OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 50 NO. 1 WINTER 2000

PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 2000 Interim President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Pike, Chillicothe, OH 45601 (740) 772-5431. Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 2000 Vice President Walt Sperry, 6910 Range Line Road, BACK ISSUES Mt. Vernon, OH (740) 393-2314. Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 2000 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H 2287, (330) 296-2287. Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 2000 Executive Secretary Len Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, West- Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H erville, OH 43081 (740) 965-2868. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 2002 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, 1980's&1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43064, (614)873-5471. 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 2000 Technical Advisor Jane Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, West- Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ erville, OH 43081, (740) 965-2868. erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to 2000 Recording Secretary Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., business office for prices and availability. Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598. ASO CHAPTERS Aboriginal Explorers Club BUSINESS MANAGER President: Jeff Bendie, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Alum Creek Chapter Business phone: 1-800-736-7815 - Home phone: 1-740-653-9477. President: Craig Alward, 62 Belle Ave., Delaware, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 2000 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, Black Swamp Chapter OH 44136, (440)238-1799. President: Marie Plummer Minniear, c/o Dr. David Strothers, 2000 Jim Hahn, 770 South Second St., Heath OH 43056 Anthropology Dept, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft St., Toledo, OH (740) 323-2351. Blue Jacket Chapter 2000 Randall Hackworth, 1963 Moulton-Ft. Amanda Road, President: Greg Johns, 301 Chillicothe St., Bellefontaine, OH Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) 657-6557. Chippewa Valley Chapter 2000 Russell Strunk, PO Box 55, Batavia, OH 45103, President: Skeeter Kish, 3014 Clarkmill Rd., Norton, OH (513)752-7043. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 2002 Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH 43082, President: Bill Mitchell, 153 Sterling Ave., Orrville, OH 44667 (614)890-0777. Dividing Ridges Chapter 2002 Chris Rummell, 478 Burns Dr., N. Westerville, OH 43082, President: John Mocic, Box 170, RD#1, Valley Drive, Dilles Bottom, OH (614)895-0714. Flint Ridge Chapter 2002 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331, President: Joel D. Embry, 7503 Columbus-Lancaster Rd. NW, Carrol, OH (937) 548-0325. Fort Salem Chapter 2002 John Mocic, Box 170, R.D. #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 President Dennis Link, 1037 Richey Rd., Felicity, OH 45120 (740)676-1077. Fulton Creek Chapter CHAIRMAN FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH RUSSELL STRUNK, PO BOX 55, BATAVIA, OH 45103 Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Jeff Zemrock, 903 Twp. Rd. 2850, Perrysville, OH King Beaver Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Richard McConnell, 836 Cleland Mill Rd., New Castle, PA Mike Rusnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 44224 Mahoning Valley Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Rocky Falleta, 176 Clarencedale, Youngstown, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Bill Egbers, 969 Riverside Dr., Milford, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, City Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Gary Argabright, 92 N. Courtland Ave., Chillicothe, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Plum Run President: Chris Darin, Morning Glory Farm, 37086 Eagleton Road, Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Lisbon, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Bay Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 Sandusky Valley Chapter Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Dale Stansberry, 13825 C.H. 64, Upper Sandusky, OH Lloyd Harnishfeger, 203 Steiner St., Pandora, OH 45877 Seneca Hunters Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Don Weller, 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Six River Valley Chapter changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Brian Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd„ Westerville, OH ness Manager. Standing Stone Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Bill Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Sugarcreek Valley Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Ave., East Canton, OH Their Fires Are Cold Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E KeviNUMBEn Boos, 571R0 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page - 3 PRESIDENT'S PAGE A Unique Monongahela Pipe by John Mocic 4 I would like to thank our new board members, Randy Hackworth, A Cache of Flint Ridge Blades Found in Pennsylvania Jane Weidner, Rocky Falleti, Jim Hahn, Chris Rummel, Dr. Brian by Elaine Holzapfel 5 Foltz and Len Weidner for their support and efforts made on behalf Flint Ridge Shelter House by Robert Williams 5 of the A.S.O. Due to the expertise of our new board members, I Recovering The Past A Second Time believe that our Society will move forward and grow stronger by by Gary Kapusta 6 adding to our membership and our legislative skills. I extend a spe­ A Multi-Component Site Near Cadiz in Harrison cial thanks to Gary Kapusta for the many above and beyond hours County, Ohio by Brian DaRe 8 he has donated as our Treasurer and Legislative chairperson. Ran­ Harrison County Chert by Tony DeRegnaucourt.... 10 dall Hackworth will now serve as co-chair on the Legislative com­ Salvage Archaeology at the Phillip V. Smith Mound mittee with Gary. Randall, Elaine Holzapfel and Bob Converse by D.R. Gehlbach 12 personally visited Representative Buchy, using their valuable leisure Portage River Pentagonals time and own financial resources, to convey the A.S.O.'s concerns by Gene and Tim Edwards 14 about H.B. 429. Also, I recognize and thank Walt Sperry, John The Ugly Banner by Gene Edwards 15 Mocic, Jim Hovan and Russel Strunk for their efforts made for the The Mill Creek Pictograph by John R. White 16 benefit of the Society. Is This The Very First Pipe ? I offer my, and the rest of the memberships' condolences to Len by John Baldwin 18 and Jane Weidner on the loss of Jane's mother. When such an The McDonald High School event as the loss of a loved one occurs, it reminds us of what is Tools Collection by John R. White 19 truly important in each individual's life. Len now serves as our Exec­ utive Secretary and floor manager and as you may know Jane Disc Pipes by Robert N. Converse 22 serves as our technical advisor. This family is most certainly doing A Large K Grooved Axe by Richard Sisson 23 their share. Kevin Boos is serving as our assistant floor manager. Hopewell : On behalf of the Board of Directors I want to make an apology to A Look At The Dark Side by William F. Romain .... 24 several of our members, who at great expense and effort brought Excellent Meadowcroft Report at Mahoning Chapter their "personally found collections" to our last meeting (Jan. 16, by Michael Rusnak 32 2000). Their collections were not judged due to distractions by a Friends of America's Past 34 small disgruntled group of our members, and the fact that the indi­ Two Plummets From The Same Site vidual who was to judge these displays was ill and did not attend by Russell Strunk 34 the meeting, and no one realized this until it was too late for Indiana Green Chert Sequel judging. Steve Valentine was one of the members and unfortu­ by Tony DeRegnaucourt 35 nately, I do not know the other members' names. We will make A Lanceolate in the Parallel-Flaked Tradition every effort to prevent such incidents in the future. by Claude Britt, Jr. 36 Now we need all our members' support in the A.S.O.'s upcoming A Lucky Find by Uoyd Hamishfeger 37 election (May 21, 2000). To maintain the objects and goals of the Another Remarkable Discovery Society, I ask you to support and vote for those who now serve on by Randy Johnson 37 our Board. We need to keep this Board intact to finish the tasks we Exploration of the Rogers I, Adena Mound are presently involved in. Vote! It is your right, as private property by Ernest Sutton 38 owners, we are fighting for! I have called my elected state Repre­ Best Flint Tool by Russell Strunk 40 sentative and Senator and asked them to support H.B. 550, have Field Find by Russell Strunk 40 you? You can find their names in your local phone directory. Butterfly Banner by Gene Edwards 41 For many years the A.S.O. has been recognized as the leading Letter To The Editor 41 amateur archaeological society in . This leadership Salvaged Birdstone Heads has been demonstrated and reinforced by those united against the by Dr. Gregory L LaForme 42 passage of restrictive archaeological laws in Ohio. The prehistoric Cuyahoga Valley Archaeological Society past belongs to every person in our nation. No ethnic group nor News & Announcements 42 professional archaeological organization can be permitted to force Publications Available / Limited Editions 42 their political views on the populace for their own financial gain. New Book The View from Madisonville: Protohistoric Western Fort Carmel "Bud" Tackett Ancient Interaction Patterns 43 Interim President & Necrology Ruth Vietzen 43 Immediate past-President Bill Cain 43 of the A.S.O. Clarence Thomas 43

Front Cover: On the cover of this, our 50th volume of the Ohio Archaeologist, we are pleased to picture some of the outstanding artifacts from the collection of Ron Helman, Sidney. Ohio. Ron Helman found his first artifact just fifty years ago and thus it is appropriate to display his artifacts on our 50th volume. In the upper left the Flint Ridge Hopewell point is from Ross County. The fluted point is made of Coshocton flint and was found I mile south of Sidney. Indiana. The indented gorget is from Ohio. The bar amulet on the left is from LaGrange. Indiana. The hematite cone is from Ohio. The porphyry birdstone is from Ohio. The Glacial Kame gorget is from Big Island Township. Marion Co.. Ohio. The Adena bi-concave gorget is from Ohio. The chlorite pipe, lower right, was found near Fre­ mont, Sandusky Co.. Ohio. For size, the bar amulet on the left is 8'A inches long.

3 A UNIQUE MONONGAHELA PIPE by John Mocic Rt.1, Dilles Bottom, Ohio 43947

It is among prehistoric pipes that some holding a bowl or or other objects. River in eastern Ohio. It is the popular ver­ of the most revealing can be In one example, the pregnant woman pipe sion of a seated human figure holding a found. Pipes portray mammals, humans, form the Meuser collection, the arms are bowl or basket in his or her lap. The pipe birds, amphibians, fish, insects and myth­ folded across the distended stomach of a is made of limestone. Since eastern Ohio ical figures. pregnant woman. Usually the bowl held in is generally where Monongahela sites of One of the popular motifs in the eastern the arms also serves as the pipe bowl. the late prehistoric period are located, it is is a human figure sitting or The pipe shown in Figure 1 is from my presumed that this example originated kneeling with the arms extended and collection. It was found along the Ohio with that culture.

Figure 1 (Mocic) Monongahela pipe depicting a seated figure holding a container, perhaps a bowl or a basket. Right and left sides.

4 A CACHE OF FLINT RIDGE BLADES FOUND IN PENNSYLVANIA by Elaine Holzapfel Greenville, OH 45331 J*

/ii*y<«y> i«M5 • ^ t$ t ^t '**' This 54 cache was found in Clarke Twenty-seven of the undamaged blades cache is made of Flint Ridge flint. All 3 5 township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania in measure from 4 /8 inches to 3 /8 inches long, blades are extremely thin and most are the 1940s. Although all lying in one area, although some of those which had been translucent. Flint colors include blue, red, the blades had been scattered by a land broken would have measured around 6 brown, tan, and pink. Several blades grader during the excavation for the inches long. The breakage seems to have exhibit pot-lid fractures (fire-pops), evi­ Shenango Dam. been caused by heavy equipment. The dence of fire damage.

FLINT RIDGE SHELTER HOUSE Flint Ridge Chapter, Archaeological Society of Ohio

Robert Williams, Chairman Flint Ridge Chapter Archaeological Society of Ohio

Final financial report of the shelter house built and donated to the Ohio Historical Society at Flint Ridge by the Flint Ridge Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio FISCAL YEAR AMOUNT CONTRIBUTIONS 1997 $2,000.00 CONTRIBUTIONS 1998 22,021.15

TOTAL $24,021.15

EXPENDITURES HARDWARE/LUMBER PACKAGE 1998 $5,101.86 SITE PREP 1998 395.64 PLAQUE/STONE VENEER 1998 5,672.00 BLOCKWORK 1998 442.27 TIMBER CONSTRUCTION/FRAMING 1998 3,200.00 FOUNDATION/SLAB 1998 6,950.00 PICNIC TABLES 1998 760.00 MISC. SUPPLIES 1998 289.11 DEDICATION PICNIC 1998 174.73 CONTRIBUTORS PHOTOS 1999 196.46 CHAPTER REIMBURSEMENT (POSTAGE) 1999 384.00 OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY (GRILLS) 1999 455.08

BALANCE -0-

5 RECOVERING THE PAST A SECOND TIME by Gary Kapusta 3294 Herriff Road Ravenna, Ohio 44266

Fate is sometimes a wonderful thing. But at the far end of the trail we came found that, after all these years, he still My story is about a little-known and long- upon the shelter as seen in the original had the artifacts! In a letter from Mr. forgotten rockshelter in Summit County, photograph. It was very much overgrown Cross he told me he never knew that Ohio. It is located in the city of Stow, very with brush, but there it was. David Mitten had published an article on close to the intersection of State Routes The little trees of fifty years ago were the shelter. He was very pleased to see 59 and 91. About two years ago, when now considerably larger and some of the the report on the rockshelter he helped talking with Robert Converse, he told me rock had fallen since 1952. We were quite excavate fifty years ago. He also told me about a rockshelter in Stow, Ohio, which pleased with our discovery but much to he was a long-time artifact collector and was published in an old article of the Ohio our regret we found that the youth of he has always been fascinated by them. Archaeologist around 1955. The article today had been practicing their artistic Unfortunately, in Arizona a state law pro­ was submitted by David Mitten from ability by spraying the walls with graffiti. hibits you from hunting for artifacts. Stow who was a student of archaeology The graffiti really detracts from the natural The end of the story has had a great at the time. The shelter was excavated in beauty of the shelter. We moved some of outcome. I am now the curator of the February of 1952 - and here I am some the brush and took the pictures shown in Stow rockshelter artifacts, thanks to Mr. 47 years later trying to relocate it. the accompanying figures. Cross. I am publishing this article and at Much of the Stow area has undergone After our visit, curiosity began to tug at his request I will display the artifacts at drastic changes in the last fifty years. As our minds regarding the whereabouts of various locations in the Summit/Portage far as I can learn, even the interchanges the artifacts from the shelter. Where were county area. I owe a debt of gratitude to themselves have been altered and State they? Are they anywhere to be found? Mr. Cross, who is now 84 years old, for Route 5 is now State Route 59. There were illustrated in the original his generosity in entrusting me with his The article refers to the shelter as "the article-bone tools, sherds, trian­ artifacts which I will share with others Gulf", or as it was known locally "the gular arrow points and other artifacts. interested in the past. Devil's Kitchen". Today it is part of the But I made inquiries, and not being one To conclude the story, I wondered Adell Durbin Park. to give up, I continued asking questions. what ever happened to David Mitten. I contacted Mike Rusnak, who is a res­ One day, when talking with my neighbor After some searching, and some help ident of Stow, and we set out to find the about the shelter in Stow, he told me that from my professional friends, I am happy shelter. When we arrived at the park we he had a cousin who once lived in Stow to relate that he is alive and well and is at entered a steep valley and headed north who had dug a rockshelter in the 1950s. the Department of Fine Arts, Sackler following a small stream. The walls of the He said his cousin was named James Museum, Harvard University in Cam­ valley are comprised of sandstone with Cross and he had a son named Larry. bridge, Massachusetts. outcrops of conglomerate in sandstone Much to my surprise, these were the I shared a copy of the original article layers. As we moved northward we saw other people listed in the article. with Dr. Brian Redmond at the Cleveland many shallow to quite large , none Both the Crosses now reside in Ari­ Museum of Natural History. In a reply he of which resembled the one in the article. zona and after contacting James Cross I said that the sherds resemble a pottery type called "Indian Hills Stamped" which he said was contemporary with late Whit­ tlesey ceramics - ca AD 1550 to 1650. Some sherds of Indian Hill Stamped were found at the South Park site located in Cuyahoga County at Independence.

References: 1955 Mitten David G. at Stow Ohio The Ohio Archaeologist - Vol. 3 Columbus

1998 Personal communication Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

1999 Personal communication Daniel Butcher, Ravenna, Ohio

1999 Personal communication James Cross, Arizona

1999 Personal communication Larry Cross, Arizona

1999 Personal communication Dr. Nigel Brush, Wooster, Ohio

1999 Personal communication Dr. Brian Redmond, Cleveland, Ohio

1999 Personal communication Figure 1 (Kapusta) Rockshelter at Stow, Ohio, from original 1952 report. Michael Rusnak, Stow, Ohio

6 w^. \m ^^^^ ^B

• -*d w^^^ 1 —^

Figure 2 (Kapusta) Photo of the author at the rockshelter in 1999.

Figure 4 (Kapusta) Artifacts from the Stow rockshelter courtesy of Mr. James Cross.

Figure 3 (Kapusta) Four views of the rockshelter in 1999. A MULTI-COMPONENT SITE NEAR CADIZ IN HARRISON COUNTY, OHIO by Brain DaRe 58561 Sharon Blvd. Rayland, Ohio 43943

Artifacts from Harrison County have angular point, a Chesser-like corner Brush, Nigel and Eric Peterson seldom been shown in the Ohio Archaeol­ notched point, and a variety of other 1998 An Analysis of Paleo-lndian and Early ogist which may have led some to believe corner notched points of Late Archaic to Archaic Projectile Points from the Eppley Rockshelter #1 in Coshocton that this eastern Ohio county is largely Late Woodland origin. Bowen (1996) County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist devoid of prehistoric occupations. shows a Small Bifurcated Point found near 48(4):14-15. Although this region in Ohio has been at the Deersville Ridge just to the west of the center of surface-mining for coal from Cadiz. Also prominently mentioned in the Converse, Robert the 1960's on, with farming land now at a literature is Charles Voshall (Vietzen 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. premium, surface collectors for artifacts 1974:19; Allen 1990:38) of Cadiz who had have noted their prevalence in the past. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological one of the better collections found in the Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Unfortunately with but a few exceptions county and a woman named Mattie 1998a Editorial. Ohio Archaeologist 48(3):3. (DaRe and Waters 1991; DaRe 1995), the Stewart (Whitman 1975) who collected 1998b Editorial. Ohio Archaeologist 48(4): 3 & 42. bulk of this information has been scattered artifacts from the site named after her and DaRe, Brian across publications not readily accessible adjoining sites along Little Stillwater Creek. 1995 A Meeting with the Harrison County to those researching the area. For The artifacts (Figures 1-4) from the instance, artifacts from Harrison County Historical Society Rekindling the Dodds farm, located about two and a half Campfires at Old Town, Mattie Stewart, have been shown or mentioned on several miles northeast of Cadiz in Harrison and Big Elm. Ohio Archaeologist occasions in thinly circulated publications County, represents a multi-component site 45(1 ):43. (Henderson et al 1990; Allen 1990; Lepper that spans nearly 11,000 years of periodic DaRe, Brian and Keith Waters 1985; Whitman 1975) with most of the bal­ land use. Equally important is the land form ance of information hidden away in con­ 1991 A Button Base Dovetail from Brown's that the artifacts were found on. According tract reports that are next to impossible to Island with Collected Thoughts on the to Robert Dodds, a relative of the Archaic in the Upper Ohio Valley. Ohio obtain (Converse 1998a & 1998b). landowner, the site is on a very high ridge Archaeologist 41 (2): 14-21. What seems obvious from the above near the twin towers on the old Norquest Fitting, James E., Jerry Devisscher readings when viewed collectively is that property in Archer Township. From this and Edward J. Wahla Harrison County is not unlike other coun­ location a view of important drainages in 1966 The Paleo-lndian Occupation of the ties in eastern Ohio in that occupations this locale can be seen. (Map 1) The site is Holcombe Beach. The University of occurred throughout . Specifi­ less than a half mile east of a monadnock Michigan, Ann Arbor. cally, Lepper (1985) mentions a fluted point hill that attains a height of 1360 feet. It is Henderson, Charles F., P. E. Pugh, being found in Harrison County. Documen­ suggested that locations such as these in W.W. Smith, R. S. Thompson and T. Brookes tation provided to me by Lepper shows the unglaciated region of eastern Ohio 1990 History of the Aboriginal Explorers Club that it was found less than five miles were not only important guideposts in pre­ 1956-1990. Aboriginal Explorers Club, north of the site which produced the arti­ historic man's movements through this Salem, Ohio. facts for this article. DaRe (1995) mentions region but also vantage points in viewing the sites at Old Town, Mattie Stewart, and the varying econiches to be exploited in Lepper, Bradley T. Big Elm which span the periods from the the surrounding area. 1985 The Effects of Cultivation and Col­ Archaic to the Late Prehistoric. Other than lecting on Ohio Fluted Point Finds: A Reply to Seeman and Prufer. Midconti- the Woodland component at Old Town ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Wallace 1995), some mention has been nental Journal of Archaeology made since of the Late Prehistoric village This writer would like to thank Bob Con­ 10(2):241-250. verse for identification of the Unfluted at Mattie Stewart (Morton and DaRe 1996). Morton, James and Brian DaRe Fluted Point and Philip Fitzgibbons from A void in the information about the 1996 Toward a Revised Taxonomy and Cul­ county's prehistoric occupants was cre­ the Archaeology Department at the Fran­ ture History Scheme for Eastern Ohio ated when site reports from the Archaic ciscan University of Steubenville for identi­ Late Prehistoric. Ohio Archaeologist site at Big Elm and the Late Archaic base fying the lithic material found on the Dodds 46(4):32-39. camp on the Five Point Ridge to the south­ farm. Special thanks to Jeff Carskadden for developing the map and providing Stout, Wilber and G. F. Lamb east of Cadiz was not published after 1938 Physiographic Features of South­ important resource material used in this mining operations had ceased there. Nev­ eastern Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Sci­ ertheless, evidence exists from elsewhere article. Special thanks to Bradley T. Lepper ence 38(2):1 -35. in the county which suggests that the for providing the documentation of the fluted point found in Harrison County. Vietzen, Raymond C. heavily dissected region of eastern Ohio 1974 The Riker Site. Sugarcreek Valley was never a barrier to prehistoric groups Chapter, Bolivar, Ohio. inhabiting the region. For instance, Hen­ REFERENCES derson et al (1990:4&7) shows Late-Paleo Wallace, Charles B. Allen, Arthur J. 1995 A Report of Excavations at the Old- lanceolates, an Archaic Bevel and Dovetail, 1990 Sugarcreek Valley Chapter Town Indian Burial Ground Harrison a Small Bifurcated Point, several terminal 25 Year History 1961-1986. County, Ohio, June 28-July 14, 1968: A Late Archaic stemmed points, an Adena Archaeological Society of Ohio, Monograph on Local Archaeology Pre­ Stemmed point, and Late Woodland Columbus, Ohio. pared on Behalf of the Harrison County corner notched points found in Harrison Historical Society in January, 1968. Bowen, Jonathan E. County. Allen (1990:165) pictures a collec­ Ohio Archaeologist 45(1):44-53. 1996 Continuities and Changes in Settlement tion found to the west of Cadiz near I Land-Use Patterns and Hafted Lithic Whitman, Janice R. Tappan Lake and another from the Jewett Tool Production I Use Strategies of Peo­ 1976 A Cursory Analysis of Monongahela- area along Conotton Creek. These contain ples of the Ohio Region During the 7th like Traits Appearing in Four Sites in a small hematite , an incurvate base tri­ Millennium BC. Archaeological Society Southeastern Ohio. SPA4C Speaks of Ohio, Upper Sandusky, Ohio. 11(1).

8 N •4 Map 1 (DaRe) Location of the site in relationship to major drainages in eastern Ohio. The elevation of the site on the Dodds farm is 1264 feet ! which is about the average height of the Harhsburg peneplain in this region (Stout and Lamb 1938). The site is located on the most out­ standing physiographic in Ohio, the Flushing escarpment.

n

WHEEUNG

TEN MILES D

Figure 2 (DaRe) Artifacts found on the Dodds farm near Cadiz. (A) Unfluted Fluted Point - Coshocton County flint, (B) Intrusive Mound Point - Coshocton gray flint, (C) intermediate stage biface/ - Coshocton black flint. One of the blade edges shows slight wear, (D) Blade - Coshocton black flint. Wear patterns on three of the sides suggest that it may have been hafted, (E) Archaic comer notched point - Coshocton gray flint, (F) early stage biface/knife - Coshocton black flint (G) drill - Coshocton gray flint, (H) broken stemmed point - Flint Ridge flint, (I) Late Woodland comer notched point - Coshocton black flint, (J) Late Woodland comer notched point - unknown gray flint, (K) Archaic comer-notched point - Coshocton gray flint. figure 7 (DafleJ Artifacts found on the Dodds farm near Cadiz. (A) three- quarter grooved axe, (B) historic period clay pipe. The axe is made of green­ stone and dates to the Archaic period (Converse 1973).

Figure 4 (DaRe) The Unfluted Fluted Point (Converse 1994:10-11) is a type that has been geochronologically dated to about 9000 B.C. at the Holcombe site in Macomb County, Michigan (Fitting et al 1966). More recently, a similar artifact was found in an erosion channel beneath the Eppley Rockshelter #1 in Coshocton County (Brush and Peterson 1998) which has a dated feature there at Figure 3 (DaRe) Reverse view of artifacts found on the Dodds farm near Cadiz. 12,185 B.P. HARRISON COUNTY CHERT by Tony DeRegnaucourt Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum 106 West North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304

Harrison County chert is one of the William H. Holmes in 1919. It occurs in cortex of the nodule is often included on most popular lithic materials ever utilized the St. Genevieve Limestone Formation of the edge of stone tools made from its by the prehistoric Indians of the Midwest. the Blue River Group, Valmeyeran Series, nodules. The cortex is often left on the Harrison County flint outcrops in Harrison Mississippian System (Tankersley 1989 base or tips of points manufactured of County, Indiana along the Ohio River in and Seeman 1975). It occurs most com­ this material. extreme south-central Indiana. It also out­ monly as small to large cannonball nod­ A highly patinated artifact of Harrison crops in neighboring Crawford County, ules eroding out of the bedrock in fields County chert may often weather to a yel­ Indiana to the west and also across the and stream beds. Small tabular bedded lowish or greenish tint, but the dark grey Ohio River in Meade County, Kentucky. lenses of it also rarely occur in the color is most common. Despite the high Harrison County chert is also known as bedrock, but the nodules predominate. quality of this material, it is not trans­ Indiana Hornstone, Wyandotte chert, and The chert is a medium to very dark grey parent. Banding occurs on some pieces Kentucky Blue (DeRegnaucourt and and very homogenous in composition, of chert and the prehistoric Indians often Georgiady 1998:109). The chert was first making it a very high quality, knappable incorporated the center of the nodule in formally described archaeologically by material. The white or yellow chalky outer their artifact designs, giving the object a

10 bullseye appearance that is highly desired Many Clovis Fluted points are found of Summarizing, Harrison County is one of by collectors. Occasional geodes or vugs this material in the Midwest and as far the most important materials ever used occur in some pieces of this chert. Fossils away as western New York, south to by the prehistoric Indians in the Midwest, are rare in most specimens, but an occa­ Tennessee and Alabama, and west to East, and Southern U.S. It was used sional sponge spicule or coral appears in Missouri. All periods of the Archaic are throughout all prehistoric time periods some artifacts (DeRegnaucourt and Geor- represented by heavy Harrison County with emphasis on the Terminal Late diady 1998:110). utilization. Early Archaic points of the Kirk Archaic Period and the Early and Middle This chert has the greatest distribution and Bifurcate Traditions are common Woodland Periods. Adena and Hopewell of any prehistoric material in the Midwest throughout the Midwest. The Middle and artifacts manufactured from this beautiful and Eastern United States. Only the Late Archaic Periods are less well repre­ grey chert are plentiful. The author would famous Flint Ridge deposits from eastern sented with most specimens found in like to hear from all collectors and archae­ Ohio compare to it. Harrison County chert southern Indiana and northern Kentucky. ologists who have found Harrison County has been found on prehistoric sites from The biggest utilization of the Harrison chert artifacts from over 200 miles away Vermont in New England, the Delmarva County chert quarries occurred during the from the quarry area in the Louisville, area in Chesapeake Bay, southwards to Terminal Late Archaic Period represented Kentucky area. It is important in deter­ Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama; westward by Turkey Tail points. It is a great mys­ mining trade organization during prehis­ to Kansas City, Missouri and as far north tery, but apparently over 99% of all turkey toric times. as Ontario, Canada. Of course, the heart­ tail points found in the Midwest are made land of the distribution is southern Indiana of this chert. In fact, artifacts from this and northern Kentucky. period which dates from about 1500 to Similar looking cherts include the Don- 1,000 B.C. appear to be exclusively made REFERENCES CITED gola/Cobden series from southwestern Illi­ of Harrison County chert to the exclusion nois and Sonora flint from southern of all other materials. This suggests a high DeRegnaucourt, Tony, and Jeff Georgiady Kentucky. Both of these cherts are also level of trade and organization of the out­ 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. from the St. Genevieve Formation and are crop areas of southern Indiana and UMVARM Occasional Monographs in geological cousins to Harrison County northern Kentucky by the peoples making Archaeology, No. 7. Arcanum, Ohio. Chert. Sonora generally has a reddish or Turkeytail points. In fact, I have never purplish hue or caste and many more fos­ seen a genuine turkey tail point made of Holmes, William H. sils and vugs. The Dongola/Cobden Series any other material other than Harrison 1919 Handbook of Aboriginal American is virtually indistinguishable and occurs pri­ County chert. This is truly remarkable Antiquities Part 1: The Lithic Studies. marily in southern Illinois. Provenience is when one considers that these points Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin often the only way to distinguish between show up in Michigan, Ontario, western 60. Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. Harrison County and Cobden/Dongola New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Ken­ Seeman, Mark (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998:110). tucky, Tennessee and West Virginia. 1975 Prehistoric Chert Quarries and Work­ Some examples of Pipe Creek, Holland, Utilization of Harrison County remains shops of Harrison County, Indiana. Elco, Stanford, and Delaware cherts can high during the Early Woodland Adena Indiana Archaeology Bulletin, Indiana emulate Harrison County when a small Period and the Middle Woodland Historical Bureau, Indianapolis. piece of grey material is observed, but they Hopewell Period, with many Adena ovate usually lack the cortex and the homo­ Tankersley, Kenneth B. stemmed points and Snyders points man­ geneity of Harrison County. 1989 A Close Look at the Big Picture: Early ufactured from Harrison County chert. Paleo-lndian Lithic Procurement in the Prehistoric utilization of Indiana Horn- Usage tapers off during Late Woodland Midwestern U.S. in Paleo-lndian Lithic stone occurred during all periods begin­ and and Mississippian Resource Use, edited by Chris Ellis and ning with the Paleo-indian and lasting Periods except locally in northern Ken­ J. Lathrop, Westview Press, Boulder, until EuroAmerican contact in the 1600s. tucky and southern Indiana. Colorado.

11 SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE PHILLIP V. SMITH MOUND by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

The future of many archaeological sites the flat bottom pits was organic in nature, blocked end limestone pipe (Figure 1) was including those with significant is darker in color than the mound fill, and found. Both of the burials were covered often subject to the conscience and con­ very compact.These features were with dirt and then pieces of bark, all of servation interests of developers of resi­ studied in detail because of their subter­ which was burned to a dark red color. dential and industrial properties. Such ranean location beneath the bulldozed Finally, a huge amount of dark humus was was the plight of the Phillip Smith (also surface of the mound site. piled on top of the features forming the known as the Chevington Woods mound Baby determined the Phillip Smith majority of the secondary mound mantle. (33 Fa-37) which was being bulldozed mound had been built in two stages with A number of utilitarian artifacts were into oblivion in the spring of 1970. The the first or primary stage containing four recovered including a variety of flint surrounding home site was being leveled burials. The burials were poorly preserved objects. (Figure 2) Among the specimens and the 7 foot high, 100 foot diameter probably because of water damage from are a classic Adena preform blade sur­ Adena mound had already been sliced in abundant rodent holes. Two of the four rounded by several non-diagnostic half, pending its final total destruction. were prone inhumations. expanded base points. This suggests This destruction was occurring despite The mound remnant was examined by possible Hopewell influence at the site. the fact that the mound had been pre­ staking out 5 foot squares starting at the Figure 3 shows several of the numerous served for years as an important archaeo­ outward edge. It was determined the sub- "Fayette Thick" potsherds found in sev­ logical landmark in the local community. mound oval structure had been torn down eral clusters in the mound fill. A number Fortunately, through the tardy but suc­ and a mound had been constructed in of small drilled shell beads and a partial cessful intervention of the property two stages above the feature. This con­ ocean shell dipper are illustrated in Figure owner, an arrangement was made with clusion was verified by the placement of 4. Several turkey bone awls are shown in The Ohio Historical Society to conduct a burial 4, an extended adult male, which Figure 5. Shown in Figure 6 are a pitted salvage excavation of the remaining half was placed in a shallow depression that sandstone grinding tool, a piece of a of the structure. intruded into one of the post molds. Burial sandstone abrader and a finely crafted granite . The mound was located in a new sub­ 3, an adolescent, was close by lying face division called Chevington Woods off down on a layer of bark (a diagnostic Baby estimated the Phillip Smith State Route 204 in Pickerington, Ohio. It Adena burial feature). Additional bark was mound was built during the middle to late was examined in the summer of 1970 by used as a covering material. These were Adena era, circa 100BC to 300AD. Based Raymond Baby, Society Curator of the only burials encased in the VA foot on the excavated flint objects the writer Archaeology assisted by Steven Koleszar, high primary mound structure. suggests a later terminal Adena date for Field Archaeologist. They were joined in Later, two more burials were placed on this mound. the project by ten of Baby's anthropology the upper surface of the primary mound It is unfortunate that so many Adena students at The Ohio State University in requiring the addition of the secondary mounds such as Phillip Smith have been Columbus. Archaeological work began in . Both were placed on bark mat­ carelessly erased from the landscape by June and was completed some ten ting and were covered with additional developers lacking the knowledge or weeks later. layers of bark. Burial 1 was an adult male interest in preserving our prehistoric past. Major mound features included an oval extended on its back and to its right was It also seems ironic that in our con­ sub floor post mold pattern measuring 54 another extended adult male, burial 2, tentious world where destruction of feet (east-west) by 39 feet (north-south). placed in a prone position. Beneath the archaeological monuments is cause for This pattern was described as an "arbor" pelvis of the latter was a quadriconcave concerted opposition, sites like this one or "roofless enclosure" by Baby. At least two hole copper gorget. The gorget are regarded as relatively minor obstacles eight storage/refuse pits were found in reportedly had concave corners. The to be almost casually removed. the enclosure. Each contained significant writer could not locate this specimen The writer would like to express his amounts of charcoal which was com­ among the stored collection materials at appreciation to Martha Otto and The Ohio bined with silt and burned earth in the The Ohio Historical Society. Beneath the Historical Society for assistance while upper portions of each pit. The earth in knees of the burial, a broken and reworked preparing this article.

12 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Blocked end Adena tubular pipe, limestone, found with buhal 2. Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Grouping of flint tools including Adena blade & Hopewell influence points.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) "Fayette Thick" grit tempered Adena potsherds. Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Drilled shell beads and ocean shell dipper.

|r

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Wild turkey bone awls. figure 6 (Gehlbach) Pitted sandstone grinding tool, sandstone abrading stone & granite adze.

13 PORTAGE RIVER PENTAGONALS by Gene and Tim Edwards Berlin Heights, Ohio

After hunting the Portage River area for be the source or site of these points. This north of this site. There is a close likeness 30 years my son, Tim, and I have assem­ proposed island would have been sur­ to Bloomville chert, but we think it is of a bled nine pentagonal points from an area rounded by the Little Portage River. different source. We hope to do an article between the Little Portage and the Since this island is on the Little Portage in the future on three collections of this Petersen site on the east shore of the wildlife area we have not investigated fur­ strange flint; no name or source as of this Portage River in Ottawa County, Ohio. We ther. Being that there is little known about date but promise to pursue this further. believe this area is part of the old river this point type and time period, maybe bed of the Little Portage River with an future archaeologists will find this report References cited: estimated date between 4000 to 5000 BC and investigate further regarding the Robert N. Converse (Converse). seven points shown, The points range Ohio Flint Types At this time the river bed could have from 2V*." long to 4" long x \W wide. The Pages 86 to 89 been in the area of our find. Inland from flint type is Bloomville chert. Tony DeRegnaucourt and Jeff Georgiady the river is a 3 foot rise which appears to The remaining two points not pictured Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest have been an island at one time. This may are of a chert type from the island area pages 30 to 33

Figure 1 (Edwards) Portage River pentagonals from Ottawa Co., Ohio. Photo by Tony Clinton

14 THE UGLY BANNER by Gene R. Edwards Berlin Heights, Ohio

My Son, Timothy Edwards, obtained a when he started poring through the banner The moral of this story is not all arti­ banner Stone in 1997. When he brought stone book by Knoblock and then the facts are perfect, as one would imagine it home he was very proud of his new Stone Ornaments book by Warren Moore- them to be. acquisition. After looking it over I didn't head. After two or three hours he let out a think it was any good. I couldn't imagine yell that woke everyone with "I Found It"!!! References prehistoric man making something ugly You would have thought he had just been Warren K. Moorehead which was supposed to be beautiful. The surface hunting and found a great artifact. Stone Ornaments wings were of different size, and had Sure enough there it was on Page 422 a rough next to the tube. wing banner from Marion, Ohio found in Byron W. Knoblock Banner Stones of the It was put to rest until Thanksgiving Day Hancock County Ohio. North American Indian

Figure 1 (Edwards) Winged from Hancock County, Ohio.

"5 THE MILL CREEK PICTOGRAPH by John R. White Department of Sociology/Anthropology Youngstown State University • 330-783-2484 The Mill Creek Pictograph turned up in Figure A portrays a long-striding male (we from nearby. They are even closer per­ my laboratory at YSU after a Ms Kathy B. are assuming they are all males because of haps to the figurines in the rock shelter art of Youngstown, Ohio called me with a the activities in which they are involved) car­ of Cueva de los Caballos (Fig. 6), Cueva request for an interpretation as to what it rying a bow in his left hand and what Remigia, Cingle dela Mola Remigia, and was. The phone description was relatively appears to be a long, oblanceolate shield in Cueva del Civil (Fig. 7) in Castellon, Spain vague: "It looks like there are a bunch of his right. Figure B, standing with legs apart (Bandi1961). stick figures painted on a piece of slate" carries a staff - possibly the remains of (Author's Note: it was actually shale); what was painted as a bow - in his left What is NOT being Suggested "Some of them look like they are a carrying hand. Figure C is an elongated figure - This pictograph is quite problematical - bows and and ;" "How old is twice the length of any other hunter - with a for several reasons, actually. First, the it?" "Who did it?" As is always the case, I or atlatl raised high above his head in casual circumstances of its finding, initial told the caller that there was no way I his right hand and a bow in his extended left lack of recording (including photographs could say much of anything without seeing hand. Figure D is the somewhat faded rep­ taken in situ), and subsequent tardy sub­ the object itself. This was quickly remedied resentation of a man holding what seems mittal for examination - fifteen years after by having her son drop the specimen off likely to be a quiver of arrows in his left hand its finding make its provenience, etc. diffi­ the very same day. She allowed us to keep (Note: it might also represent a strung bow cult, or impossible, to verify. As any the specimen for five days during which with feathers attached to the end). Figure E archaeologist can attest, finding and care­ fully recording a specimen - particularly time it was photographed and carefully is an individual standing alone, weaponless. one as unusual and prominent as this one examined by myself and Dr. Gary F. Fry, Figure F is too unclear to identify other than Professor of Anthropology at Youngstown to say that it looks like the weathered - is crucial to the accurate delineation of State University. remains of a figure of similar body structure context and ultimately to the better under­ to those just described. Figures G and H standing of its origins and the dynamics of The Finding appear to be two men, weaponless, walking how it turned up where it did. Keeping a The pictograph was purportedly recov­ side-by-side. Other markings are more diffi­ specimen under one's bed may be a ered from the bed of a small, unnamed and cult to distinguish. simple way to keep it safe but, like money ephemeral watercourse that debouches in the mattress, it doesn't accrue interest. with Mill Creek near its conflux with the Regional Comparisons Secondly, while the pictographic forms Mahoning River. Shale makes up a good An examination of or pic- are real enough i.e. they are human forms portion of the bedrock of the ravine sides in tographs from Ohio or western Pennsyl­ that were painted on shale sometime in the which the pictograph was recovered and it vania show very few, if any, similarities to past, we don't know who painted them or is a linear fragment of this bedrock from the Mill Creek specimen. In the first how far in the past they were painted. They which the tablet is made. The tablet was place, the regional is, for the certainly have the appearance of being old discovered in the early 1980's, cleaned most part, petroglyphic, i.e. consisting of - but then again, so did the Piltdown skull off, and stashed under the finder's bed figures or symbols which have been and we all know the outcome of that story. where it lay essentially forgotten for some incised or carved into the rock. Nothing Unfortunately, we were not given enough 15 years. A rebirth of interest by the represented in Swauger's extensive time to have any rigorous scientific testing owners in the object led to it being research even comes close to resembling done - although we are not sure just what brought to my attention. this piece (1974; 1984). The Mill Creek we could have done anyway. Again, a tablet is pictographic, to wit, the figures delineated context would have helped Description are painted on, not carved into, the rock here. No one with any sense is going to The shale tablet itself is somewhat surface. To this extent they are more like authenticate a find recovered under these elongated and subrectangular in shape. It the examples found in such abundance kinds of circumstances. measures 90cm along its longest axis; in the American Southwest. Finally, assuming the pictograph is pre­ ranges between 22cm and 32cm in width; Secondly, unlike the regional prefer­ historic, how does one explain the unique and is between 3cm and 5.2cm in thick­ ence for stick figures, handprints, animal nature of the portrayals? How does one ness (Fig. 1). tracks, etc., and abstract symbolism explain pictographs from the Mahoning The figures painted thereon vary in demonstrated by the rock art in the Valley that are more like 4,000-year-old clarity between vivid and barely percep­ Northeast, Middle Atlantic states, and African or 7,000-year-old Spanish rendi­ tible. Figures on one end of the slab - the Midwest, the emphasis with the Mill tions than Native American? We can't. But right end - are much more difficult to make Creek tablet is on muscular line and one thing we are definitely not suggesting out due to the differential weathering and movement. Shoulders, thighs, calves, is that the solitary Mill Creek find is the natural staining taking place there. In all hips, and gleuteus maxima are all treated result of a diffusionary movement of there are seven easily recognizable figures differentially. Movement seems to be an Graebnerian or Kulterkreisian proportions. and three more that are somewhat more integral part of the scene. Let it be emphasized and clearly under­ difficult to make out (Fig. 2). All of the stood - the comparisons are being made bodies are done in black; all of the Extra-Regional Comparisons because that is the way the chips fall and weapons or paraphernalia in red. Of Interestingly, the pictographs recorded NOT to support any hypothesis of a pre­ course the colors have been washed out in dark and red from sites like historic Afro/Iberian connection with the due to exposure. Rock paintings survive Etheldale in the Matatiela District of East Mahoning Valley. because the original medium acts as a Griqualand, South Africa (Fig. 3); or from In short, this pictograph is not like any vehicle through which pigments are incor­ Sebaaini's (Fig. 4) or the Poacher's we have seen for this area. Some readers, porated into the rock (Lee 1991). The black Shelter (Fig. 5) in the Ndidima Valley, of course, may have an entirely different was probably ground charcoal; Natal Drakensberg, South Africa (Coles take on this If so, we welcome their com­ the red derived from red ocher (hematite or and Higgs 1969) are much more like our ments and will pass them on to the arti- iron oxide) (Sanger and Meighan 1990). Mill Creek specimen than are the ones fact's owners.

16 References Cited Bandi, Hans G. 1961 "Rock Art of the Spanish Levant". In Art of the : Forty Thousand Years of Rock Art. (Bandi ef al, eds.), Crown Publishing: New York City. Coles, J.M. and E.S. Higgs 1969 The Archaeology of Early Man. Frederick A. Praeger: New York City. Lee, Georgia 1991 Rock Art and Cultural Resource Management. Wormwood Press: Calabasas, California. Sanger, Kay K. and Clement W. Meighan 1990 Discovering Prehistoric Rock Art. Wormwood Press: Calabasas, California. Swauger, James L. 1974 Rock Art of the Upper Ohio Valley. Akademishe Druck - u. Verlagsanstalt: Graz, Austria. figure 7 (White) Shale tablet purported to have been found near the Mahoning River. 1984 Petroglyphs of Ohio. Ohio University Press: Athens.

Figure 2 (White) Enlargement of tablet.

^Figure 3 (White) Painted pictures from Figure 5 (White) Figure from Poacher's South Africa. Shelter, South Africa.

•4 Figure 6 (White) Figure Figure 4 (White) Figure from Sebaani's Cave, from Castellon, Figure 7 (White) Figure from Castellon, South Africa. Spain. Spain.

17 IS THIS THE VERY FIRST PIPE AXE? by John Baldwin West Olive, Michigan

THE AXE - Cast brass tomahawk HISTORIC DOCUMENTATION - was started in the 1970s for all the items in head, Pipe Axe, (axe with a pipe bowl Charles F. Wray, Archaeologist, associated that collection. This rare pipe axe became a attached for smoking materials), Length with the New York State Museum at cover illustration in the 1995 book Toma­ 5VB inches by VA inches high. It has sev­ Albany, New York, excavated one entire hawks Pipe of the American Frontier by John Baldwin. It was also featured with eral Phase 1 (Pre 1800) features. They cemetery of 190 burials at the Powerhouse its information on pages 76 and 77. are: wide blade at the eye, no spur, long Site. He stated in a 1972 letter to Gordon narrow neck under the bowl, small acorn Hart of Bluffton, Indiana, that, from the HISTORICAL TOMAHAWK INFORMA­ shaped bowl and its overall small size. On Powerhouse Site, he had found many trade TION - Pipe tomahawks are unique to one side of the eye is the monogrammed items, a few stone and pottery pipes, iron North America. No one knows for sure who or how the first pipe tomahawk was made. seal of French King, Louis XIV. In the form axes plus glass and shell beads. In his They span a time period of Indian wars of L XIV over a Crown. On the other side letter, he declared this brass axe authentic from 1710 to 1910. Tomahawks have five of the eye is the bust figure of a wigged and states that he had seen the tomahawk time Phases. Phase I pipe axes are those Frenchman believed to be Louis XIV. pipe as part of Al Smith's Powerhouse first examples that predate 1800 A.D. A THE FRENCH KING - Louis the XIV material and that it was most certainly French. In a later conversation related to study of the known early examples shows was born in 1638 and ascended the that tomahawks possess blacksmith cre­ throne of France at age five. He ruled for Mr. Hart, Charles Wray informed him that another similar pipe axe with a broken bowl ated features unique to themselves. These 73 years from 1643 to the time of his early art traits were not duplicated in their was in a New York museum. Robert E. death in 1715. He was an ambitious King entirety or combination on hawk heads Funk, State Archaeologist at Albany, wrote whose exploits for France included estab­ dating after 1800. In 1710 the first recorded Gordon Hart in 1972 and concluded that lishing trading posts and colonies in the use of the term 'Pipe Tomahawk' was in the brass tomahawk is genuine, of historic New World from Canada to . the written account of Iroquois Chiefs vis­ Both geographic areas speak French origin and is French. On 4-30-1972 the iting Queen Anne in London, England. The today and celebrate their origin heritage. 'Genuine Indian Relic Society' issued Cer­ accounting said, "The Visitors carried their HE DISCOVERED THE TOMAHAWK - tificate of Authenticity Register number B- 'Pipe Tomahawks'". In 1910, just 20 years American Indian, Al Smith, excavated this 15 for this tomahawk pipe axe. Signing the after the last so called American Indian pipe tomahawk head from a refuse certificate were Gray Ladassor, Billy B. wars, a group of Indian delegates visited in 1927. Amateur archaeologist, Bush, John Waggoner Jr. and Charles C. Washington D.C. to see the President. The Smith unearthed it at the Powerhouse (Modoc) Smith all of whom were original newspaper by-line of the accounting read, Site located in the town of Lima, New members of the official authentication com­ "And they carried their Pipe Tomahawks". York. Lima, in Livingston County, is about mittee. In 1979 this axe was pictured on These two dates start and end a period of 30 miles south of Rochester, New York. pages 234-235 of Harts Prehistoric Pipe time, 200 years of American history, when The Powerhouse Site was one of the Rack by Gordon Hart, listing most of the the pipe tomahawk held great meaning for main villages of the Seneca - Iroquois above information. All the papers of docu­ its owner. and was occupied approximately from mentation are in The Hart Collection Docu­ 1640to1660A.D. ment folder #B15, an archive record that CONCLUSION - The facts to establish this pipe axe head as the very first are strong and speak for themselves. Found on an early Seneca - Iroquois Indian, 1640-1660 village site, the site and these tribes were influenced by the French, prov­ able by written historical record and the recorded associated French excavated goods. Louis XIV was king of France during the active occupation of the Power­ house sites dates. He was King during the first printed words 'Pipe Tomahawk' in 1710. Pipe axes seemingly would have been in use prior to their descriptive words being used in print. This axe's created art form features fit the earliest Phase 1 rules. It is likely that this axe head was NOT a later commemorative. Due to politics, commemoratives were usually not issued very long after a ruling predecessor's death. Louis XIV died in 1715, so if it were cast and issued in his honor it would have been close to the date of his death. Was this pipe axe taken from a French officer and then buried to hide any evidence of a murder? Was this pipe axe presented to a Seneca - Iroquois chief as symbol of an alliance with France? Either is very likely. In conclusion, we have what may very well be the first Pipe Axe Tomahawk in figure 1 (Baldwin) Obverse and reverse figure 2 (Baldwin) Obverse and reverse America. Thanks to the French! of pipe tomahawk from New York. of markings on tomahawk.

18 THE MCDONALD HIGH SCHOOL GROUND STONE TOOLS COLLECTION by John R. White Department of Sociology/Anthropology Youngstown State University Archaeologists and other scholars are McDonald High School, McDonald, Ohio. Although the description does at one always in need of data with which to Principal Blonerz called and asked point say "[I] was given many pieces compare their own findings. Although whether or not we might be able to bring picked up by friends and relatives in Lib­ some very useful descriptive data is avail­ some kind of order to the chaotic mass of erty, Weathersfield, and Austintown able through books, journal articles, and prehistoric artifacts which had been sit­ Townships" and at another "The writer museum collections - the latter, however, ting, unlabeled, for almost twenty years in picked up the very small arrows 'bird often restricted to but a chosen few - the glass display cases of the school points' {sic} around the area now occu­ most data, particularly artifactual, is not library. The job was passed on to a team pied by the Syro Steel Company" nothing so easy to attain. Cached neatly away in of readily available and highly motivated more specific is given in the way of private dens or otherwise inaccessible, archaeology students - Dan Berecek, provenience. It is always sad to a serious cloistered repositories, the often informa- Mike Kenneally, and Jason Watkins - archaeologist to see specificity of loca­ tionally important as well as aesthetically who, under my supervision, identified, tion ignored by the casual collector. It is pleasing artifacts are known to only a catalogued, labeled, and arranged in an such an easily attainable and undeniably few. Scholars are denied access not so orderly fashion the more than 140 arti­ important attribute. much by the closefisted, niggardly facts making up the collection. If we take the original collector at his behavior of the curator as by the simple word, the artifacts - with the exception of lack of knowledge that the collections The Collection's History one large stone pick which he attests even exist. This short descriptive article is The artifacts in question were donated was given to him by a retired policeman, an attempt to partially remedy this to the school in November 1972 by Mr. James Diddier, who got it from an exca­ scholastic shortcoming. M. Gilbert Miller. They had been collected vator of Grant's Tomb in New York City in The ground stone tools described by (and given to) him since he was a boy 1897 - all come from the Girard-Liberty- herein were first brought to the author's in the area in 1902. A short, single-page McDonald-Niles-Youngstown area, or attention by Mr. Bob Blonerz, principal of description of the collection followed it. simply the Greater Youngstown area. I

Adzes •^ Figure 1 (White) A ground with a polished, thin, broad, beveled bit or poll. Used for shaping and working wood, these , or celts as they are often called, vary between rectangular and subrectangular (tapering) in plan view and between plano-convex and biconvex in longitudinal cross-section.

No.: 43 Length: 4.8-23.6cm Width: 2.3-7.4cm Thickness: 1.0-4.6cm Plan View Shape: Rectangular 30 (Fig. 1a, d, and f) Subtriangular (Tapering): 12 (Fig. 1c and e) Phallic: 1 (Fig 1b) Remarks: 1. Eighteen (18) show signs of battering on the proximal end, or heel, consistent with their use in conjunction with a or mallet-like tool. 2. One specimen was Lamoka-like having a polished flute running the length of its dorsal surface. Fig.1 3. Materials consist of granite, slate and hematite.

19 Fig. 2 Axes •4 Figure 2 (White) A heavy tool shaped with the cutting edge parallel to the haft, or handle. Often made from granite or other A dense and compact material, axes are usually symmetrical in cross-section and are either fully or partially grooved in order to . accommodate hatting. m M A total of 20 axes of five basic types made up the McDonald collection. L , rV; TYPe '" Three-Ouarter-Grooved Axe. The hatting groove is present on the top and side but absent from the underside which is flat. There are three ^^ ^T subtypes based on size: A. large; B, medium and C. small. I b Subtype A. (Fig. 2a): (N-3), ML=18.3cm; MW=6.3cm; MH=8.4cm Subtype B (Fig. 2bj. (N=2), ML=14.2cm; MW=6.2cm; MH=8.2cm a Subtype C (Fig 2c): (N=2), ML=10.2cm: MW=5.2cm; MH=5.9cm

• g^ Remarks: As a rule these axes are more finely made than the fully-grooved specimens. The ungrooved underside may have accommodated a wedge u-4 for tightening the hatting thongs. I ^P Type 2- Fully-Grooved Axes. The hatting groove completely enemies the axe There are three subtypes based on size: A. large: B, medium; and C, small. • Subtype A. (Fig. 2d): (N=2), ML=19.2cm; MW=5.0cm; MH=10.7cm Subtype B (Fig. 2e): (N=7), ML=12.4cm; MW=4.4cm; MH=7.1cm Subtype C (Fig 21): (N=1), ML=8.3cm; MW=3.2cm; MH=5.3cm Type 3 - Half-Grooved Axe. (Fig. 2g): The hatting groove appears on the broad lateral sides but not on the upper or undersides. The single specimen was 15.6cm long, 5.5cm wide and 5.9cm in height. Remarks: The specimen is relatively crude and asymmetrical. ft.S Type 4 - Double-Grooved Axe. (Fig. 2h): Two grooves, parallel to one another, completely encircle the axe. The single specimen is 10.6cm long, 3.3cm wide, and 6.6cm in height. Remarks: This granite specimen is extremely well-made. Type 5 - Miniature Axe. (Fig. 2i): A very small axe. fully grooved, and extremely well made. This single specimen is 6.1cm long, 2.5cm wide, and 3.9cm in height.. Remarks: So-called miniature axes are invariably less than 8cm long and 2cm wide. It has been suggested that these rare artifacts served as toys rather than functioning axes. It might also be added that these artifacts often turn out to be fraudulent. Rs-3 or Atlatl Weights ^^^^^M ^^Mbw H -4 Figure 3 (White) Stone weights made in various forms which are attached to. and used to counterbalance, the spearthrower ^^•i^» ^^1^^^ or atlatl. They may either be slid on or tied to the backshaft of the atlatl. a A total of 20 bannerstones of eight basic types make up the McDonald collection. ^•^^^^ fll^^hd TVPe 1 - Bedstones. (Fig. 3a): The shape of these bannerstones resemble a bird. (N=3), ML=10.7cm; MW=2.4cm: MH=4.9cm d i Type 2 - Boatstones. (Fig. 3c) In shape these bannerstones resemble a boat. There are two subtypes based on length: A. short and B. long. - -- -i- Z£ c Subtype A. (N=1). L=10.1cm; W=3.3cm; H=2.0cm Subtype B (N=3), ML=13.3cm; MW=3.2cm; MH=2.7cm ^^ ^ Type 3 - Knobbed Bannerstones. (Fig. 3d): These bannerstones have a knob on the dorsal (top) surface, approximately at the midpoint. ^^L^L ^fe^^ ^^^ (N=2),ML=10.6cm; MW=2.5cm: MH=3.5cm B ^^^P Type 4 - Winged Bannerstones. These bannerstones are constricted in the middle and have two. broad, wing-like projections. There are three ^^•^^ ^W ^^ e subtypes based on size: A. small; B. medium; and C. large. g ' Subtype A. (Fig. 3el. {H=1). L=7.8cm: W=4.1cm; H=1.6cm Subtype B (Fig 3$ (N=3). MU12.2cm; MW=5.3cm; MH=1.6cm Remarks: One specimen is a blank. Subtype C (Fig3g): (N=1). L=11.3cm; W=9.5cm; H=3.9cm Type 5 - Geniculaled Bannerstone. These bannerstones resemble a bended knee or elbow. There are two subtypes based on length: A. short: ' and B. long. Subtype A. (Fig. 3h): (N=1), L=5.2cm; W=2.3cm; H=7.2cm Subtype B (Fig 31): (N»1), L=11.2cm: W=2.1cm; H=6.6cm Type 6-Saddleback Bannerstone. (Fig. 3k): These bannerstones are defined by a shallow to deep concavity or "saddle" on the dorsal surface. (N=2), ML=6.1cm; MW=5.0cm; MH=2.5cm Type 7 - Knobbed-Bar Bannerstone. (Fig. 3j): These bannerstones have a distinct knob or flange at each end of the stone. This single specimen was 10.3cm long. 2.7cm wide, and 3.2 cm in height. Type 8 - Lunate Bannerstone. (Fig. 3b): These bannerstones are flat-bottomed and biconvex in plan view. This single specimen was 5.6cm long, 2.0cm wide, and 3.0 cm in height. Fig. 4 -4Figure 4 (White) Pitted Stones A biscuit-shaped tool with a small depression or pit. Pitted or dimpled stones may have been used as small milling stones for paints or cosmetics. Some have suggested that they were used to facilitate the cracking of acorns and nuts. One (1) pitted stone (Fig. 41) was among the McDonald collection. It measured 10.8cm x 8.9cm and was 5.4cm in thickness or height. Stone Wedges Heavy stone tools tapered for use in splitting wood. Two stone wedges make up the McDonald collection (Fig 4j). ML=30.0cm; MW=5.3cm: MH=3.9cm Remarks: Could have been used as gouges. Net Weights A round rock used to sink and hold fishing nets to the floor of a hver or lake. They normally are notched, grooved or perfo­ rated to secure the fish net lines. A total of 6 net weights of three basic types make up the McDonald collection. Type 1-Ovate. Grooved Weights. (Fig. 4f): (No=2), ML=6.1cm; MW=4.7cm Remarks: One specimen may be an abrading stone. Type 2-Ovate. Pertorated Weights. (Fig. 4g): (No=3), ML=4.9cm; MW=5 0cm Remarks: These three specimens are biconically drilled. b c Type 3-Ovate. Notched and Perforated Weights. (Fig. 4h): This specimen is 5.9cm long and 2.7cm in width. Stone Balls Ground stone spheres which may have seen use as missiles for hunting or as hammer or grinding stones. A total of 2 sub-circular stone balls (Fig. 4k) make up the McDonald collection. Specimen One measures 7.4cm x 7.3cm; Specimen Two measures 7.1cm x 6.7cm. Goraefs A thin, usually rectangular, polished stone, generally made from slate. They often have two or three holes drilled through them in order to allow for the suspension by a string or leather strip. They are probably worn around the neck. A total of 12 gorgets of four basic types make up the McDonald collection. Type 1- Trapezoidal-Shaped Gorgets. These are gorgets with two parallel sides and two non-parallel sides. There are two subtypes based on the number of holes drilled: A. double-holed; B. multiple-holed. Subtype A. (Fig. 4a): (N=3), ML=11.4cm; MW=5.0cm; Subtype B (Fig. 4b): (N=2). ML=9.4cm; MW=4.5cm Type 2- Ovate Gorgets. These gorgets are biconvex or ovate in plan view. (N=3), ML=11 1cm; MW=3.5cm Type 3- Bow-tie-Shaped Gorgets. (Fig. 4d): These specimens are biconcave, or "bow-tie-shaped." in plan view. (N=3), ML=8.6cm: MW=4.8cm Type4- Reel-Shaped Gorgets. (Fig. 4e): These specimens are slightly concave on their long sides and deeply concave at each end. (N=1). L=9.3cm; W=5.0cm

20 Pendants •4Figure 5 (White) A thin, polished stone ornament of different forms, often made from slate, which is worn decora- tively around the neck. A total of 18 pendants of six basic types make up the McDonald collection. Type 1 - Sub-rectangular, Single-holed Pendant. There are three subtypes based on plan view shape: A, trapezoidal; B, convex sides; and C, concave sides.

Subtype A. (Fig. 5a): (N=4), ML-13.3cm; MW=4.8cm Ill Subtype B (Fig. 5b): (N=2), ML=9.8cm; MW=4.1cm Remarks: One pendant is incomplete. Subtype C (Fig 5c): (N-2), ML=11.0cm; MW=4.8cm Type2-0vate, Single-holed Pendant (Fig. 5d) (N=4), ML=11.7cm; MW=5.3cm Remarks: One specimen seems to be a preform (unfinished). Type 3-Pentagonal-shaped, Single-holed Pendant (Fig. 5e) (N=3), ML=8.8cm; MW=4.7cm

Type4- "T'-shaped, Single-holed Pendant (Fig. 5f) (N=1), L=9.9cm; W=3.9cm V ii: ft Type 5-Sub-triangular, Single-holed Pendant (Fig. 5g) (N=1), L=10.5cm; W=5.6cm e f 9 Type 6 - Sub-circular, Double-holed Pendant (Fig. 5h) (N=1), L=6.7cm; W=5.3cm I • Remarks: This specimen has etching on obverse face and a serrated edge. d^ h Stone Pipes •4 Figure 6 (White) Soapstone pipes were usually smoked during ceremonies or on ritual occasions. They come in multifarious shapes, many being carved in the shape of animals and birds. A total of 8 stone pipes of six basic types make up the McDonald collection.

Type 1 - Straight-Based Platform Pipe. (Fig. 6a): This single-specimen (N=1), L=10.8cm; W=3.8cm; H=6.0cm

Type2-ElbowPipe. There are two subtypes based on size: A, small; and B, large.

Subtype A. (Fig. 6b): (N=1), L=5.9cm; W=1.6cm; H=3.3cm

Subtype B (Fig. 6c): (N=1), L=9.0cm; W=3.8cm; H=6.2cm

Type 3 - Vasiform Pipe. (Fig. 6d): (N-1), L=6.6cm; W=5.2cm; H=7.5cm

Type 4 - Calumet Pipe. (Fig. 6e|(l\l=1), L=7.3cm; W=2.0cm; H=3.4cm Remarks: The bowl has been broken off of this pipe. It dates to the Late Prehistoric period.

Type 5- Tubular Pipe. (Fig. 6f): (N«2), ML=7.7cm; MW=2.7cm; MH=2.5cm J Remarks: One specimen has been broken

Type 6-Axe-Shaped Pipe. (Fig. oft); (N-1), L=5.3cm; MW=2.1cm; MH=3.2cm

•

M Figure 7 (White) A dense, hard, ovate to round stone tool used to crack seeds, etc. or for the removing of primary flakes in the making of various flake stone tools. A single ovate hammerstone (not pictured) made up the McDonald collection. It measured 7.1cm x 5.3cm.

Mauls Heavy stone tools, generally spherical in shape, and used for hammering or bashing. They may be ungrooved or grooved with the later ones being fully-grooved. A total of 4 mauls of two basic types make up the McDonald collection. Type 1 - Three-Ouarter-Grooved Maul. (Fig. 7f): This specimen has its hatting groove %'s of the way around the circumference. (N=2), ML=7.2cm; MW=5.4cm; MH=5.6cm. Type 2 - Fully-Grooved Maul. (Fig. 7g): The groove completely encircles the maul. (N«2), ML=8.4cm; MW=6.6cm; MH=5.6cm.

Mortars Stone bowls which are used in combination with a stone pestle to grind seeds or nuts. They come in all sizes and may be deep or shallow. A total of 3 mortars of two basic types make up the McDonald collection. Type 1 -Bowl Mortar: (Fig. 7h): Bowl-like mortars formed from a stone spheroid. The single specimen is 13.5cm long, 12.7cm wide, and 9.6cm in height.

Type 2 - Discoidal Mortar (Fig. 7i): Shallow mortar formed in a flat, round stone. (N=2), ML=13.2cm; MW=11.4cm; MH=4.5cm.

21 DISC PIPES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

The disc pipe is a specialized type of tubular body. The bowl cavity is small - are not plentiful. A number of them have pipe which made its appearance some­ extremely so in many case - and would been broken and repaired or the broken time during the protohistoric period and not hold a thimble full of smoking material. parts ground away often leaving little of the may date as early as 1400A.D. (Witthoft The front, or prow, projects forward from disc. They have been excavated from pre- 1953 - 92). Disc pipes are among the few the disc and the end is usually decorated Iroquoian sites in the east and have been artifacts which span the late prehistoric - with notches. Nearly every disc pipe is found as far west as Missouri. Witthoft historic time period. engraved, often with lightly incised believed that they were part of a calumet There are a number of attributes which zigzag lines. These can be on the under­ ritual in which they became symbols of are usually present in disc pipes. Most of side of the disc or along the sides of the peace (Witthoft 1953 - 99). them are made of catlinite from Minnesota tube or both. Occasionally disc pipes are which indicates a trade network of some decorated with engraved mythical ani­ Reference kind that was in operation in late prehistoric mals. The stem hole, which is sometimes and early historic times. Although catlinite just below the edge of the disc, was 1953 Witthoft, John Micmac Pipes, Vase-Shaped Pipes, is the prevalent stone, they can be made of made to accommodate the insertion of a and Calumets limestone, steatite, pipestone or slate - but wood or reed stem. Pennsylvania Archaeologist - slate is rare. The bowl is made of a flat­ Disc pipes are found over a large part of Vol XXII Nos. 3-4 tened disc mounted on top of a bar-like the eastern United States although they Honesdale, PA

Figure 1 (Converse) Disc pipes made of catlinite. Top, Mahoning County, Ohio, middle, Benton County, Missouri and bottom, Columbiana County, Ohio.

22 3 A LARGE /4 GROOVED AXE by Richard Sisson Columbus, Ohio

Many fine large axes have been archaeological excavations. The 9'A Editor of the Ohio Archaeologist, who found in Ohio. All of them have been inch axe was found in Montgomery lived in Dayton. It is made of greenish- plowed to the surface by farmers - County, Ohio, and was originally col­ gray diorite and is smoothly finished. very few axes have ever come from lected by H.C. Wachtel, one-time

23 HOPEWELL ARCHAEOASTRONOMY: A LOOK AT THE DARK SIDE by William F. Romain 26933 Greenbrooke Drive Olmsted Township, Ohio 44138

"In this regard I would caution the reader statements such as, "the evidence is that and collated in some fashion, usually to adhere to a maxim once issued by the Hopewell people could determine true based on a theory. Scientific progress Warren McCullock: 'Do not bite my finger; north by the North Star" (Marshall 1978:31) and understanding has always been look to where I am pointing." and elsewhere, "the data make it clear the dependent on theories - quantum theory, -Pribram, in Laszlo, 1995 Hopewell people were able to determine relativity theory, gravity theory, and so on. true north by the North Star" (Marshall Moreover, Marshall is confused in failing From 1987 through 1998, I published a 1987:36). The fact is that due to an effect to recognize that his efforts are replete with series of articles mostly in the Ohio known as precession, in Hopewell times, numerous theories. Among Marshall's pet Archaeologist, dealing with Adena and the North Star (i.e., Polaris) was several theories, for example, are that the Hopewell: Hopewell interests in astronomy, geom­ degrees away from its current position and 1) established true north by the North Star; etry, measuring, and time-keeping. More would not have been a useful indicator of 2) incorporated the Fibonacci number series recently, I have been further exploring true north. More likely is that the Hopewell into their earthworks; 3) recognized pi; 4) uti­ some of the ideas found in my past arti­ used either a variation of the sun shadow- lized a unit of length that was brought here cles, as well as pursuing new avenues of stick method or equinox positions to by "some small group...(who) must have research. The result of these recent establish the cardinal directions. In any made the trip from Mexico" (Marshall efforts is a forthcoming book entitled event, Marshall (1999:32) goes on to tell us 1978:31); and 5) utilized some sort of grand Mysteries of the Hopewell: Astronomers, that he has personally surveyed more than design plan esoterically known to Marshall Geometers, and Magicians of the Eastern 225 sites. Based on these surveys, Mar­ as a "cryptographic overlay." If anyone Woodlands. Published by the University shall (1995:4) also tells us that: knows what a cryptographic overlay is, of Akron Press, this book will be available ...astronomical alignments claimed please tell me. Given these theories, Mar­ this spring. It can be previewed by going to have been found on these sites shall then does precisely what he accuses to the web page for the University of by archaeoastronomers either do me of - which is to identify examples and Akron Press at http://uakronpress.org. not exist in the first place...or if such data that support his theories. As to my early articles, responses have alignments do exist, were not the Let us now look at Marshall's specific been mostly supportive and enthusiastic. intent of the prehistoric builders. criticisms as per his 1999 article. However, on the dark side, a couple of indi­ The problem with this statement is that viduals have been unhappy with my efforts. it is pure rhetoric and meaningless. Since The Map (Romain 1987) By far, my most vocal detractor has been Marshall fails to identify what sites he In this section, Marshall criticizes me self-appointed critic James A. Marshall. looked at and what methods of astro­ for providing too much detail as to how I Marshall has made it a point to stand up at nomical analysis he used to arrive at this made my Serpent Mound map. Marshall professional conferences and criticize my conclusion, what he has presented us (1999:32) then says that my map "could work. He has written articles criticizing my with is an untestable criticism. Marshall's have been much better." work (Marshall 1999, 1995). And he has statement rises to nothing more than an I admit it, I did in fact provide a one even written to me personally, telling me I assertion - something we are supposed and a half page explanation of how I should stop publishing. In truth, Marshall to believe without seeing the data. made the map; and yes, the map could seems obsessed. From his writings it is Marshall's statement is revealing have been better. Guilty as charged. apparent that he is not on a search for the though, in the sense that now we know In my defense, however, I provided a truth. Rather, he is on some sort of personal that he comes to the table with a precon­ detailed explanation so that my methods mission - a mission to discredit and destroy. ceived bias that astronomical alignments would be clear and most importantly, As to why this might be, my sense is that were not intentionally designed or incor­ reproducible. As to the charge that the map Marshall is uncomfortable with the fact that porated into the prehistoric earthworks of could have been better - well, if Marshall I have offered alternative explanations and the eastern United States. believes he can make a better map then, interpretations for the astronomy and This is a tremendously prejudicial he should immediately go out and do so. geometry of the Hopewell earthworks - notion and basically guarantees that Mar­ which for years, he believed was his exclu­ shall will not acknowledge evidence that Geometry at the Serpent Mound sive intellectual domain. I think he views is contrary to his preconceived beliefs. In (Romain 1988a) my efforts as a personal affront. other words, because Marshall's world It is true that in 1988, I proposed that a Be that as it may, I feel I should answer does not include prehistoric astronomical unit of length equal to 126.4 feet is evident in Marshall's criticisms, in order to set the alignments, or several other related con­ the Serpent Mound. In this case, Marshall record straight. In answering Marshall, I will cepts, he naturally concludes that they will be pleased to know that I agree with him generally follow the outline of his 1999, do not exist. Marshall's judgmental error in that the 126.4 ft. unit of length is not the Ohio Archaeologist article, with occasional is reminiscent of the quote attributed to best fit. As it turns out, I have found that references to some of his earlier writings. Laurel Lee: "I know I'm not seeing things lesser multiples of the 1,053 ft. Hopewell unit In his 1999 article, Marshall (1999:32) as they are, I'm seeing things as I am." of length occur throughout the effigy. More­ starts out by claiming years of experience The next astounding statement made over, these lesser units of length are laid out as a civil engineer. Although this back­ by Marshall (1999:32) is that "This so that they define each and every central ground does not provide Marshall with any researcher (meaning Marshall) has no point on the effigy. These recent findings are expertise in archaeology, we would hope theories about these works, he has discussed in more detail in my book. that his class work included some advanced no theories, and will be astronomy. Unfortunately, that does not advancing none at all in order to keep Terrestrial Observations at the Serpent appear to be the case as shown by his these facts free from the bias of theory." Mound (Romain 1988b) failure to understand certain basic astro­ What Marshall fails to recognize is that In this part of Marshall's 1999 paper, he nomical concepts. Marshall's lack of data or "facts" as he likes to refer to the criticizes me for attributing significance to understanding is revealed, for example, by data, have no meaning until organized the fact that the Serpent Mound is located

24 within a geological formation known as the sites that appear to be aligned to my Serpent Mound map (see Marshall Serpent Mound Cryptoexplosion Structure various solar and lunar phenomena. 1999:Fig. 12) is appalling. I can only hope and for failing to note the existence of Admittedly, this is a speculative that his surveying skills are better than other similar geological structures that exercise. In all instances, ...further his drafting skills. have no associated prehistoric sites. field work is needed to confirm the In any event, Marshall claims that my Marshall missed the point. The pur­ existence of proposed alignments proposed azimuths pass through random pose of my article was to document the (Romain 1991a:4, emphasis added). points on the Serpent Mound effigy. As many geological anomalies in the imme­ My question for Mr. Marshall is: What can be seen in my original figure (Romain diate vicinity of the Serpent Mound; and part of "speculative exercise" did he not 1991b: Fig. 6), however, this is not true. to further suggest that these anomalies understand? The illustrated lunar azimuths closely contributed to the Serpent Mound Similarly, in my 1992a article, I again bisect the serpent's body convolutions. builders' likely belief that this area was in explain that because of the poor quality of As to the southernmost body convolu­ some way special - and hence a suitable the existing data, "the analyses presented tion, I did not mention this in my original place to build a sacred earthwork such herein are admittedly tentative and subject article, but in answer to Marshall's criti­ as the Serpent Mound. to further review" and, because "Hopewell cism that I did not explain the orientation archaeoastronomy is new....instances of re- of that feature, I note herein that that More on Great Serpent Mound Maps evaluation are to be expected as more convolution points directly to the center (Hardman and Hardman 1988) definitive analyses are made" (Romain of the oval embankment. Perhaps that Here Marshall tells us that the Hardmans, 1992a:38). Obviously, Marshall ignored alignment held some special significance Cameron and Fletcher, and myself all could these statements because they do not suit for the Serpent . have made better maps of the Serpent his author-bashing purposes. Of course it is Lastly, Marshall criticizes me for Mound. Maybe so - but again, where is Mr. possible that in his rush to judgement Mar­ implying that the Serpent Mound is the Marshall's map? Surely we might expect shall somehow overlooked the above state­ only serpent effigy in Ohio. In support of that a major earthwork like the Serpent ments; but surely, since he also criticized this criticism he points to the existence of Mound would be among the 225 sites that my 1995 article "In Search of Hopewell the Warren County Serpent Mound. Archaeoastronomy," he must have under­ Marshall claims to have surveyed. In reality, I never stated, or even stood what was being said when I noted in In any event, Marshall criticizes all of the implied that the Adams County Serpent the very first sentence of that article: Serpent Mound map makers for failing to Mound is the only one in Ohio. If Marshall In earlier articles...! discussed the show elevation data for each coordinate came away from my article with that possibility that more than two point or location. What Marshall fails to impression then he is mistaken. understand is that what we were trying to dozen major Hopewell earthworks may incorporate celestial align­ Although Marshall (1999:35) claims that do was make an accurate outline map of had I looked harder I would have found that the effigy, not a topographic map. Indeed, ments in their designs. Unfortu­ nately, these early analyses could "there was another such Serpent Mound in Marshall might just as well criticize every Warren County, Ohio," Marshall in fact surveyor who ever mapped a Hopewell not be considered definitive because they relied on maps made demonstrates his own limited knowledge. earthwork because with only one or two Like most Hopewell investigators, I have exceptions, I have yet to see published by early investigators and estimated long been aware of the Stubbs Earthwork - maps that show elevation data. In fact, horizon elevations. The present which is the Warren County "Serpent now that Marshall raises the issue, I have article is an effort to improve that Mound" that Marshall refers to. Even when to ask why none of his published maps situation (Romain 1995:35). first discovered, however, it was not clear show elevations - especially after taking In the 1995 article cited above, I went others to task on that very issue? on to explain, how, by using aerial pho­ as to what, if anything, the earthwork repre­ tographs in conjunction with Aveni's sented. And now, after being further (1972) tables, various astronomical align­ destroyed by river erosion and gravel Possible Astronomical Alignments at ments can be demonstrated for Dunlap, mining, we probably will never know. Hopewell Sites in Ohio (Romain 1991a Anderson, Mound City, Seal, Hopeton, and More Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell, and Marietta. I concluded that Calendric Information Evident in the Hopewell Sites in Ohio (Romain 1992a) article by saying: Adena Tablets (Romain 1991c) Marshall devotes approximately three Marshall is correct in his understanding pages of detailed criticism to the above It is clear that in some instances the that in this article, I proposed that the two articles. In both articles, I mostly used findings in this paper further corrob­ Cincinnati Tablet references certain units Squier and Davis' (1848) maps in an effort orate my earlier archaeoastronom- of time. Marshall (1999:35) is wrong, to identify possible solar and lunar align­ ical analyses. In other instances, however, in saying that I offer "no expla­ ments. To Marshall's credit he has shown however, the better quality aerial nation for the symbols in the interior of that the maps of Squier and Davis are not photos and new horizon elevation the tablet and these seem to be totally sufficiently accurate, at least in terms of data have resulted in findings that unrelated to the sight lines and astro­ orientation, to allow definitive archaeoas- differ from my earlier, more tenta­ nomical phenomena he invokes." tronomical conclusions. But then, we tive proposals (Romain 1995:38, Once again, if Marshall had not rushed always knew that. Indeed, if Marshall had emphasis added). to judgement, he might have found in taken the time to read what I wrote in the As I tried to make abundantly clear, my Table 1, that I specifically noted the bird very first page of the first article, he would 1995 article superceded my 1991a and elements found in the symbolism on the have discovered that I clearly stated that: 1992a articles and not only updated the face of the Cincinnati Tablet. Contrary to "The problem...is that most of the early results of my efforts, but also acknowl­ Marshall's assertion, I then devoted a full surveys are too inaccurate for archaeoas- edged that the earlier articles were not page to an explanation of how the bird tronomical studies" (Romain 1991a:4). And my 'final answer.' So why then, does symbolism found on the tablets relates to further, "the maps of Squier and Davis Marshall spend so much time and energy seasonal migrations and the solstices. (1848) are notorious for their errors in...ori- arguing a moot issue? entation"(Romain 1991a:4). Importantly, I Next, Marshall (1999:35) states with ref­ then further clarified that what I was erence again to the Cincinnati Tablet that, Symbolic Associations at the Serpent engaging in was a speculative exercise: "the tablet measuring 3 by 5 inches is too Mound (Romain 1991b) With these caveats in mind, what small to be a sighting device even if it had Marshall's criticism of this article really follows is a brief survey of Hopewell sight lines and raised points...which it brought a smile to my face. His tracing of does not."

25 The fact of the matter is I never sug­ porate the 1,053 ft. unit of length and its other engraved Adena tablets, by virtue gested or even implied that the Cincinnati lesser multiples. of its proportions, the Wamsley tablet Tablet or any of the other Adena tablets The rest of Marshall's comments in this incorporates the azimuths of the sun's were used as sighting devices. Even more section are more rhetoric designed to solstice positions; and further, that the misguided and confused is Marshall's mislead the reader. In the interests of intricate series of lines on the face of the (1999:35) further statement that "Also brevity, I will limit my discussion to just tablet reflect the moon's phases as well missing is evidence that the tablet stood two examples. as, the number of days in a lunar month. on a pedestal, which is required for its use Marshall (1999:36) states: "In Romain's Marshall is unable to demonstrate an as a sighting device." Again, I never sug­ fourth paragraph, he cites Whittlesey as alternative explanation, so what he does gested or implied that the tablets were finding a measure of about 30 inches. Whit­ instead, is make the ludicrous assertion used as sighting devices, so Marshall's tlesey paced off most of his works making that "the lines and entire object are so further discussion of how there is no evi­ his findings not that reliable." Marshall's small that I must dismiss his entire article dence that the tablets were mounted on tactic here is to lead the reader into as not persuasive" (Marshall 1999:36). pedestals is based entirely on some believing that I somehow supported or In reality, the tablet is quite large bizarre scenario imagined only by him. endorsed Whittlesey's unit of length. Not enough to easily examine and measure so. I mentioned Whittlesey's unit of length both its overall proportions, as well as Evidence for a Basic Hopewell Unit of to give some historical perspective to the the engraved lines on its face. Certainly Measure (Romain 1991d) discussion. And, just three sentences later, too, the maker of the Wamsley tablet was Consistently, Marshall ignores key evi­ I noted that "Unfortunately, Squier and able to see what he or she was shaping dence that the Hopewell used the 1,053 ft. Davis', as well as Whittlesey's data and and engraving - so again, Marshall's criti­ large unit of measure as well as, lesser maps were soon found to be inaccurate cism rises to nothing more than rhetoric; multiples of that figure in laying out their (Thomas 1899). Conclusions based on their reminiscent and likely modeled after, the earthworks. Alternatively, Marshall data therefore should not be relied upon." criticisms leveled years ago against argues that the Hopewell used a length In yet another attempt to mislead the Alexander Marshack. of 187 feet. What is ironic is that even reader, Marshall (1999:36) states that "On The problem and indeed the danger here after all these years, Marshall never rec­ Romain's Figure 15, he compares the is that in responding to such misrepresenta­ ognized that his proposed 187 ft. unit of radius of the Newark Observatory Circle, tions and distortions, serious researchers length is directly related to the 1,053 ft. 526.9 feet with the diagonal of the Baum end-up giving encouragement to self- Hopewell unit of length. Here's how. Square and says that the latter is 3 times appointed critics like Marshall, who seem The Hopewell used the 1,053 ft. unit of the former or 1,580.7 feet. It is not so." The more interested in waging a polemic cam­ length, as well as lesser multiples in laying reality is that I used the 1,580.7 ft. length in paign than in finding the truth. Indeed, Mar­ out their geometric earthworks. Lesser mul­ my Figure 15 in order to show how close shall's distortions, logical contradictions, tiples that were used include: 1,053 ft./ 2 = the actual diagonal of Baum (which is and factual omissions reveal his real inter­ 526.5 ft., and 526.5 ft./ 2 = 263.25 ft. These 1,584 feet) is to three times the Newark ests and motivation - which is not objective lesser multiples show up repeatedly in the Observatory Circle radius of 526.9 ft. (3 X and scholarly criticism but rather, counter- earthworks. Given this, it is no coincidence 526.9 = 1,580.7). In the text of my article I advocacy and author-bashing. that if we take a square and make the diag­ clearly state that "Thomas (1889:26-27) onal of that square 263.25 ft. (which is one gives the diagonal of the Baum Square More Astronomical Alignments at of the above noted lesser multiples), then by as 1,584 feet." Again, my intent was to Hopewell Sites in Ohio (Romain 1992a) operation of the Pythagorean theorem (a2 + show how close the two figures are - My replies to Marshall's criticisms of b2 = c2), we find that each side of that however, Marshall tries to twist this com­ this article were for the most part, noted square will be 186.145 ft. which is very parison into something quite different. earlier. There are, however, one or two close to Marshall's guess of 187 ft. Turning additional points I would like to make. then to a Hopewell earthwork like the Baum Hopewell Inter-Site Relationships and Marshall (1999:37) quotes me for Square, we note that Thomas's (1894:483) Astronomical Alignments (Romain 1992b) example, as saying that the Anderson survey shows the north-south diagonal of In retrospect, this early article was one of Earthwork was discovered in 1975. He that square to be 1,584 ft. in length. By those wrong turns we sometimes take when then says that this is "not so" and that he operation of the Pythagorean theorem, we exploring new territory. The idea was to see (Marshall) "saw this work on air photos in find that that diagonal yields a square with if geometric Hopewell earthworks were the late 1960's (sic) and surveyed and sides that are each 1,120.05 ft. in length. Six aligned to each other along lunar azimuths. mapped it in the early 1970's (sic)" (Mar­ of Marshall's 187 ft. units of length fit into At first it appeared that several such align­ shall 1999:37). the 1,120.05 ft. length of a side to within ments were manifest. The problem as I sub­ I am not sure what Marshall's point is, about 2 feet. Thus, when Marshall places sequently discovered, however, is that the unless it is to take credit for a discovery his 187 ft. grid over the Baum Square, given 20 X 30 inch Ross County Map (Carnes that was made by and most importantly, the small scale of his drawing, it looks like a 1991) I used to plot the sites and azimuths first documented in press by Jerrel C. near perfect fit between his 187 ft. unit of used a north arrow that is in error by about 2 Anderson (1980). length and the outline of the earthwork. The degrees. I discovered this unfortunate fact Marshall's comments about who discov­ likelihood, however, is that the actual lesser by comparing locations and azimuths ered the Anderson Earthwork remind me unit is 186.145 ft - which in turn, is directly plotted on both the Ross County map and of some of his other statements implying related to the 263.25 ft. lesser multiple of USGS topographic maps. Originally, I used that he has not received sufficient recogni­ 1,053 feet. As Hively and Horn (1984, 1982) the 1991 Ross County map because its tion for his work. Marshall (1995:4) com­ discovered years ago, and as I have since scale was ideally suited for plotting azimuths plains, for example, that he has never corroborated many times over, it is the across 10 or more miles. USGS 7.5 minute received any grants to support his 1,053 ft. unit of length and its first genera­ series maps cover a much smaller area. My research and he goes on to complain that tion lesser multiples that were consistently mistake was in assuming that the Ross archaeoastronomers in general have used by the Hopewell. County map was accurate. "shown no awareness these many years of What all this means in practical terms the author's data base." According to Mar­ is that each of Marshall's examples that Further Evidence for a Calendar shall (1995:4), this data base has "required show his 187 ft. unit of length actually System Expressed in the Adena thousands of hours of time in the field and lend further support to the bigger picture Tablets (Romain 1992c) at a drafting board, as well as, thousands view that the Hopewell earthworks incor­ In this article I proposed that like many of dollars for aerial photographs."

26 In response to this and as the Great Marshall were to step-off 605 feet from any are also products of his imagination. In and Powerful Oz was apt to do, let us part of the effigy toward the head or oval my articles I used Squier and Davis' rep­ hereby confer on James A. Marshall a embankment, he would end-up walking off resentation of the Milford Earthwork. vote of thanks for his un-requited work. the Serpent Mound cliff and find himself Marshall (1999:38) criticizes my use of somewhere in the vicinity of Brush Creek. their map, however, and tells us, for Hopewellian Concepts in Geometry If Marshall cannot measure the dis­ example, that according to his measure­ (Romain 1992d) tance between Newark and High Banks ments, the Milford Square has sides that Marshall devotes almost three pages accurately, or the length of the Serpent are 936 ft., 926 ft., 940.5 ft., and 919 ft. in of criticism to this article. He devotes this Mound accurately, then why should we length, respectively. The problem is that kind of energy to this one article because have faith in the accuracy of his other the Milford Circle and Square were long- in it, I present alternative explanations for measurements, especially those that are ago obliterated by the Greenlawn Ceme­ the geometry of the earthworks. In Mar­ more difficult to ascertain? tery which was started in the 1800s, as shall's twisted thinking, he must show One would think that a civil engineer well as construction of the Clertoma that my alternative explanations are would know the difference between true housing development, a shopping center, without merit if his theories are to prevail. north and magnetic north; but even in this and several major streets. Even in the Marshall's basic argument is that his matter, Marshall is bewildered and con­ late 1800s, investigators were having a measurements of the earthworks differ fused. Marshall (1999:40) tells us, for difficult time locating the earthwork. from the measurements I used - most of example, that he did the survey work for Heaven knows what, if anything, Marshall which I obtained from Squier and Davis N'omi Greber at the Harness Mound. Mar­ was surveying. Much the same applies to (1848), or Thomas (1894). As a result, shall (1999:40) then goes on to say that the Marshall's representations of Dunlap, according to Marshall, my proposed geo­ astronomical alignments I proposed for the Frankfort, the Works East, Shriver, Seip, metric relationships are wrong. Harness Mound charnel house (Romain and Baum. And so it goes. Throughout In the first page of my "Hopewellian 1992e) are in error because my north arrow Marshall's criticism of my work he claims Concepts in Geometry" article, I note that is wrong. Specifically, with regard to my numerous specific dimensions or linear "although there are errors in Squier and map of the Harness Mound charnel house, distances for earthwork features and Marshall (1999:40) states: "Romain's north Davis' work, their volume is still the best components. But nowhere are we told arrow points 8° or 10° east of true north source document available in terms of what methods he used to determine the and his azimuth alignment claims are in maps and figures" (Romain 1992d:35). lengths of walls that no one else can see. error by that amount." Marshall (1999:38), however, objects and To reiterate, as long as Marshall's tells us that "The reality is otherwise" and Contrary to Marshall's statement, Figure maps remain unpublished and in his that, "The best source documents 3 in the present article shows the 1992 basement, and as long as his methods regarding these many earthworks are my map I made of the Harness Mound remain undisclosed, and as long as his surveys and maps in my basement" charnel house (Romain 1992e:Fig. 1) next data remains unverified, unreproducible, (emphasis added). to the map published by Greber (1983:Fig. and not corroborated, Marshall's figures Beyond the problem of Marshall's data 2.6). My map was made by tracing can only be taken on faith. Given, how­ being in his basement, a bigger problem Greber's map. As the caption for Greber's ever, Marshall's demonstrated difficulties with Marshall's work is that although he map states, "Magnetic north as of 1976 is in measuring distances, distinguishing reminds us that he is a civil engineer, indicated." Notably, comparison of the true north from magnetic north, and his there are nevertheless, serious mistakes two maps shows that my magnetic north active imagination, I fail to see why we and inaccuracies in his work. As I will arrow and Greber's magnetic north arrow should accept Marshall's figures on faith. show, Marshall has difficulty in mea­ both extend in precisely the same direc­ suring distances both short and long, he tion. There is absolutely no difference Hopewell Ceremonial Centers and is confused in his understanding of true between the angle of Greber's magnetic Geomantic Influences (Romain 1993a) north and magnetic north, and he sees north arrow and mine. How Marshall In his criticism of this article, Marshall things for which no documented evidence arrives at a different conclusion is beyond continues his campaign of rhetoric, distor­ exists. For these reasons, Marshall's work understanding. One can only surmise that tions, and half-truths. Marshall (1999:40) cannot be relied upon. Below are just a again, he is confused. quotes me, for example, as saying that the few examples of Marshall's problems. (Parenthetically, I note that by using Shriver Circle is 2,500 feet south of Mound Marshall (1980:10) claims, for example, Greber's magnetic north arrow as a refer­ City. He then goes on to say that "actually that the distance between the Newark ence, I was further able to establish true it is 3,270 feet center to center" (Marshall Earthworks and High Banks Earthwork is north based on the published magnetic 1999:40). The implication here is that my 65 miles. This is not so. As USGS maps declination correction for that location figure is grossly inaccurate. show (see Figure 1), the center to center and year. As a result, my map shows true The USGS map data, however, is clear distance between the Newark Octagon north which is indicated by the line with a and in this case, the northern-most /Circle and the High Banks Earthwork is 58 star at its end, and magnetic north, indi­ embankment of Shriver is indeed 2,500 miles. Marshall is in error therefore by cated by the line having the abbreviation feet south of the southern-most wall of seven miles, or 36,960 feet. I submit that an MN next to it.) Mound City. As it happens, the center to error of 36,960 feet is greater than any error My final reason for not relying on Mar­ center distance between the two earth­ I ever made and is totally unacceptable - shall's data is that he has a tendency to works is, as Marshall represents, 3,270 especially for a "registered" civil engineer. see things that are not there. Marshall feet. However, as I stated to begin with, Unfortunately, Marshall's skills at mea­ (1995:7) claims, for example, that the Fort the distance that separates the two suring lesser distances is not so good either. Hill earthwork (see Figure 4), is really a earthworks is 2,500 feet. He claims, for example, that the "total "large animal effigy not popularly known." Similarly, Marshall has distorted my rep­ straight line length (of the Serpent Mound) is If Fort Hill is an animal effigy then it's news resentation of the distance between the about 605 feet" (Marshall 1995:7). However, to me and to a lot of other people. Maybe Hopeton and Cedar Bank earthworks. As I Marshall is again in error, this time by 82.6 Mr. Marshall can tell us what sort of animal represent in my article, when the two sites feet, or about 14 percent. As Figure 2 Fort Hill represents? Personally I don't see are plotted on a USGS map, the Cedar shows, the actual "straight line length" of the any resemblance between Fort Hill and Bank earthwork is about 4,000 feet north of Serpent Mound is not more than 522.4 feet. any animal known on this planet. Hopeton. That is to say, about 4,000 feet The length of 605 feet is not to be found Similarly, it often appears that Mar­ separates the south wall of Cedar Bank anywhere at the Serpent Mound. In fact, if shall's measurements of the earthworks from the Hopeton Circle's north embank-

27 ment. (To be precise about it, and without years ago - however, Marshall has yet to walls of the Sacra Via lead to. In other rounding-off, the distance is 3,600 feet). In return them. Please Mr. Marshall, if you words, the Second Street and Sacra Via his effort to mislead, however, Marshall have Mr. McGraw's photos, kindly return intersection defines the approximate mid­ (1999:40) gives the distance between the them. Mr. McGraw is 91 years of age and point of the Sacra Via's length. earthworks as 6,530 feet - which again, he would like to be able to donate them Additionally though, had Mr. Marshall represents the center to center distance. to the appropriate organization. taken the trouble to visit the site, he would Marshall's distortions continue with his have found that as a function of the rela­ misrepresentations of how the earth­ In Search of Hopewell tionship between the steeply increasing works nest together. As already dis­ Archaeoastronomy (Romain 1995) elevation from the river to the Large cussed, Marshall's representations of the In this article, I used aerial photographs Square and the high ridge just across the size and configuration of the earthworks and USGS maps in conjunction with river that forms the horizon elevation, it are based on his own unpublished, Aveni's (1972) tables to look for astro­ happens that the solstice alignment is vis­ ible along most of the length of the Sacra uncorroborated, and imaginative survey nomical alignments at several Hopewell Via, as well as from the Capitoleum and efforts. And as we might expect, his work sites. Alignments were found for Seal, Quadranaou mounds. differs not only from mine, but also from Dunlap, Hopeton, Anderson, Hopewell, Squier and Davis, Thomas, Middleton, Mound City, and Marietta. It has always been my position that the Hively and Horn, and virtually everyone In his criticism of this article and with best evidence of any proposed alignment is else who has surveyed these sites. It is reference to the Seal Earthwork, Marshall an actual photograph. So in support of my not surprising therefore that Marshall (1999:41) tells us that based on an conclusion that many earthworks were would claim that my representation of the unpublished survey, he finds that con­ intentionally aligned to the solstices, I again nesting phenomenon is not accurate. trary to my findings, the north and south offer the photographs presented in Figures walls of this earthwork are not oriented to 5 and 6. As already mentioned, Figure 5 Further Notes on Hopewellian east and west. shows the winter solstice sunset in align­ ment with the Sacra Via at Marietta; Astronomy and Geometry The problem here is that Marshall refuses whereas Figure 6 shows the summer sol­ (Romain 1993b) to believe the photographic evidence. My stice sunset alignment through the oval Marshall's confused state is again findings are easily verified and quite frankly, embankment at the Serpent Mound. If Mar­ revealed in his criticism of this article. the data is clear. In this, Marshall reminds me of a quote from Soren Kierkegaard: shall chooses not to see this evidence, well With regard to the lunar alignment of the then maybe it is because he sees the world "There are two ways to be fooled. One is to Newark Fairground Circle gateway, Mar­ as he wishes it to be rather than as it is. In believe what isn't true; the other is to refuse shall (1999:41) states: "Romain claims Marshall's view, because his world does to believe what is true." this astronomical azimuth is 67°.36...." not include astronomical alignments, a unit Continuing on, Marshall's criticisms of my In reality, what my analysis revealed of measure equal to 1,053 feet, a calendar and what my illustrations show, is that analyses of Dunlap, Hopeton, Anderson, system based on the sun and moon, or an the gateway and the Eagle Mound and Mound City all come down to his expression of various geometric relation­ charnel house are both aligned to the opinion that because these earthworks ships between earthwork components, moon - along parallel azimuths of 66°.6 have rounded corners, accurate diagonal then necessarily, he will reach the conclu­ degrees. I never claimed that any feature sightlines cannot be established - hence sion that these things do not exist. was aligned along an azimuth of 67°.36 my diagonal alignments must be in error. degrees. In fact, the figure 67°.36 is not What Marshall fails to understand is that The real shame, however, is that by to be found anywhere in this article. accurate diagonal sightlines can be and denying the evidence, Marshall does an were established simply by bisecting, on the injustice to the Native Americans who built Early Aerial Photographs of the Ross photographic enlargements, the rounded the earthworks. While Marshall (1987:36) County Enclosures (Romain 1993c) earthwork corners and then drawing a finds that "the principles and methods of In this article I presented close-up straight line between each of the bisection the American Indian's ancient geometrical views of Hopewell sites that I enlarged points located on the two opposite relevant knowledge...is quite simple and primitive," from a series of large-scale, U.S. Depart­ rounded corners. Elementary stuff.... I find that given their visual representations ment of Agriculture aerial photographs. of such ideas as squaring the circle, incommensurate ratios, doubling the I am not sure what Marshall's point is Winter Solstice Alignments at Marietta square, ad quadratum constructions, and here. In my article I explained how, based (Romain 1998) other concepts, the Hopewell's under­ on correspondence between Roger G. In this article I showed how the Sacra standing of geometry was sophisticated Kennedy, Director of the National Park Via, as well as the Capitoleum Mound and enough to consider them as world-class Service and J. Douglas Helms, National Quadranaou Mound at Marietta are aligned geometers among their contemporaries. Historian for the U.S. Department of Agri­ to the winter solstice sunset. In fact, I was culture, I learned that the original nega­ able to document the solstice alignment of Whereas Marshall (1987:37) arrives at tives for these photos are on file in the the Sacra Via by means of a photograph the astounding conclusion that "Hopewell National Archives. The correspondence I taken on December 21,1996 (see Figure 5). people showed great difficulty in per­ referred to was provided to me by Roger The photographic evidence is beyond forming multiplication and division and in G. Kennedy. Marshall (1999:41), how­ dispute. However, Marshall (1999:42) finds comprehending fractions," I find that the ever, says "That is not so" and he goes fault by saying that I should have taken the Hopewells' use of lesser multiples of the on to tell us how he told me in personal photo from the "beginning of the parallel 1,053 ft. unit of length demonstrates that correspondence in 1988, about the exis­ walls" at the intersection of Third Street they understood these concepts well tence of these photos. and Sacra Via, instead of at the intersec­ enough to lay out tremendous earthworks Once again, Marshall is confused. The tion of Second Street and Sacra Via. Mar­ using the lesser multiples I discussed, matter of where the original negatives are shall (1999:42) accuses me of shifting my which are necessarily derived by division. stored has nothing to do with Marshall location "to the point (where) his observed Whereas Marshall finds no intentional telling me about his use of the photos. azimuth fits his theory more exactly." earthwork alignments to solstice, equinox, While we are on the subject of aerial Contrary to what Marshall says, I chose or lunar events, I find that the Hopewell photos though, according to a telephone the Sacra Via and Second Street location had a very deep understanding of the conversation I had with Alva McGraw on because that location is midway between apparent motions of the sun and moon January 28, 2000, McGraw loaned a set the Marietta Large Square and the Musk­ and that they incorporated this knowledge of these early aerial photos to Marshall, ingum River, which is where the parallel into their geometric earthworks.

28 Nowhere does Marshall acknowledge with Marshall will not influence her opin­ Ohio Archaeologist 30(2):8-12. that in eastern North America, the Hopewell ions of my work. 1978 American Indian Geometry. played a major role in changing the subsis­ My understanding, however, is that Ohio Archaeologist 28(1):29-33. tence systems of that time from food-gath­ Greber has taken the position that no one Prufer, Olaf ering to food producing economies and methodology - whether it is analysis of 1996 Core and Periphery: The Final Chapter that concomitant with this, their expertise in aerial photos, or reliance on old or new naked-eye astronomy and their interests in on Ohio Hopewell. In A View From the ground surveys - is sufficient in and of Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell time-keeping most likely developed as a itself to identify the ground plan of an Archaeology, edited by Paul J. Pacheco, result of their need to make accurate sea­ eroded earthwork. As a general statement pp. 408-423. The Ohio Archaeological sonal predictions for planting and har­ this seems to make sense and I would Council, Inc., Columbus. vesting a variety of cultigens. agree. However, as I have repeatedly Lastly, whereas Marshall (1978:31) noted in my articles, often times there are Romain, William F. 1998 Winter Solstice Alignments at Marietta. cannot find it within his worldview to accept no traces left at ground level sufficient to Ohio Archaeologist 48(1):16-18. that the Native American people of eastern survey. Hence in spite of pleas for "ground 1995 In Search of Hopewell Astronomy. North America were smart enough or truthing" and use of corroborative Ohio Archaeologist 45(1 ):35-41. capable enough to develop their own methods, old aerial photos are often our 1993a Hopewell Ceremonial Centers and mathematically-based concepts of mea­ best and only remaining evidence. Geomantic Influences. surement - and therefore, must have Maybe this will change. Greber has Ohio Archaeologist 43(1):35-44. gained this knowledge from some band of worked with ground resistivity 1993b Further Notes on Hopewellian wandering Indians from Mexico, I find that for at least 20 years in an effort to locate Astronomy. Ohio Archaeologist the evidence for a deep understanding of earthwork walls. Hopefully, her efforts have 43(3):48-52. astronomy, geometry, measuring, and yielded significant results and one day, we 1993c Early Aerial Photographs of the Ross time-keeping extends far back into eastern will be rewarded with a comprehensive County Enclosures. Ohio Archaeologist United States prehistory at such places as and published report of her findings to 43(4):44-49. and Watson Brake. No theory include new and more accurate maps. I 1992a More Astronomical Alignments at of external contact or influence is required. hope that day is near. Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Marshall may claim, by virtue of his Ohio Archaeologist 42(1):38-47. References 1992b Hopewell Inter-Site Relationships and occasional and perfunctory list of a select Anderson, Jerrel A. Astronomical Alignments. few Hopewell accomplishments, that he 1980 A Recent Discovery: The Anderson Ohio Archaeologist 42(1):4-5. has no intention of minimizing the Earthwork. Ohio Archaeologist 1992c Further Evidence for a Calendar System accomplishments of Native Americans. 30(1):31-35. Expressed in the Adena Tablets. However, his statements as noted above, Ohio Archaeologist 42(3):31 -36. reveal a far different story. Aveni, Anthony F. 1992d Hopewellian Concepts in Geometry. 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for Use Ohio Archaeologist 42(2):35-50. Concluding Remarks in Astroarchaeological Studies. 1992e Azimuths to the Otherworid: Astronom­ My final thoughts concern comments American Antiquity 37(4):531 -540. ical Alignments of Hopewell Charnel made by a couple of other people. By Houses. Ohio Archaeologist 42(4):42-48 Cames, Don E. (County Engineer) 1991 a Possible Astronomical Alignments at way of e-mail, Christopher Turner has 1991 Highway Map of Ross County, Ohio. Hopewell Sites in Ohio. expressed his displeasure that I failed to Ross County Board of Commissioners, Ohio Archaeologist 41 (3):4-16. note in my articles that early on, he dis­ Chillicothe, Ohio. 1991b Symbolic Associations at the Serpent covered the summer solstice alignment Mound. Ohio Archaeologist 41(3):29-38. at Hopeton. Mr. Turner's discovery which Greber, N'omi 1991c Calendric Information Evident in the is based on analysis of Thomas' (1894) 1983 Recent Excavations at the Edwin Adena Tablets. Ohio Archaeologist map of the earthwork, was noted in a table Harness Mound, Liberty Works, 41(4):41-48. he included in an unpublished paper on file Ross County, Ohio. 1991 d Evidence for a Basic Hopewell Unit of at Mound City (Turner 1983). My omission MCJA Special Paper No. 5. Measure. Ohio Archaeologist 41 (4):28-37 was inadvertent. I am pleased to note at Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. 1988a Geometry at the Serpent Mound. this time that Mr. Turner's earlier findings Ohio Archaeologist 38(1 ):50-54. relevant to Hopeton independently corrob­ Hardman, Clark, Jr., and Marjorie H. Hardman 1988b Terrestrial Observations at the Serpent 1988 More on Great Serpent Maps. orate my own. Mound. Ohio Archaeologist 38(2):15-19. Ohio Archaeologist 38(4):37-41 1987 The Serpent Mound Map. In Paul Pacheco's volume, A View Ohio Archaeologist 37(4):38-42. From the Core, Olaf Prufer (1996:415) Hively, Ray and Robert Horn tells us that matters such as solar and 1984 Hopewellian Geometry and Astronomy Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis lunar alignments, ancient geometry, and at High Bank. Archaeoastronomy 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi hypotheses regarding symbolism of the 7:S85-S100. (Supplement to Vol. 15, Valley, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge Vol. 1. Smithsonian earthworks are "beyond the range of ver­ Journal for the History of Astronomy.) 1982 Geometry and Astronomy in Prehistoric Institution, Washington, D.C. ifiable archaeology." In this, I would Ohio. Archaeoastronomy 4:S1 -S20. remind Dr. Prufer of Albert Einstein's (Supplement to Vol.13, Journal for the Thomas, Cyrus maxim: "It is the theory that decides what History of Astronomy.) 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of we can observe." Instead of telling us the Bureau of Ethnology. In Twelfth what cannot be done, maybe Olaf needs Marshall, James A. Annual Report of the Bureau of Amer­ to help find new ways for us to recover 1999 A Rebuttal to the Archaeoastronomers: ican Ethnology for the Years 1890-1891. the information he now believes to be Science begins with the Facts. Washington, D.C. outside the envelope. Ohio Archaeologist 49(1):32-49. Turner, Christopher 1995 Astronomical Alignments Claimed to Lastly, I note that Marshall (1995:11) 1983 An Astronomical Interpretation of the Exist on the Eastern North American . Unpublished describes N'omi Greber, Curator at the Prehistoric Earthworks and the Evi­ paper on file, Hopewell Culture National Cleveland Museum of Natural History, as dence and Arguments Against Them. Park, Chillicothe, Ohio. his "good friend." Greber is a frequent Ohio Archaeologist 45(1):4-16. reviewer of Hopewell publications and I 1987 An Atlas of American Indian Geometry. would hope that her personal friendship Ohio Archaeologist 37(2):36-49. 1980 Geometry of the Hopewell Earthworks.

29 *

Figure 1 (Romain) United State Geological Survey map detail showing the distance between Newark and High Banks. Figure 2 (Romain) Map of the Serpent Mound showing its overall, straight-line length. Map by the author.

•>\b

HARNESS MOUND

X V 510 ;**"' **" ^ ." V ! bOS • V. :jj<.

• jS *00

MOON MIN • f-. - • NORTH SET 49b •'••-•,• .* MOON MIN NORTH SET

490 ME1 1 HS

560 555 550 545 MO 535 530 b?b 520

EDWIN HARNESS 33»o22 1976 1977 E.o.itions

Figure 3 (Romain) Top: Map of the Harness Mound charnel house Figure 4 (Romain) Squier and Davis' (1848:PI. 5) map of the Fort published by Romain in 1992. (Moon min north set azimuth deleted.) Hill Earthwork. Bottom: Map of the Harness Mound charnel house published by Greber in 1983. 30 ^Figure 5 (Romain) Winter solstice sunset in alignment with the Sacra Via at Marietta.

Photo by the author, December 21, 1996.

Copyright 1997 William F. Romain

•4Figure 6 (Romain) Summer solstice sunset in alignment with the Serpent Mound oval embankment.

Photo by the author, June 21, 1990

Copyright 1990 William F. Romain

31 EXCELLENT MEADOWCROFT REPORT AT MAHONING CHAPTER by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

It must be every archaeologist's dream: Additionally, bird and mammal special­ Meadowcroft had 52 radio carbon abundant funding, a team of interdiscipli­ ists, polinologists, contemporary and dates taken - making it the second most nary specialists, and time and help paleo botanists, and computer experts dated site in North America. The three enough to allow critical layers of earth to (who cataloged and arranged the data) earliest dates associated with evidence of be taken off with a razor blade. All of joined the team. habitation were 12,975 B.C., 13,170 B.C., these resources combined with a major Evidence of human habitation was and 14,225 B.C. A "Miller" lanceolate find - radio carbon dates that may revise abundant. U.S. News and World Reports point, made of Monongahela chert and our understanding of just how long noted that excavation crews found heavily resharpened was among the arti­ humans have inhabited the New World. 20,000 artifacts, nearly a million animal facts associated with the oldest habita­ This was, in short, the excavation at bones, and 300 fire pits. Without any tion date. A detailed explanation of the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter. threat of imminent destruction or lack of R.C. dates and precautions taken with In October, the Mahoning Valley Chapter funding, extreme precision could be samples to avoid contamination can be hosted James Adovasio of Mercyhurst accomplished. Important soil layers were found on Mark McConaughy's web site. College. Mr. Adovasio chronicled the taken off with razor blades - literally Mr. Adovasio, defended against the meticulous and extensive work achieved at leaving no stone unturned. The Minnesota critics of the Meadowcroft dates, critics Meadowcroft. The site has gained much University summary on Meadowcroft cat­ who assert that local coal deposits might notoriety - even fame - in recent years, alogs some of the achievements: have contaminated the area. He stated because evidence found there adds to the The site has yielded the largest col­ that "there is not a shred of evidence of argument that human habitation in North lection of plant and animal remains contamination," and the critics do ques­ America happened much earlier than the in a single site in North America. The tion all of the dates, only selected ones. traditional 9-10,000 B.C. Clovis dates. deposits here include the earliest Finally, the detail and precision of the Meadowcroft's earliest human habitation corn in the area (375-340 B.C.) and study at Meadowcroft is in itself a com­ date is before 14,000 B.C. the earliest squash and ceramics mendable achievement. Where so much (1115-865 B.C.). The late Archaic of American archaeology has taken place The Meadowcroft Site (4000-1500 B.C.) shows an one step ahead of some cash-strapped Meadowcroft is located in Washington increase in the use of the rock- contractor's bulldozer, Meadowcroft is a County, Pennsylvania along Cross Creek, shelter. The middle and early Archaic welcome exception. a few kilometers upstream from where (8500-4000 B.C.) include the creek drains into the Ohio River. It lies the industrious pro­ on unglaciated land, high above the cessing of deer, elk, bird creek, even at its highest flood stages. It's eggs, mussels, hackber- a well ventilated shelter with a 13 meter ries, nuts, and other fruits high roof, 55 square meters of floor space and seeds. and springs in the area. It is a place, as Incredibly, Mr. Adovasio dis­ Mr. Adovasio commented, "where any cussed how the team was actu- wilderness traveler, you or I, would ally able to identify a few choose to stay." In fact, he cites the first "individual visits for short artifacts found - beer can pull tabs and periods of time" by prehistoric Colonial era gin bottles - as testimony to people. In some cases, the the shelter's enduring appeal. team was even able to identify The site was discovered by land owner where animals were butchered, and amateur archaeologist Albert Miller, where points were made, and and excavated by Mr. Adovasio from the types of wood burned in fire 1973 to 1978, with additional excavations pits which warmed the ancients in 1990's. all those millennia ago.

Meticulous Study 52 Carbon Dates While the early habitation dates are Over the ages, the ceiling of exciting in themselves, it was detail - almost the shelter gradually collapsed, epic detail - which made Mr. Adovasio's sending the drip line of the presentation so astonishing. Indeed, Mead­ shelter farther and farther back. owcroft may be the most detailed excava­ Since campers typically build tion in American archaeology. their fires pits just inside the Soil specialists, geologists, sediment drip edge where ventilation is and hard rock specialists completed rock adequate, the oldest fire pits and soil studies before the actual archae­ were outside of the present- ological work took place. In one study, for day drip-edge. These fire pits example, specialists determined the rate were also covered by the large at which sand grains deposited on the rock slabs which were once shelter's floor and how it varied by tem­ Meadowcroft's ceiling. The perature and moisture. In another study, most ancient fire pits, then, Micromorphologists studied the water were found underneath these movement which occurred in the soil old roof falls and in front of the Figure 1 (Rusnak) View looking across Cross Creek of layers long before human habitation. present-day shelter. .

32 References Petit, Charles: Minnesota State University's Adovasio, James: "Rediscovering America," e-museum Website: "Monte Verde and the Antiquity of U.S. News & World Report, www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/archaeology/ Humankind in the Americas," Antiquity, October 12, 1999 sites/northamerica/meadowcroft.html September, 1997. McConaughy, Mark: Photographs: Courtesy Mark McConaughy Begley, Sharon and Andrew Murr: "Meadowcroft Rockshelter," "The First Americans," Website: Newsweek, April 26,1999. members.delphi.com/MCCONAUGHY/web/ Meadowcroft/meadow.htm

CM

Figure 2 (Rusnak) Archaic Period Points found in levels above the Paleoindian materials. Left to right: Stanley Point, Savannah River-like, Savannah River-like, Savannah River-like, Untyped Side Notched.

Figure 4 (Rusnak) Miller Lanceolate Point From Earliest Habi­ Figure 3 (Rusnak) Lamellar Blades from Paleoindian Levels. tation Level.

33 FRIENDS OF AMERICA'S PAST 7410 S. W. Oleson Rd., Suite 202 Portland, OR 97223 www.friendsofpast.org

December, 1999

Our nation has a long tradition that science, as a way of understanding the world around us, should be free from arbitrary government limits. Unfortunately, this tradition is now at risk. Government representatives have publicly declared that scientists have no right to study ancient skeletal remains found on federal land. The government has spent more than $1,000,000 in tax dollars to bar access to the skeleton and to cover the site where it was found.

We created Friends of America's Past to support the eight scientists who sued the U.S. Government for the right to study the 9,000 year old Kennewick Man skeleton. Few other North American skeletons are as old and as complete. The opportunities to learn more about the earliest people on this continent are extremely rare.

Although the scientists offered to study at no cost to the taxpayer, the hired five scientists to conduct limited studies of the Kennewick Man skeleton. These studies took less than five days and yielded inconclusive results. NPS allowed no peer review or independent validation of their work. Unless overturned, the NPS's report will be all that will ever be known about this skeleton, a single view, untested. The result: shortcut science.

The eight scientists who have sued to gain access to study the skeleton intend to continue to challenge this policy of denying open scientific inquiry. However, with the case now in its fourth year, these scientists need your help - their case is unfunded and sustained by volunteers. Freedom of scientific inquiry and respect for the principles of good science are at stake.

Your tax-exempt contribution is urgently needed now to support preparations for a trial in the year 2000. To give these scientists sound footing with the Department of Justice requires resources: to assemble evidence from expert witnesses, for travel, and for the out-of-pocket expenses of conducting a trial. Your support now will challenge government-imposed limits on the conduct of science and will ensure that an accurate story of the Kennewick Man can be told. We need your help!

Our thanks, Cleone Hawkinson, President

For maximum benefit, please consider making a tax-exempt donation in the form of stock or other securities. Please call Paul Pritkin, PIM, (503) 224-7828 ext. 12 or toll free (877)-211-0034 ext. 12.

TWO PLUMMETS FROM THE SAME SITE by Russell Strunk Batavia, Ohio

These two outstanding hematite plummets were found on the same site in Lewis County, Kentucky, by Art Heaton. The plummet on the right is of red hematite and was found in 1993. The plummet on the left is made of sil­ very hematite and was found in November, 1999 not far from the location of the first find.

Figure 1 (Strunk) Two fine Kentucky plummets.

34 INDIANA GREEN CHERT SEQUEL by Tony DeRegnaucourt Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum 108 West North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304

This is a short article to follow up the Union Counties, Ohio. The editor is also Scioto County, Ohio. Carl Safranski one published in the last issue of the in possession of a Clovis fluted point noted that the Nobles Pond Paleo-indian Ohio Archaeologist (Volume 49, No. 4, from Newcomerstown in Tuscarawas site had yielded several blades, blanks, 1999) about Indiana Green Chert. County, Ohio. and endscrapers of Indiana Green chert Response at the January meeting was Christopher Darin of Lisbon, Ohio in Starke County, Ohio. Larry Morris was very good about new information of the brought in three quarry blanks of Indiana also noted to have found an Indiana distribution of Indiana Green Chert in Ohio. Green chert from Coshocton County, Green chert artifact in Coshocton Six members graciously shared new Ohio; found by him on the same day in County, Ohio. information on Indiana Green chert finds the same field, undoubtedly part of a John Heath of Sullivan, Ohio kindly in Ohio that were formerly unknown to quarry blank cache. wrote and said that in 50 years of surface the author. Editor Bob Converse pointed Dennis Simpson noted that two arti­ hunting of Ashland, Lorain, and Medina out that the distribution of this chert facts were found in Pike County, Ohio Counties, Ohio, he had found three extends eastward into Champaign and and Gary Felumlee noted one from points of Indiana Green chert. He stated that one was a small archaic bevel (Thebes) point from Sullivan Township in Ashland County. A small fishspear or Brewerton point was found by him in the same area. He also had found a small transitional (Hi-Lo) Paleo point in Lorain County, Ohio (John Heath, Letter dated January 15, 2000 to the author). Summarizing, all these new finds greatly extend the range of Indiana Green chert over 100 miles more to the east, south, and north of the previously known territory. Most of the finds seem to fit into the Paleoindian or Early Archaic Period also, although this author has not seen all the artifacts mentioned in this article yet. This Indiana Green distribution project shows what important new information can be gleaned from the members of the Archaeological Society of Ohio working together with professional archaeolo­ gists. We have almost 3,000 members out there surface collecting and acting as eyes and ears all over Ohio and the sur­ rounding states. Their thousands of man- hours of surface hunting could never be duplicated by professional archaeological surveys and provides invaluable data for research for everyone. I thank the mem­ bers mentioned above who helped me and all the membership for their assis­ tance. I will continue to document the range of Indiana Green chert artifacts and those of other materials and I always looking forward to hearing from the membership for new data.

REFERENCES CITED

DeRegnaucourt, Tony 1999 Indiana Green Chert. Ohio Archaeologist (49-4, p 23).

Figure 1 (DeRegnaucort) Archaic Bevel made of Indiana Green from Union County, Ohio.

35 A LANCEOLATE IN THE PARALLEL-FLAKED TRADITION, POSSIBLY WATER-WORN, FROM WASHINGTON COUNTY, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131 Back in the 1960's, the late Archie Diller maybe in a stream. In the 1960's, friends The point illustrated by Converse of the Bluffton-Pandora area purchased a Cindy and Mike Boyd of B. G. S. U. gave (1994:181) may be one of the most collection of artifacts which were all found me a water-worn side-notched point classic Parallel-flaked Lanceolates made in Washington County in the early 1900's. they had found on a beach along Lake from Zaleski flint ever found in Ohio. He That collection contained lots of Classic Erie. That point was so worn by water states that most specimens of this rare Adena Points and gorgets. Of interest that the flaking was almost obscure. Ohio type are more than three inches here was a midsection of an apparently Flaking on the Washington County long. The type is Late Paleo-lndian, water-worn lanceolate in the parallel- Lanceolate is not obscure, but it is not dating to around 8,500 B.C. It is inter­ flaked tradition (Fig. 1). It was made from very pronounced either. esting that Diller's item was found in a very glossy black Zaleski flint. Around Because the piece shown in Fig. 1 is county which is only one county away 1965, Diller gave that piece to me which is broken, it is not possible to determine the from Vinton County, the source of the raw the only flint artifact I still own. The mid­ original shape or length, but it appears to material. Although the piece purchased section Frag, measures VA in. by 2 inches. have been at least five inches long. There by Diller is broken and not highly valued Converse (1994:181) pictures (in color) is no question that this piece has collateral by many collectors, it is of importance a very fine Lanceolate with parallel- percussion flaking, as pictured and because of the scarcity of this type in flaking made from Zaleski flint. He (Con­ described by Converse (1994: 20-21). Ohio, and also because it may be some­ verse, 1994: 180), in discussing Zaleski Converse states that lanceolate points what worn by water. flint, states that with age it sometimes with collateral flaking are among the rarest acquires a brownish or greenish cast, of all Ohio Paleo points, and notes that the but notes that not all of it patinates. The flaking is percussion on Ohio points which Reference specimen shown here (Fig. 1) is totally distinguish them from most Western forms opaque and not patinated. The flake which are usually pressure flaked. Heavy Converse, Robert N. scars on this point seem so smooth that lateral grinding occurs on both edges of 1994 Ohio Flint Types. it appears to have been water-worn, the Washington County specimen. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Figure 1 (Britt) A rare Paleo-lndian Parallel-flaked Lanceolate, possibly water-worn, from Washington County, Ohio, a, obverse, b. reverse, c, cross-section.

36 A LUCKY FIND by Lloyd Hamishfeger 203 Steiner St. Pandora, Ohio

On August 2, 1999, Allen County resident Steve Hunsaker was using a digging machine at his residence. Excavating a ditch for an electric cable, Steve thought he noticed something shiny in the trench. In the next scoop full of earth out tumbled the knife shown in Figure 1 - intact and unbroken. Made of Coshocton flint, the knife measures nearly 4 inches long and nearly 3 inches wide. It is chipped by excellent percus­ sion and pressure flaking. Needless to say, this is the first arti­ fact Steve Hunsaker has found on his property.

Reference: 1995 Converse, Robert N. Ohio Flint Types Figure 1 (Hamishfeger) The Archaeological Society of Coshocton flint knife Ohio Columbus found in Allen County.

ANOTHER REMARKABLE DISCOVERY by Randy Johnson Winchester, Ohio

I found the panel type geniculate when was shown on the front cover of the Ohio Two years afterwards, in the same hunting during a rainstorm on May 8, Archaeologist. The heavy duty point area, I found the comma-shaped genicu­ 1997. The geniculate won best of show came from the same area a couple of late on May 14th. at the field found contest cf the ASO and weeks later.

Figure 1 (Johnson) Two geniculates and heaby duty point from same area.

37 EXPLORATION OF THE ROGERS I, ADENA MOUND by Ernest Sutton Coolville, Ohio Among the many interesting features the scraping of rock and dirt from the top intense heat. The mound fill dirt around of the Rogers I Mound were (1) a moat of the mound to the sides to make farming these areas had been literally baked to a around the mound; (2) a walkway into the operations easier. thickness of 8 to 10 inches. There were burial area; (3) all burials in the south To establish the mound's absolute no bone material remaining in any of the segment of the mound; (4) extensive cre­ perimeter, an extra 5 foot block was added areas. mation area in the north segment of the to the north-southeast-west extremities. Photo 5 One is the Cremation Areas mound; (5) mound floor of eastern seg­ This proved a wise plan as was soon dis­ As the excavation work proceeded it was ment higher than remainder of mound covered, for a moat around the mound discovered that the mound floor was gradu­ floor; (6) an intrusive burial. was found which proved important, not ally rising in the south-east quadrant, due to In the summer of 1963, Mr. Rogers had only in measurements, but important fea­ a heavy and impervious layer of dark red recently returned from a tour of the Near tures found in the moat. The moat on the clay. This rise in mound floor increased to 8 East, Europe and part of Africa. He had outer perimeter of the mound floor varied inches in the eastern perimeter. In this witnessed a great amount of Archaeolog­ in depth from 4 to 6 inches, and the width extreme outer edge of the mound was dis­ ical work in Syria, Lebanon, Italy, and from 22 to 28 inches. In the first two covered a "wet-weather" spring and resul­ Egypt. Returning to his home, Mr. Rogers blocks on the south side, marked 5S-1E tant wet conditions. It may have been one of believed that his farm offered an opportu­ and 5S-1W, the moat was very evident. the reasons for the construction of the moat. nity for him to become an amateur archae­ Among the features found in the moat at In the western part of the mound, in ologist and see what one of his mounds on this point were two polished sandstone blocks 1N-4W and 2N-4W, a sub-floor the farm would reveal. He suggested to the pecking stones which showed usage, one burial was discovered, which was probably writer one day, that we do some exploring Flint Ridge flint spearpoint (base broken that of a white man. The cover rocks had of one of his mounds. We visited the five off), five flint flakes, some charcoal, and been removed from the slope of the mound sites and selected the one, which four polished hematite nuggets. mound and the dirt removed down to the was nearest to his home, most accessible, Photos 2 (a& b) Moat around Mound mound floor. A burial area 72 inches long, and presented site features, which would Since it had been noted in some mound 28 inches wide, and 17 inches deep had make it most suitable to our work. explorations, that the entrance or gateway been excavated in the mound floor. After Photo 1 Rogers I Mound Prior to Excavation into the primary mound was located on the the dirt had been placed over the burial, it was covered with a layer of field rock The mound was situated 2 miles north south side, and also that the southern face which could have been easily gathered northeast of Coolville, one half mile east of the mound provided better feature from the field area. Two small stones of the Hocking River, and 300 feet south exposure for photography, the work pro­ about 10 inches long and 6 to 8 inches of the Troy Township Road, No. 182, ceeded from south to north, keeping the wide and 2 to 3 inches thick had been Section 23, Keno Quadrangle, Athens south face exposed. This proved wise in placed at the head of the grave. Then the County, Ohio. The five mounds were several respects, as shown in this report. mound dirt, that had been removed, had within an estimated area of 60 acres of A walkway was discovered leading into been replaced and on top of the dirt were the 304 acres of the farm. The site of this the burial area, 14 feet long, 22 to 30 the mound-cover rocks, which had been mound was on a high hill overlooking the inches wide, extending through blocks 3S- removed. The body had been completely Hocking River Valley, elevation 840 feet. 1W and 3S-1E, in a northerly direction and decomposed, and only a mass of white All five mounds had been damaged by into blocks 1S-1W and 1S-1E along the and gray residue remained. Three teeth pot-diggers and farm operations. All were north-south axis. The sub-floor burial area (molars) were found in the head area. within a suitable farming area and were was in block 1S-1W, and the western part There were no buttons or metal material covered with a grassy sod at the time. of block 1S-1E and 2S-1E. Dirt of light tan found. Due to the nature of the burial, no color and clay texture had been removed On November 26, 1963, Mr. Rogers and doubt, it was felt that the burial would from the burial area and piled on the east I began the orientation of Rogers I Mound. never be discovered in the mound. Using an Army Surplus compass, we side of the path. This dirt was free of any divided the mound into four quadrants, charcoal, bone, or rock material, but the Editor's note. This is the unpublished with north-south and east-west axes. The pathway was very dark in color, showing report a 1965 excavation by the late quadrants were divided into 5 foot square evidence of organic material, probably Ernest Sutton of Coolville, Ohio, fur­ blocks from center to circumference. tracked in from the outside and charcoal nished by granddaughter Nancy Ford. from the burial area. Stakes were set at the intersection of lines Errata and the mound plotted on graph paper for There were three extended burials in Concerning the Rogers II report, in the recording of progress in excavation and the sub-floor area in a bad state of Ohio Archaeologist Volume 49 No. 4 Fall location of features discovered. decomposition, due to the seepage of 1999, I would like to make a few nota­ The mound had a north-south diameter water after the farmer had removed the tions of 53 feet and an east-west diameter of 45 cap rocks from the top of mound and The photographs were provided by feet. (It was later discovered that the differ­ leveled the dirt for seeding. Ernest Sutton, Dick Patterson, and Lena ence in diameter was due to dirt and rock Photo 3 Sub-floor Burial, Photo 4 Artifacts Hubbard. removal from top of mound and also from found in Mound Photos 8 and 9 were with the Rogers I farming operations.) The height of the Five distinct cremation areas were dis­ report to be published. Photo eight is the mound above the surrounding surface covered in the northern sector of the artifacts from the mound, and Photo 9 is area was 54 inches. Later subsequent mound, one in the north-west quadrant the moat surrounding the mound.. exploration established the height above and four in the north-east quadrant. The I apologize for any misunderstandings the mound floor varying from 66 to 74 two largest cremation areas in the north­ inches. This surprising variation was due to east quadrant had been subject to very Nancy Ford

38 N

> •• „ O OO : / °o ; .

\ 1 =

•Ml <=>

*trr D • -: frftflMl out** O^Cj Rotew M«WPI swrw 5

Chart 7 (Sutton) Floor plan of Rogers Mound I.

Figure 1 (Sutton) The Rogers Mound I

tf

Figure 3 (Sutton) Burial area.

•4 Figure 5 (Sutton) Figure 4 (Sutton) Artifacts from burial area. I Cremation area.

39 BEST FLINT TOOL by Russell Strunk Batavia, Ohio

This knife was found by Jeff Vance while surface hunting with Art Heaton and Ray Lovins in Fayette County, Ohio on 1 3 Dec. 19, 1999. It is 4 /2 by 2 /i6 inches and is made of Coshocton flint with an incurvate base and pressure flaked along both cutting edges. It was awarded best flint tool at the Jan. 16, 2000 A.S.O. meeting.

FIELD FIND by Russell Strunk Batavia, Ohio

This slate anchor pendant was found in Ross County, Ohio by Arthur J. Heaton.

40 BUTTERFLY BANNER by Gene Edwards Berlin Heights, Ohio

Over the years I have seen a lot of fine relics from Hardin County. This unfin­ ished banner of gray-black slate should rank with the finest. The size is 5'/? inches wide by 4/> inches high and Ms inch at the center. The wings are very thin and it's a wonder that it has survived farming. I have no data on just where it was found, but it has a catalogue number 2001. Maybe someone there can enlighten me more. The distribution of this type of banner is referred to as the "heart area." Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wis­ consin and northern Kentucky are the "main heart areas." This form has also been found in states surrounding the "heart area." Of this type, Knoblock states that about 20% are found undrilled or in a preform state. He also states that this type of wing banner reaches the highest stage of devel­ opment by having two notches. This banner would fall into the category of the few large examples found, with some reaching a width of 9 inches.

Reference Banner Stones of the North American Indian by Byron W. Knoblock Figure 1 (Edwards) Unfinished winged bannerstone from Hardin County, Ohio.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Dear Mr. Converse,

I want to share with you how important Bill Likens is to the teaching of history at my school. For many years Bill has inspired me personally. I have been learning about the past, but I've found few other teachers do. Their interest in their subject is often superfi­ cial. Bill, on the other hand, talks to me nearly every morning at 6:45 AM about archae­ ology and how to get the kids involved in it. His extensive knowledge and bright enthu­ siasm never fail to inspire me. His direct teaching to kids is also first rate. Many times I've watched in awe as he gets them to think while they hold in their hands interesting artifacts he brings for them. His use of guiding questions coupled with friendly support helps kids grow; they are indeed a model of what history teaching should be and often isn't. Bill is a far better scholar and a far better teacher than most at our school. I hope he gets public recognition for all he does to advance the study of the past. He richly deserves it!

Warmly, Michael Welch

Thirty years at Sells Middle School, Dublin City Schools, Dublin, Ohio

41 SALVAGED BIRDSTONE HEADS

I am initiating research hopefully leading to a publi­ Dr. Gregory L. LaForme cation regarding this interesting artifact group. I 3342 Verner Road would greatly appreciate any Society member who Kent, Ohio 44240 owns a Birdstone Head that has been reworked, 330-673-8442 - Home etched or drilled and who would like to participate in 330-762-5425 - Office this study to contact me: My address and related 330-762-5425 - Fax information follows: [email protected] - E-mail

CUYAHOGA VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY A Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio

News & Announcements

Joe Jesensky Guest Speaker At Author Author Series —

On Wednesday, August 18, CVAS's own Joe Jesensky was one of the featured speakers at the "Author! Author! PM" series. The publication of the book Joe's Place: Conversations on the Cuya­ hoga Valley was kicked off with this prestigious event. Joe was introduced by John Seiberling, and led a discussion of some of the natural, historical and archaeological highlights of the Cuyahoga Valley.

PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE / LIMITED EDITIONS

THE MUNCH SITE: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE HISTORIC PUTNAM DISTRICT OF ZANESVILLE, OHIO by Gary Felumlee, Marinda Snyder and Timmie Tate

1 This publication is the most comprehensive work thus far Soft Cover / Perfect Bound - 80 pages - 8 /2 by 12" format completed on historic archaeology in this important region of c.1999 $15.00 each + $2.00 S.H. Ohio that has been made available for purchase to the public. BOOKS MAY BE ORDERED BY SENDING A CHECK OR M.O. TO: It explores the excavation of three historic features on a con­ struction site in a well known, but nearly undocumented part Gary Felumlee, Office, 305 of Zanesville, Ohio. The Masonic Temple North 4th Street The Munch Site was a mid-nineteenth century meat market Zanesville, Ohio 43701 and dry goods store owned by the Munch family, formerly of Virginia. Over sixty photos and tables are included in this Order Form: important reference work. Glass bottles, whiteware, yel- Name . lowware, stoneware, bone and other important artifacts were recovered and restored for this project. Clear text and good Address photo quality make this book a fine reference for sites in Ohio and beyond. Books Ordered

42 NEW BOOK The View from Madisonville: Protohistoric Western Fort Ancient Interaction Patterns University of Michigan written by Penelope Ballard Drooker Museum of Anthropology Publications Please note that we are developing a companion CD-ROM for 4009 Museums this book containing downloadable databases, unpublished reports, over 800 photographs and more. This will hopefully be Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1079 available for about $25.

Telephone: (734) 764-6867 Sally Horvath FAX: (734) 763-7783 Editor

NECROLOGY

Ruth Vietzen ELYRIA — Ruth G. Vietzen, a Mrs. Vietzen was a life member of the Lorain County Histor­ igiQ . iggg well-known amateur archaeolo­ ical Society, where she served as membership chairwoman. gist and curator of the Indian She participated in many archaeological digs, including Ridge Museum, died Thursday sites in Brownhelm Township, Logan County, Ky., Sheffield at Amherst Manor. She was 89. and Midvale, Ohio, and Illinois, to name a few. The museum, located on her property, was visited by She was a member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio area schoolchildren on field trips. She and her husband, and served as the first female officer of the group. Raymond C. were curators. He died in 1995; they had Donations may be sent to New Life Hospice, 5255 N. Abbe been married 64 years. Rd., Elyria 44025 or the Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Bill Cain

Bill Cain of Wilkinson, Indiana, passed away November 29, 1999. He was a WWII veteran and served in the U.S. Navy. Bill had farmed his entire life. He had many friends in the collecting community and had a fine collection assembled over many years. Our sympathy goes to his wife Ina and his sons William and Jonathan.

Clarence Thomas 1923 - 1999

Beloved First President, Beau Fleuve Chapter, ASO, Buffalo, New York.

Back Cover: This large Piano knife - T/« inches long - was found in 1933 near Johnstown in Licking County. It is made of Coshocton flint, a preferred Piano material. Collection of Richard Sisson. Columbus, Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.