reserve.
3.6.2.1.1 Management Prescriptions
Identify and collaborate with local and international institutions concerned with carbon credit under the REDD+ Programme.
Improve carbon stocks through restoration of degraded areas and sustainable management of the other zones.
Collect baseline data to establish reference levels for the reserve and use Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems to monitor/assess the site for future carbon credits.
Encourage stakeholder consultation and participation.
Establish an equitable benefit sharing regime.
3.6.2.2 Regeneration studies
The objective is to conduct research to enhance regeneration potentials of important tree species.
3.6.2.2.1 Management Prescriptions
Identify the important trees based on demand for the research.
Identify their locations in the reserve.
Lay plots at the identified locations.
Regeneration potentials of the identified trees would be observed.
3.6.2.3 Community interactions
The objective is to continuously conduct research on community interactions in the reserve.
3.6.2.3.1 Management Prescriptions
Identify all forest fringe communities.
Socio-economic survey would be conducted for the forest fringe community with assistance from RMSC.
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3.7 Support / General Activities
3.7.1 Infrastructural Development
3.7.1.1 Road and Track Network.
The Buipe – Damongo feeder road which passes through the Yakombo Forest Reserve will be rehabilitated and maintained by the Central Gonja District Assembly under Feeder Roads Rehabilitation project to make the road more accessible and safe. Two other branch feeder roads from Buipe – Damongo that link Yampilito and Buachipe will also be rehabilitated by the District Assembly. The actual design and construction of these roads within the Reserve will be done according to the Forestry Commission’s specifications as indicated in the logging manual. In order to enhance assess to selected compartments, there is the need to construct roads and foot tracts to link communities and the plantation sites.
3.7.1.2 Buildings
Yakombo Forest Reserve is managed by two (2) Range Supervisors who are stationed at Buipe. The two Range Supervisors are housed in two quarters situated in the Forestry Commission Settlement area at Buipe. There is the need to build a beat quarters to accommodate Forest Guards at Lito, Nwampe and Buachipe.
3.7.1.3 Logistics
For effective Management and protection of the forest reserve, it is imperative to provide Range Supervisors and Forest Guards means of transport (Motor-bikes and Bicycles) to facilitate their movement. Other communication devices like mobile phones should be provided to report on offences.
3.8 Management for local people
The Forest and Wildlife policy of 1994 has indicated the important roles that are expected to be played by the Forest fringe Communities in the sustainable management of the forest reserves through collaboration. From 1994 to date, the Forestry Commission has recognized the local people as one of its major Stakeholders. It is therefore necessary to involve all Stakeholders in the planning period to improve and maintain the relationship.
The free rights and privileges being currently enjoyed by the Forest fringe Community members must be respected and improved.
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3.9 Health and Safety for field Operations
Forestry operations are regarded worldwide as a relatively high risk considering the environment within which the staff works. Considering the risk factors, proper planning and management of health and safety measures must be considered very necessary. In Ghana, factories, mining companies, construction firms etc to ensure compliance with health and safety measures, but the same conditions do not apply for Forestry field work.
In contrary, International Labour Organization’s Convention 155 of which Ghana Government is a signatory mandates its members to comply with health and safety regulations for Forestry field workers. In most cases, forest reserves are located in areas lacking health centers or clinics, therefore the health and safety of field staff must be handled properly by the Forest Managers.
To ensure the health and safety matters of field workers, the following measures will be taken to prevent and manage accidents.
Identify the risks involved in all field operations and classify them according to the level of safety measures associated.
Develop plans to make sure that all activities comply with the existing legislations and best safe working practices with regard to forest operations and operational planning.
Training and capacity building of managers, supervisors and other staff to know their responsibilities with respect to health and safety issues.
The Forestry Commission (FC) must supply protective clothing to all field staff and Managers.
Managers must investigate and analyze accidents that occur during field activities.
Keeping data or records of field accidents and undertake regular management reviews.
Provide immediate health care access in the form of First Aid for field staff.
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PART IV
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION
4.1 General
The Part IV of this Management plan details the implementation of the various prescriptions as indicated in the Part III of the plan. It describes the detailed activities that will be executed and the implementing bodies or agencies. The various activities to be carried out will periodically be monitored and evaluated for strict compliance. The cost and revenue predictions are estimated values for the plan. It ends with the schedule and criteria for review for this plan.
4.2 Management Plan Implementation
The various prescriptions that are indicated in the plan will be executed covering a period of ten (10) years. The plan will be reviewed after five (5) years of implementation to assess the level of achievements and challenges so that strategies could be adopted for improvement. The District and Regional Managers will prepare an annual programme of work that will outline the implementation of the plan.
4.2.1 Implementation Arrangement for the Ten (10) Year Period (2016 – 2025)
This section details implementation arrangements for the specific objectives of the listed management regimes over the ten (10) year period:
Protection Production Governance Limestone Mining Research
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Table 4.1 Implementation arrangements for the prescribed activities To conserve the forest ecosystem to ensure maintenance and improvement of the catchment area and its tributaries. ACTIVITY UNIT OF QUANTITY IMPLEMENTIN SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE REMARKS CODE MEASURE / TARGET G INSTITUTION 3.1.2.1 To maintain the integrity of the Labour to be engaged from forest forest reserve by securing the FSD/Fringe fringe communities Km 222.16 222.16km of the external communities boundaries. 3.1.2.2 To zone and manage swamp Labour to be engaged from forest sites and other conservation FSD/Fringe fringe communities Number of areas for enhanced biodiversity 198 communities compartments to provide ecological protection to flora and fauna. 3.1.2.3 To maintain and improve the Number of To be done by Forest Guards catchment areas of the Black rivers and FSD Volta and its tributaries. streams 3.1.2.4 To institute measures to protect GNFS/FSD/NGOs/ Target groups shall include school Forest Fringe the forest reserve against 20 Fringe children, forest fringe communities, communities annual wildfires. communities. Fulani Herd men 3.1.2.5 To protect the forest reserve Regular patrols by Forest Guards - - FSD from encroachment.
To manage the production zone for the sustainable production of timber.
3.2.2.1 To develop and implement sustainable harvesting techniques for the commercial FSD fruit trees and other NTFPs within the forest reserve.
3.2.2.2 To manage 1,925 ha existing FSD/Fringe Labour from FSD and Forest Fringe Ha 1,925 plantations to optimize yield. communities/Privat Communities
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ACTIVITY UNIT OF QUANTITY IMPLEMENTIN SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE REMARKS CODE MEASURE / TARGET G INSTITUTION e companies 3.2.2.3 To develop 10,000 ha of new FSD/Private plantation stands through Plantation Labour from FSD and Forest Fringe Ha 10,000 Public Private Partnership Developers/Fringe Communities communities To enhance stakeholder participation in the management of the forest reserve. 3.3.2.1 To ensure the sustainable and equitable provision of benefits No 10 FSD to forest fringe communities. 3.3.2.2 To reduce the pressure of the Yakombo Forest Reserve by FSD/CSOs developing alternative livelihood schemes. 3.3.2.3 To facilitate the provision of social amenities to the forest fringe communities through FSD/CSOs social responsibility agreements. 3.3.2.4 To collaborate with law FSD/Law enforcement bodies to reduce Enforcement illegal activities in the reserve. Agencies To ensure strict adherence to approved mining guidelines and practices to prevent adverse impact on the reserve. 3.4.2.1 To maintain the boundaries of the mining zone to incursions into the remaining areas of the Forest Guards to constantly patrol the reserve. Km - FSD mining area
3.4.2.2 To monitor the activities of the Materials for monitoring to be mining of limestone in the provided by the company
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ACTIVITY UNIT OF QUANTITY IMPLEMENTIN SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE REMARKS CODE MEASURE / TARGET G INSTITUTION forest reserve to ensure that Ha FSD/EPA/Minerals good mining practices are Commission carried out. 3.4.2.3 To monitor to ensure that all
mining sites are reclaimed Equipment to be provided by the FSD/EPA/Minerals according to environmental company. Commission standards. 3.4.2.4 To ensure that mining activities FSD/EPA/Minerals adhere to all environmental Responsibility of the company Commission standards. 3.4.2.5 To optimize revenue from mining licensing and FSD production activities. To promote research for enhanced resource management 3.5.2.1 To carry out studies on the carbon stocks in the forest FSD/RMSC reserve 3.5.2.2 To conduct research to enhance FSD/RMSC/FORI regeneration potentials of G important tree species. 3.5.2.3 To continuously conduct research on community FSD/RMSC interactions in the reserve
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4.3. Cost of Implementation and Funding
4.3.1. Cost Estimates
The various prescribed activities are outlined and their corresponding costs are indicated in the various management zones.
Table 4.2 Cost estimated for the prescribed activities To conserve the forest ecosystem to ensure maintenance and improvement of the catchment area and its tributaries
To conserve the forest ecosystem to ensure maintenance and improvement of the catchment area and its tributaries.
ACTIVITY SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE UNIT OF QUANTITY/ IMPLEMENTING ESTIMATED MEASURE TARGET INSTITUTION COST (GHȻ) CODE 3.1.2.1 To maintain the integrity of the forest reserve by Km 222.16 FSD/Fringe securing the 222.16km of the external boundaries. communities 82,586,030.00 3.1.2.2 To zone and manage swamp sites and other Number of 198 FSD/Fringe conservation areas for enhanced biodiversity to compartments communities 595,000.00 provide ecological protection to flora and fauna. 3.1.2.3 To maintain and improve the catchment areas of the Number of rivers FSD Black Volta and its tributaries. and streams 670,500.00
3.1.2.4 To institute measures to protect the forest reserve Forest Fringe 20 GNFS/FSD/NGOs against annual wildfires. communities /Fringe 900,000.00 communities. 3.1.2.5 To protect the forest reserve from encroachment. - - FSD 74,500.00
SUB-TOTAL 84,826,030.00 To manage the production zone for the sustainable production of timber.
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To conserve the forest ecosystem to ensure maintenance and improvement of the catchment area and its tributaries.
3.2.2.1 To develop and implement sustainable harvesting FSD techniques for the commercial fruit trees and other 100,000.00 NTFPs within the forest reserve. To manage 1,925 ha existing plantations to optimize Ha 1,925 FSD/Fringe yield. communities/Privat 16,847,500.00 e companies 3.2.2.3 To develop 10,000 ha of new plantation stands Ha 10,000 FSD/Private through Public Private Partnership Plantation 3,988,880.00 Developers/Fringe communities
SUB TOTAL 20,936,380.00 To enhance stakeholder participation in the management of the forest reserve.
3.3.2.1 To ensure the sustainable and equitable provision of No 10 FSD benefits to forest fringe communities. 10,000.00 3.3.2.2 To reduce the pressure of the Yakombo Forest FSD/CSOs Reserve by developing alternative livelihood 30,000.00 schemes. 3.3.2.3 To facilitate the provision of social amenities to the FSD/CSOs forest fringe communities through social 20,000.00 responsibility agreements. 3.3.2.4 To collaborate with law enforcement bodies to FSD/Law reduce illegal activities in the reserve. Enforcement 50,000.00 Agencies
SUB TOTAL 110,000.00
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To conserve the forest ecosystem to ensure maintenance and improvement of the catchment area and its tributaries.
To ensure strict adherence to approved mining guidelines and practices to prevent adverse impact on the reserve.
3.4.2.1 To maintain the boundaries of the mining zone to Km - FSD incursions into the remaining areas of the reserve. 42,650.00 3.4.2.2 To monitor the activities of the mining of limestone Ha FSD/EPA/Minerals in the forest reserve to ensure that good mining Commission 24,000.00 practices are carried out. 3.4.2.3 To monitor to ensure that all mining sites are FSD/EPA/Minerals reclaimed according to environmental standards. Commission 5,000.00 3.4.2.4 To ensure that mining activities adhere to all FSD/EPA/Minerals environmental standards. Commission 8,000.00 3.4.2.5 To optimize revenue from mining licensing and FSD production activities. 10,000.00
SUB TOTAL 89,650.00 To promote research for enhanced resource management 3.5.2.1 To carry out studies on the carbon stocks in the FSD/RMSC forest reserve 3,040,000.00 3.5.2.2 To conduct research to enhance regeneration FSD/RMSC/FORI potentials of important tree species. G 25,000.00 3.5.2.3 To continuously conduct research on community FSD/RMSC interactions in the reserve 12,000.00
SUB TOTAL 3,077,000.00 GRAND
TOTAL 109,039,060.00
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4.4. Revenue Flow Distribution
4.4.1 Sources of Revenue
Considering the sources of revenue for this Management plan, five (5) areas have been identified. These are the following:
(I) Sale of plantation products.
(II) Sale of fuel wood /NTFPS.
(III) Stumpage fee from trees destroyed through mining activities.
(IV) Rent as fixed by Legislative Instrument with current value of GH¢0.12/ha /year.
(V) Miscellaneous – Inspection fees, sale of confiscated wood products and conveyance fee for charcoal.
(VI) Donors/Development Partners.
(VII) Metropolitan Municipal District Assembly.
4.4.2 Revenue Predictions
The revenue projections are based on total harvest (100%) of all plantation products in each compartment within the next five years of the implementation of this plan. The rent to be paid is considered to be uncharged over the period.
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Table 4.3 Estimated Amount of Revenue Projected to accrue in the next five years.
P E R I O D TOTAL SOURCE AMOUNT YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 5 YEAR 1 GH¢ YEAR 4 GH¢ GH¢ GH¢ GH¢ Plantation 607,911.00 607,911.00 607,911.00 607,911.00 607,911.00 3,039,556.00 products. Stumpage. 10,000.00 10,000.0 10,000.0 10,000.0 10,000.0 50,000.00 Fuel wood / 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 25,000.00 NTFPs. Rent. 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 25,000.00 Miscellaneous 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 5,000.00 TOTAL 628,911.00 628,911.00 628,911.00 628,911.00 628,911.00 3,144,556.00 4.4.3 Revenue Disbursement Arrangement
Section 267 (6) of the 1992 Constitution of Republic of Ghana provides that total Revenue accruing from stumpage/rent, must be disbursed to all Stakeholders as indicated in the Table 4.4.
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Table 4.4 Details of Revenue Disbursement Arrangements
BENEFICIARIES TOTAL SOURCE EXPECTED FC (50%) OASL (10%) STOOL TRADITIONAL ASSEMBLY (25%) COUNCIL (20%) (55%)
Plantation 3,039,556.00 1,519,778.00 151,977.80 341.950.05 273,560.04 752,290.11
Stumpage 50,000.00 25,000.00 2,500.00 5,625.00 4,500.00 12,375.00
NTFPs 25,000.00 12,500.00 1,250.00 2,812.50 2,250.00 6,187.50
Rent 25,000.00 Nil Nil 25,000.00 Nil Nil
Miscellaneous 5,000.00 5,000.00 Nil Nil Nil Nil
TOTAL 3,144.556.00 1,562,278.00 155,272.80 375,387.55 280,310.04 770,852.61
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4.5. Funding
The various development outlined in the management plan many be supported with funds from the sources as indicated below.
a. Government of Ghana subvention
b. Loans and grants from donor agencies
c. Private Plantation Developers
d. Mining company – SAVACEM
e. Service charges and fees.
4.6 Monitoring and Review
Monitoring and evaluation will periodically be carried out to ensure the comparison of achievement against the set target. The principal aim of monitoring, evaluation and analyzing the reports of progress of work towards the attainment of the prescriptions of the objective will include the following
a. To provide data base for future revision of the management plan.
b. To identify challenges and solutions associated with the achievement of the set objectives during the implementation of the plan
c. To add new ideas and information into the management plan
The operation performance will be monitored based on two main approaches or procedures. These are periodic monitoring and continue monitoring.
Periodic Monitoring. This will involve the comparison between plan target and actual or physical achievement and financial expenditure and budgets at the end of the specified time period. E.g. Monthly, quarterly, half-year or yearly.
Continuous Monitoring. This will be applied to specific key indicators which will improve the collection of information during the implementation of the plan at pre- determined time interval. The continuous monitoring will enhance the close
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observations of the various activities that are outlined in the plan and make frequent comparisons between planned programmes and input resources with the actual achievement.
4.6.1 Monitoring Strategies
It is imperative for the Forestry Commission (FC) to adopt some procedures and standards to measure the performance of the implementation of this management plan since the FC is acting on behalf of her Stakeholders especially the landowners and the Government of Ghana. The proposed structure to monitor the implementation of the plan should be at the District, Regional and National levels. The Standards and procedures to be adopted for measuring and monitoring the effectiveness of FC/FSD are outlined in the tables 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.7
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Table 4.5 Monitoring Strategy for Protection Objective / Indicators of Means of Responsible Prescribed Frequency Achievement Verification Institution. Activities Demarcation 188 Monthly and and Protection Compartments RMSC/FSD Quarterly Once of Swampy demarcated Headquarters reports areas and pillared Erection of 10 Sign post Physical Sign posts bearing Forest observation Once DM/ RM/RSMC Reserve’s and Reports name erected Enrichment As and planting along 50,000 Physical when the buffer of Seedlings observation whole area DM/ RM /RSMC streams, planted. and Reports is Rivers and completed Swampy areas Boundary 222.16Km of Monthly maintenance F/R boundary Report and 12 months DM/ RM /RSMC of the entire cleaned and physical F/R perimeter Inspected inspection Re- opening of blocked 148km of the External blocked Inspection Boundary to External Once DM/ RM /RSMC and Reports verify Boundary re- possible opened encroachment. Pillaring of Reports and 227. concrete the External physical Once DM/ RM /RSMC pillars erected boundary inspection External 227.16km to Boundary the External Planted planting boundary seedlings Annually Dm/ Rm /RSMC planted with Monthly Seedlings Reports Ejection of Destroyed illegal settlers, houses, farms Once farmers and and area Reports DM/ RM /RSMC detected Fulani planted with herdsmen trees Wildfire 20 Management Communities
and educated on Reports and Annually GNFS/FSD/RMSC Educational bushfires and Field visits Campaign reduction in fire outbreaks Establishment 20 Anti- Presence in Annually GNFS/FSD/RMSC and training of bushfire the
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Objective / Indicators of Means of Responsible Prescribed Frequency Achievement Verification Institution. Activities Anti-bushfire squads formed communities Squads and trained Reports
Greenbelt 100 ha of establishment greenbelt Reports and established Annually DM/RM/RMSC Field visit maintenance and maintained Determination Reports and 20 plots Bi - Climate change of Residual data established annually unit of FC/ RMSC carbon stocks collected
Table 4.6 Monitoring strategy for Production (Plantation Development) Objective/ Indicators of Means of Responsible Prescribed Frequency Achievement Verification Institution Activity Demarcation of annual 1,000 ha Field reports DM./RM, RMSC Plantation demarcated and and progress Annually and FSD Coupes surveyed map Headquarters
Monthly 1,000 ha of site Clearing and site reports and DM/RM/RMSP/FSD cleared and Annually preparation Physical Headquarters prepared Inspection
Nursery Raising of established and Monthly seedling for 1,333,200. Annually DM/RM Reports Planting Stock Seedlings Produced
Pegs cutting, Monthly Monthly Pegging and 1,000 ha of Reports and DM/RM/RMSC. Planting of Site Planted Planted July - FSD Headquarters Seedlings Seedlings September
Tending of 1,000 ha of Reports and DM/RM/RMSC. Plantation Planted area Field Quarterly FSD Headquarter coupes tending Inspection
Construction of 100 km of fire Reports and DM/RM/RMSC. fire rides in rides field Once FSD Headquarter Plantation constructed Inspection
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Objective/ Indicators of Means of Responsible Prescribed Frequency Achievement Verification Institution Activity coupes
Maintenance of Reports and Fire Rides in 100 of Fire Twice a DM/RM/RMSC. Field Plantation Rides cleaned year FSD Headquarter Inspection Coupes
Patrolling of Patrolled 1000 Plantation Reports. Monthly ha of DM/RM/RMSC. coupes to Plantation No fire September- FSD Headquarter prevent bush coupes outbreak April fires
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Table 4.7 Monitoring Strategy for Limestone Mining Objective/ Indicators of Means of Responsible Prescribed Frequency Achievement Verification Institution Activity Dividing mining 100 blocks of Reports Annual Savacem Company area into blocks 20 ha each Field Limited, FSD, EPA of 10 ha each established Inspection Mineral Commission Removal of top Reports Monthly Savacem Company Stock Pile of soil and its Field Limited, FSD, EPA top soil Storage Inspection Mineral Commission 100 blocks of Field Monthly Savacem Company Reclamation of mined pits inspection Limited, EPA, FSD mining pits reclaimed Reports Mineral Commission Re- vegetation of 2,000 ha of Reports Annually Savacem Company reclaimed mining mining pits Field Limited, EPA, FSD pits reclaimed Inspection Mineral Commission Ensuring that - Savacem Company Fire flow of Reports Streams and Limited, EPA, FSD rivers and Field rivers courses are Mineral Commission Streams Inspection not blocked
Table 4.8 Monitoring Strategy for Management for NTFPs Objective / Indicators of Means of Responsible Prescribed Frequency Achievement Verification Institution activity 188 Inventory of Reports and Compartments Once FSD/RMSC NTFPs data collected enumerated Reduction of Prevention of occurrence of Bush fires and Bush fires in the Reports and Annually - FSD/EPA Educational fringe Field visits October-April Campaign communities and Forest Reserve Data at the Regulating the No. of Permits District office harvest of Monthly FSD/WD granted of FSD or NTFPs WD Office records Issuance of No. of hunting or Book copy Monthly FSD/WD Hunting Permit Permits issued of Permit
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Objective / Indicators of Means of Responsible Prescribed Frequency Achievement Verification Institution activity Enforcement of Decline of bush FSD/WD/Ghan regulations and meat in the FSD/WD Monthly a Police laws on close market Service season period Prevention of Absence of group FSD Monthly group hunting hunting Control of Absence of Field visit for grazing of life livestock in the Monthly observation stock Forest Reserve
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4.6.2 Review of Performance
4.6.2.1 Schedule for Performance review
The Management Plan for Yakombo Forest Reserve will be reviewed twice during the entire period of implementation. The first review will be done after 5th year of implementation and the last one at the end of 10th year period. The comparison of annual targets with achievement of the annual programme of work done will be conducted. This will be very useful at the end of tenth year period.
4.6.2.2 Criterion for view
The review of the Management Plan will become necessary if the under-listed conditions prevail.
If the Government of the Republic of Ghana decides that the area no longer be managed as a forest reserve.
When the forest fringe Communities collaborative Spirit declines to unacceptable level.
Inability of Government to provide adequate logistics and financial support for the implementation of the plan as a result of high inflation or economic crisis
When there are major changes in technology, high Socio-economic demands and political disorders.
High population pressure resulting in the major changes in the state of the resources.
When data collected reveals that the state of the resources has improved.
When there is a major natural disaster like flooding; bushfires and earthquakes.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: DESCRIPTION OF BOUNDARIES OF YAKOMBO FOREST RESERVE
Starting at a survey pillar marked G. G. S. T18/20/C which is situated at the South-Eastern outskirt of Morno village on a bearing of 270 30’ for a distance of 5,997 feet or 90.87 chains approximately, to a pillar marked G. C. S. T18/20/D which is the point of commencement (B.P. 1) situated on the Morno – Old Buipe footpath; thence on cutline on a bearing of 2900 00’ for a distance of 1200 chains to B. P. 2, thence on a bearing of 1810 30’ for a distance of 420 chains to B. P. 3, thence on a bearing of 2500 00’ for a distance of 1330 chains to B. P. 4, thence on a bearing of 2830 00’ for a distance of 510 chains to B. P. 5, thence on a bearing of 3470 15’ for a distance of 1440 chains to B. P. 6, thence on a bearing of 980 45, for a distance of 3030 chains to B. P. 7, thence on a bearing of 1800 00’ for a distance of 180 chains to B. P. 8, thence on a bearing of 970 30’ for a distance of 560 chains to B. P. 9, situated on the left bank of the Black Volta River, thence following the river up-stream for a distance of 380 chains to B. P. 10, thence on bearing of 2530 45’ for a distance of 160 chains to B. P. 1, which is the point of commencement.
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APPENDIX 2: Progress Map for Yakombo Forest Reserve
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APPENDIX 3: Land Cover Map for Yakombo Forest Reserve
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APPENDIX 4: RELIEF MAP OF YAKOMBO FOREST RESERVE
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Appendix 5: AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL FIGURES FOR THE PERIOD 2005 – 2014 YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 RAINFALL/mm 855.10 1046.60 879.80 1253.60 1037.50 1110.00 1299.00 946.70 654.10 877.10
Appendix 6: AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL FIGURES FOR THE PERIOD 2005 – 2014 MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC RAINFALL/mm 0.2 9.99 48.89 88.92 106.42 143.56 146.89 164.96 170.53 92.82 5.31 17.49
Appendix 7: MEAN MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR THE PERIOD 2005 – 2014 YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2005 34.8 38.7 38.3 36.4 34.3 32.0 30.3 30.3 31.4 33.6 36.1 36.4 2006 37.0 38.5 38.9 38.2 33.8 32.3 31.2 31.2 30.7 33.2 36.3 36.0 2007 34.9 38.7 39.0 36.2 33.6 32.6 31.8 31.8 30.8 33.2 35.9 35.9 2008 34.0 37.6 37.9 37.0 33.9 31.2 30.5 30.5 30.9 33.2 36.5 36.3 2009 35.5 38.7 38.6 35.7 34.9 32.8 30.3 30.3 31.4 32.9 35.4 36.9 2010 37.9 38.6 38.6 37.3 35.3 32.3 30.1 30.1 30.3 32.6 35.2 36.2 2011 35.6 37.9 39.1 37.8 35.8 32.8 31.0 31.0 - - - - 2012 36.1 37.9 38.6 35.7 34.2 32.1 30.1 30.1 31.0 33.6 36.1 36.01 2013 36.7 38.6 38.2 36.5 34.6 32.8 30.7 30.7 31.1 - - - 2014 ------
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Appendix 8: Indicative levels of Plantation Development YEAR COMPARTMENTS SPECIES 2016-2020 1-47, 49-67, 70-86, 91-104, 109, 113, 116, Tectonagrandis, Bamboo, Cassia 117, 120, 123, 129-132, 134-137, 139-143, siamea, 145-149, 151-155. Khayasenegalensis, Ceibapentandra 2021-2025 157-161, 163-167, 169-173, 175-179, 181- Tectonagrandis, Bamboo, Cassia 186, 187-192, 194-199, 202-209, 211-218, siamea, 221-230, 233-246, 249-258, 303-310, 312- Khayasenegalensis, 320, 323-330, 333-339, 342-348. Ceibapentandra 2026-2030 350-356, 359-365, 367-323, 375-381, 384- Tectonagrandis, Bamboo, Cassia 389, 329-397A, 397B, 399-403, 264-269, siamea, 271-276, 278-283, 285-290, 292A, 292B, Khayasenegalensis, 293A, 293B, 295A, 295B, 296A, 296B, Ceibapentandra 297A, 297B, 298A, 298B. 2031-2035 496-498, 504-510, 512-518, 521-528, 531- Tectonagrandis, Bamboo, Cassia 539, 541-550, 552-561, 563-572, 496-498, siamea, 575-584, 586-596, 598-608, 611-621, 624- Khayasenegalensis, 634, 636-646, 648-658, Ceibapentandra 2036-2040 660-667, 669-676, 678-403, 467-410, 413- Tectonagrandis, Bamboo, Cassia 420, 422-428, 434-436, 438-442, 445-461, siamea, 454-460, 462-468, 471-477, 480-488, 490- Khayasenegalensis, 492. Ceibapentandra 2041-2045 685-684, 690-693, 696-700, 702-706, 709- Tectonagrandis, Bamboo, Cassia 713, 716-721, 722-727, 730-734, 737-742, siamea, 745-751, 753-772, 774-776, 778-780, 782- Khayasenegalensis, 784, 789-788, 790-796, 798-803, 806-809, Ceibapentandra 811-812, 757-760, 763-764 2046-2050 825-835, 839-862A, 862B, 871-880, 883- Tectonagrandis, Bamboo, Cassia 884, 886-889, 909-915, 917-918, 921-926, siamea, 943-948, 950-953, 956-958, 976, 978-985, Khayasenegalensis, 1004-1009 Ceibapentandra
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Appendix 9: Compartments with water bodies running through them
WATER COMPARTMENTS No. of compartments BODY Yakombo 493, 810, 488, 489, 806, 805, 478, 804, 797, 469, 460, 789, 452, 677, 785, 668, 781, 777, 40 659, 647, 773, 635, 622, 744, 609, 736, 729, 585, 573, 715, 562, 708, 540, 695, 529, 689, 519, 685, 679, 503 River 768, 765, 761, 752, 743, 735, 728, 721, 714, Gbongbon and 707, 701, 694, 693, 687, 868, 869, 870, 871, 35 its Tributaries 906, 940, 941, 942, 943, 973, 974, 975, 976, 1001, 977, 948, 949, 916, 882, 881, 851 Sepe and its 479, 382, 374, 470, 366, 357, 461, 349, 340, tributaries 453, 331, 321, 444, 443, 437, 246, 436, 232, 81 433, 432, 231, 431, 220, 430, 429, 219, 423, 210, 421, 201, 413, 412, 200, 193, 411, 180, 174, 168, 162, 156, 150, 144, 138, 133, 128, 127, 126, 124, 125, 122, 123, 119, 116, 115, 108, 107, 106, 90, 89, 406, 404, 405, 623, 610, 597, 574, 551, 530, 520, 511, 495, 69, 68, 88, 87, 105, 114, 118, 121 Lambo Stream 259A, 259B, 260, 261, 300, 263, 270, 277, 25 and its 284, 291, 299A, 299B, 398, 391, 383, 375, Tributaries 358, 341, 332, 322, 311, 302, 301, 248, 247 Bonbir 885, 918, 919, 920, 953, 921, 954, 955 8
Total 195
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Appendix 10: Cost estimates
SPECIFIC UNIT OF UNIT PRESCRIBED TREATMENT QTY FREQ PERIOD TOTAL COST OBJECTIVE MEASURE COST To maintain the Determine a suitable approach of re-opening the integrity of the blocked external boundary of a distance of 142 km to Km 142.00 1 200.00 1 28,400.00 forest reserve verify possible encroachment. by securing the The external boundary perimeter of 221.16 km will 221.16km of the be maintained at least twice annually in accordance Km 221.16 2 200.00 10 884,640.00 external with the boundary maintenance schedule. boundaries. The total perimeter of 221.16 km of the external boundary of the Forest Reserve will be inspected at Km 221.16 2 100.00 10 442,320.00 least twice every year. A total of 227 Pillars will be fixed along the external boundary of the Forest Reserve at every 400m and No. 227 1 10.00 1 2,270.00 change of direction. Erection of sign post on roads entering the Forest No. 10 1 500.00 1 5,000.00 Reserve. The external boundaries of the Forest Reserve will be Km 221.16 365 100.00 10 80,723,400.00 patrolled regularly to prevent encroachment.
External boundary planting of 22 km at a distance of No. of 50,000 1 10.00 10 500,000.00 5m x 5m will be carried out annually. seedlings SUBTOTAL 82,586,030.00 To zone and Creation of buffer of a minimum of 50m along rivers Ha 500 1 2,000 10 100,000 manage swamp and 25m along streams. sites and other Prevention of mining activities in the listed Ha 500 60 5,000 10 30,000 conservation compartments areas for Preventing the area from annual bushfires. Ha 1,000 50 1000 10
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enhanced Prohibition of the use of chemicals and unapproved ha 1000 20 3000 10 - biodiversity to methods for fishing. provide Carrying out intensive educational campaigns in the ecological forest fringe communities on the need to protect these No. 20 2 200 10 80,000.00 protection to areas from illegal activities and bushfires. flora and fauna. Reserve Regulate the harvesting of NTFPS in the areas. Ha 40 2,000 10 - Area Enrichment planting along the buffer of streams, No. of 50,000 1 10 1 500,000.00 rivers and swampy areas. seedlings SUBTOTAL 595,000.00 To maintain and Identify compartments along rivers and streams in the No. 195 1 100 1 19,500.00 improve the reserve catchment areas Demarcate clearly the external boundaries of the Km 155 1 200 1 31,000.00 of the Black identified compartments. Volta and its Maintain the external boundaries at least twice a year Km 155 2 200 10 620,000.00 tributaries. SUBTOTAL 670,500.00 To institute To carry out anti-bushfire sensitization and awareness No. 20 2 200 10 80,000.00 measures to campaigns every year starting in September protect the Establishment of anti-bushfire squads in each of the No. 20 1 200 10 40,000.00 forest reserve forest fringe communities. against annual Provision of bushfire fighting equipment, protective wildfires. clothing and other incentives for the committee No. 1 2000 10 20,000.00 members. To construct fire rides of 10m wide around plantation Km 120 2 300 10 720,000.00 coupes and other protected areas. Early burning will be encouraged in sensitive areas to Ha Cal. 10 1,500 10 40,000.00 reduce the amount of fuel on the forest floor. SUBTOTAL 900,000.00 To protect the Prevent Fulani herdsmen from accessing the Days 1 1,200 10 12,000.00 forest reserve Yakombo Forest Reserve.
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from Erecting of visible sign posts at vantage points to No. 5 1 500 1 2,500.00 encroachment. indicate clearly the existence of the Forest Reserve. Periodic patrolling to identify and promptly stop No. 5 12 100 10 60,000.00 possible encroachments. Collaborate with the District Security Council (DISEC), Regional Security Council (REGSEC) and ------land Owners to eject illegal settlers (Gbongbonto) in the Forest Reserve. SUBTOTAL 74,500.00 4.2.1.2 To manage the production zone for the sustainable production of timber To develop and No. of implement NTFP inventory to determine stocking levels. compartmen 188 1 1,200.00 1 225,600.00 sustainable ts harvesting Prevention of bushfires to encourage natural No. of techniques for regeneration of the indigenous flora and reproduction 188 1 10,000 10 80,000.00 compts. the commercial of fauna. fruit trees and Regulate the harvesting of NTFPs through the No. of 40/month 1 20 10 8,000.00 other NTFPs issuance of free permits by committees. permits within the Regulate hunting through the issuance of hunting No. of 10/month 1 20 10 2,000.00 reserve. license. permits Enforce regulations and laws on close season hunting 10,000.00 period. Harvesting of the NTFPs for only domestic ------purposes and not for commercial. SUBTOTAL 100,000.00 To manage Inventory shall be carried out to determine stocking, Ha 1,925 1 500 1 962,500.00 1,925 ha of estimated volume and growth rate. existing Weeding shall be done twice a year. Ha 1,925 2 200 10 7,700,000.00 plantation to Pruning shall be done in the stands according to optimize yield. Ha 1,925 1 200 10 3,850,000.00 established guidelines. Thinning shall be carried out in accordance with Ha 1,925 1 200 10 3,850,000.00
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thinning schedule. Fire rides shall be maintained annually. Km 20 1 300 10 60,000.00 Fire patrols shall be carried out during the fire season. Km 20 2 100 10 40,000.00 Final harvesting shall be done at the end of the Ha 1,925 1 100 1 192,500.00 rotation period. Coppice management shall be carried out after final Ha 1,925 1 200 1 192,500.00 harvesting. SUBTOTAL 16,847,500.00 To develop In the plantation area, a minimum of 96 ha plantation Ha 96 1 2,400.00 10 2,304,000.00 10,000 ha of stand will be established annually. new plantation Develop a brochure on basic data for the forest No. 100 1 20 1 2,000.00 stands through reserve to attract private plantation developers Public Private The Forest Services Division (FSD) and private Partnership. Plantation Developers or investors will restock the Ha 100 1 2,400 1 240,000.00 area in collaboration with Forest fringe communities through contract labour. The Forest Services Division (FSD) will survey and demarcate the annual plantation coupes in January Ha 96 1 400.00 10 384,000.00 each year. Clearing and site preparation will be done annually by Contract workers between February and March Ha 96 1 400.00 10 384,000.00 each year. The planting of seedlings will start in June and end in Ha 96 1 60.00 10 57,600.00 mid- August. The contract workers will tend the Plantation stand at Ha 96 3 200.00 10 576,000.00 least thrice a year. Fire rides of 5m wide will be constructed around each Km 9.6 1 300.00 1 2,880.00 of the sub-divisions of 16 ha. Contract workers will patrol the plantation stand in the dry season to prevent bushfires from late October Km 9.6 2 200.00 10 38,400.00 to April the succeeding year.
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SUBTOTAL 3,988,880.00 4.3.1.3 To enhance stakeholder participation in the management of the forest reserve. To ensure FSD to in a transparent manner make available Stationeries 500.00 10 5,000.00 sustainable and revenues generated from the Forest Reserve. equitable provision of Prepare and make available Disbursement of benefits to Stationeries 500.00 10 5,000.00 Revenue Report to all relevant stakeholders forest fringe communities. SUBTOTAL Transport 10,000.00 To reduce the Engage Donor and Forest Based Organizations to pressure of the provide funds for livestock rearing in forest fringe Transport 1,000.00 10 10,000.00 Yakombo communities. Forest Reserve Continue to engage the forest fringe communities in Transport 1,000.00 10 10,000.00 by developing undertaking Contract Boundary Cleaning. alternative Liaise with Savanna Cement Company to engage the livelihood services of forest fringe communities in re-planting Transport 1,000.00 10 10,000.00 schemes. of mined areas in the forest reserve. Promote alternative livelihood programmes in the fringe communities e.g. Bee-keeping, grass-cuter No. 50 meetings 1 5,000 5 years rearing etc. Implement the appropriate livelihood interventions 100 No. 5,000 10 years based on the community interest. programmes Monitor and evaluate the livelihood activities every Fuel 1,000 2 2.743 10 years six months. Encourage the District Assembly and non- Governmental Organizations to support the Meeting 10 3 1,000 10 years livelihood programmes as part of poverty reduction strategy. SUBTOTAL 30,000.00 To facilitate the Assisting affected communities in calculating Transport 1,000.00 10 10,000.00 provision of accrued benefits for the preparation of a Social
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social amenities Responsibility Agreement. to the forest fringe Apply all mechanisms available to ensure companies communities operating in the reserve meet the social amenity Transport 1,000.00 10 10,000.00 through social needs of communities as specified in the Social responsibility Responsibility Agreement. agreements. SUBTOTAL 20,000.00 To collaborate To collaborate with security agencies to enforce the with law forest and wildlife laws strictly to deter offenders of Transport 1,000.00 10 10,000.00 enforcement forest laws. bodies to reduce To collaborate with judicial service to speed up Transport 1,000.00 10 10,000.00 illegal activities prosecution of forest offences. in the reserve. To engage the Rapid Response Team to prevent forest offences such as group hunting, fishing with 3,000.00 10 30,000.00 chemicals and harvesting of with fire. SUB TOTAL 50,000.00 4.3.1.4 To ensure strict adherence to approved mining guidelines and practices.
To maintain the Periodic cleaning of the mining zone boundaries. Km 6.8 2 200 10 27,200.00 boundaries of the mining zone Periodic patrolling of the mining zone boundaries. Km 6.8 2 100 10 13,600.00 to prevent Pillars will be fixed along the internal and external No. 27 1 50 1 1,350.00 incursions into boundaries of the mining zone. the remaining Erection of sign post to differentiate the mining zone areas of the No. 5 1 100 1 500.00 reserve. from the main reserve. SUB TOTAL 42,650.00 To monitor the Mining area will be divided into acceptable mining No 16 1 250 1 4,000.00 activities of the blocks. mining of Mining of limestone will be done sequentially.
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limestone in the Mining activities will be strictly monitored by 1,000 10 10,000.00 forest reserve to District Manager and Staff. ensure that good Ensure that Streams and Rivers are not blocked and mining practices 1,000 10 10,000.00 free from pollutants. are carried out. SUB TOTAL 24,000.00 To monitor to The top soil shall be stored well. ensure that all All mined pits shall be reclaimed immediately after mining sites are reclaimed mining. All reclaimed mined sites shall be re-vegetated according to environmental promptly. standards. All salvaged trees in the reserve shall be paid for. No waste materials will be left in the Forest Reserve. 10 5,000 To ensure that Ensure mining in the reserve conforms to lay down 10 3,000 the mining rules and procedures as prescribed by law. adhere to all Liaise with relevant mining agencies to monitor the environmental mining activities in the reserve to prevent breach of 10 5,000 standards laid down procedures. To optimize Issue out permit for mining in the reserve at a fee. 10 revenue from Ensure all affected forest products in the mining area mining licensing and are paid. Submit proposal for the reclamation exercise to rake production 1 10,000 activities in revenue for the Commission. 4.3.1.5 To promote research for enhanced resource management To carry out Identify and collaborate with local and international studies on the institutions concerned with carbon credit under the 10,000.00 carbon stocks in REDD+ Programme. the forest Improve carbon stocks through restoration of Ha 100 1 3000 10 3,000,000.00 reserve degraded areas and sustainable management of the
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other zones. Collect baseline data to establish reference levels for the reserve and use Monitoring, Reporting and 10,000.00 Verification (MRV) systems to monitor / assess the site for future carbon credits. Encourage stakeholder consultation and participation. 10,000.00 Establish an equitable benefit sharing regime. 10,000.00 SUBTOTAL 3,040,000.00 To conduct Identify the important trees based on demand for the research to research. enhance Identify their locations in the reserve. 5,000.00 regeneration potentials of Lay plots at the identified locations. 10,000.00 important tree Regeneration potentials of the identified trees would 10,000.00 species be observed. SUBTOTAL 25,000.00 To continuously Identify all forest fringe communities. 2,000.00 conduct research on community Socio-economic survey would be conducted for the 10,000.00 interactions in forest fringe community with assistance from RMSC. the reserve. SUB 12,000.00 TOTAL GRAND 109,016,060.00 TOTAL
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Appendix 11: Species List for Yakombo Forest Reserve Scientific Name Species name Family Frequency Percentage Vitellaria paradoxa Kokulwu Sapotaceae 462 28.1 Unknown Taala 241 14.7 Terminalia avicennoides Kipalari Combretaceae 213 13.0 Pterocarpus erinaceus Gyankpelia Fabaceae 117 7.1 Diospyros mespiliformis Kakebe Ebenaceae 114 6.9 Anogeissus leiocarpus Kekale Combretaceae 73 4.4 Unknown Gongonturbi 56 3.4 Psedocedrela kotschyi Dol Meliaceae 29 1.8 Unknown Kagbon 28 1.7 Vitex diversifolia Tiktikye Vebenaceae 25 1.5 Unknown Koturka 24 1.5 Unknown Gonyan 19 1.2 Unknown Kayese 18 1.1 Bombax buonopozanse Kawul Bombacaceae 17 1.0 Combretum ngricans Kafolege Combretaceae 17 1.0 Unknown Kutuku 17 1.0 Unknown Kawe Ceasalpinaceae 14 0.9 Grewia mollis Furubi Tiliaceae 14 0.9 Daniella oliveri Kanyan Ceasalpinaceae 13 0.8 Unknown Kpankpanbi 12 0.7 Unknown Kurbute 12 0.7 Unknown Kakatan 11 0.7 Acacia dudgeon Ewipepre Mimosaceae 9 0.5 Unknown Gosabla Mimosaceae 6 0.4 Unknown Garo 6 0.4 Nauclea latifolia Gbungbum Rubiaceae 5 0.3 Unknown Kaponton 5 0.3 Datarium microcapum Kookobi Ceasalpinaceae 4 0.2 Unknown Bufulie 4 0.2 Unknown Muntukla 4 0.2 Unknown Potepote 4 0.2 Afzelia bella Kawoba Ceasalpinaceae 3 0.2 Pilostigma thonningi Gbata Fabaceae 3 0.2 Vitex doniana Kakulugu Olacaceae 3 0.2 Unknown Jabotiebekata 3 0.2 Unknown Kapoli 3 0.2 Unknown Kulwunya 3 0.2 Unknown Nyakpa 3 0.2 Unknown Pupushe 3 0.2 Unknown Yeye 3 0.2
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Scientific Name Species name Family Frequency Percentage Unknown Putepute 2 0.1 Unknown Samia 2 0.1 Acacia gourrmaensis Ewi Mimosaceae 1 0.1 Afzelia africana Kakala Ceasalpinaceae 1 0.1 Albezie lebbeck Albezie 1 0.1 lebbeck Anonna senegalensis Prumpuse Annonaceae 1 0.1 Gardenia erubscens Lankpara Rubiaceae 1 0.1 Gmelina arborea Gmelina 1 0.1 Lannea acida Kachugu Anacardiaceae 1 0.1 Lophira lanceolata Eseresokako Ochnaceae 1 0.1 Unknown Kawoba Ceasalpinaceae 1 0.1 Sterculia setigera Pompom Steculaceae 1 0.1 Ximenia Americana Kenyanyabi 1 0.1 Zannia africana Kuposebi 1 0.1 Unknown Finfela 1 0.1 Unknown Finfila 1 0.1 Unknown Kabase 1 0.1 Unknown Kaputaputa 1 0.1 Unknown Kpalankar 1 0.1 Unknown Kulbuta 1 0.1
Total 1642
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Appendix 12: Stem Numbers Per km2 Grouped according To Diameter Classes – Yakombo Forest Reserve
Scientific Local Name 10 - 19.9 20 - 29.9 30 -39.9 40- 49.9 50 - 59.9 >= 60 Total Name Acacia Ewipepre 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 dudgeoni Acacia Ewi 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 gourrmaensis Acacia Gosabla 0 50 17 17 17 0 100 gourrmaensis Afzelia Kakala 50 0 17 0 17 0 83 africana Albizia lebec Albezie lebbeck 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 Anogoissus Kekale 450 117 0 0 0 0 567 leiocarpus Anonna Prumpuse 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 senegalensis Bombax Kawul 200 83 0 0 0 0 283 buonopozanse Combretum Kafolege 83 17 0 0 0 0 100 ngricans Daniella Kanyan 83 100 33 0 0 0 217 oliveri Datarium Kookobi 17 50 0 0 0 0 67 microcapum Diospyros Kakebe 1067 433 100 50 17 0 1667 mespiliformis Gmelina Gmelina 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 arborea Grewia mollis Furubi 67 0 0 0 0 0 67 Lannea acida Kachugu 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 Nauclea Gbungbum 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 latifolia Pilostigma Gbata 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 thonningi Psedocedrela Dol 117 50 0 0 0 0 167 kotschyi Pterocarpus Gyankpelia 867 850 67 0 17 0 1800 erinaceus Simea Finfela 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 americana Sterculia Pompom 0 0 0 17 0 0 17 setigera Terminalia Kipalari 984 500 33 0 0 0 1517
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avicennoides UNKNOWN Bufulie 50 17 0 0 0 0 67 UNKNOWN Eseresokako 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Garo 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 UNKNOWN Gongonturbi 733 100 0 0 0 0 834 UNKNOWN Gonyan 167 83 50 0 0 0 300 UNKNOWN Jabotiebekata 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 UNKNOWN Kabase 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Kagbon 267 133 17 0 0 0 417 UNKNOWN kakatan 117 67 0 0 0 0 183 UNKNOWN kapoli 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 UNKNOWN Kaponton 17 17 17 17 0 0 67 UNKNOWN Kaputaputa 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Kawoba 17 0 17 17 17 0 67 UNKNOWN Kayese 217 17 0 0 0 0 233 UNKNOWN koturka 267 117 0 0 0 0 383 UNKNOWN Kpalankar 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Kpankpanbi 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Kulbuta 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN kulwunya 17 17 0 17 0 0 50 UNKNOWN Kurbute 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 UNKNOWN Kutuku 150 67 0 0 0 0 217 UNKNOWN Lankpara 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Muntukla 50 17 0 0 0 0 67 UNKNOWN Nyakpa 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Potepote 67 0 0 0 0 0 67 UNKNOWN Pupushe 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 UNKNOWN Putepute 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 UNKNOWN Samia 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Taala 1567 200 0 0 0 0 1767 Vitellaria Kokulwu 3134 1267 233 117 0 0 4751 paradoxa Vitex Tiktikye 17 83 0 50 0 0 150 diversifolia Vitex doniana Kakulugu 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 Ximenia Kenyanyabi 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 americana Zannia Kuposebi 0 17 0 0 0 0 17 africana GRAND 11452 4618 600 300 83 0 17053 TOTAL
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Appendix 13: Basal Area in m2 per km2 Grouped According To cm Diameter Classes - Yakombo Forest Reserve.
10 - 20 - 30 - 40 - 50 - >= Scientific Name Local Name 19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9 59.9 60 Total Acacia dudgeon Ewipepre 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 Acacia gourrmaensis Ewi 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 Acacia gourrmaensis Gosabla 0.00 2.39 1.35 2.15 3.47 0.00 9.36 Afzelia africana Kakala 1.06 0.00 1.73 0.00 3.73 0.00 6.52 Albezie Albizia lebec lebbeck 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 Anogoissus leiocarpus Kekale 6.68 5.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.59 Anonna senegalensis Prumpuse 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 Bombax buonopozanse Kawul 3.55 4.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.62 Combretum ngricans Kafolege 1.64 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 Daniella oliveri Kanyan 2.24 5.49 3.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.30 Datarium microcapum Kookobi 0.20 1.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.83 Diospyros mespiliformis Kakebe 18.13 18.54 9.86 8.04 3.99 0.00 58.56 Gmelina arborea Gmelina 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 Grewia mollis Furubi 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.02 Lannea acida Kachugu 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 Nauclea latifolia Gbungbum 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 Pilostigma thonningi Gbata 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.13 Psedocedrela kotschyi Dol 2.27 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.16 Pterocarpus erinaceus Gyankpelia 17.62 37.48 5.13 0.00 3.27 0.00 63.51 Simea americana Finfela 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 Sterculia setigera Pompom 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 0.00 0.00 2.15 Terminalia Kipalari 18.03 23.95 3.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.00
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10 - 20 - 30 - 40 - 50 - >= Scientific Name Local Name 19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9 59.9 60 Total avicennoides UNKNOWN Bufulie 0.78 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 UNKNOWN Eseresokako 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 UNKNOWN Garo 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.19 UNKNOWN Gongonturbi 12.06 3.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.71 UNKNOWN Gonyan 2.60 3.90 4.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.92 UNKNOWN Jabotiebekata 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 UNKNOWN Kabase 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 UNKNOWN Kagbon 5.03 6.56 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.60 UNKNOWN kakatan 1.78 3.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.58 UNKNOWN kapoli 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 UNKNOWN Kaponton 0.26 0.84 1.51 2.41 0.00 0.00 5.02 UNKNOWN Kaputaputa 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 UNKNOWN Kawoba 0.43 0.00 1.19 2.42 4.03 0.00 8.08 UNKNOWN Kayese 3.80 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.40 UNKNOWN koturka 4.45 4.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.36 UNKNOWN Kpalankar 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 UNKNOWN Kpankpanbi 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 UNKNOWN Kulbuta 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.09 UNKNOWN kulwunya 0.20 0.72 0.00 2.31 0.00 0.00 3.24 UNKNOWN Kurbute 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 UNKNOWN Kutuku 2.57 2.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 UNKNOWN Lankpara 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 UNKNOWN Muntukla 1.05 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 UNKNOWN Nyakpa 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 UNKNOWN Potepote 1.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.57 UNKNOWN Pupushe 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 UNKNOWN Putepute 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.98 UNKNOWN Samia 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 UNKNOWN Taala 22.88 8.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.47 Vitellaria paradoxa Kokulwu 51.85 55.40 22.97 17.73 0.00 0.00 147.95 Vitex diversifolia Tiktikye 0.28 4.13 0.00 7.56 0.00 0.00 11.96 Vitex doniana Kakulugu 0.00 1.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.78 Ximenia americana Kenyanyabi 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 Zannia africana Kuposebi 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 GRAND TOTAL 194.34 206.86 56.75 44.77 18.51 0.00 521.23
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Appendix 14: Volume in m3 per km2 Grouped according To Diameter Classes - Yakombo Forest Reserve. Scientific 10 - 20 - 30 - Local Name 40 - 49.9 50 - 59.9 >= 60 Total Name 19.9 29.9 39.9 Acacia Ewipepre 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 dudgeon Acacia Ewi 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 gourrmaensis Acacia Gosabla 0 27 16 27 45 0 115 gourrmaensis Afzelia Kakala 11 0 21 0 49 0 81 africana Albezie Albizia lebec 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 lebbeck Anogoissus Kekale 67 67 0 0 0 0 134 leiocarpus Anonna Prumpuse 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 senegalensis Bombax Kawul 37 46 0 0 0 0 82 buonopozanse Combretum Kafolege 17 6 0 0 0 0 23 ngricans Daniella Kanyan 24 63 43 0 0 0 130 oliveri Datarium Kookobi 2 18 0 0 0 0 20 microcapum Diospyros Kakebe 185 206 119 102 53 0 666 mespiliformis Gmelina Gmelina 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 arborea Grewia mollis Furubi 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 Lannea acida Kachugu 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 Nauclea Gbungbum 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 latifolia Pilostigma Gbata 12 0 0 0 0 0 12 thonningi Psedocedrela Dol 23 33 0 0 0 0 57 kotschyi Pterocarpus Gyankpelia 182 419 60 0 42 0 704 erinaceus Simea Finfela 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 Americana Sterculia Pompom 0 0 0 27 0 0 27
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Scientific 10 - 20 - 30 - Local Name 40 - 49.9 50 - 59.9 >= 60 Total Name 19.9 29.9 39.9 setigera Terminalia Kipalari 185 270 36 0 0 0 491 avicennoides UNKNOWN Bufulie 8 8 0 0 0 0 16 UNKNOWN Eseresokako 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 UNKNOWN Garo 12 0 0 0 0 0 12 UNKNOWN Gongonturbi 123 40 0 0 0 0 163 UNKNOWN Gonyan 26 44 53 0 0 0 123 UNKNOWN Jabotiebekata 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 UNKNOWN Kabase 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 UNKNOWN Kagbon 52 74 25 0 0 0 151 UNKNOWN kakatan 18 44 0 0 0 0 62 UNKNOWN kapoli 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 UNKNOWN Kaponton 3 9 18 30 0 0 60 UNKNOWN Kaputaputa 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 UNKNOWN Kawoba 5 0 14 30 53 0 102 UNKNOWN Kayese 39 7 0 0 0 0 45 UNKNOWN koturka 45 55 0 0 0 0 100 UNKNOWN Kpalankar 0 8 0 0 0 0 8 UNKNOWN Kpankpanbi 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 UNKNOWN Kulbuta 0 13 0 0 0 0 13 UNKNOWN kulwunya 2 8 0 29 0 0 39 UNKNOWN Kurbute 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 UNKNOWN Kutuku 26 31 0 0 0 0 57 UNKNOWN Lankpara 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 UNKNOWN Muntukla 11 7 0 0 0 0 18 UNKNOWN Nyakpa 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 UNKNOWN Potepote 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 UNKNOWN Pupushe 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 UNKNOWN Putepute 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 UNKNOWN Samia 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 UNKNOWN Taala 230 96 0 0 0 0 325 Vitellaria Kokulwu 528 618 278 224 0 0 1648 paradoxa Vitex Tiktikye 3 47 0 96 0 0 145 diversifolia Vitex doniana Kakulugu 0 19 0 0 0 0 19 Ximenia Kenyanyabi 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
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Scientific 10 - 20 - 30 - Local Name 40 - 49.9 50 - 59.9 >= 60 Total Name 19.9 29.9 39.9 Americana Zannia Kuposebi 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 africana GRAND 1983 2315 684 564 243 0 5789 TOTAL
Appendix 15 Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Per Ha of All Species >= 10 cm dbh Grouped According to Species - Yakumbo Forest Reserve. Survey Conducted In May 2015 Carbon tCO2e/Ha Scientific Name Local Name (tons/Ha) Acacia dudgeoni Ewipepre 0.02 0.06 Acacia gourrmaensis Ewi 0.02 0.07 Acacia gourrmaensis Gosabla 0.50 1.84 Afzelia africana Kakala 0.00 0.01 Afzelia africana Kawe 0.36 1.31 Albezie 0.04 0.14 Albizia lebec lebbeck Anogoissus leiocarpus Kekale 0.35 1.28 Anonna senegalensis Prumpuse 0.01 0.03 Bombax buonopozanse Kawul 0.28 1.05 Combretum ngricans Kafolege 0.06 0.23 Daniella oliveri Kanyan 0.51 1.86 Datarium microcapum Kookobi 0.05 0.17 Diospyros 2.45 8.98 mespiliformis Kakebe Gmelina arborea Gmelina 0.02 0.08 Grewia mollis Furubi 0.03 0.11 Lannea acida Kachugu 0.02 0.07 Nauclea latifolia Gbungbum 0.01 0.05 Pilostigma thonningi Gbata 0.04 0.14 Psedocedrela kotschyi Dol 0.20 0.73 Pterocarpus erinaceus Gyankpelia 2.24 8.22 Simea americana Finfela 0.01 0.02 Simea americana Finfila 0.01 0.04 Sterculia setigera Pompom 0.12 0.44 Terminalia 1.48 5.44 avicennoides Kipalari UNKNOWN Bufulie 0.05 0.20
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Carbon tCO2e/Ha Scientific Name Local Name (tons/Ha) UNKNOWN Eseresokako 0.02 0.06 UNKNOWN Garo 0.03 0.12 UNKNOWN Gongonturbi 0.46 1.68 UNKNOWN Gonyan 0.46 1.67 UNKNOWN Jabotiebekata 0.03 0.10 UNKNOWN Kabase 0.01 0.04 UNKNOWN Kagbon 0.55 2.00 UNKNOWN kakatan 0.22 0.81 UNKNOWN kapoli 0.01 0.05 UNKNOWN Kaponton 0.26 0.94 UNKNOWN Kaputaputa 0.00 0.01 UNKNOWN Kawoba 0.47 1.72 UNKNOWN Kayese 0.14 0.50 UNKNOWN koturka 0.33 1.23 UNKNOWN Kpalankar 0.03 0.11 UNKNOWN Kpankpanbi 0.01 0.05 UNKNOWN Kulbuta 0.05 0.18 UNKNOWN kulwunya 0.16 0.60 UNKNOWN Kurbute 0.02 0.07 UNKNOWN Kutuku 0.19 0.70 UNKNOWN Lankpara 0.01 0.05 UNKNOWN Muntukla 0.06 0.21 UNKNOWN Nyakpa 0.02 0.06 UNKNOWN Potepote 0.05 0.20 UNKNOWN Pupushe 0.02 0.07 UNKNOWN Putepute 0.04 0.13 UNKNOWN Samia 0.01 0.03 UNKNOWN Taala 0.81 2.96 Vitellaria paradoxa Kokulwu 4.38 16.08 Vitex diversifolia Tiktikye 0.45 1.66 Vitex doniana Kakulugu 0.07 0.25 Ximenia americana Kenyanyabi 0.00 0.01 Zannia africana Kuposebi 0.02 0.07 Total 18.25 66.99 Juvenile trees 3.73 13.69 Total 21.98 80.68
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