Avifauna Survey of Bandingilo National Park, South Sudan

Gift Simon Demaya, Luca Luiselli and Thomas Francis Lado

(May 2018)

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism, Republic of South Sudan for granting us the permission to conduct our research in Bandingilo National Park. Thanks to the department of Wildlife, University of Juba for granting us all the assistance and equipment needed for this work. Special thanks to the generous funding by the African Bird Club to whom we are very grateful.

Abstract

Community ecology has been relatively understudied in tropical Africa compared to other geographic regions, and even more so in South Sudan, where long-term socio-political instability has considerably affected ecological research in the field. Here, the community assemblage of birds in the Bandingilo National Park (South Sudan) was studied, with emphasis on the guilds inhabiting the various habitat types, and the variation in abundance in relation to seasonality and trophic characteristics. The field study was carried out between the middle of June 2016 and

January 2018, at 360 randomly selected sampling stations for birds that were situated along six different habitat types, with 60 randomly fixed 500-meter-radius points in each habitat type. A total of 39,992 bird individuals, belonging to 264 different species, were observed. Considerable differences in species diversity metrics were observed both among habitats (with the forest being by far the most speciose type of habitat in the area) and in terms of seasonality (with much more species detected in the wet season), with also a considerable effect of the trophic category, as the granivores and insectivores were significantly more abundant than other trophic groups. The conservation implications of the observed patterns are discussed.

Key words: Aves; East Africa; biodiversity survey; community metrics

Introduction

Birds are among the best known parts of the Earth’s biodiversity (Pomeroy, 1992; Bibby et al.,

1998) and realize many ecological functions in their habitats (Gatesire et al., 2014). They are considered as good bioindicators of healthy ecosystems (Mistry et al., 2008; Slabbekoorn &

Ripmeester, 2008) and of the degree of human pertubance across ecosystems worldwide, as their abundance is well known to change considerably due to anthropogenic activities (Askins et al.,

1990; Bock et al., 2001). Furthermore, insectivorous species and birds of prey are important for the regulation of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rodents, scavengers provide biomass recycling and to some degree reduce levels of disposable waste, and frugivorous birds play an important role in the seed dispersal of fleshy fruit-producing plants (Stevenson & Fanshawe,

2002). Birds are also indispensable in plant pollination (Judd et al., 2008). These ecosystem services are important for many communities, and to ensure that birds can fulfill these biological roles at an appropriate level for current and future generations, there is a pressing need to study the dynamics and functioning of their natural assemblages, especially in the poorly studied habitats and regions of the world.

Despite a number of descriptive field studies and field guides on the birds of East Africa

(e.g., see Cave & McDonald, 1955; Stevenson & Fanshawe, 2002), fewer studies have investigated the community structure of bird assemblages in that part of the world, and particularly in South

Sudan (Nikolaus, 1989) where the socio-political instability has heavily constrained scientific research in the area (see Balmford et al., 2001). In addition, in many regions of the African continent there is a remarkable diversity of both passerine and nonpasserine migrants (Walther et al., 2010; Osinubi et al., 2016; Walther, 2016), which would in turn mean a considerable (and yet unexplored) complexity in community structure of birds across available habitats.

As mentioned above, systematic surveys of birds were poor, perhaps even non-existent, in

South Sudan for the past 25 years due to civil unrest in the country (e.g., De Waal, 2014).

Consequently, our knowledge of birds in the country is still extremely poor, even in the protected

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) which are known as Key Biodiversity Areas

(KBAs). Bandingilo National Park is one of the IBAs in South Sudan, and includes internationally

4 recognized sites that are important for the conservation of birds, and that are also sites of global significance for the conservation of biodiversity (e.g., Lever, 1984).

Aims of the Study

We analyzed the community assemblage of birds in the Bandingilo National Park, with emphasis on the guilds inhabiting the various habitat types, and the variation in abundance in relation to seasonality and trophic characteristics. In more detail, we analyze the habitat preference of this avian community and the relationship between the different types of landscape and the conservation of the birds in this important protected area.

Materials and methods

Study area

The field study was carried out in Bandingilo National Park, South Sudan (Figure 1). This protected area was established in 1992 and is located in a wooded area near the White Nile

River in South Sudan‘s Equatoria region, within the states of Jubek and Imatong

(5°25′58″N 32°16′39″E). It was initially over 10,000 km2 in size. This park also contains large marshlands stretching up into Jonglei State. More recently, the National Park has absorbed

Mongalla Game Reserve, and roughly the park is now 10,100 km2 area. In the study area, the following habitat types were surveyed: (a) riverine, (b) forest, (c) shrubland, (d) grassland, (e)

River Nile, and (f) water flooded area.

Protocol

The field study was conducted, in both dry and wet seasons, between the middle of June

2016 and January 2018. Overall, the survey lasted two weeks every month (for 18 months). The

5 survey was done every day from 8:00 am -12:00 pm, and again from 3:00 pm – 5:00 pm at 360 randomly selected sampling stations for birds that were situated along different habitat types of

Mongalla, Kuda, Jabur, Mugiri, Gondokoro and in the center of Bandingilo National Park. In each of the above-mentioned six study sites, 60 randomly fixed 500-meter-radius points were selected, and each point was visited three times by the observers. In addition to the standardized methods described above, any bird species opportunistically seen or heard during the entire period of field work was also recorded but not used for the statistical analyses given in the present article. All individuals were identified to species level by a pair of binoculars and using a field guide to the birds of Africa (van Perlo, 2002)

Statistical methods

In order to compare the diversity metrics of the bird assemblages among habitats, we calculated various distinct measures of community diversity for each habitat type (Magurran, 1988; Hammer,

2012):

(a) Taxa richness (Taxa_S), i.e. the total number of taxa recorded into each habitat type;

(b) Dominance = 1-Simpson index, and ranges from 0 (all taxa are equally present) to 1 (one taxon dominates in the community completely);

1. It should be mentioned that in the international literature, dominance and Simpson indices are often wrongly interchanged (Hammer, 2012).

(d) Shannon index. This index varies from 0 for plots with only a single taxon being present to high values for plots with many taxa, each with few individuals (Hammer, 2012). Shannon’s index

(H) is:

H = − Σ[n/N log(n/N)] where n is the number of individuals of each species in each habitat type and N is the total number of birds that were recorded in each habitat type.

(e) Evenness, calculated by Pielou’s formula: e = H/log S with H representing Shannon’s index, and S the total number of bird species observed in each habitat type (Magurran, 1988).

Bootstrap analysis was applied to generate upper and lower confidence intervals of all indices, with 9999 random samples, each with the same total number of individuals as in each original sample, being generated (Harper, 1999).

Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to model the survey results and to quantify its relationship with habitat preference, number of species, diversity, seasonality and trophic level

(Hosmer & Lemeshow, 2000). In the model, the number of individuals and species was used as dependent variable and the identity link function and a normal distribution of error were used

(McCullagh & Nelder, 1989). In order to compare frequencies of observed individuals among the trophic categories, a contingency-table χ2 test was used. GLM analyses were performed with

Statistica version 5.0 computer software, and all other statistical tests with Past 3.0 software. Alpha was set at 5%.

Results

During this study, a total of 39,992 birds, belonging to 264 different species, were observed. Raw data concerning the observed numbers of individuals and species by habitat, site, month, and

7 season are presented in Table 1, whereas all summarized information on each species, including its IUCN Red List status, trophic habits, current population status and preferred habitats, is given in Table 2.

The indices of bird community metrics by habitat types are summarized in Table 3. The individual rarefaction curve revealed that community diversity was sampled adequately in all habitat types, given that the plateau phase between number of individuals and number of detected taxa was clearly reached in all cases (Figure 2A). Community diversity was much higher in forest than in the other habitat types, followed by shrublands and riverine habitats (Figure 2A). Diversity profiles confirmed a considerable heterogeneity among the various habitat types, with forest being clearly separated from the other habitat types (Figure 2B). Our GLM analysis revealed that the number of individuals (of all different species) decreased with the increase of vegetational cover

(from grassland to forest, estimate = -39.486; Wald = 15.394; P= 0.000087), while no effect was detected considering the number of species (estimate = -1.714; Wald = 0.158; P = 0.690) and the relationship between diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) and preferred habitats (GLM, estimate =

-0.040; Wald = 0.156; P = 0.692).

In terms of trophic category, granivores and insectivores were significantly more abundant

(in terms of frequency of observed individuals, with all habitats pooled) than other trophic groups

(P < 0.0001 at χ2 test; Figure 3). The number of counted individuals decreased with the increase of trophic level (from carnivore to herbivorous) (GLM, estimate = 13.72; Wald = 10.048; P =

00015).

In terms of seasonality, the individual rarefaction curve revealed that community diversity was much higher during the wet season (Figure 4A), and diversity profiles confirmed a considerable heterogeneity between wet and dry seasons (Figure 4B). However, a GLM model

8 revealed no differences in the number of observed individuals between the wet and dry season (P

> 0.05), while the number of observed species increased with the increase of shrubland areas and

River Nile areas and decreased with increasing of forest and riverine areas (Table 4).

Discussion

In the present study, we found considerable differences in species diversity between habitats (with the forest being by far the most speciose type of habitat in the area) and in terms of seasonality

(with much more species detected by wet season), with also a considerable effect of the trophic category, as the granivores and insectivores were significantly more abundant than other trophic groups. Interpretation of these patterns is a complicated issue, especially because very little is known on the community functioning and dynamics of South Sudan bird assemblages of species.

The difference of species diversity between seasons in our study could likely be referred to the effect of migration patterns (migration season in the autumn; Sulieman et al., 2016), but also to the different vegetation condition in the wet season compared to the dry season. Indeed, it is well known that vegetation cover has a strong influence on the avifauna in either temperate or tropical regions (Scott-Mills et al., 1989), and the vegetation cover is dramatically different between seasons at the study area (our unpublished observations).

Our study also revealed that the bird assemblages of forested sites are more diverse and have a higher evenness than those from other habitats. However, a considerable diversity of species was also found in shrublands and in riverine habitats. This evidence highlights the importance of forested environments for maintaining the diversity of birds, but also the importance of open areas and environmental mosaics characterized by the presence of shrubland areas and the banks of the

River Nile, which contains a wide range of different types of vegetation providing a wide range of microhabitats for different species of birds (Sulieman et al,. 2016).

In terms of conservation implications, our results also suggest that, at least within this tropical forested landscape, the best way for bird conservation should be based on the greatest possible maintenance of natural habitats (Hulme et al., 2013). The natural forest cover, in the South

Central Rift Valley area, in fact decreased from 16% in 1972 to 2.8% in the 2000s due to small- scale agriculture, commercial logging and commercial farms (Dessie & Kleman 2007). This massive forest loss has certainly affected the conservation status of many species of birds (Hulme et al., 2013). Recent research in Uganda has suggested that forest birds are able to move among forest fragments to a greater extent than was previously thought (Dranzoa et al., 2011), so also the isolated small forests could still keep a considerable conservation value. However, recent deforestration trends in Africa suggest a substantial forest loss over the next 50 years (Barnes,

2008) and a lag effect in the response of bird density to recent deforestation could not be excluded

(Gedeon et al., 2017).

Due to the degradation of natural forest habitats, it is likely that some species of birds tolerant of open habitats may retain larger populations under current conditions than at most times in their evolutionary history (Phalan et al., 2011). However, even open habitats (such as the open savannah) are subject to considerable exploitation (Gedeon et al., 2017). The main causes of this phenomenon are the increase in population density, overgrazing, the prohibition of grazing pastures and the conversion of pastures into agricultural land (Homann, 2005, Gemedo-Dalle et al., 2006). Birds show considerable sensitivity to habitat changes (Donald et al., 2012). The traditional use of pastoral lands is essential for their conservation, and this must be considered in the management inside and outside protected areas (Gedeon et al., 2017). Without systemic change

10 in land use and land management across large regions of the African continent, more bird populations will continue to decline (Walther & Pirsing, 2017). For instance, a recent review of the Sahel’s state of biodiversity (Walther, 2016) reached the same conclusion also regarding the

Sahel’s native plants and resident large birds and mammals, and Rondinini et al. (2005) considered that a 30–100% expansion of Africa’s reserve system should be promoted just to achieve minimal conservation targets. The existing system of Protected Areas is probably not sufficient to prevent the disappearance or degradation of forest and woodland birds not only in Africa in general

(Gedeon et al., 2017) but also specifically in South Sudan. So, efficient approaches to prevent deforestation (eg community-based forest management) are needed but will only be effective if adequately monitored and supervised (Takahashi & Todo, 2012).

It is clear that national governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations are not able (eg sufficient funds are not available) to protect the vast areas of land sufficient to halt or even reverse biodiversity loss (Walther and Pirsing, 2017). Rather, to achieve positive conservation outcomes, a serious change in policy priorities is needed, including regulation and enforcement of conservation-based laws on a continent-wide scale to change an environmentally destructive socioeconomic system into a fundamentally sustainable one (e.g.,

Trauger et al., 2003, Daly & Farley, 2011, Czech, 2013, Walsh, 2013, UNEP, 2016). Thus, positive conservation outcomes would not just be restricted to protected areas, but would be implemented across entire landscapes and regions (Walther & Pirsing, 2017).

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Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the position of Bandingilo National Park including the absorbed

Mongalla Game Reserves.

Figure 2. (A) Saturation curves (with 95% confidence intervals after 9999 bootstraps) and (B) Diversity profiles (95% confidence, after 9999 bootstraps), for the community diversity of birds in the various habitat types of Bandingilo National Park, South Sudan

(A)

(B)

Figure 3. Relationships between trophic category and number of observed individuals (all species belonging to a given trophic category being pooled), in the Bandingilo National Park, South Sudan

Figure 4. (A) Saturation curves (with 95% confidence intervals after 9999 bootstraps) and (B) Diversity profiles (95% confidence, after 9999 bootstraps), for the community diversity of birds in wet versus dry season in Bandingilo National Park, South Sudan

(A)

(B)

Table 1 Synopsis of the numbers of individuals and species by habitat, site, month, and season, observed in Bandingilo National Park during the

present study.

Riv Shr Water Wet Species Mong Mo Ku Gondok Cente Janua Febru Marc Apr Ma Jun Jul Augus Septe Octob Nove Dece erin For ubla Grassla River Floode Dry Seaso Common Name alla giri Jabur da oro r ry ary h il y e y t mber er mber mber e est nd nd Nile d Area Season n African Cuckoo- Hawk 33 0 6 4 50 25 0 8 0 0 42 6 0 4 11 2 7 38 44 70 4 0 0 1 46 72 Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill 16 0 2 20 0 28 2 0 0 10 0 40 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 50 0 0 0 2 2 54 Abyssinian Roller 0 4 65 5 11 25 0 33 60 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 10 74 14 0 22 0 0 103 7 Abyssinian Scimitarbill 0 0 0 1 2 22 0 0 0 0 10 12 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 23 0 0 0 0 0 25 African Blue Flycatcher 90 0 0 30 55 15 0 0 0 0 0 70 10 0 35 60 0 15 74 55 22 4 0 0 15 175 African Collared Dove 33 0 0 9 57 0 20 0 0 72 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 65 32 0 2 0 0 20 79 African Darter 0 0 0 35 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 15 8 40 0 0 0 0 0 65 8 0 73 African Fish- Eagle 25 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 10 0 0 29 11 0 0 0 0 5 20 0 0 0 25 0 15 40 African Golden Oriole 10 2 4 0 0 6 1 0 0 7 2 5 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 18 8 0 0 0 1 19 African Goshawk 2 1 0 15 0 5 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 18 5 0 0 0 0 10 13 African Grey Hornbill 178 22 15 3 115 78 30 42 0 56 2 111 50 15 1 24 0 80 10 350 50 1 0 0 152 259 African Hoopoe 12 1 9 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 40 0 30 12 20 0 0 0 0 62 African Jacana 100 0 0 30 55 0 30 0 15 40 12 13 5 10 21 0 9 30 0 0 0 0 65 120 75 110 African Mourning Dove 5 10 21 2 4 13 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 0 0 0 25 15 32 18 5 0 0 0 15 40 African Palm Swift 55 230 122 97 12 28 13 22 56 70 2 14 44 56 4 55 65 143 212 10 33 229 40 20 234 310 African Paradise- Flycatcher 19 0 2 0 35 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 14 40 2 0 18 54 16 0 1 0 0 89 African Pied Hornbill 10 5 13 13 65 105 18 89 1 0 8 22 0 0 32 23 3 15 29 132 38 12 0 0 123 88 African Pied Wagtail 10 5 13 13 65 16 18 0 1 0 8 22 0 0 32 23 3 15 29 43 38 12 0 0 34 88 African Pipit 230 400 54 340 120 100 15 70 3 344 300 160 212 12 31 34 43 20 723 323 34 75 45 44 108 1136 African Pygmy- Kingfisher 21 0 24 83 176 83 50 25 0 0 50 0 129 2 1 13 27 80 247 122 7 0 10 1 155 222 African Sacred Ibis 430 23 45 122 137 250 32 56 80 76 55 77 123 87 112 31 111 167 344 12 33 133 252 233 335 672

African Silverbill 20 0 0 11 4 19 22 3 2 12 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 4 2 12 27 13 0 0 31 23 African Skimmer 6 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 20 African Spoonbill 0 0 0 789 0 0 0 0 0 0 700 54 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 789 0 789 African Wood- Owl 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 Alpine Swift 2 3 12 0 2 0 3 14 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 2 3 3 0 18 1 Ashy Starling 13 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 10 0 0 12 11 10 0 0 0 0 33 Bare-Face Go- Away Bird 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 18 40 0 0 0 17 3 0 0 0 0 11 67 0 0 0 0 58 20 Barn Owl 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 9 0 0 0 0 5 4 Barn Swallow 23 12 9 16 10 17 14 0 1 16 12 10 0 0 16 0 3 15 50 5 24 3 0 5 30 57 Bateleur 0 0 0 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 0 0 0 0 13 Beautiful Sunbird 40 13 6 12 64 70 15 9 12 3 6 9 10 23 5 85 12 16 95 74 24 6 0 6 52 153 Black And White Flycatcher 45 27 17 8 18 25 0 0 34 0 12 0 35 0 0 32 2 25 37 82 5 15 0 0 59 81 Black Bishop 10 6 15 20 3 22 0 0 0 0 30 0 21 16 2 7 0 0 2 0 23 50 0 1 0 76 Black Crake 22 0 0 65 34 0 4 0 12 0 0 0 43 8 17 22 10 5 0 0 0 0 112 9 21 100 Black Crowned Crane 0 0 0 30 0 40 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 18 2 0 50 0 70 Black Cuckoo 3 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 Black Cuckooshrike 30 0 15 0 0 45 5 16 2 0 12 9 0 4 8 10 2 22 30 45 5 6 0 4 45 45 Black Dwarf Hornbill 39 18 54 69 120 135 55 35 15 76 8 9 12 44 86 23 17 55 155 127 76 50 8 19 160 275 Black Heron 33 0 0 0 110 0 10 2 4 0 40 0 6 0 50 3 19 9 0 0 0 0 130 13 25 118 Black Kite 100 132 160 32 122 20 129 76 32 22 145 23 11 12 54 14 7 41 45 6 153 144 79 139 278 288 Black Saw-Wing 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 3 0 0 0 1 9 Black- Shouldered Kite 12 3 8 45 33 10 12 2 3 57 7 1 9 5 2 4 7 2 17 67 21 6 0 0 19 92 Black Stork 0 0 0 170 0 31 0 0 0 190 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 17 81 0 201 Black Sunbird 14 0 0 0 5 70 0 0 16 40 6 18 0 0 6 0 3 0 13 61 15 0 0 0 16 73 Black- Tailed Godwit 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 26 Black-Billed Firefinch 19 2 6 1 14 30 12 3 6 9 0 0 21 5 12 2 2 0 3 13 17 32 2 4 21 51 Black-Billed Turaco 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 7 0

Black-Billed Wood Dove 11 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 2 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 0 0 0 0 0 18 Black-Headed Bee-Eater 33 17 70 10 4 98 13 21 3 5 17 32 0 12 26 33 24 46 20 63 30 99 12 8 83 149 Black-Headed Gonolek 28 21 43 66 12 130 4 20 16 8 27 9 34 39 33 42 2 66 114 90 70 26 0 0 106 194 Black-Headed Heron 3 15 2 19 40 29 14 0 12 0 33 1 3 2 20 11 8 4 33 27 23 6 12 7 30 78 Black-Headed Paradise Flycatcher 12 3 6 9 1 56 0 0 0 33 2 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 33 30 2 0 0 0 86 Black-Headed Plover 0 0 7 111 30 51 12 4 44 76 31 0 0 0 0 0 22 10 13 0 0 12 52 122 70 129 Black-Headed Weaver 0 0 0 0 0 88 0 0 0 23 17 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 12 17 43 15 2 0 0 89 Black-rumped Waxbill 0 0 0 0 0 122 0 0 122 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 0 0 122 0 Black-Winged Bishop 133 0 70 0 0 30 29 56 139 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 13 20 180 0 3 224 9 Black-Winged Stilt 0 0 0 20 0 24 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 42 44 0 Blak-Billed Bustard 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 Blue Headed Coucal 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Blue Headed Crested Flycatcher 8 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 0 0 0 0 0 12 Blue Mantled Crested Flycatcher 10 2 0 0 4 18 0 0 3 0 0 26 0 5 0 0 0 0 11 18 2 3 0 0 3 31 Blue-Naped Mousebird 27 34 8 43 49 127 22 2 54 90 25 9 10 2 6 17 13 38 96 140 6 14 32 0 116 172 Blue-Spotted Wood-Dove 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 1 5 0 0 0 2 4 Bronze Mannikin 155 260 37 45 33 170 170 22 48 11 9 34 8 12 56 17 33 280 17 23 129 483 48 0 520 180 Bronze-Tailed Starling 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 0 0 11 Bronzy Sunbird 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 0 9 Brown Parrot 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 Brubru 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Bruce's Green Pigeon 22 13 0 49 176 120 12 30 5 55 28 70 93 32 7 2 19 27 188 28 80 23 57 4 74 306 Cardinal Quelea 230 160 531 39 30 200 23 77 0 32 79 0 32 30 586 142 111 78 53 290 322 421 102 2 178 1012 Cardinal Woodpecker 0 0 24 0 3 43 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 35 2 17 12 1 62 2 4 1 0 13 57 23

Cattle Egret 31 155 144 455 89 26 133 26 42 77 20 16 6 55 262 198 22 43 416 15 25 330 32 82 244 656 Chestnut- crowned Sparrow-weaver 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 6 Cinnamon Weaver 32 10 89 97 54 60 25 0 0 32 76 44 32 0 0 0 127 6 27 14 175 101 22 3 31 311 Cinnamon- Chested Bee- Eater 0 0 0 0 52 103 0 0 121 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 4 5 15 4 130 1 0 125 30 Comb Duck 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 13 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 12 0 67 Common Bulbul 22 4 52 43 28 17 22 0 5 0 8 3 0 12 76 9 23 8 15 45 24 67 13 2 35 131 Common Crane 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 Common Grasshopper Warbler 0 0 0 0 4 40 10 0 0 0 20 1 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 40 0 0 10 34 Common Greenshank 67 0 0 42 69 0 0 24 27 15 72 0 0 0 0 31 9 0 0 0 0 0 123 65 51 127 Common Ostrich 0 0 0 12 0 51 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 16 0 0 0 0 63 Common Quail 2 0 6 4 0 11 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 2 0 0 0 23 Common Redstart 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Common Snipe 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 54 Common Swift 36 60 57 43 121 33 11 65 7 12 8 92 44 0 0 30 16 65 97 3 11 174 65 0 148 202 Common Waxbill 0 0 69 33 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 132 0 0 0 132 Copper Sunbird 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Crimson- Rumped Waxbill 4 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 3 3 Croaking Cisticola 12 32 22 6 65 25 0 0 0 59 0 16 76 0 0 0 11 0 25 30 68 37 2 0 0 162 Crowned Lapwing 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 20 0 22 Dark-Capped Bulbul 119 32 22 56 81 134 15 19 22 9 69 43 98 8 17 70 54 20 50 72 120 160 42 0 76 368 D'arnaud's Barbet 0 0 3 11 6 47 4 21 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 12 5 15 6 9 48 4 0 0 40 27 Diderick Cuckoo 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 Dusky Babbler 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 2 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 12 Dwarf Bittern 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 16 0 2 14 Eastern Plantaint-Eater 43 0 0 0 27 59 0 48 0 0 12 9 5 12 30 0 0 11 112 5 0 0 10 0 59 68

Eastern Violet- backed Sunbird 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Egyptian Goose 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 Ethiopian Swallow 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 Eurasia Hoopoe 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Eurasian Golden Oriole 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 Eurasian Thick- Knee 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 European Bee- Eater 0 7 0 0 0 10 0 2 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 12 0 0 2 15 European Honey Buzzard 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 European Roller 6 3 0 0 2 5 0 12 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 6 0 0 0 12 4 European Turtle- Dove 18 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 0 4 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 11 6 6 0 5 0 4 24 Fawn-Breasted Waxbill 0 16 7 13 21 20 14 7 9 0 2 6 2 0 0 12 8 17 22 7 9 37 2 0 47 30 Fork-Tailed Drongo 0 0 24 0 0 35 10 2 0 4 0 0 0 19 8 2 1 13 13 9 22 1 12 2 25 34 Fox Kestrel 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 Foxy Cisticola 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Fulvous Duck 19 0 0 41 117 0 12 5 8 9 0 15 5 17 8 11 30 57 0 0 0 0 35 142 82 95 Gambaga Flycatcher 12 2 0 11 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 8 3 9 0 6 0 0 10 6 11 0 0 0 0 27 Garden Warbler 41 0 0 31 4 0 0 0 16 8 44 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 20 0 56 0 0 0 16 60 Giant Kingfisher 27 0 0 0 53 0 3 1 7 2 14 5 0 14 11 21 0 2 14 0 0 0 64 2 13 67 Glossy Ibis 33 5 16 29 71 23 0 0 31 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 37 65 28 44 12 4 22 67 96 81 Golden Pipit 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 Golden-Backed Weaver 42 67 82 54 11 156 21 54 22 5 19 27 32 90 133 6 0 3 95 166 89 17 33 12 100 312 Goliath Heron 12 0 0 0 95 0 2 52 4 5 1 2 6 8 2 11 5 9 0 0 0 0 99 8 67 40 Great Reed Warbler 0 0 0 0 2 31 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 20 1 9 0 0 0 33 Great Snipe 0 0 0 6 28 0 0 0 20 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 11 20 14 Greater Honeyguide 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 12 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 12 5 Greater Painted Snipe 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 23 0 27 Green Wood- Hoopoe 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 25

Green-Headed Sunbird 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Green-Winged Pytilia 0 0 0 11 0 4 0 3 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 3 3 6 2 4 0 0 6 9 Grey Heron 12 3 6 1 8 40 11 2 5 11 6 8 0 3 0 4 5 15 4 9 36 14 5 2 33 37 Grey Kestrel 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 Grey Woodpecker 0 0 8 10 2 22 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 12 14 0 2 21 16 5 0 0 0 8 34 Grey Wren- warbler 1 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 6 1 0 0 11 Grey-Backed Camaroptera 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 14 0 0 0 5 9 Grey-Backed Fiscal Shrike 65 13 24 125 8 75 33 6 73 13 9 0 4 3 11 80 23 55 23 6 122 84 21 54 167 143 Grey-Headed Batis 6 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 4 0 0 9 Grey-Headed Gull 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 18 1 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 29 Grey-Headed Kingfisher 0 0 0 34 13 27 5 0 21 0 0 30 0 7 0 2 4 5 40 13 4 0 12 5 31 43 Greyish Eagle- Owl 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Grey-Rumped Swallow 2 7 17 5 12 20 9 0 0 5 0 6 0 16 0 0 10 17 32 18 7 3 0 3 26 37 Hadeda Ibis 35 14 73 22 60 73 2 65 14 8 11 14 13 61 13 27 19 30 77 66 42 32 44 16 111 166 Hamerkop 6 0 0 102 44 20 0 0 55 8 0 8 0 16 0 9 44 32 14 64 35 4 11 44 87 85 Helmeted Guineafowl 13 41 69 54 50 95 13 6 33 12 48 55 19 84 20 0 22 10 22 122 82 77 0 19 62 260 Hemprich's Hornbill 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Heuglin's Masked Weaver 0 0 23 73 47 90 0 0 29 0 76 0 6 0 44 33 45 0 13 60 43 88 23 6 29 204 Hooded Vulture 6 0 0 20 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 4 16 22 0 0 0 0 0 13 29 0 0 0 0 42 House Sparrow 44 70 12 5 60 8 12 49 6 15 22 6 4 11 14 17 36 7 29 8 18 76 66 2 74 125 Icterine Warbler 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 14 0 0 21 0 Jacobin Cuckoo 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 Lappet-Faced Vulture 0 0 0 21 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 8 16 41 0 0 6 50 21 Laughing Dove 46 0 16 2 34 68 0 12 17 8 47 28 0 0 44 0 10 0 28 30 68 22 8 10 29 137 Lesser Honeyguide 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Lesser Jacana 13 0 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 20 40 13 Lesser Kestrel 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 26

Lesser Masked Weaver 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 15 0 0 0 25 Lesser Moorhen 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 10 20 Lesser Stripped Swallow 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Levaillant's Cuckoo 27 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 2 0 0 0 2 25 Little Bee-Eater 7 17 40 24 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 12 18 44 14 0 0 61 27 Little Bittern 13 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 12 13 27 Little Egret 99 204 39 251 248 180 46 71 44 54 23 90 22 177 200 88 140 66 100 90 155 299 179 198 227 794 Little Green Bee- Eater 67 39 90 44 16 44 0 100 22 166 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 16 122 66 96 0 0 122 184 Little Greenbull 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Little Ringed Plover 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 Little Rush Warbler 0 22 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 32 Little Sparrowhawk 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 Little Stint 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 19 Little Swift 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 14 0 0 54 0 Little Weaver 55 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 34 4 16 31 0 0 0 85 Long-Crested Eagle 4 12 7 6 10 2 4 1 0 0 5 0 4 0 0 11 7 9 4 8 19 10 0 0 14 27 Long-Tailed Cormorant 122 0 0 0 88 0 0 0 0 0 88 0 0 0 122 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 141 37 0 210 Malachite Kingfisher 8 0 0 18 60 4 12 28 3 5 0 12 0 20 0 0 4 6 16 2 0 0 50 22 49 41 Malachite Sunbird 0 0 0 13 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 17 0 0 22 8 0 0 0 0 0 30 Marsh Sandpiper 10 0 0 22 28 0 6 0 13 26 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 36 24 29 31 Namaqua Dove 0 22 26 77 6 19 5 71 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 10 36 0 8 47 72 23 0 0 76 74 Narina Trogon 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 5 2 Northern Black Flycatcher 6 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 16 20 8 0 6 0 0 50 Northern Carmine Bee- Eater 40 8 29 17 0 6 6 18 33 2 0 8 13 0 21 0 33 16 17 20 70 43 0 0 73 77 Northern Grey- Headed Sparrow 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 20 0 0 0 29 0 Northern Masked Weaver 140 47 22 66 118 67 17 26 66 72 11 0 12 88 0 32 45 91 94 83 160 43 69 15 200 260

Northern Red Bishop 156 119 89 64 111 48 43 6 22 76 117 88 72 41 4 8 98 12 41 17 129 320 28 52 83 504 Northern Red- Billed Hornbill 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 Northern Yellow-Billed Hornbill 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Nubian Woodpecker 0 0 0 20 0 25 0 0 0 0 20 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 17 21 7 0 0 0 0 45 Olive Bee-Eater 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 Peregrine Falcon 0 3 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 0 9 Piapiac 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Pied Crow 71 25 20 14 161 31 41 55 22 55 11 18 2 28 3 20 13 54 22 44 59 9 167 21 172 150 Pied Kingfisher 42 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 38 19 0 0 0 25 36 38 42 Pink Breasted Lark 0 0 0 13 0 52 0 0 0 0 32 0 21 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 23 42 0 0 0 65 Pin-Tailed Whydah 40 21 12 8 19 20 0 0 0 20 29 21 4 8 9 14 4 11 6 12 26 58 0 18 11 109 Purple Heron 4 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 4 16 Purple Starling 9 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 2 37 0 0 0 0 48 Red Bellied Malimbe 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 Red Billed Firefinch 30 16 24 41 19 50 4 8 16 2 4 6 0 0 21 45 42 32 22 12 30 100 0 16 60 120 Red Headed Quelea 341 611 384 120 176 58 0 0 50 0 30 215 321 226 477 80 291 0 165 33 366 980 27 119 50 1640 Red Throated Bee-Eater 0 0 0 36 4 50 0 0 20 0 0 28 42 0 0 0 0 0 14 8 53 8 0 7 20 70 Red Winged Warbler 22 8 0 30 0 0 0 8 0 4 0 0 32 0 2 14 0 0 0 14 28 18 0 0 8 52

Table 2 Synopsis of the data concerning each observed species, including the total number of recorded individuals, IUCN (2018) red list status, trophic habits, current population status and preferred habitats

Total Red List Current Common Name Scientific Name Number Family Category Trophic category Population Trend Preferred Habitat African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides 118 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Riverine Forest Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus 56 Bucerotidae Least Concern Frugivore/Insectivore Stable Riverine Forest Abyssinian Roller Coracias abyssinica 110 Coraciidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Riverine Forest Abyssinian Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus minor 25 Phoeniculidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Riverine Forest African Blue Flycatcher Elminia longicauda 190 Stenostiridae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest African Collared Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea 99 Columbidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland African Darter Anhinga rufa 73 Anhingidae Least Concern Pisicivore Decreasing River Nile African Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer 45 Accipitridae Least Concern Pisicivore Stable River Nile African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus 20 Oriolidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Forest African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro 23 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore Decreasing Forest African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus 411 Bucerotidae Least Concern Frugivore/Insectivore Stable Riverine Forest African Hoopoe Upupa epops 62 Upupidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland Jacanidae African Jacana Actophilornis africanus 185 Least Concern Insectivores Stable River Nile Columbidae African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens 55 Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Apodidae African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus 544 Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Grassland African Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis 89 Monarchidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus 211 Bucerotidae Least Concern Frugivore/Insectivore Unknown Forest African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp 122 Motacillidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus 1244 Motacillidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland African Pygmy-Kingfisher Ispidina picta 387 Alcedinidae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Stable River Nile African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus 1007 Threskiornithidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Open Water African Silverbill Lonchura cantans 54 Estrildidae Least Concern Granivore Decreasing Grassland Near African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris 20 Laridae Threatened Pisicivore/Insectivore Decreasing River Nile Threskiornithidae Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici African Spoonbill Platalea alba 789 Least Concern vore Decreasing Open Water African Wood-Owl Strix woodfordii 4 Strigidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Forest Apodidae Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba 19 Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest 29

Ashy Starling Lamprotornis unicolor 33 Sturnidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Unknown Shrubland Bare-Face Go- Away Bird Corythaixoides personatus 78 Musophagidae Least Concern Frugivore/Granivore Stable Forest Barn Owl Tyto alba 9 Tytonidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 87 HIRUNDINIDAE Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus 13 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Decreasing Shrubland Beautiful Sunbird Cinnyris pulchella 205 Nectariniidae Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Forest Black And White Flycatcher Bias musicus 140 TYRANNIDAE Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest Black Bishop Euplectes gierowii 76 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Riverine Forest Rallidae Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra 121 Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Unknown Open Water Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina 70 Gruidae Vulnerable Omnivore Decreasing Open Water Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus 9 Cuculidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava 90 Campephagidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest Black Dwarf Hornbill Tockus hartlaubi 435 Bucerotidae Least Concern Frugivore/Granivore Stable Shrubland Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca 143 Ardeidae Least Concern Pisicivoore Stable River Nile Black Kite Milvus migrans 566 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Unknown Shrubland Black Saw-Wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera 10 Hirundinidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Open Water Black- Shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus 111 ACCIPITRIDAE Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Black Stork Ciconia nigra 201 Ciconiidae Least Concern Piscivore Unknown Open Water Black Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina 89 Nectariniidae Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Forest Near Black- Tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 26 Scolopacidae Threatened Carnivore Decreasing Open Water Black-Billed Firefinch Lagonosticta rara 72 Estrildidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Musophagidae Black-Billed Turaco Tauraco schuettii 7 Least Concern Frugivore Stable Forest Black-Billed Wood Dove Turtur abyssinicus 18 Columbidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Black-Headed Bee-Eater Merops buelleri 232 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Shrubland Black-Headed Gonolek Laniarius erythrogaster 300 Malaconotidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Ardeidae Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Black-Headed Heron Ardea melanocephala 109 Least Concern vore Increasing River Nile Black-Headed Paradise Terpsiphone rufiventer Flycatcher 87 Monarchidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Shrubland Black-Headed Plover Vanellus tectus 199 Charadriidae Least Concern Insectivores Unknown Grassland Black-Headed Weaver Ploceus melanocephalus 88 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Estrildidae Black-rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes 122 Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland 30

Black-Winged Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus 233 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Recurvirostridae Black-Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 44 Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Increasing Open Water Blak-Billed Bustard Lissotis melanogater 4 Otididae Least Concern Omnivore Decreasing Forest Cuculidae Blue Headed Coucal Centropus monachus 2 Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest Blue Headed Crested Monarchidae Trochocercus nitens Flycatcher 12 Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Shrubland Blue Mantled Crested Monarchidae Trochocercus cyanomelas Flycatcher 34 Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Shrubland Blue-Naped Mousebird Urocolius macrourus 288 Coliidae Least Concern Frugivore Decreasing Riverine Forest Blue-Spotted Wood-Dove Turtur afer 6 Columbidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Estrildidae Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullatus 700 Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Bronze-Tailed Starling Lamprotornis chalcurus 11 Sturnidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Nectariniidae Bronzy Sunbird Nectarinia kilimensis 9 Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Riverine Forest Brown Parrot Poicephalus meyeri 4 Psittacidae Least Concern Frugivore/Granivore Decreasing Forest Brubru Nilaus afer 1 Malaconotidae Least Concern Insectivores Unknown Forest Bruce's Green Pigeon Treron waalia 380 Columbidae Least Concern Frugivore Decreasing Riverine Forest Cardinal Quelea Quelea cardinalis 1190 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens 76 Picidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 900 ARDEIDAE Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Chestnut-crowned Sparrow- weaver Plocepasser superciliosus 7 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Cinnamon Weaver Ploceus badius 342 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Cinnamon-Chested Bee-Eater Merops oreobates 155 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos 67 Anatidae Least Concern Omnivore Decreasing Open Water Pycnonotidae Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus 166 Least Concern Omnivore Increasing Shrubland Common Crane Grus grus 3 Gruidae Least Concern Omnivore Increasing Open Water Common Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia 44 Locustellidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia 178 Scolopacidae Least Concern Carnivore Stable River Nile Struthionidae Common Ostrich Struthio camelus 63 Least Concern Omnivore Decreasing Shrubland Common Quail Coturnix coturnix 23 Phasianidae Least Concern Granivore Decreasing Grassland Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus 2 Muscicapidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Grassland Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago 54 SCOLOPACIDAE Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Open Water Common Swift Apus apus 350 Apodidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland 31

Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild 132 Estrildidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Copper Sunbird Nectarinia cuprea 2 Nectariniidae Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Shrubland Estrildidae Crimson-Rumped Waxbill Estrilda rhodopyga 6 Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis 162 Cisticolidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus 22 Charadriidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Shrubland Dark-Capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor 444 Pycnonotidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland D'arnaud's Barbet Trachyphonus darnaudii 67 Lybiidae Least Concern Frugivore/Granivore Stable Riverine Forest Diderick Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius 5 Cuculidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Dusky Babbler Turdoides tenebrosa 12 Leiotrichidae Least Concern Omnivore Decreasing Shrubland Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii 16 Ardeidae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Stable River Nile Eastern Plantaint-Eater Crinifer zonurus 129 Musophagidae Least Concern Frugivore/Granivore Stable Forest Eastern Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes orientalis 1 Nectariniidae Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Forest Anatidae Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca 4 Least Concern Omnivore Stable Open Water Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopica 3 Hirundinidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Grassland Eurasia Hoopoe Upupa epops 2 Upupidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Shrubland Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus 8 Oriolidae Least Concern Frugivore Decreasing Forest Eurasian Thick-Knee Burhinus oedicnemus 1 Burhinidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Grassland European Bee-Eater Merops apiaster 17 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest European Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus 1 Accipitridae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Forest European Roller Coracias garrulus 16 Coraciidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Riverine Forest Columbidae European Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur 28 Vulnerable Granivore Decreasing Riverine Forest Fawn-Breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola 77 Estrildidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Fork-Tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis 59 Dicruridae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Decreasing Forest Fox Kestrel Falco alopex 2 Falconidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Cisticolidae Foxy Cisticola Cisticola troglodytes 4 Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Fulvous Duck Dendrocygna bicolor 177 ANATIDAE Least Concern Omnivore Stable River Nile Gambaga Flycatcher Muscicapa gambagae 27 Muscicapidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest Sylviidae Garden Warbler Sylvia borin 76 Least Concern Omnivore Decreasing Riverine Forest Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima 80 Alcedinidae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Decreasing River Nile Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 177 Threskiornithidae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Decreasing Open Water Golden Pipit Tmetothylacus tenellus 6 Motacillidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland 32

Golden-Backed Weaver Ploceus jacksoni 412 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Goliath Heron Ardea goliath 107 Ardeidae Least Concern Piscivore Stable River Nile Acrocephalus Great Reed Warbler arundinaceus 33 Acrocephalidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Decreasing Grassland Scolopacidae Near Great Snipe Gallinago media 34 Threatened Insectivores Decreasing Open Water Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator 17 Indicatoridae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Forest Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis 27 Rostratulidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Decreasing Open Water Phoeniculidae Green Wood-Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus 2 Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Shrubland Green-Headed Sunbird Nectarinia verticalis 1 Nectariniidae Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Shrubland Green-Winged Pytilia Pytilia melba 15 Estrildidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 70 Ardeidae Least Concern Piscivore Unknown River Nile Grey Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus 3 Falconidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Picidae Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertae 42 Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest Grey Wren-warbler Calamonastes simplex 11 Cisticolidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest Grey-Backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata 14 Cisticolidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Grey-Backed Fiscal Shrike Lanius excubitoroides 310 Laniidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Grey-Headed Batis Batis orientalis 9 Platysteiridae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest Chroicocephalus Grey-Headed Gull cirrocephalus 29 Laridae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Stable River Nile Grey-Headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala 74 Alcedinidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Riverine Forest Greyish Eagle-Owl Bubo cinerascens 3 Strigidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Forest Hirundinidae Grey-Rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo griseopyga 63 Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Hadeda Ibis Bostrychia hagedash 277 Threskiornithidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Grassland Scopidae Hamerkop Scopus umbretta 172 Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Open Water Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris 322 Numididae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland Bucerotidae Hemprich's Hornbill Lophoceros hemprichii 2 Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Forest Heuglin's Masked Weaver Ploceus heuglini 233 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Critically Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus 42 Accipitridae Endangered Carnivore Decreasing Forest House Sparrow Passer domesticus 199 PASSERIDAE Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Decreasing Grassland Acrocephalidae Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina 21 Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Decreasing Shrubland Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 7 Cuculidae Least Concern Frugivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Lappet-Faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos 71 Accipitridae Endangered Carnivore Decreasing Shrubland 33

Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis 166 Columbidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Forest Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor 2 Indicatoridae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis 53 Jacanidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Unknown River Nile Falconidae Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni 1 Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius 25 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata 30 Rallidae Least Concern Granivore Unknown Open Water Lesser Stripped Swallow Cercropis abyssinica 1 Hirundinidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Shrubland Cuculidae Levaillant's Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii 27 Least Concern Frugivore/Insectivore Stable Riverine Forest Little Bee-Eater Merops pusillus 87 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Riverine Forest Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus 40 Ardeidae Least Concern vore Decreasing Open Water Ardeidae Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Little Egret Egretta garzetta 1021 Least Concern vore Increasing River Nile Meropidae Little Green Bee-Eater Merops orientalis 300 Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Shrubland Little Greenbul Andropadus virens 2 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 8 Charadriidae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Stable Open Water Little Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala 32 Locustellidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus 5 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Little Stint Calidris minuta 19 Scolopacidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing River Nile Little Swift Apus affinis 54 Apodidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Grassland Little Weaver Ploceus luteolus 85 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Long-Crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis 41 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Increasing Grassland Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Long-Tailed Cormorant Microcarbo africanus 200 Phalacrocoracidae Least Concern vore Decreasing River Nile Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata 90 Alcedinidae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Stable River Nile Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa 30 Nectariniidae Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Forest Scolopacidae Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 62 Least Concern Carnivore Decreasing Open Water Columbidae Namaqua Dove Oena capensis 150 Least Concern Graniore Increasing Shrubland Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina 7 Trogonidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest Northern Black Flycatcher Meleanornis edolioides 50 Muscicapidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Northern Carmine Bee-Eater Merops nubicus 150 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Grassland Northern Grey-Headed Passeridae Passer griseus Sparrow 39 Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Northern Masked Weaver Ploceus taeniopterus 460 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland 34

Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus 587 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Northern Red-Billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus 11 Bucerotidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Riverine Forest Northern Yellow-Billed Tockus flavirostris Hornbill 1 Bucerotidae Least Concern Omnivore Decreasing Shrubland Nubian Woodpecker Campethera nubica 45 Picidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Riverine Forest Olive Bee-Eater Merops superciliosus 3 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 9 Falconidae Least Concern Carnivore Stable Shrubland Piapiac Ptilostomus afer 1 Corvidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Forest Pied Crow Corvus albus 322 Corvidae Least Concern Omnivore Unknown Shrubland Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 80 Alcedinidae Least Concern Pisicivore/Insectivore Decreasing River Nile Pink Breasted Lark Mirafra poecilosterna 65 Alaudidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Decreasing Grassland Pin-Tailed Whydah Vidua macroura 120 Viduidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Ardeidae Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 20 Least Concern vore Decreasing River Nile Purple Starling Lamprotornis purpureus 39 Sturnidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland Red Bellied Malimbe Malimbus erythrogaster 3 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Decreasing Forest Red Billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala 180 Estrildidae Least Concern Granivore Decreasing Grassland Red Headed Quelea Quelea erythrops 1690 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Red Throated Bee-Eater Merops bulocki 90 Meropidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Red Winged Warbler Heliolais erythropterus 60 Cisticolidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Trachyphonus Red-and-yellow Barbet erythrocephalus 6 Lybiidae Least Concern Omnivore Decreasing Shrubland Red-Backed Shrike Lanius collurio 55 Laniidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Decreasing Shrubland Red-Bellied Paradise Terpsiphone rufiventer Flycatcher 2 Monarchidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Forest Red-Billed Buffalo-Weaver Bubalornis niger 506 Ploceidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Forest Ploceidae Red-Billed Quelea Quelea Quelea 1344 Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Red-Capped Lark Calandrella cinerea 80 Alaudidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Increasing Grassland Red-Cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus 250 Estrildidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Shrubland Red-Collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens 60 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Red-Eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata 40 Columbidae Least Concern Granivore Increasing Shrubland Red-Headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps 12 Ploceidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland Red-Necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis 5 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Increasing Forest Red-pate Cisticola Cisticola ruficeps 8 Cisticolidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland 35

Red-Rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica 7 Hirundinidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Red-Shouldered Cuckooshrike Campephaga phoenicea 16 Campephagidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing Forest Red-winged Grey Warbler Drymocichla incana 30 Meropidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Red-winged Lark Mirafra hypermetra 290 Alaudidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Grassland Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Reed Cormorant Mirocarbo coronatus 170 Phalacrocoracidae Least Concern vore Decreasing Riverine Forest Ring-Necked Dove Streptopelia capicola 1800 Columbidae Least Concern Granivore Increasing Grassland Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis 8 Glareolidae Least Concern Insectivores Decreasing River Nile Rufous Chatterer Argya rubiginosa 3 Leiotrichidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Lamprotornis Ruppel's Starling purpuropterus 1290 Sturnidae Least Concern Omnivore Unknown Forest Ruppel's Vulture Gyps rueppellii 60 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore Decreasing Grassland Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Saddle-Billed Stork Leptoplitos crumeniferus 40 Ciconiidae Least Concern vore Decreasing Open Water Sahel Bush-sparrow Gymnoris dentata 3 Passeridae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Indicatoridae Scaly-Throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus 20 Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest Scarlet-Chested Sunbird Nectarinia senegalensis 5 Nectariniidae Least Concern Nectarivore Stable Forest Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis 150 Cuculidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Senegal Thick-Knee Burhinus senegalensis 26 Burhinidae Least Concern Insectivores Unknown Open Water Carnivore/Insectivore/Pisici Shoebill Balaeniceps rex 120 Balaenicipitidae Vulnerable vore Decreasing River Nile Silverbird Empidornis semipartitus 55 Muscicapidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Singing Bush Lark Mirafra cantillans 90 Alaudidae Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Slender-Billed Weaver Ploceus pelzelni 37 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Sombre Nightjar Caprimulgus fraenatus 7 Caprimulgidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Near Sooty Falcon Falco concolor 25 Falconidae Threatened Carnivore Decreasing Forest Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus 270 Coliidae Least Concern Frugivore Stable Shrubland Rallidae Spotted Crake Porzana porzana 170 Least Concern Omnivore Stable Open Water Spur-Winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus 20 Charadriidae Least Concern Insectivores Increasing Open Water Standard-Winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis 16 Caprimulgidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Sun Lark Galerida modesta 703 Alaudidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Superb Starling Lamprotornis superbus 49 Sturnidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland Anatidae Sur-Winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis 12 Least Concern Omnivore Increasing Open Water

Taita Fiscal Lanius dorsalis 20 Laniidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Glareolidae Temminck's Courser Cursorius temminckii 42 Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Toro Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus hypochloris 1 Pycnonotidae Least Concern Frugivore/Insectivore Stable Forest Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata 200 Viduidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland Villege Weaver Ploceus cucullatus 2190 Ploceidae Least Concern Granivore Stable Grassland Vinaceous Dove Streptopelia vinacea 260 Columbidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Shrubland Water Thick-Knee Burhinus vermiculatus 28 Burhinidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Shrubland Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus 25 Charadriidae Least Concern Carnivore/Insectivore Stable Open Water Laridae Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida 40 Least Concern Insectivores Stable River Nile White Stork Ciconia ciconia 66 Ciconiidae Least Concern Carnivore Increasing Open Water White-Backed Duck Thalassornia leuconotus 1439 Anatidae Least Concern Herbivorous Decreasing Open Water White-bellied Go-away-bird Criniferoides leucogaster 7 Musophagidae Least Concern Herbivorous Stable Forest White-Billed Buffalo-Weaver Bubalornis albirostris 665 Ploceidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Grassland Phalacrocoracidae White-Breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 33 Least Concern Carnivore Increasing River Nile White-Browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus 8 Cuculidae Least Concern Carnivore Stable Grassland White-Browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini 33 Muscicapidae Least Concern Frugivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland White-crested Turaco Tauraco leucolophus 20 Musophagidae Least Concern Frugivore Stable Forest White-Faced Duck Dendrocygna viduata 760 Anatidae Least Concern Omnivore Increasing River Nile White-fronted Black-chat Oenanthe albifrons 1 Muscicapidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest White-headed Buffalo-Weaver Dinemenllia dinemellia 6 Ploceidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Forest Accipitridae Critically White-Headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis 9 Endangered Carnivore Decreasing Shrubland Scolopacidae Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 10 Least Concern Carnivore Stable Riverine Forest Ploceidae Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis 66 Least Concern Carnivore Stable Grassland Ardeidae Yellow-Billed Egret Ardea brachyrhyncha 18 Least Concern Carnivore Decreasing River Nile Yellow-Billed Kite Milvus aegyptius 155 Accipitridae Least Concern Carnivore Stable Forest Laniidae Yellow-billed Shrike Corvinella corvina 4 Least Concern Granivore/Insectivore Stable Shrubland Yellow-Fronted Tinkerbird Pogonniulus chrysoconus 20 Lybiidae Least Concern Omnivore Stable Grassland Yellow-Throated Cuckoo Chrysococcyx flavigularis 2 Cuculidae Least Concern Insectivores Stable Forest

Table 3 Variation of community diversity indices for the bird assemblages in the six habitat types at the study area in South Sudan.

Water Flooded Riverine Forest Shrubland Grassland River Nile Area Taxa_S 142 169 153 119 97 99 Individuals 6434 5777 6649 10856 5024 5107 Dominance_D 0.03468 0.02228 0.02721 0.04812 0.03629 0.06858 Simpson_1-D 0.9653 0.9777 0.9728 0.9519 0.9637 0.9314 Shannon_H 3.989 4.314 4.19 3.613 3.872 3.453 Evenness_e^H/ S 0.3802 0.4421 0.4315 0.3116 0.4955 0.3192

Table 4 GLM estimates and significance (Wald test) showing the probability of abundance of counted species in the study area by habitat type.

Estimate Standard Wald P 233.591 2118.63 Intercept 7 5.074917 8 0 5.05688 0.02452 Riverine -0.18238 0.081101 4 8 9.64405 Forest -0.38987 0.125542 3 0.0019 0.30504 Shrubland 7 0.10172 8.99324 0.00271 0.04118 1.07133 0.30064 Grassland 7 0.039792 8 3 4.23332 0.03963 River Nile 0.21604 0.105001 6 8 1.31823 0.25090 Water Flooded Area -0.08289 0.072191 3 9 Explained deviance 89.43%

Photos of bird species observed

Marabou storks Leptoptilos crumenifer

African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus

White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata

Common Fiscal Lanius collaris

Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia

African Fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta

Black-headed Weaver Ploceus melanocephalus

Bruce’s Green Pigeon Treron waalia

Francolin spp.

Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus

Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala

African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus

Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala

Senegal Thick-knee Burhinus senegalensis

African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis

Saddlebill Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis

Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus

African Comb Ducks Sarkidiornis melanotos and Cattle Egrets Bubulcus ibis

Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullata

Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus

Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris

Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima

Black Kite Milvus migrans

Silverbird Empidornis semipartitus

Goliath Heron Ardea goliath

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata

Spur-winged Geese Plectropterus gambensis

Helmeted Guineafowls Numida meleagris

Jacobin Cuckoo Oxylophus jacobinus

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis

Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis

Rock Pratincoles Glareola nuchalis

Hooded Vultures Necrosyrtes monachus