issouri Armories The Guard’s Home in Architecture and History

Robert P. Wiegers

Truman State University Press Kirksville, Missouri Copyright © 2012 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri 63501 All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu

Cover images: St. Louis Light Artillery Armory Association Armory, see fig. 3.2; Bequet-­Ribault House, Ste. Genevieve, see fig. 2.1; 1138th Military Police Company Armory, see fig. 4.19; 1137th Military Police Company Armory, see fig. 5.31; Howard M. Garrett Memorial Armory, see fig. 6.7; Company C, 135th Signal Battalion Armory, see fig. 7.16.

Cover design: Teresa Wheeler

Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

Wiegers, Robert P., 1947– Missouri armories : the Guard’s home in architecture and history / Robert P. Wiegers. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61248-063-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-61248-064-0 (ebook) 1. Armories—Missouri. 2. Military architecture—Missouri. 3. Missouri. National Guard—Facilities. I. Title. NA4482.M8W54 2012 725'.1809778—dc23 2012002482

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher.

The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Infor- mation Sciences—­Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–­1992. To Carrington Barth Wiegers, Specialist B Company, 7th Battalion, 159th Combat Aviation Brigade 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) Ft. Campbell, Kentucky And to Trevor Clark Wiegers, 1st Lieutenant C Troop, 5th Squadron, 73rd Cavalry Regiment (ABN) (RECON) 82nd Airborne Division Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Contents

Illustrations, Map, and Table...... ix Acknowledgments...... xv

Foreword by Lt. Col. (Ret.) Orval L. Henderson Jr...... xvii

Foreword by Maj. Gen. Stephen L. Danner...... xviii Introduction Historians and Heralds...... xix Chapter 1 Discovering the Armory...... 1 Chapter 2 Main Street Armories: The Vernacular Category ...... 13 Chapter 3 Castle Armories: The Castellated Category...... 58 Chapter 4 Depression-Era Armories: The Art Deco/WPA Category...... 73 Chapter 5 Cold War Armories: The Midcentury Modern and Type 783 Category . . . .103 Chapter 6 Traditional Revival Armories: The Postmodern Category...... 133 Chapter 7 Architectural Gems: The Unique Category ...... 147 Chapter 8 The Missouri National Guard Armory in History and Culture...... 166 Works Cited...... 171 About the Author...... 177 Index...... 179 Illustrations, Map, and Table

Map Distribution of Armories...... xxii Fig. 2.1 Bequet-­Ribault House, Ste . Genevieve, 2001...... 14 Fig. 2.2 Vernacular armory at Unionville, Missouri, 1994...... 15 Fig. 2.3 Former Methodist Church, Columbia, Missouri, converted to an armory in 1910 for Company G, Fourth Infantry, 1909 ...... 18 Fig. 2.4 Pierce City 1890 Armory (just left of center with peaked roof), ca . 1890. . . . . 20 Fig. 2.5 Turnverein Hall/former Company B, Third Infantry Armory, 1997...... 21 Fig. 2.6 Former Washington Hall Armory, 1944...... 21 Fig. 2.7 Company A, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 22 Fig. 2.8 Commercial bank/former Company B, Third Infantry Armory, 1994...... 22 Fig. 2.9 Robertson Property/former Battery D, 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, 1997. . . . .23 Fig. 2.10 Macomb Building/Company C, Second Infantry Armory, 1909...... 23 Fig. 2.11 McLaughlin Building/former Battery D, 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, 1997 . . 24 Fig. 2.12 Headquarters Company, 175th Military Police Battalion Armory, ca . 1950...... 24 Fig. 2.13 Former Missouri National Guard Headquarters/former Battery A, 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, 1998...... 25 Fig. 2.14 Hall Building/former Company D, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 26 Fig. 2.15 Company F, Sixth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 26 Fig. 2.16 Former Band Section, 140th Infantry Armory, 1998...... 27 Fig. 2.17 IOOF Hall/former Booneville Armory, 1997...... 27 Fig. 2.18 Former Headquarters Battery 128th Field Artillery Armory, 1994...... 28 Fig. 2.19 Service Battery, 128th Field Artillery Armory, 1939...... 28 Fig. 2.20 Former Battery A, 129th Field Artillery Armory, ca . 1950...... 29 Fig. 2.21 Former Band Section, 140th Infantry Armory, 1997...... 29 Fig. 2.22 White Eagle Dairy/former Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 128th Field Artillery Armory, 1993...... 30 Fig. 2.23 Boone Building/former Company G, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1997...... 30 Fig. 2.24 O’Rear Building/former Battery B, 1997...... 31 Fig. 2.25 Company C, 135th Tank Battalion Armory, ca . 1950...... 31 Fig. 2.26 E . H . Bess Building/Company M, Sixth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 32 Fig. 2.27 Former Fredericktown National Guard Armory, 1997 ...... 32

ix x Missouri Armories

Fig. 2.28 Third Regiment Infantry Armory, 1909...... 33 Fig. 2.29 Leong Building/Company E, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 33 Fig. 2.30 Sandford and Walker Building/Company F, Second Infantry Armory, 1909. . 34 Fig. 2.31 Former 735th Ordnance Company Armory, 2006...... 34 Fig. 2.32 Company B, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 35 Fig. 2.33 Light Battery B Armory, 1909...... 35 Fig. 2.34 Oak Street Armory, ca. 1950...... 36 Fig. 2.35 Upjohn Building/Headquarters Thirty-fifth Division Armory, ca. 1959. . . . 36 Fig. 2.36 Broadway Armory, ca. 1950...... 37 Fig. 2.37 Company I, 138th Infantry Armory, 1939...... 37 Fig. 2.38 Company F, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1909 ...... 38 Fig. 2.39 Former Company F Armory, 2000 ...... 38 Fig. 2.40 Company B, Sixth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 39 Fig. 2.41 Company C, Sixth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 39 Fig. 2.42 Field Hospital Armory, 1909...... 40 Fig. 2.43 Bascom Brothers Building/Company F, Third Infantry Armory, 1909. . . . . 41 Fig. 2.44 Company A, Sixth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 41 Fig. 2.45 Service Battery, 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, 1939...... 42 Fig. 2.46 Clements Building/Company H, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 42 Fig. 2.47 Fayette Opera House/future Company H, 138th Infantry Armory, 1905. . . .43 Fig. 2.48 Patee Market/former Fourth Infantry Headquarters Armory, 1993...... 44 Fig. 2.49 Company C, Fourth Infantry Armory, 1909...... 44 Fig. 2.50 Company G, Second Infantry Armory, 1909 ...... 45 Fig. 2.51 Standard Oil Building/Building #1, Administration Building, former Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 135th Signal Battalion Armory, 1997...... 46 Fig. 2.52 Headquarters 146th Engineer Battalion Armory, ca. 1950...... 47 Fig. 2.53 Missouri National Guard Military Academy and Armory, 1997...... 47 Fig. 2.54 Brownfield Armory/former Battery D, 128th Field Artillery Armory, 2000. . .48 Fig. 2.55 Tatum Building/Battery E, 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, ca. 1950...... 49 Fig. 2.56 Boonville Street Armory, ca. 1950...... 50 Fig. 2.57 North Jefferson Street Armory, ca. 1960...... 50 Fig. 2.58 Headquarters Company 140th Infantry Armory, 1939...... 51 Fig. 2.59 American Legion Hall/former Service Battery, 128th Field Artillery Armory, 1998...... 52 Fig. 2.60 IOOF Hall/former Headquarters Company, 140th Infantry Armory, 1997. . .53 Illustrations, Map, and Table xi

Fig. 2.61 Romines Building/former Company C, 1138th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1997...... 53 Fig. 2.62 Former Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 735th Maintenance Battalion Armory, 1997...... 54 Fig. 2.63 Former Headquarters Detachment, 205th Medical Battalion Armory, 2002. . . .54 Fig. 2.64 735th Ordnance Armory, ca. 1960...... 55 Fig. 2.65 142nd Transportation Battalion Armory, ca. 1980...... 55 Fig. 2.66 Clasbey Community Center/Company B, 735th Support Battalion Armory, 1989...... 56 Fig. 2.67 Company D, 735th Support Battalion Armory, 1993...... 56 Fig. 2.68 Major John Hack Memorial Armory, 1998...... 57 Fig. 3.1 Missouri State Armory-­Arsenal, ca. 1900...... 63 Fig. 3.2a Architectural drawing of proposed armory in St. Louis...... 64 Fig. 3.2 St. Louis Light Artillery Armory Association Armory, 1909...... 64 Fig. 3.3 Company D, 1138th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1997...... 66 Fig. 3.4 First Regiment Armory, 1938...... 67 Fig. 3.5 Company H, Second Infantry Armory, 1909...... 69 Fig. 3.6 110th Engineer Battalion Armory, ca. 1950 ...... 70 Fig. 3.7 Pierce City Armory, 1997...... 71 Fig. 4.1 Lamellar roof over the Columbia Armory, ca. 1939...... 76 Fig. 4.2 Lamellar ceiling, Doniphan Armory, ca. 1995...... 77 Fig. 4.3 138th Infantry Regiment Armory, 1950...... 82 Fig. 4.3a Corner eagles, St. Louis 138th Infantry Regiment Armory ...... 83 Fig. 4.3b Main door, St. Louis 138th Infantry Regiment Armory ...... 83 Fig. 4.4 Admiral Robert E. Coontz Armory, 1939...... 84 Fig. 4.5 Columbia National Guard Armory, 1940 ...... 85 Fig. 4.5a “Weaving” the Columbia lamellar roof, ca. 1939...... 86 Fig. 4.6 Company C, 735th Support Battalion Armory, 1997...... 87 Fig. 4.7 Former Company E, 140th Infantry Armory, 1997...... 88 Fig. 4.8 Former Battery B, 129th Field Artillery Armory, 1997 ...... 88 Fig. 4.9 Clyde Burdick American Legion Armory, 1997...... 89 Fig. 4.10 Headquarters Company, Thirty-fifth Division Armory, ca. 1950...... 89 Fig. 4.11 Lt. Patrick H. Adams Memorial Armory, 1997...... 90 Fig. 4.11a Aerial photo Sikeston, ca. 1940...... 90 Fig. 4.12 A. C. Brase Arena Community Center/former Headquarters, 140th Infantry Armory, ca. 1960 ...... 91 xii Missouri Armories

Fig. 4.12a Outdoor seating area at the Brase Arena (formerly the Cape Girardeau armory)...... 91 Fig. 4.13 Monett Civic Center/former 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, 1997...... 92 Fig. 4.14 Company B, 140th Infantry Armory, 1997...... 93 Fig. 4.15 Joe E. Grohs Jr. Community Center/former Company M, 140th Infantry Armory, 1998 ...... 93 Fig. 4.16 Company C, 735th Support Battalion Armory, 1997...... 94 Fig. 4.17 Aurora School District office/former Company M, 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, 1997...... 94 Fig. 4.18 Colonel James E. Rieger Armory, 1997 ...... 96 Fig. 4.19 1138th Military Police Company Armory, 1998...... 98 Fig. 4.20 Battery A, 129th Field Artillery Armory, ca. 1950...... 98 Fig. 4.21 Company C, Sixth Regiment Armory, 1998...... 99 Fig. 4.21a Incised “National Guard” over left entry door...... 99 Fig. 4.22 Company C, 1140th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1997...... 100 Fig. 4.23 Major General John C. McLaughlin Armory, 1998...... 100 Fig. 4.24 Company F, 140th Infantry, 1997 ...... 101 Table 1 Building costs of proposed WPA armories in Missouri, by county...... 102 Fig. 5.1 135th Rear Operations Center Armory, 2010 ...... 113 Fig. 5.2 1140th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1998...... 113 Fig. 5.3 Martin-Pedersen Armory, 1998...... 114 Fig. 5.4 1175th Military Police Company Armory, 1998...... 114 Fig. 5.5 Battery C, 128th Field Artillery Armory, 1998...... 115 Fig. 5.5a New exterior of Marshall armory, 2002...... 115 Fig. 5.6 Company A, 203rd Engineer Battalion Armory, 1998...... 116 Fig. 5.7 Harry S. Truman Armory, 1998...... 116 Fig. 5.8 Kenneth L. Bradford Memorial Armory, 1998...... 117 Fig. 5.9 Company B, 203rd Engineer Armory, 1998...... 117 Fig. 5.10 Company B, 1140th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1998...... 118 Fig. 5.11 Company A, 735th Support Battalion Armory, 1997...... 119 Fig. 5.11a New roof on the Lamar armory, 2006...... 119 Fig. 5.12 Camden Bock Armory, 1997...... 120 Fig. 5.13 St. Clair Armory, 1997...... 120 Fig. 5.14 Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 135th Engineer Battalion Armory, ca. 1960...... 121 Fig. 5.15 Headquarters, 135th Aviation Battalion Armory, 1986...... 121 Fig. 5.16 Company A, 735th Supply Battalion Armory, 1997...... 122 Illustrations, Map, and Table xiii

Fig. 5.16a New roof on the Nevada armory, 1998...... 122 Fig. 5.17 “Big Blue” Armory/2175th Military Police Armory, 1997...... 123 Fig. 5.17a Jefferson City Armory after addition, 1998...... 124 Fig. 5.18 French-Taggart Memorial Armory, 1998...... 125 Fig. 5.19 175th Military Police Battalion Armory, 1997...... 125 Fig. 5.20 Detachment 1, 1438th Engineer Company Armory, 1998...... 126 Fig. 5.21 Harry E . Gladish Memorial Armory, 1997 ...... 127 Fig. 5.21a Interior of Lexington armory, 1998...... 127 Fig. 5.22 Company D, 1140th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1998...... 128 Fig. 5.23 Mel Carnahan Memorial Armory, 1997...... 128 Fig. 5.24 Detachment 1, Company D, 1140th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1997...... 129 Fig. 5.25 Service Battery, 129th Field Artillery Armory, 1998...... 129 Fig. 5.26 Company E, 735th Support Battalion Armory, 1998...... 129 Fig. 5.27 Detachment 1, 203rd Engineer Battalion Armory, 1997...... 130 Fig. 5.28 William E . “Bub” Lewis Armory, 1997...... 130 Fig. 5.29 Former Office of the Adjutant General and Emergency Operation Center, 1997...... 131 Fig. 5.30 110th Engineer Battalion Armory, 1998 ...... 132 Fig. 5.31 1137th Military Police Company Armory, 1997...... 132 Fig. 5.32 Company G, 135th Aviation Armory, 1998 ...... 132 Fig. 6.1 Major General Ralph E . Truman Memorial Armory, 1990...... 136 Fig. 6.2 203rd Engineer Battalion Armory, 1997 ...... 136 Fig. 6.3 Command Sergeant Major Erby Chase Memorial Armory, 2002...... 137 Fig. 6.4 Mayes Memorial Armory, 1997...... 137 Fig. 6.5 1139th Military Police Company Armory, 1997...... 138 Fig. 6.6 Battery C, 128th Field Artillery Armory, 1997...... 139 Fig. 6.7 Howard M . Garrett Memorial Armory, 1997...... 140 Fig. 6.8 Detachment 1, 1107th AVCAD Armory, 1997 ...... 140 Fig. 6.9 Company C, 203rd Engineer Battalion Armory, 1997...... 141 Fig. 6.10 Headquarters Missouri National Guard, 1997...... 141 Fig. 6.11 Rolf Raynor Armory, 1997...... 142 Fig. 6.12 Captain John W . “Jack” Haggarty Memorial Armory, 1997...... 143 Fig. 6.13 Brigadier General O . T . Dalton Jr . and Captain William Anderson Jr . Memorial Armory, 1998...... 143 Fig. 6.14 F . A . Findley Memorial Armory, 2004 ...... 144 Fig. 6.15 Colonel Blees Armory, 2003...... 144 xiv Missouri Armories

Fig. 6.16 129th Field Artillery Armory and Maryville Community Center, 2003. . . . 145 Fig. 6.17 McLaughlin Memorial Armory, 2005...... 145 Fig. 6.18 1221st Transportation Company Armory, 2010...... 145 Fig. 6.19 PFC Lawrence A. Witt Memorial Armory, 2010...... 146 Fig. 6.20 Joint Armed Forces Reserve Center, 2010...... 146 Fig. 7.1 Bequet-­Ribault House, 1985...... 148 Fig. 7.2 Battery A/Verandah Row Armory, stereoscope, ca. 1880...... 149 Fig. 7.3 Boonville Guards/Thespian Hall Armory, 1997...... 150 Fig. 7.4 Lindell Grays, Taylor Guards/Four Courts Armory, ca. 1875...... 151 Fig. 7.5 Company G, Fourth Infantry Armory/former Methodist Episcopal Church South, 1910...... 152 Fig. 7.6 First Infantry Regiment Armory/Armory Hall, ca. 1890 ...... 153 Fig. 7.7 Former Company C, 175th Military Police Battalion Armory, 1997...... 154 Fig. 7.8 Former Battery A, 128th Field Artillery Armory Building 26, 1997 ...... 154 Fig. 7.9 Stephens Cottage, Boonville Correctional Center/former Company C, 175th Military Police Battalion Armory, 1997...... 155 Fig. 7.10 735th Ordnance Battalion Armory, 1953 ...... 156 Fig. 7.11 American Legion Post 69/former Battery F, 203rd Coast Artillery Armory, 2000...... 157 Fig. 7.12 Dockery Building/former Headquarters Company, Thirty-fifth Division Armory, 1997...... 157 Fig. 7.13 Camp Clark Armory, State Rifle Range, 1997 ...... 158 Fig. 7.14 Battery A, 128th Field Artillery Armory/Mess Hall, Building 78, 1998...... 158 Fig. 7.15 Former Presser Hall Armory, 1997...... 159 Fig. 7.16 Company C, 135th Signal Battalion Armory, 1997...... 160 Fig. 7.17 Headquarters Company, 140th Infantry, 1998...... 161 Fig. 7.18 Thirty-fifth Engineer Brigade Armory/Fort Leonard Wood, 1997...... 162 Fig. 7.19 1139th Military Police Company/Nike Missile Site 30, ca. 1970...... 163 Fig. 7.20 Thirty-fifth Division Aviation Armory, ca. 1920...... 164 Fig. 7.21 Thirty-fifth Division Aviation Hangar, 1939...... 165 Fig. 8.1 Lyle Farquhar cartoon, Bear Facts 23, no. 9 (Feb. 1999): 2...... 167 Acknowledgments

This study benefited from a decade of Central Methodist University student participation. A few of those student historians are Alison Dice, Mark Fowler, Susan Hart, Linda Heringer, Matt Milner, Lucinda Reynolds, Latham Scott, Allyne Solomon, Christina Thompson, Scott White, and Travis Young. Two research grants assisted in the collection of information: a grant from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Grant Project Number 29-96-­ ­11100-­425, November 1997, and a second grant from the Missouri National Guard, Environmental Management Office, Contract R838970053, August 1999. The Central Methodist University Smiley Library, the Missouri State Archives, the Missouri Historical Society (St. Louis), and the State Historical Society of Missouri (Columbia) assisted the project. Special thanks to Tiffany Patterson, Missouri Historic Preservation Office, for architec- tural advice. Charles Machon, Regina Meyer, John Viessman, and Orval Henderson were founts of information about the Missouri Guard. Thanks to Bill Barnes, Susan Beattie, David Denman, Bob Harms, Steve Mitchell, and Steven Quackenbush for reading and suggestions. Thanks to Chuck MacFall for photographic work and travel to distant points in the state. Finally, special thanks to those who answered questions over a long gestation period, Maryann Rustemeyer, John Finley, Joy Flanders, and especially to my loving spouse, Martha, and my sons for allowing me to indulge my curiosity.

xv Foreword

Missouri’s militia, today known as the Missouri National Guard, enjoys a history of more than two hundred years of public service. First organized at Ste. Genevieve in 1751, the militia’s history is recorded by specific time periods. A select few publications on the Guard are available to readers. In 1934 the Military Council of the Missouri National Guard published a History of the Missouri National Guard that primarily details unit activities during World War I and selected postwar events. A second, and more important history is Dr. John Glendower Westover’s Evolution of the Missouri Militia into the National Guard of Missouri 1804–­1919. Written as a dissertation in 1948, this work was published in 2005 by the Missouri Society for Military History. Both books are limited in over- all scope. There are a few unit histories: the 138th and 140th Infantry Regiments and 129th Field Artillery Regiment from World War I, a brief 1939 “college yearbook” style history of the Guard and Naval Militia, and a history of the post–­World War II Missouri Air National Guard. Other than newspaper stories and scattered articles in periodicals, pertaining to specific events, readers are left with many unanswered questions. Now comes Dr. Robert Wiegers with his new book on the Missouri National Guard, explaining the Guard’s connection with individual communities, through the architecture and public use of many armories. The extraordinary number of photographs connect his descriptive text to the many structures with which all readers, especially guardsmen, are familiar. Dr. Wiegers’s book connects nineteenth-­century armories to the present. The Missouri National Guard, including all commanders and adjutants general, should wel- come this new book. The book has a place in all armories with a copy at each unit and in the personal library of every reader who enjoys Missouri history—­particularly past and current guardsmen.

Lt. Col. (Ret.) Orval L. Henderson Jr. St. Louis, Missouri October 21, 2011

xvii Foreword

This volume was a labor of love for Dr. Robert Wiegers, a retired Missouri National Guardsman and the proud father of two sons, Carey and Trevor, who now serve with the 101st Airborne and 82nd Airborne Divisions, respectively. Dr. Wiegers traces the origins—­and in some cases fates—­of armories throughout the state, examining the armories and how they reflect the Missouri National Guard’s character, history, and place in the community. The story of our armories isn’t a story about buildings. It’s the story of generations of citizen-­ soldiers and airmen, and the families and communities that supported them. It is the story of how the United States shifted from a colonial wilderness into one of the most technologically and eco- nomically advanced nations in the world. It is the story of how art, architecture, and culture influ- enced the most utilitarian of structures. It is the story of how major international events affected small towns across the state. Dr. Wiegers writes, “The ideal armory is a place where guardsmen feel pride in membership. It should also be a building the community can take pride in as well.” Those words are true about today’s armories more than ever. Armories are where our new enlistees go through the Recruit Sus- tainment Program to prepare them for the rigors of basic training. Armories are where our current soldiers and airmen spend their monthly drills and, often, their annual training. Armories are where our retirees return to mentor the generations that carry on their service and traditions. In a study of dozens of buildings built over hundreds of years, Dr. Wiegers examines what makes some armories beloved landmarks while others are ultimately demolished or forgotten. He examines the diverse influences that shaped our armories, from the Spanish, French, English, and colonial tradi- tions, all the way through the Cold War and into the modern era. He shows the changing role of the armory from a necessary form of protection in colonial times to a community center and sign of pros- perity in modern times. Yet through it all, there is one common feature: the citizen-­soldier. You’ll find some familiar faces in these pages. Capt. Harry S. Truman and Capt. Charles Lind- bergh, two of the Missouri National Guard’s iconic figures, are both featured. But given equal time are men and women who are usually known only in the communities where they served. There was Capt. Frank M. Rumbold, a soldier and renaissance man who found a home for Battery A in St. Louis at the turn of the century. There was Capt. C. E. Fowler, who worked to draw attention to the deteriorating conditions in which his soldiers were working in Kennett in the 1930s. There was Col. James E. Rieger, a World War I hero to whom the Kirksville Armory is dedicated. These pages include dozens more citizen-­soldiers whose contributions, great and small, have made the Missouri National Guard the proud institution it is today. I hope you enjoy this volume as much as I did. It is a fitting tribute to the men and women who have served in communities throughout Missouri and on countless battlefields throughout the world.

Maj. Gen. Stephen L. Danner Adjutant General, Missouri National Guard xviii Introduction Historians and Heralds

ikening the National Guard to a profit-­oriented national corporation may seem like compar- ing apples to oranges, but in many respects the Guard is a national corporation with local franchises. A national corporation has a corporate headquarters, the Guard has the state Ladjutants general’s office. A corporation has local offices, each with its own workforce, the Guard has companies and brigades. And in place of a branch office or store, the National Guard has the armory. The raison d’être for a national corporation is to make money by providing a service or selling a product, whereas the National Guard’s mission is to render a public service as a general emergency response and reserve military force. Like a corporation selling its services or products, the Guard shares major challenges in mar- keting and brand identification. The corporation uses public relations specialists to craft a positive public image and to attract new customers. In the Guard, historians and heralds act as public rela- tions specialists; the historian chronicles the lifestyle and accomplishments of the group, while the herald presents the group’s history and successes to the public. Both the historian and the herald play important roles in promoting the Guard and influencing public opinion. The National Guard has a particular need for dedicated penmen like the historian and the her- ald. Without public relations specialists, corporations risk losing brand loyalty and market share; the National Guard risks losing its local identity and appeal to the volunteer-­spirited. As a service organization that draws its manpower from across the state, the National Guard needs a good cor- porate image to fill the ranks and maintain political support. Like the corporation that courts the consumer to buy its product, so the National Guard courts the recruit. Comparing recruits to consumers is instructive since it touches on the reasons why some potential recruits decide to join the Guard and others do not. If a potential consumer is given a choice between a known brand-­name product and an unknown one, the consumer will most likely pick the option with the best reputation or look elsewhere. The same applies to the National Guard recruit-­consumer when given a choice between joining service groups such as the Boy Scouts, Rotary, American Legion, Army Reserve, or the Guard—­the best reputation will win. Because the consumer can be swayed by an attractive image as well as price, national corpo- rations are careful to promote their corporate identities in a way that will guide the consumer to choose their product. This idea has led to the proliferation of registered symbols, colors, and build- ing styles, such as McDonald’s golden arches, the Greyhound Bus’s racing greyhound, John Deere’s signature shade of green, Walmart and Home Depot’s distinctive building designs, and Gateway’s black and white cow-pa­ tterned boxes. Since the armory is the Guard’s version of the local office or

xix xx Missouri Armories franchise storefront, the visual appeal of its architecture is just as important as the golden arches are to McDonald’s corporate image. The process that creates a winning corporate image for the Guard begins with the historian. The challenge for the historian is to document Guard activities that bolster a popular mystique. Although the Army National Guard is the oldest reserve to the regular army and shares a rich his- tory with it, the Guard itself also has a long and equally rich story. Missouri provides the historian with a whole range of military lore to make this state a centerpiece of militia and National Guard historical studies. Located in the middle of the country but having a colonial heritage, and having joined the Union in the early nineteenth century before armories developed a distinct architectural style, Missouri has all the traditions of the earliest militia and also inherited eastern architectural traditions that frame the only true National Guard home—the­ armory building. In contrast, most western states initiated an American-­style militia after the armory was an accepted militia feature. In Missouri, the historian can begin with the early French tradition of place d’armes musters and trace all national refinements in militia and developments in National Guard architectural styles since colonial times. The only armory styles not found in Missouri are regional variations common to the east and southwest. Without a Dutch or English colonial presence in Missouri, few examples of armories with Dutch colonial or Georgian features are found in the state, and without significant Spanish influence, few armories are found with Spanish colonial elements. Despite the early his- tory of French colonization along the Mississippi River in Missouri, French architectural styles did not influence later armory development, perhaps because by the time armories were being built, so many other ethnic groups had settled in the area that French building traditions were diluted. Another significant difference in Missouri armories is the reason for building the armory in a certain place. Some eastern armories were built as instruments of social control—­to intimidate the work- ing class. In contrast, selecting a location for an armory in Missouri was often based on a desire for community improvement and social cohesion, similar to how construction of religious structures and cultural buildings reflects on local society and supports the community. Regardless of how the armory looks or how the Guard acquired the building, the local armory served both the Guard and the community. Since the armory is the only physical proof of the Guard’s presence in most munici- palities, it is the local face of the Guard—­its corporate image. Foremost among the motivations for this research is to record one aspect of the Missouri Army National Guard’s corporate heritage. Instead of tracing the activities and operations of a Guard unit, this study concentrates on the armory as the most visible aspect of Guard history and uses it as a focal point to highlight other facts. Although this work is intended as a reference and an exploration of Missouri armory development, the collected information is not exhaustive, for many armories and the many units that served in them are unknown—­proof that the Guard historian’s job is never finished. Because so many armories have disappeared, and along with them, the units that called them home, every armory should be considered a heritage asset for the Missouri National Guard. Unfortunately, because of armory distribution and the diverse forms of their architecture, many armories have blended in with the surrounding landscape too well and for so long that they have already been forgotten. A typical small-­town forgotten armory is the “old armory” in Fayette, Missouri (see fig. 2.47). The 1905 building is a tall, three-­story brick structure on the southeastern corner of the Fayette courthouse square, affectionately known as the “old opera house.” It is still easy to imagine where storefronts once Introduction xxi occupied the three ground-level bays with two stories above. This grand old building dominates the cor- ner where it housed the town opera house, then the local National Guard armory, a garment factory, and finally a church. To fully grasp the position of the armory in Guard history, it is necessary to document the gradual emergence of this new building type and follow its refinement from the time the Guard met informally in public places, such as alehouses, to modern times when the local armory serves not only as the Guard’s home, but also as a civilian emergency shelter. This study includes architectural and historical notes, providing a context that expands the understanding of armory development in conjunction with the evolution of the National Guard. All armories in this study are divided into categories based on architectural styles, with each category being roughly equivalent to a specific historical time period. The use of categories allows easy comparison of buildings within and between groups. These catego- ries also allow Missouri armories to be compared with armories in other states and allow architectural historians in other states to use these same categories, tailoring them to their own circumstances and adding regional styles that predate or postdate those found in Missouri. Unlike monuments, former armories are typically undocumented and unseen, in part because former Guard historians and heralds failed to recognize this important part of Guard history, and planners failed to appreciate the importance of corporate architecture to the Guard image. But the National Guard armory can be a vital link between past and present and a durable tie between the Missouri Guard and the community. Former armories symbolize the longevity and the dedica- tion of all guardsmen; the only other structure that provides any type of memorial to the Missouri National Guard is the Museum of Missouri Military History at the Ike Skelton Training Site near Jefferson City, established in 1999. The museum contains valuable information on the history of the Missouri National Guard, but the armories scattered throughout the state demonstrate, on a daily basis, the close relationship between the Guard and the community. Guardsmen may see the armory as the home of the Guard and probably see armories in their area, whether decommissioned or still in use, as providing a sense of belonging and attachment. Civilians may see the armory as a community center or landmark, and may derive a sense of security from having a Guard armory in the community. In the nearly four centuries since the first militia, armory designs have been affected by evolving architectural styles, technological developments, changes in space needs and use, and the needs of the community. However armory styles develop and evolve, this most visible and enduring symbol of the National Guard will continue to provide guardsmen and community members with a tangible connection to the National Guard. xxii Missouri Armories Chapter 1 Discovering the Armory

“So instead of calling it an armory, I prefer to call it the home of the guardsman.” Brigadier General R. E. Rilea, Oregon National Guard

hen we think of military architecture, we usually think of fortresses and castles or something equally massive and intimidating. The armory, however, falls into a differ- W ent category of military architecture because it serves a different function. In 1935 congressional hearings on funding for National Guard armories, Brigadier General R. E. Rilea, vice president of the National Guard Association, correctly described the armory as “the home of the guardsmen, the storage place for the Federal property . . . the community center . . . [and] a haven in time of catastrophe.” Because the armory fills multiple functions, serving both a part-time­ military force and the broader community, armory design has acquired a community rather than a martial image. Although some armory buildings may resemble a fortress in size and embellishments, the greater number are domestic with sparse martial symbolism, intended to welcome the visitor rather than repel the invader. The function and design of the modern National Guard armory is not an accident of history or architectural whim. The armory’s function clearly evolved over time, as each generation of Ameri- cans tinkered with an inherited militia organization based on the citizen-­soldier model, which is based on the idea that the citizen has an obligation to arm himself to defend his country. This is in contrast to the practice of hiring mercenaries or having a professional standing army. The very idea of an armory located within a civilian environment has roots in the colonial history of the American military system, which has both a federal standing army and part-­time state militias. The American militia system is a variant of the European approach to war with accepted norms and conventions that dictate how war is prepared for, conducted, and memorialized.1 In the years leading up to the American Revolution, many colonists objected to the practice of having a standing army that might act independently of civil authorities, believing that a citizen-soldier would protect the freedom of the people because he is a civilian. The colonial militia was formed around the idea of the citizen-­ soldier, and in the early years of the new republic, state and federal authorities debated the merits of having a militia of citizen-­soldiers under the command of the state versus having a standing army under the command of the central government. Under the militia system, each citizen-­soldier was responsible for supplying his own gun and equipment, and met to drill at regular intervals. This meant that the militia unit needed a place to meet, but needed little else. Since cultures change over

1. Keegan, A History of Warfare, xi. See also Hanson, Carnage and Culture. 1 2 Chapter 1 time, the shape and function of war-­related buildings have also changed. As the American military system shifted to one that relied on a central standing army with local militias acting to supplement the standing army in times of emergency, it became clear that the armories needed to change to meet a new set of needs. Major factors at the national level that have governed changes in military building design include the availability of federal funds for armory construction, political priorities, and international relations that affect the need for military preparedness and the size of the armed forces. To a lesser degree, these factors function on the state level and have influenced armory con- siderations since colonial times. For many years, existing community buildings could serve the needs of the local National Guard unit. In Fayette, for example, the building that served as the armory from 1922 to 1941 was at various times the town opera house, a garment factory, and a church. On the ground level, stores once occupied the three bays. Today the building houses a sports bar and is barely distinguishable from the other buildings around it. The earliest armories would have provided, at a minimum, space for a drill hall and room for storage. Today an armory needs a large space for a drill hall, room for storage, an arms vault, and office space for unit administration. Modern armories often also have a kitchen, a firing range, a recreation area, and other amenities that vary from place to place, but are not essential. While the basic requirements of the armory building may be fairly uniform, the build- ing design or style itself does not have to conform to any special requirements, making it possible for an armory to be housed in almost any type of building. Some armories have survived for generations in the American cityscape and have become sym- bols of architectural development as well as National Guard history. It is impossible to estimate how many Americans served in all state Guard establishments, but it is possible to estimate the number of buildings guardsmen have utilized as armories nationwide. Extrapolating from the 220 docu- mented armories in Missouri yields an approximation of ten thousand armories throughout the country. Clearly, every town did not have an armory, but it is likely that most large-­ to medium-­size cities, and many small towns, such as Burlington Junction, Missouri (population 813 in 1935), had an armory at one time or another. Currently the Army National Guard has a presence in over three thousand American communities. Since the early 1800s, the presence of a National Guard armory has always been a good talis- man for city prosperity and a sign of civic pride. In 1907, the editor of the Perryville Sun Newspaper put it plainly: Now, we don’t want the outside world to understand that there was any need for the establishment of a Guard here to maintain the peace or order of this city, but we might as well have one here, as they have one in nearly every town of any great importance in the state, and it don’t [sic] cost a per- son anything to belong to it; the government pays all expenses. No, Perryville is a peaceable town, don’t you forget that, but it is deserving of everything that any other city in the State is, and hence the organization of the National Guard here.2 Everyone in a small-­town economy benefited from the presence of a Guard unit. In addition to the small stipend the state allotted for armory rent—in 1900 about twenty-five dollars per month— the payroll was considerable and regular. At one time, in communities smaller than regional cities or county seats, the Guard armory and the post office may have been the only outside sources of

2. “National Guard Organized,” Perry County (MO) Sun, June 6, 1907. 3 Discovering the Armory

income injected into an otherwise agrarian economy. If the armory was rented, it might have been in a ground-­level storefront or on the second floor. If the building was built privately by the unit through membership pledges, or built by the state with matching federal funds in the 1930s, the community had a state-of-the-art armory. From here the local Guard unit conducted its business in full view of the community. Historians who want to interpret the National Guard must understand the role of the armory to the unit and the community. The armory is the center around which everything in the unit marches. All official Guard training at one time began at the armory. Wintertime training at the unit level lays the groundwork for instruction at the regimental and division levels conducted each summer.3 In addition to its military functions, the armory is open to community use and in many towns and cities that host a Guard unit, the armory is the most frequently used location for civic and social events. The armory also plays a role in recruiting for the National Guard. The adjutant general’s Biennial Report for 1907–1908 noted the varying quality of armories across the state and the relationship between the condition, and identified good armories as a major influ- ence in successful recruiting: The buildings used as armories by the companies stationed at the various towns and cities over the State vary greatly in suitability for the purpose. At some points the efforts and means of the mem- bers of the company have provided fairly adequate quarters; at others they are very poor. Proper quarters can be secured in every instance if fair rental can be paid. With the small appropriation available this has not been possible. In every case where a suitable armory has been provided, an excellent company will be found. If the Guard is to attain the highest degree of efficiency sufficient funds must be appropriated to pay fair rentals and provide proper maintenance.4 In 1912, the War Department reported fourteen out of sixty-three unit armories in Missouri were so shabby as to discourage enlistments or reenlistments.5 The message from 1912 is still applicable today; the corporate architecture of the armory is important. But as important as the armory is to the life of the National Guard, the history of the armory is neither simple to understand nor easy to discover, as the history of the home of the Guard is closely intertwined with the history of the organization.

The Militia Setting The best way to understand the rise of the armory is to trace it alongside the development of the National Guard. The two trajectories do not exactly match, yet changes in the armory do follow advances in Guard history. The Missouri National Guard began as a French militia, then became a Spanish militia, and finally an English-American-style militia, as the territory changed hands and successive governments tried to control events and populations while investing little in defense. The development of the Missouri Guard was therefore influenced by a complex mixture of social, politi- cal, and economic factors. To offset the expense of supporting a regular army, all colonial powers in North America utilized the concept of the citizen-soldier to some degree. An organized, armed body of citizens was identified as an ordinary or common militia in which all males between certain

3. Division of Militia Affairs,Report, . . . 1911, 18. 4. Adjutant General, Report . . . 1907–1908, 27. 5. Division of Militia Affairs,Report, . . . 1912, 45. 4 Chapter 1 ages were required to supply their own arms and participate in several daylong musters a year. Dur- ing a muster, the citizen-­soldier learned to use a gun and master the battlefield drill of the time. This service was a duty owed by all colonists. On the East Coast, this obligation derived from Anglo-­ Saxon traditions that came with the English colonies in America.6 European-­style militias operated within the boundaries of the future state of Missouri as early as the eighteenth century. A few cultural practices differentiated the French and Spanish from the English militias, such as their reliance on a standing army, restriction on the ownership of weap- ons, and their willingness to recruit nonwhites into militia service. The French had scant regular army forces outside of eastern Canada and New Orleans to garrison the Upper Mississippi Valley. Colonial governors relied on the militia as a replacement body for the regular army in their western settlements.7 Every male between fifteen and sixty years was attached to a local militia company and expected to drill regularly. Militiamen were responsible for supplying their own weapons and did not have standardized uniforms. When the need arose, the French colonial authorities ordered lev- ies from the militia to fill the ranks of regular army units. The earliest record of a militia in Missouri comes from Ste. Genevieve in southeast Missouri. In 1751, the commandant of the Illinois Country, Jean Jacques Macarty, commissioned a census that included the Parish of Sainte Anne, composed of its major towns on the Illinois side of the river and the west bank community of Ste. Genevieve, the first permanent colonial settlement on the Mis- souri side of the great river.8 The name Andre Deguiredit Larose (i.e., “called Larose”) appears on the census as captain of the Ste. Genevieve militia, making him the first recorded militia member in the future state of Missouri.9 Deguire was a wealthy citizen with a large family and substantial land holdings. As militia captain, he also filled many other roles in the colonial French social order not directly associated with militia.10 French militia companies mustered for training on the village square or common field, a location suited for infantry drills involving large bodies of men. Since each militiaman supplied his own weap- ons and clothing, there was little need for storage space. Powder and ball for a regional emergency was cached in a government building or the local militia captain’s house. In the case of Andre Deguire in Ste. Genevieve, he was noted in the 1751 census as the owner of the only gunpowder and shot in town. The Chouteau House in St. Louis was probably used for storage also. Often referred to as Government House, it was a stone building, centrally located, and the home of the militia captain.11 French administration of the Louisiana Territory was conveyed to Spain under the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau. Spanish dignitaries arrived in the area of Missouri in 1770. They added depth to the defense structure with a larger contingent of the Spanish regular army than had been present during the French administration.12 Under Governor Alejandro O’Reilly, an Irishman in Spanish service, colonial defense was realigned to move a greater share of the responsibility for defense onto the mili- tia. On February 12, 1770, O’Reilly directed the creation of thirteen militia companies in Missouri.13

6. Ansell, “Legal and Historical Aspects of the Militia.” 7. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Its Early Days, 66–­72. 8. See Nelson, “Sainte Anne.” 9. Ekberg, Francois Vallé and His World, 96. 10. Ekberg, Colonial Ste. Genevieve, 29. 11. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Its Early Days, 150, 245. 12. Ekberg, Colonial Ste. Genevieve, 56. 13. Holmes, Honor and Fidelity, 19. 5 Discovering the Armory

According to instructions from the Spanish commandant of Upper Louisiana at St. Louis, Charles Delassus, these thirteen companies would muster every fifteen days on Sunday and “each comman- dant [would] exercise his [men] in marching by file, or in sections of four and eight, according to the number of their men, to teach them the manual of loading and firing, to enable them to execute it promptly and with regularity.”14 It was essential under the Spanish regime that the militia be maintained, trained, and armed appropriately, but reliance on the militia presented O’Reilly with a significant predicament. Militia training took men away from the fields and trades essential for the growth of the colony’s economy. In contradiction to his directive for training the militia, O’Reilly ordered that militia musters be arranged so that they did not inconvenience the locals or create resentment against Spanish rule over the French population. O’Reilly’s contradictory orders illustrate a paradox that would vex all ordinary and compulsory militias. Community-­based militias were expected to be trained, but they were often poorly trained due to their essential obligations in the community. Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana Charles Delassus assumed control from 1799 to 1804 and maintained the previous compulsory militia companies in the main population centers of St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, and Cape Girardeau. In December 1802 and 1803, three militia companies from Ste. Genevieve, Platin, and New Bourbon were formed into a territorial battalion for an expe- dition against the Native Americans in the New Madrid area.15 The New Madrid campaign was the largest militia movement of the colonial era in Missouri. In contrast to the French and Spanish systems, where the militia supplemented the regular army, the English colonial ordinary militia was considered a military force in its own right. The English view that a standing army could be a threat to royal authority meant that the militia played a primary, rather than a supporting, role in community defense. As the frontier moved west and the Indian threat in Missouri diminished, the militia’s role in community defense contracted and the ordinary militia became dormant; their remaining role in maintaining law and order was taken over by the volunteer militia.16 During their colonial experience, the English learned to amalgamate separate ordinary militia units into larger bodies as needed. English “trained bands,” select bodies of militia that drilled as a group, were formed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. During the 1636 Pequot War, several trained bands were assembled into a larger unit to become the first official militia regiment in English North America.17 As a template for future militia organizations, the English model traveled westward, tran- sitioning into a United States model that entered the Upper Louisiana Territory in 1804. In the citizen-­soldier model, when the state required militia service, the ordinary militia became a compulsory militia for as long as needed by the state. Membership in the compulsory militia was determined by the nature of the emergency and local customs that defined the age range and the social status for service. Generally males between fifteen and sixty years were identified for com- pulsory service, but this assemblage included some too young and some too old for the rigors of a campaign; therefore, males between eighteen and forty-five years were most often called on for extended duty.

14. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Its Early Days, 330–32. 15. Ibid., 318–32. 16. Boucher, “Colonial Militia as a Social Institution,” 125–30. 17. Osgood, American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1:510. About the Author

After graduating from Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, Robert P. Wiegers joined the US Army in 1969, and served in Ethiopia, Southeast Asia, and West Germany. Wiegers attended grad- uate school at Boston University and the University of Missouri-Columbia, where he completed a doctorate in anthropology in 1985. He joined the Missouri Army National Guard in 1986 and completed twenty-five years of combined service in 2004. He took a teaching position at Central Methodist College (now University) in 1989, where he is a professor of history. Wiegers and his wife, Martha, live in Fayette, Missouri. Their two sons, Carey and Trevor, are presently serving with the US Army.

177 Index

N.B. all counties, cities, towns, and villages are in Missouri unless otherwise noted. A Clark, Dave, 76 A. C. Brase Arena Community Center, 91 Cleavinger, J. Kay, 46, 47 Adair County armories Cochran & Son, 48–49 art deco, 96 Cooper, Carlson, Duy, & Ritchie, 137 commercial block, 39 Crawford Construction, 139 self-funding of, 96–97 Dalton-Dillinger Construction, 141 Adm. Robert E. Coontz Armory, 84, 137 Daly Brothers Construction Co., 69 Albany, WPA armory, 80, 98 Davis, Alexander Jackson, 59 America. See United States Deering & Clark, 85 American Legion armories Donnellar & Assoc., 132 castellated, 69 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 59 Clyde Burdick, 89 Draper, George, 71, 89 Dexter, 99 Dunbar, Irwin, 9, 96, 97 Post 69 building, 157 Fuller, George A., Co., 161 Thomas-Tuttle Post, 52 Gastinger, Rees, Walker, 138 vernacular box style, 52 Gastinger & Walker Assoc., 121, 122 American Legion Hall, 52 Gastinger, Walker & Hardin, 143 American Revolution, and English colonial militia, 6 George, F. R., 48 Anderson armories George & Burnett,43 parapet commercial front, 49 Gossen Livingston Assoc., 146 Type 783, 116 Gould & Evans, 139 Anderson, William, Jr., armory, 143 Grace Construction, 137, 138 Andrew County, vernacular box armory, 56 Guenther-Mills, 143 Anheuser-Busch Brewing Co., 65 Harms, John B., & Assoc., 140 architects/builders/designers Haskins, Charles A., 160 Abdelmach Assoc., 140 HOK Architects, 141 Ball, Jack D., & Assoc., 142 Homan & McDearmon, 152 Barnes, Bruce, 129–30 Hood, Raymond, 74 Barnes & Morrison, 153 Howard, J. L., 152 Bates, Barton, 149 Huffman Construction,132, 144 Berry, Sir Charles, 60 Irvinbilt Construction Co., 127, 138 Besecke-Swanson-Tierney, 94, 95 JCA & Assoc., 123, 124 Black & Veach, 158 Johnson, Wayne D., 136 Blast, T. W., 69 Jourdan, J. Carl, 72, 91 Bleigh Construction, 137 Kiefner Construction Co., 118 Bonsack & Pearce, 159 Kirsch, R. G., 66 Brownfield, Earl, 49 Kloster Building Group, 143 BSI Construction, 141 K&S Assoc., 146 Bulkley, Louis C., 64 LICO Construction, 144 Bulkley, William M., 64, 65 Livingston, Ivan, 144 Butler & Assoc., 126, 127 T. J. Longabaugh Construction Co., 122 Cahill, D. F, Construction Co., 132 Ludwig & Assoc., 124 Lynch, Hal, 87, 91, 93, 98–100 179 180 Missouri Armories architects/builders/designers, continued US Army Corps of Engineers, 163 Mackey, Eugene J., III, Inc., 137 US Army Quartermaster Corps, 154, 162 Marie, Alexis, 148 US government (PL 783), 108–9 McCarthy Bros. Construction, 159 Van Alen, William, 74 McCoy, Hutchinson & Stone, 127 Veldhuizen & Livingston, 144 McCullum, Angus, & Assoc., 132 Venturi, Robert, 133 McDonald, George, 157 Walker, Wade, 139 McPherson, William, 149 Walter, Frank, 74 Megraw, W. J., 44 Warren, R. Robert, 88 Miller & Pitcher, 153 Williams, Russ, 141 Moore Bros., 157 Wrought Iron Range Co., 159 Mortenson, M. A., Construction, 143 architectural styles. See also ornamentation/decoration M-P Construction Co., 117 700/800 cantonment, 152 Oberlechner, Ralph, 131 1950s order, 103 Osburg, A., 82 American imperial modern, 103 Philips & Assoc., 100 Americana vernacular, 14 Pritchard & Assoc., 113–16, 118, 120–23, 125, art deco/WPA modern, 10–12, 46, 50, 71, 73–81: 129 inventory of, 82–101 Professional Contractors & Engineers, Inc., 142 art nouveau, 73, 75 Pugin, August W. N., 60 aviation hangar, 165 Reeder, Harold L., 84 castellated, 10–12, 59–61, 65–66, 71: inventory Reisner & Urbahn, 109 of, 63–72 Renwick, James, Jr., 59 civic monumental, 82 Repp, Louis, 157 and Cold War, 103–4 Richardson, H. H., 64–65 commercial/commercial block, 21–33 Roberts, James T., 126 Congressional hearings about, 105–11 Ross & Baruzzini, 146 Egyptian-inspired, 75 Ruskin, John, 60 federal, 154 Schaper, John M., 48 French eclectic, 147, 160 Schneider, George, 21 gems, 12, 147–65 A. J. Seivers Construction, 125 German vernacular, 21–22, 48 Shaughnessy, Joseph, 98 Gothic revival, 58–62 Shaughnessy, Fickel & Scott Assoc.,145 Greek revival, 152, 156 Shell Construction, 126 and Guard morale, 105 Sides Construction Co., 132, 140 Italian revival, 157 Slayton, General, 70 Italianate commercial, 22 Smith, Walter, 53 midcentury modern, 11–12, 103–32 Southwest Engineering Co., 130 military vernacular, 163 Starnes, Robert, & Assoc., 145 modern (vernacular), 10, 50, 58 State Director of National Guard Facilities, 53 modern, defined/described, 103–4 Sterns, Robert, 144 modernist, 11–12, 73–74, 103–4 Stevens, S. C., 93 neoclassical, 159 Stretz & Schuster, 52 neo-modern, 135 Jos. T. Stryker & Assoc., 120 postmodern, 12, 133–46 Stupp Bros. Bridge & Iron Co., 159 Queen Anne, 154–55 Sutterfield, J. A.,88, 90 Quonset huts, 108, 161 Synms, Maj. C. G., 158 Romanesque, 64–65, 157 Tatum, George, 49–50 Romantic influence, 59 Taylor, C. M., 90 Second Empire, 150, 153 Thomas, E. C.,101 steamboat Gothic, 149 Trunk, Ben, 43 streamline moderne, 10, 73–75 Upjohn, Richard, 59 traditional revival, 12, 134–35 Urbauer-Atwood Heating Co., 159 Type 783, 11–12, 103–12, 169 181 Index

unique, 12, 147–65 machine guns, 44 vernacular, 12–16, 19, 20–57 and Militia Act (1792), 9 Victorian/High Victorian Gothic, 59 security of, 16–17 WPA modern, 74 theft of, 16–17 architecture. See also construction methods/materials Army National Guard. See National Guard categorization of, xxi, 12–13 Army Reserve, enhanced in Cold War, 103, 105–10 and culture, 19–20, 59–62, 73–81, 166 art deco/WPA style. See under architectural styles evolution of styles, xxi, 10–12, 14, 59–62, 74–77 Atchison County, Italianate commercial armory, 22 reflective of volunteers, 19 Audrain County speech analogy for, 14 neoclassical structure, 159 symbiosis of Guard and armory buildings, Type 783 armory, 117 169–70 Aurora armories. See also community centers; Missouri armories National Guard units with armories art deco/WPA, 75 amenities of, 59 commercial vernacular, 45 beneficial for towns, 2–3 converted Guard building, 168 as civilian emergency shelter, xxi Type 783, 132 Cold War styles, 103–11 vernacular, 27 as corporate image, xx, 166–70 and WPA, 95–96 as emergency shelters, 1 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 as encouraging enlistments, 3 Aurora Opera House Armory, 45, 46 estimated number of, 2 Aurora School District Office,94 etymology of term, 16 evolution of styles/usages, 1–2 B as franchise storefronts, xix–xx Barnes Appliance Store, 50 future considerations, 166–70 Barry County armories as Guard memorials, xxi traditional revival, 141 haylofts as, 17 WPA modern, 92 ideal of 1840, 15 Barton County armories longevity of, 83 Type 783, 119 modernist movement, 103–4 vernacular, 38 and National Defense (1916), 10 Bell, Adj. Gen. M. Frederick, 63 owned vs. rented/leased, 15–16, 46, 58–59, 62, Benedict’s Garage, 30 106, 118 Bequet-Ribault House, 14, 148 postwar expandable concept, 109 Bernie post-WWII styles, 105–11 art deco armory, 94, 94 private, 4, 17–18 WPA support for armory, 80 and public image, xix, 168–70 Bersey, Co. J. S., 79 referenced in Music Man, 17 Bertrand, HQ Co., First Battalion, 140th Infantry, 51 rent patronage, 16, 19 Big Blue Armory, 123 as sacred spaces, 169–70 Blees, Col., armory, 144 secondary uses of, xxi, 167–70 Blees, Wilhelm, 67 and small towns, 2–3, 109 Blees Military Academy Gymnasium, 67 social purposes of, xx, 44–45, 59, 61, 71, 73, Boone Building Armory, 31 77–80 Boone County armories unconventional buildings for, 17 art deco/WPA, 85 WPA, built in depressed neighborhoods, 86 Boone Building, 31 Armory Hall, St. Louis, 15, 17 commercial block, 30–31 Armory Theatre Association, 46 traditional revival, 142 arms/ammunition White Eagle Dairy, 32 care and storage of, 16 Boonville armories gun/cannon control, 9 commercial, 27 individually owned, 3–4, 9 excellency of, 49 182 Missouri Armories

Boonville armories, continued Carroll County German vernacular, 21–23 French eclectic structure, 147, 160 Greek revival, 152 Walnut Hill, 160 Queen Anne, 154–55 Carrollton, French eclectic style structure, 147, 160 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 Carthage traditional revival, 135, 139 Type 783 variant armory, 117 vernacular box, 48, 52 use of local stone, 118, 167 and WPA, 80 volunteer militia defense of, 9 Boonville Guards, 152 and WPA, 80, 118 Boonville Street Armory, 50, 50 Carthage Chamber of Commerce, 118 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 49 Caruthersville armories Brig. Gen. O. T. Dalton Jr. and Capt. William Anderson support for, 79 Jr. Memorial Armory, 143 WPA modern, 80, 93 Broadway Armory, 37 Cass County, traditional revival armory, 138 Brooks, Overton, US representative, 108 castellated style. See under architectural styles Brown, Adj. Gen. Harold W., 79–80 castles, of pseudo-aristocratic Americans, 59–60 Brown Shoe Co., 65 Centertown, vernacular academy/armory, 48 Brownfield, Earl, 49 Central Missouri State University, 157 Brownfield Armory,48 Chaffe armories Buchanan County armories commercial, 28–29 traditional revival, 137 and WPA, 80 vernacular, 43, 45–46 Charleston, streamline moderne armory, 100 Buehler Park, Rolla, 55 Chase, Cmd. Sgt. Maj. Erby, armory, 137 builders. See architects/builders/designers Chillicothe armory Burlington Junction armories art deco, 88 parapet commercial block, 26 WPA support for, 80 vernacular, 2 Choteau Mansion/Choteau’s Mill Creek, 150 and WPA, 80 Chouteau House, St. Louis, 4 Busch, Adolphus III, 65 church buildings, in secondary use as armories, 17–18 Butler County armories Churchill, Sir Winston, 166 traditional revival, 144 citizen-soldiers. See also militia (volunteer) WPA modern, 101 American attitudes toward, 60–61 Bye, Capt. Stanley E., 118 compulsory service of, 5–6, 19 quartering of, 19 C Civil War, and state militia, 7–8 Callaway County, armories, 25 Civil Works Administration (CWA), 77 Callaway County Fair Association, 126 Clasbey Community Center, 56 Camden Bock Armory, 120 Clements Building, 35 Camp Clark Clinton armories heritage structures of, 147 commercial block, 29 as sacred space of Guard, 170 Type 783, 125 vernacular armory, 158 and WPA, 80 Cape Girardeau (city and county) armories Clyde Burdick American Legion Armory, 89 art deco, 91 Cmd. Sgt. Maj. Erby Chase Memorial Armory, 137 commercial vernacular, 28 Col. Blees Armory, 144 converted, 168 Col. James E. Rieger Armory, 96 modern, 113 Cold War Type 783, 113, 121 and enhanced Guard/Reserve, 103 WPA support for, 80 and federal assistance for armories, 111–12 Cape Girardeau Chamber of Commerce, 91 and Guard traditions, 11 Capt. John W. “Jack” Haggarty Memorial Armory, 143 Cole, W. Sterling, US representative, 107–8 Carnahan, Mel, Memorial Armory, 128 Cole County armories castellated, 63 183 Index

international style, 131 Dexter armories modern vernacular, 54 as community space, 134 parapet vernacular, 35 streamline moderne, 99 traditional revival, 141 traditional revival, 145 Type 783, 123 WPA support for, 80 vernacular, 48 Dick, Charles T., 10 Columbia armories Dick Acts (1903, 1908), 10 approved for WPA, 80 Dockery building, 157 art deco/WPA, 76, 85 Doniphan, WPA modern armory, 80, 87 commercial block, 30–32 Doniphan Chamber of Commerce, 87 converted, 168 Dunklin County armories Gothic revival, 151 Type 783 modified,132 Guard quarters, 17 WPA modern, 88 traditional revival, 142 commercial/commercial block buildings. See under E architectural styles E. H. Bess Building, 32 community centers East Central Missouri Hereford Breeders Assn., 161 A. C. Brase Arena, 91–92, 121 Eldon, Iowa armory/community center concept, 1, 3, 103–4 commercial box armory, 56 Bernie Armory, 94 Grant Wood’s American Gothic house, 60 Clasbey Community Center, 56 Ellis, Arthur W., mayor, 123 Col. James E. Rieger Armory, 96–97 Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (1935), 78 Dexter, 184 Evans, Brig. Gen. E. A., 107–8 Joe E. Grohs Jr. Community Center, 93 Maryville Community Center, 134, 145 F Pierce City Armory plans for, 71–72 F. A. Findley Memorial Armory, 144 Sedalia, 134 Farmington armories in WPA armories, 78–82, 87, 91–93, 96–99 Quonset hut, 161 construction methods/materials. See also architecture Type 783, 128 of art deco/WPA style, 75–76, 79, 85–86 vernacular, 53 lamellar roofs, 75–77, 86, 96 and WPA, 80 of vernacular style, 14 Faust, Edward A, 76 Coontz, Adm. Robert E., 84, 137 Fayette armories Cooper County armories “old armory,” xx–xxi, 2 commercial, 27 vernacular, 44 German vernacular, 21–23, 48 and WPA, 80 Greek revival, 152 Fayette Opera House, 15,44 Queen Anne, 155 federal government offices.See under US government traditional revival, 139 Fenn, Col. Alva, 107 vernacular box, 52 Festus armories Cowan, Mayor R. D., 95 art deco, 93 Cramer, Maj. Gen. Kenneth F., 106, 109 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 culture, and architecture, 19–20, 59–62, 73–81, 166 traditional revival, 135, 140 WPA style, 140 D WPA support for, 80 Dalton, O. T., Jr. memorial armory, 143 Findley, F. A., armory, 144 Deguire, Andre dit Larose, 4 First Regiment Armory Association, 68 Delassus, Lt. Gov. Charles, 5 Fort Belle Fontaine, as Guard sacred space, 170 Dent County, Type 783 armory, 126 Fort Leonard Wood armories Depression-era armories, 12 style 700 and 800 series cantonments, 162 Design Guide for US Army Reserve Facilities, 133–34 traditional revival, 143 designers. See architects/builders/designers Four Courts armory, 150 DeSoto, Type 783 armory, 130 184 Missouri Armories

Fowler, C. E., 18 WPA modern, 84 Franklin County, Type 783 armory, 120 WPA support for, 80 Franklin Dragoons, 13 Hannibal State Dairy Farm, 137 Fredericktown armories Hardin College, Presser Hall, 1459 Bess Building, 32–33 Harris, Adj. Gen. John A., 105 Type 783, 129 Harrison, Lloyd A., 126 French-Taggart Memorial Armory, 125 Harrisonville armories. See also Lone Jack armories Fulton armories postmodern, 13 commercial vernacular block, 25 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 traditional revival, 138, 139 Type 783 gable variant, 125 Harry E. Gladish Memorial Armory, 127 funding for armories Harry S. Truman Armory, 116, 117 American Legion, 99 Henry Country armories federal, 2–3, 9–10, 49, 65, 80–81 commercial block, 29 federal/municipal, and SB 187, 134–35 Type 783, 125 federal/state, 138, 140, 142, 154 Himmelberger, H. I., 91 federal/state/municipal under WPA, 78, 84–87, history/historians 95–99 importance of to Guard, xix, 167–70 municipal, 71–72, 96–101 Missouri as centerpiece for study, xx and National Defense Facilities Act (1950; aka PL Holland, Charles, house, 157 783), 108–9, 118 “houn’ dawg” symbol of Co. A, 203rd Armor, 46, 50 private/subscription, 9–10, 16, 50, 58, 61, 64–70, Houston, commercial vernacular armory, 53 153 Howard County state, 2–3, 9, 49, 58, 69, 78, 82 Fayette Opera House, 15,44 WPA, 98 old armory, xx–xxi, 2 Fyfer, J. K., 151 vernacular armory, 15, 44 Howard M. Garret Memorial Armory, 140 G Howell County armories Gamble, Gov. Hamilton R., 8 commercial block, 25 Garrett, Howard M., armory,140 WPA modern, 98 General Accounting Office (GAO).See under US Huckleberry City Park, 137 government Gentry County, WPA modern armory, 98 I German vernacular style, 22 Ike Skelton Training Site, xxi Gothic revival style. See under architectural styles Illinois Country territory, 4 Gray, Gordon, assistant secretary of the Army, 105 Independence armories Grays, Lindell, Taylor Guards armory, 150 Type 783, 110, 116 Great Depression, WPA-modern style armories, 10–12 vernacular, 42 Great Railroad Strike (1877), 8 IOOF Hall Greene County armories Boonville, 27, 31 one-story, 50–51 Farmington, 53 traditional modified,136 Irving, Washington, Gothic revival estate of, 59 Gropius, Walter, 104 Italianate style. See under architectural styles Grundy County armories commercial block, 26 J commercial vernacular, 57 Jackson, Gov. Claiborne Fox, 8 Jackson armories H modern, 113 Haggarty, John W. “Jack,” armory, 143 Type 783, 110 Hannibal armories Jackson County armories commercial vernacular, 34 castellated, 70 traditional revival, 137 modified Type 783,132k 185 Index

Type 783, 116 WPA approval, 80 vernacular, 33, 36–37, 47 WPA modern, 88 Jasper County Kingsbridge Armory (New York City), 58 traditional revival armory, 136 Kirksville armories Type 783 armory, 130 approved for WPA, 80 Jasper County armories art deco/WPA, 75, 96 commercial vernacular, 34 commercial block, 39 Jefferson Barracks, 83, 128 local funding for, 96–97 federal style armory, 154 Kirksville Chamber of Commerce, 97 as Guard sacred space, 170 Knob Noster, traditional revival armory, 143 and Joint Armed Forces Reserve Center, 146 Korean conflict, and Guard traditions, 11 Mess Hall, 158 Jefferson City L armories: castellated, 63; Greek revival, 156; Laclede County armories international style, 131; modern commercial box, 55 vernacular, 54; modified Type 783, traditional revival, 140 123–24; and WPA, 80; parapet Lafayette County, Type 785 gable variant armory,127 vernacular, 35; and SB 187 (building Lamar repairs), 134; traditional revival, 141 admirals/politicians of, 119 Ike Skelton Training Site, xxi armories: Type 783, 119; vernacular, 38 Museum of Missouri Military History, xxi and WPA, 80 Jefferson City School District, sells building to Guard, Lamar Chamber of Commerce, 119 48 Lambert Field International Airport, 164–65 Jefferson County armories Lawrence County art deco, 93 vernacular armories, 20, 24, 27 Type 783, 130 Lawrence County armories Joe E. Grohs Jr. Community Center, 93 castellated, 58, 71 Johnson County armories commercial vernacular, 45 traditional revival, 143 Type 783, 132 Type 783, 121 Le Corbusier (C.-E. Jeanneret), 104, 135 WPA modern, 89, 122 Lebanon armories Joint Armed Forces Reserve Center, 146 commercial block, 55 Joplin armories traditional revival, 140 commercial vernacular, 34 Lee and Rucker’s stable, quarters for Washington modern/postmodern, 133 Guards, 17 traditional revival, 136 Lemp, Louis, 65 Leong Building, 34 K Lexington armories Kansas City and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 armories: castellated, 58, 70; commercial block, Type 785 gable variant, 127 37–38; commercial vernacular, 47; Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, 170 modified Type 783,132 ; private, Lindell Grays, Taylor Guards armory, 150 17–18; vernacular, 33, 36 Livingston County, art deco armory, 88 Liberty Memorial, as sacred space, 170 Lockwood, Adm. Charles A., 119 militia, and riot control, 8–9 locust plague (1870s), 8 Parade park, 36 Lone Jack armories Keehn, Maj. Gen. Roy D., 78–80 military vernacular compound, 163 Kenneth L. Bradford Memorial Armory, 117 traditional revival, 138 Kennett armories Louisiana, commercial block armory, 35 lacking basic facilities, 18 Louisiana Territory, Treaty of Fontainebleau, 4 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 Lt. Patrick H. Adams Memorial Armory, 90 Type 783 modified armory,132 186 Missouri Armories

M first in future Missouri, 4 Macarty, Jean Jacques, 4 as forerunner of Guard, 3 Macarty Trucking Co. terminal, 57 meeting house, 14, 148 Macon/Macon County as military force, 5 armories: castellated, 66; traditional revival, 144 mustering of, 4–7, 10, 13 museum, 67 restricted to freemen, 6 Madison County armories superseded by volunteer militia, 5 commercial vernacular, 32–33 training of, 5, 7, 13 Type 783, 129 militia (general) main street armories. See architectural styles: antagonism between ordinary/volunteer, 6 vernacular as citizen-soldiers, 1, 5–7 Maj. Gen. John C. McLaughlin Armory, 100 defined, 3–4 Maj. Gen. Ralph E. Truman Memorial Armory, 136 English-American style, 3, 5–6 Maj. John Hack Memorial Armory, 57 as forerunner of Guard, 1, 3–4 Mallenckrodt Chemical Co., 65 indoor facility as predecessor of armory, 7, 13 Manufacturers Bank and Trust Co., 65 as law enforcement against social unrest, 60 Marion County armories post–Civil War, 8 commercial vernacular, 34 reform of, after Spanish-American War, 9–12 traditional revival, 137 service requirements of, 5 Marshall armories transformation into army reserve, 10–12 false-front theater, 40 militia (Missouri) Type 783, 115 unique buildings of, 149–50 Marston, German vernacular armory, 51 Verandah Row Armory, 149 Marston Public School, 51–52 militia (ordinary) Martin-Pederson Armory, 114 decline of, after War of 1812, 7–8 Maryville armories mustering of, 16 commercial block, 39 and National Guard, 10–12 community space, 134–35, 145 poor training of, 5 traditional revival, 145 militia (reserve), 10 Type 783, 110, 114 militia (uniformed), 6, 9 and WPA, 80 militia (volunteer), 6 Massachusetts Bay Colony militia, 5 active after War of 1812, 8 Matthews family land donation, 90 arms inventory of, 9 May Department Stores, 65 as class-based, 8–9 Mayes Memorial Armory, 137, 138 in early America, 6 McDonald County armories first Missouri meeting of, 13 parapet commercial front, 49 lacking basic facilities, 18 Type 783, 116–17 life of, gleaned from armory style, 19 McKinley, President William, calls militias for Spanish- as mobile fighting force, 6–7 American War, 9 precursors of modern Guard, 7 McLaughlin Building (Boonville), 23 and riot control, 8–9 McLaughlin Memorial Armory, 145 self-help tradition of, 19–20 Means, Adj. Gen. Lewis M, 95 as social elites, 61 Mel Carnahan Memorial Armory, 128 militia (early American), ideal armory, 15–16 Methodist Episcopal Church South (Columbia), 151 militia (rural), armories, 15–16 Mexico armories militia (state), and Militia Act (1792), 7–8 neoclassical structure, 159 militia (urban), armories, 15–16 Type 783, 110 Militia Acts and WPA, 80 (1792), 7, 9–10 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 104, 133 (1903; Dick Act), 10 militia (colonial), 3–4 (1908; Second Dick Act), 10 composed of slaves, 6 Militia Meeting House, 148 Miller County, commercial box armory, 56 187 Index

Mississippi County, streamline moderne armory, 100 128th Field Artillery: Battery A,154, 155, 158; Missouri Battery C,115, 139; Battery D,48, 49; as center of militia and National Guard studies, xx HQ Co. Battery,30, 32; Service Battery, first to comply with National Defense Act (1916), 26, 52, 52 10 129th Field Artillery, 145: Battery A,29, 96; post-WWII condition of Guard, 105 Battery B,88 ; Service Battery,129 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 133–134 135th Aviation Battalion: Co. G,132 ; HQ, 121, and War Dept. report on armories (1912), 3 122; Service Co., 122 Missouri Air National Guard (aka Air Service), 147, 135th Engineer Battalion, HQ/HQ Co.,121 155 135th Infantry, 117–18 Missouri Dept. of Corrections, 131, 141 135th Rear Operations Center, 113 Missouri Dept. of Public Safety, 141 135th Signal Battalion: Co. A, 160; Co. B, 57; Co. Missouri Eleemosynary Dept., 160 C, 160; HQ Co., 46 Missouri Emergency Management Agency, 141–42 135th Tank Battalion, Co. C,38 Missouri Human Resources Dept., 141 138th Infantry, 82, 155: Battery A, 66; Co. H,44 ; Missouri Lamella Roof Co., 76 Co. I, 40; Co. L, 84 Missouri National Guard 140th Infantry: First Battalion, HQ Co.,51, armories, in history and culture, 166–70 51–52, 53, 91, 161; Band Sec., 28–29; Headquarters building, 141, 142 Co. B, 93; Co. E, 88; Co. F, 101; Co. militia setting of, 3–4 M, 93 Negro unit, 47 142nd Transportation Battalion,55 postwar condition of, 105–6 146th Engineer Battalion, HQ Co.,47 postwar housing, 11–12 170th Intelligence Section, 164 public image, and recruiting, 168–70 175th Military Police Battalion,155 : Co. C, 154; quartered in Columbia church, 17, 18, 151 HQ Co., 25, 125 quartermaster warehouse, 35 203rd Armor: Second Medium Tank Battalion, and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 Co. E, 125; Co. A, 50 as steward of heritage/historic structures, 147 203rd Coast Artillery, 46, 50, 92: Battery A,24 ; Missouri National Guard units with armories, Units are Battery D,23 ; Battery E, 49–50; Battery sorted numerically and alphabetically only F, 157; Service Battery,27 First Artillery, Battery B,30 203rd Engineer Battalion,136, 141: Co. A, 116; First Infantry Regiment, 58, 67: Co. A, 153; Co. Co. B, 117; Detachment 1, 130 E, 153; Co. F, 153; Co. G, 153 205th Medical Battalion, HQ Detachment,54 Second Artillery, “Houn’ Dawg” regiment, 46, 50 220th Engineers, 140 Second Infantry: Co. F, 34; Co. G, 45; Co. H, 69 242nd Engineer Battalion,47 Second Regiment, Co. M, 95 635th Attack Helicopter Battalion, 122 Third Infantry,33 : Co. B, 21–22; Co. F, 42 735th Maintenance Battalion, HQ Detachment, Fourth Infantry: Co. A, 22; Co. B, 36; Co. C, 39; 54 Co. D, 26; Co. E, 34; Co. G, 17–18, 31, 735th Ordnance Battalion,35, 55, 156 151; HQ, 45 735th Support Battalion: Co. A,119, 122; Co. B, Fourth Missouri State Guard, Co. H, 49 56, 57; Co. C, 87, 94; Co. D, 56; Co. E, Sixth Infantry: Co. A, 25; Co. C, 42; Co. F, 28; Co. 120 M, 32 1107th AVCAD, Detachment 1, 140 Sixth Regiment, Co. C, 99 1137th Military Police Co., 132 35th Division: Air Service, 164; HQ Co., 37, 89, 1138th Engineer Battalion: Co. C,53 ; Co. D, 66 122, 157 1138th Military Police Co., 98 35th Engineer Brigade, 162 1139th Military Police Co., 138, 163 35th Infantry Division, DISCOM and Co. C, 127 1140th Engineer Battalion,113 : Co. B, 118; Co. 110th Engineer Combat Battalion, 58,70, 127, C, 100; Co. D, 128–29 132 1175th Military Police, 52, 114 110th Medical Detachment, 164 1221st Transportation Co., 145 110th Observation Squadron, 164 1438th Engineer Co., Detachment 1, 126 110th Photo Section, 164 2175th Military Police, 123 188 Missouri Armories

Missouri National Guard units with armories, corporate nature of, xix, 167–70 continued equipment of, 17 Adjutant General Office and Emergency as outgrowth of militia, 1, 3–4, 7, 10 Operation Center, 131 post-WWII funding conundrum, 105–10 American Legion Thomas-Tuttle Post, 52 presence of, in US, 3 Fredericktown National Guard, 33 self-help legacy of, 19–20 Light Artillery Armory Association, St. Louis, National Guard Air Service armories, 164–65 64–65 National Guard Armory Committee, Cape Girardeau, Medical Detachment, Battery D, 52 91 Military Academy and Armory, 48 National Guard Association, 1, 78, 80, 165 Missouri Militia, 63 National Guard Bureau, 106, 109, 134 Organizational Maintenance Shop (#16), 57 National Guard of Missouri. See Missouri National St. Louis Light Battery: A, 58, 149; B,36 Guard Missouri Penal System, 142 National Register of Historic Places, armory Missouri Public Service Commission, 156 candidates for, 169 Missouri School for the Deaf, McKee Hall rented by Neosho, WPA modern armory, 80, 89 Guard, 126 Neuschwanstein castle (Bavaria), 60 Missouri State Armory-Arsenal, 63 Nevada armories Missouri State Emergency Management Agency castellated, 58, 69 building, 141 Type 783, 122 Missouri State Highway Patrol building, 35, 54, 141 vernacular rifle range,158 Missouri State Mental Hospital #2, 138 and WPA, 80 Missouri State Penitentiary broom warehouse, 35 New Houses of Parliament (London), 60 Missouri State Rifle Range,158 New Madrid County Missouri State University, 157 Type 783, 120 Missouri Training School for Boys, 154–55 New Madrid County armories Missouri Vocational Enterprises, 131 German vernacular, 51 Missouri Western University, 138 New York City, castellated armories, 58 Moberly, modified Type 783 armory,114 Newton County, WPA modern armory, 89 Monett armories Nike Missile facility (Cass County), 138, 163 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 184 Nodaway County armories traditional revival, 141 parapet commercial block, 26 and WPA, 80 traditional revival, 145 WPA modern, 92 Type 783, 114 Monett Civic Center,92 Northwest Missouri State University, occupies Martin- Monett Industrial Development Corp., 141 Pederson Armory, 114 Mountain Grove, ranch style armory, 54 Museum of Missouri Military History, xxi O Museum of Modern Art (New York), 14 Oak Street Armory, 38 Music Man references armories, 17 opera houses Aurora, 45, 46 N Fayette, 15,44 National Cathedral (Washington DC), 60 social/community functions of, 15, 45–46 national defense, and state militia system, 8 as vernacular armories, 15, 24 National Defense Act (1916), 10–11, 79, 105 O’Rear Building, 30 National Defense Facilities Act (1949), 106–7 O’Reilly, Gov. Alejandro, creates 13 militia companies National Guard. See also Missouri National Guard in Missouri, 4–5 as amateur soldiers, 7 organized crime, and theft of arms/ammunition from armories: as heritage assets, xx, 147; as important, armories, 17 3; Type 783, 111–12, 133–34 ornamentation/decoration. See also architectural styles arms/ammunition loss (1930s), 17 art deco/WPA, 73–75, 82–83, 86–87, 93 Cold War expansion of, 103–11 castellated, 59–60, 64 189 Index

Design Guide for US Army Reserve Facilities, 133 R mid-century modern/Type 783, 104, 110, 149 Randolph County, modified Type 783 armory,114 postmodern, 133–35 Raupp, William A., 24 vernacular, 14 Ray County, Type 783 armory, 129 Raynor, Rolf, armory, 142 P recruits, as consumers, xix Parade Real Estate and Building Co., 36 Rector, W. V., 13 Patee Market, 45 Reisner and Urbahn, expandable armory concept of, patronage, for armory rent, 16, 19 109 Pemiscot County, WPA modern armory, 93 rent payments Pequot War (1636), 5 as income stream, 17, 44, 52, 79 Perry County, vernacular armory, 41 patronage for, 16, 19 Perryville armories, 2 for vernacular buildings, 15–16, 46 Type 783, 118 vs. state-owned armories, 106 vernacular, 41 Republican National Convention, and St. Louis Perry County Sun, 2 armory building, 68 Pettis County, traditional revival armory,145 Revolutionary War, and Militia Act (1792), 7 PFC Lawrence A Witt Memorial Armory,146 Richmond, Type 783 armory, 129 Pfeffer, F. A., 91 Rieger, Col. James E., 96 Phelps County armories Rieger, Maj. Wray, 97 cinder block box, 55 Rilea, Brig. Gen. R. E., 1 Type 783, 128 Ripley County, WPA modern armory, 87 Pierce City Robertson Property armories: castellated, 58, 71–72; commercial aka “the stables,” 23 block, 20, 24; destroyed by tornado, Rolf Raynor armory, 142 24; traditional revival, 146; vernacular, Rolla armories 20, 24 cinder block box, 55 volunteer militia, 9 Type 783, 128 Pike County, commercial block armory, 35 Rolla Chamber of Commerce, 128 Place d’Armes (St. Louis), 7, 13 Romantic movement, influence on architecture, 59 Poplar Bluff armories Romines Building, 53 traditional revival, 144 Rosecrans Air Guard Base, 138, 165 and WPA, 80 Royall, Kenneth, 106 WPA modern, 101 Rudofsky, Bernard, 14 Poplar Bluff R-1 School District, 101 Rumbold, Frank M., 64–65 Portageville, Type 782 armory, 120 postmodern style. See under architectural styles S Presser Hall Armory, 159 Saarinen, Eero, 104 Princess Theatre, 46 sacred spaces, armories and national monuments, Pruitt-Igoe complex, St. Louis, 104 169–70 public relations, and National Guard, xix, 168–70 Sainte Anne parish census, 4 Public Works Administration (PWA), 74, 78, 82 Salem, Type 783 armory, 126 Pulaski County armories Saline County armories cantonment, 162 false-front theater, 40 traditional revival, 143 Type 783, 115 Putnam, H. W., 118 Sandford and Walker Building, 34 Putnam County, vernacular armory, 15, 36 Savannah, vernacular armory, 56 Putnam Lumber Co., 118 Schneider, George, 21 Scott County armories Q commercial, 28–29 Quonset Point Naval Air Station (RI), 161 WPA modern, 90 Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney, 65 190 Missouri Armories

Sedalia armories and volunteer militia, 9, 13 art deco, 100 Washington Guards, 17 as community space, 134 Washington Hall Armory, 21 traditional revival, 145 St. Louis Armory Hall, 15, 17 WPA support for, 80 St. Louis Business Men’s League, 68 Seventh Regiment Armory (New York City), 58 St. Louis Court of Criminal Corrections, 150 Shapleigh, A. L., 65 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 65 Sheppard, Capt. Albert D. (Adj. Gen. A. D.), 87, 90, St. Louis Greys, quartered at Thornton’s stable, 17 117–18 St. Louis Light Artillery Armory Association, 58, shooting range, in Fayette armory, 44 64–66, 66 Sikeston, WPA modern armory, 88, 90 St. Louis Police Court, 150 Silber, John, 112 St. Louis Regimental Association, 67–68 Skelton, Ike, congressman, 127, 139 St. Louis Soldiers Monument, as sacred space, 170 Spanish-American War, and early National Guard, 9, 77 St. Louis University, purchases/demolishes armory, 66 Sperry, Floyd, mayor, 125 St. Louis-Lambert Field International Airport, 164–65 Springfield armories Standard Oil Co. Building compound, 46–47 Italian revival, 157 Ste. Genevieve one-story, 50–51 Bequet-Ribault House, 14, 148 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 earliest militia of, 4, 148 traditional modified,136 false-front commercial armory, 42 and WPA, 80 first colonial settlement in Missouri, 4 St. Clair, Type 783 armory, 110, 120 place d’armes of, 13 St. Francois County armories Ste. Genevieve County, vernacular armory, 42 Type 783, 128 Steele, not approved for WPA armory, 80 vernacular, 53 Stephens Cottage (Boonville),155 St. James Academy, 6 Still-Hildreth Osteopathic Sanitarium, 67 St. Joseph armories Stoddard County, art deco armory, 94 Rosecrans Field, 138, 165 Stone Cottage (Boonville),154 and SB 187 (building maintenance), 134 storefront buildings, as vernacular style armories, 15 traditional revival, 137, 138 streamline moderne style. See under architectural styles vernacular, 43, 45–46 Sullivan, Louis, 104 and WPA, 80 St. Louis Arena, lamellar roof, 76 T St. Louis (city and county) armories Tarkio, Italianate commercial armory, 22 Armory Hall, 15 Tatum, Capt. Victor E., 50 art deco/WPA modern, 82–83 Tatum Building, 49 castellated, 58, 64, 66–67, 69 Terminal Railroad Association, 65 colonial training ground (place d’armes), 7, 13 Texas County, commercial vernacular armory, 53 commercial vernacular, 21 Tharp, James B., 97 federal style, 154 theaters, as secondary uses of buildings, 46, 417 of First Infantry Regiment, 58, 67 Thespian Hall Armory,152 French colonial militia house, 148 Thornton’s stable, militia quarters, 17 Guard Air Service base, 164–65 tornado, destroys Pierce City armory, 24 modern Type 783, 113 traditional revival style. See under architectural styles Second Empire, 153 training of Guard, after 1960, 11 Standardized Plan #41, 154 Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762), 4 steamboat Gothic, 149 Trenton armories traditional revival, 146 commercial block, 26 and urban renewal experiment, 104 Major John Hack Memorial Armory, 57 Verandah Hall, aka Armory Hall, 17, 149 Trinity Church (New York City), 59 vernacular aviation style, 164 Truman, Maj. Gen. Ralph E., armory, 136 vertical log house, 148 Truman, President Harry S., 36, 119 191 Index

Turnverein Hall, 17, 21 Committee on Armed Services armory bills, Turpin, Laura, 160 108–9 HB 601 (appropriations for armories), 154 U H.R. 2824 (armory construction), 105–6, 109 Unionville, commercial block armory, 15, 36 H.R. 5762 (armory appropriations), 105 unique style. See under architectural styles H.R. 8373 (armory appropriations), 107 United States H.R. 8594 (Reserve Armory Bill), 108 class conflicts at turn of century, 60–61 US Property and Fiscal Office, 142 small town armories, xx, 2, 14, 16, 111–12, 119, US Senate, S. 960 (National Defense Facilities Act), 168 106–7 Upjohn Building, 37 US War Dept., 1912 report on Missouri armories, 3 Upper Louisiana territory, 5 urban renewal, and modernist movement, 104 V US Army Vanna Venturi House, 140 and Army National Guard, xx Venturi, Robert, 133, 140 in colonial America, 3–5 Verandah Hall, aka Armory Hall, 17, 149 peacetime reduction of, 8 vernacular style. See under architectural styles US Army Air Corps, 164–65 Vernon County armories US Army Air Service National Guard armories, castellated, 58, 69 164–65 Type 783, 122 US Army Corps of Engineers, and armory vernacular rifle range,158 standardization, 109 US Army Engineer Center and School, 162 W US Army Quartermaster Corps, Standardized Plans Waddill Guards, 152 (#41), 154–55, 158 War of 1812, 6, 8 (#2-1003), 158 Warren County, Type 783 armory, 129 US Army Reserve, 128, 133–34 Warrensburg US Army Signal Corps, 137–38 WPA modern armory, 89, 122 US Committee on Military Affairs, 16–17, 78–79 Warrensburg armories US Congress approved by WPA, 80 action for postwar armories, 105–10 city-provided site for, 79 National Defense Act (1916), 10 Romanesque, 157 National Defense Facilities Act (1950), 108 Type 783, 121 Public Law 85-215 (federal/state armory Warrensburg Chamber of Commerce, 79 funding), 109 Warrenton, Type 783 armory, 129 Public Law 302 (federal funding), 109 Washington, President George, on defects in Militia Public Law 783, 108, 110 Act of 1792, 7 US Department of Defense, 107–10 Washington Guards (St. Louis), 17 US government. See also Works Progress Washington Hall Armory, 21 Administration (WPA) Webb City, Type 783 armory, 130 control of guns/cannon, 9, 16–17 weekend drills. See training entry into armory construction, 80 West Plains armories Federal Emergency Management Agency commercial block, 25 building, 141 WPA modern, 98 Federal Emergency Relief Administration White Eagle Dairy Armory, 32 (FERA), 77, 160 White Plains Armory (New York City), 58 General Accounting Office (GAO), on armory Whiteman Air Force Base, 122, 143 planning, 134 William E. “Bub” Lewis Armory, 130 incentives for Cold War military increase, 105–11 Witt, PFC Lawrence A., armory,146 and Militia Acts, 7, 9–10 Wood, Grant, American Gothic, 60 US House of Representatives Works Progress Administration (WPA), 10–11, 50, 71. armory construction hearings, 106–8 See also US government 192 Missouri Armories

Works Progress Administration, continued architecture of, 73–81 armory construction firsts, 80–81 categorization of style, 74 costs of Missouri armories, 102 (table) establishment/development of, 77–78 vs. Aurora, 95–96 WPA style. See under architectural styles Wright County, ranch style armory, 54

Y Yosti, Emelien, vernacular style house, 13–14, 148