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Responses to a 'New' Land in Southern Western Australia 1829-1907

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Responses to a 'New' Land in Southern Western Australia 1829-1907 Longing or Belonging? Responses to a ‘new’ land in southern Western Australia 1829-1907 Jane Davis B.A., Grad Dip Psych., Dip Ed This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Australia School of Humanities, Discipline of History November 2008 Abstract While it is now well established that many Europeans were delighted with the landscapes they encountered in colonial Australia, the pioneer narrative that portrays colonists as threatened and alienated by a harsh environment and constantly engaged in battles with the land is still powerful in both scholarly and popular writing. This thesis challenges this dominant narrative and demonstrates that in a remarkably short period of time some colonists developed strong connections with, and even affection for, their ‘new’ place in Western Australia. Using archival materials for twenty-one colonists who settled in five regions across southern Western Australia from the 1830s to the early 1900s, here this complex process of belonging is unravelled and several key questions are posed: what lenses did the colonists utilise to view the land? How did they use and manage the land? How were issues of class, domesticity and gender roles negotiated in their ‘new’ environment? What connections did they make with the land? And ultimately, to what extent did they feel a sense of belonging in the Colony? I argue that although utilitarian approaches to the land are evident, this was not the only way colonists viewed the land; for example, they often used the picturesque to express delight and charm. Gender roles and ideas of class were modified as men, as well as women, worked in the home and planted flower gardens, and both men and women carried out tasks that in their households in England and Ireland, would have been done by servants. Thus, the demarcation of activities that were traditionally for men, women and servants became less distinct and amplified their connection to place. Boundaries between the colonists’ domestic space and the wider environments also became more permeable as women ventured beyond their houses and gardens to explore and journey through the landscapes. The selected colonists had romantic ideas of nature and wilderness, that in the British middle and upper-middle class were associated with being removed from the land, but in colonial Western Australia many of them were intimately engaged with it. Through their interactions with the land and connections they made with their social networks, most of these colonists developed an attachment for their ‘new’ place and called it home; they belonged there. i ii Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………...v List of Maps and Illustrations……………………………………………vii Introduction Questions and Method…………………………………1 Chapter One Framing the Questions: Place, Home and Belonging...13 Chapter Two Colonists, their Culture and Reading their Responses to Place in Australia……………………………………..35 Chapter Three The Upper Swan………………………………………79 Chapter Four Augusta and The Vasse……………………………...119 Chapter Five Australind and Picton………………………………..157 Chapter Six The Avon Valley…………………………………….195 Chapter Seven The Eastern Goldfields………………………………231 Conclusion Longing or Belonging?................................................267 Select Bibliography……………………………………………………...275 iii iv Acknowledgements I could only have completed this project with the support and assistance of a great many people, and here I wish to thank you all. Thank you to my supervisors, Andrea Gaynor and Charlie Fox. To have one good supervisor is wonderful; to have two truly great people who are approachable, who listen, who ask thoughtful and thought provoking questions, who patiently read draft chapters and make constructive comments, and who are encouraging at every stage is lucky indeed! You have both been tremendous. The history post-graduate students here at the University of Western Australia are known for their social networking, as well as their academic talent. Thank you all for your camaraderie over cups of tea and glasses of wine as we compared frustrations and accomplishments. Thanks especially to Sarah and Ruth, for your friendship and the fun we have shared. To my dear friends in Anthropology, Martin Forsey and Debra McDougall, thank you, too – for listening, sharing thoughts, reading chapters and for your enthusiastic encouragement. My thesis draws on ideas from disciplines other than history and has shades of your influence! Beyond the University community I wish to thank you, Megan, for your friendship and support over many cups of tea at John Street. Thanks to Phyllis Barnes, who generously gave me access to her transcriptions of Marshall Waller Clifton’s Journal. Thanks also to the staff at the Battye Library who efficiently retrieved numerous archival documents. Thank you to Matt, Sam and Harry, who keep me firmly grounded, and whose love reminds me of what is truly important. Above all, thank you to my parents, Carol and Frank Mansfield. This is for you. v vi List of Maps and Illustrations Figure 1. 1 The Swan River Colony at the end of 1830 Figure 3. 1 The Swan River Colony, 1836 Figure 3. 2 Landholders, middle and upper Swan district, early 1830s Figure 3. 3 Eliza Shaw Figure 3. 4 William Shaw Figure 3. 5 George Fletcher Moore, ca. 1841 Figure 3. 6 William and Hester Tanner Figure 3. 7 ‘Millendon’, George Fletcher Moore’s house, 1840s Figure 4. 1 Karri forest Figure 4. 2 Augusta and The Vasse Figure 4. 3 John Garrett Bussell, 1840s? Figure 5. 1 Plan of the intended town of Australind on Leschenault Inlet Figure 5. 2 Louisa Clifton and Marshall Waller Clifton Figure 5. 3 Louisa Clifton, View of Leschenault Inlet Figure 5. 4 After Louisa Clifton, A view of Koombana Bay or Port Leschenault Figure 5. 5 John Ramsden Wollaston’s sketch of a gully in its natural state Figure 5. 6 John Ramsden Wollaston’s sketch of a modified gully Figure 7. 1 Charles Combe Deland Figure 7. 2 Edward Campbell Deland (referred to as Campbell) Figure 7. 3 Western Australian goldfields, 1899 Figure 7. 4 Kalgoorlie from Mt Charlotte, 1897 Figure 7. 5 The drawing room and mantelpiece of Maude Wordsworth James, ca. 1907 Figure 7. 6 ‘Our Camp at Mullingar’, ca.1898 Figure 7. 7 ‘Letter from home’, 1895 vii viii Introduction Questions and Method How comfortable to be at home – at home! What singular beings we are. What ideas this word suggests. Where is Home?1 In March 1897 Maude Wordsworth James alighted from the train on to the platform at Kalgoorlie. She had left her home in Tasmania and travelled to the Goldfields to join her husband who had secured work there a year earlier. Soon after she arrived in Kalgoorlie she declared, ‘I daresay I shall live the feeling down, but to me, Kalgoorlie is the most depressing place I was ever in.’2 Such anguish is a familiar theme in Australian colonial history. Nor are such reactions surprising when we imagine the experiences of Europeans new to Western Australia who had left their families, the green fields and leafy woods of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales or the milder climatic conditions of parts of the eastern colonies of Australia. Possibly more remarkable is that like Maude, many of them came to feel at ease and, to some extent, ‘at home’ in their new environment. Ten years after she arrived in Kalgoorlie Maude concluded a poem about Mullingar, the locality of Kalgoorlie where she lived, with the following line: ‘And glad I am that I still dwell in my dear Mullingar.’ 3 Surprising or not, how people become attached to place, call it home and develop a sense of belonging is not well understood; this thesis therefore illuminates this process. With a focus on responses to landscape my concern here is to unravel the means by and extent to which European newcomers to southern Western Australia from 1829- 1907 came to call Western Australia home in some way. How can we understand Maude’s affinity for Mullingar, far removed in distance and appearance from her original home? How did the Bussell family, who left the thriving urban centre of Portsea in the early 1830s and emigrated to the South West corner of Western Australia, find anything to appreciate in landscapes that at first appeared to them as wilderness? Similar questions are asked of my other subjects. These are George Fletcher Moore and Eliza Shaw who arrived in the Colony in 1830, Hester and William Tanner who arrived 1 George Fletcher Moore, The Millendon Memoirs, Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, Western Australia, 2006, 13/5/1833, p. 230 (emphasis in original). 2 Maude Wordsworth James (hereafter MWJ), Journal, BL, 4739A, p. 8. 3 MWJ, Journal, BL, 4739A, p. 327. 1 in 1831 and who all in settled in the Upper Swan district; Marshall Waller Clifton, his daughter Louisa Clifton and John Ramsden Wollaston, who made lives for themselves at Australind and Picton in the 1840s; Eliza Brown, Henry de Burgh and Gerald de Courcy Lefroy who arrived in Western Australia in the early 1840s and lived in the Avon Valley, and Janet Millett who arrived in 1863 and also lived in the Avon Valley; and, lastly, Charles and Campbell Deland whose time on the Eastern Goldfields coincided with the arrival of Maude Wordsworth James. My focus is on people who stayed, at least for a few years, built houses, brought up families, earned a living from the land or worked for a wage in the towns; it is not with itinerant people such as explorers, journalists, geographers or botanists, for the agendas of peripatetic people was different from those who remained. There are, therefore, two broad aims of this thesis. One is to increase understanding of how white colonists to southern Western Australia responded to their new environments. The second is to contribute to discussions of home and belonging that are now established themes across many academic disciplines.
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