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subscription ad.indd 3 3/14/2014 11:46:46 AM Lt Gen(Dr) AKS Chandele PVSM, AVSM (Retd) [email protected] Managing Editor Editorial T along withtheirspatialcontext. (sensors deployedonground,atsea,intheairandspace)andReconnaissance(ISR) Situational awarenessisachievedthroughintegrationofallIntelligence,Surveillance and weaponsystems,weshouldhavereal-timeinformationregardingtheirlocation. be abletolaunchasurpriseattackanddestroyenemy’s criticalinfrastructure,troops to gatherintelligenceaboutenemyandowndispositionsmovements.Similarly, to as terroristsandinsurgents. There is,therefore,aneedforcomprehensivesurveillance weapon systems. This isallthemoretrue inthecaseofattacksbynon-stateactorssuch boundaries. The enemycanattacktargets wellin-depthusinghisairassetsandstand-off Unlike earlierdays,themodernbattlefieldwillhavenofixedorclearlydefined management, manipulation,analysis,modellinganddisplayofspatiallyreferenceddata. to beasystemofhardware,softwareandproceduresdesignedsupportthecapture, decision maker, shootercyclereliesheavilyonGIS.Insimplisticterms,GIScanbestated Whether onland,atsea,intheair, spaceorcyberspace,eachelementofthissensor, communications tonetworkedtroopsandplatformswithprecisionguidedweapons. intelligence enablecommanderstotakequickdecisions,conveyedthroughrobust,secure

outcome ofaconflict.State-of-the-artsurveillancesystemsprovidingreal-time forces theworldover. Nolongerisitmerenumbers thatwilldecidethe resulted inaRevolutionMilitary Affairs whichhastransformedarmed echnological andorganisational changesinthelastthreedecadeshave to takedecisionsinadigitalbattlefield environment. maps andsatelliteimageryare available tocommanderstodayenablingthem the techniquesofmapmaking. Geospatial informationintheformofdigital with suspectaccuracy. Aerial imageryandremotesensinghaverevolutionised forces. This wasearlierrestrictedtomaps,varyinginscale,detailandvintage, Thorough knowledgeofterrainhasalwaysbeenimportance todefence geospatial informationisaprerequisite. support infastpacedmobileoperationsisachallengeforwhic h accurate obstacles, vulnerabilitytoenemyaction,etc.Providingefficientlogistic based onavailabilityofgeospatialinformationregardingroute s, trafficability, need tobebasedongeospatialinformation. Transport planscanbeoptimised regarding locationoflogisticsinfrastructureandfacilitiesinthesupplychain and equipmenttransportationtreatmentofcasualties. Decisions supply offood,fuel,ammunition,totherepairandmaintenanceweapons Logistics isanessentialrequirementofwarfare,fromthemovementtroops, defence systemagainstenemyattacks. path ofanattackingweaponsystem.Sameistruewhendesigningeffective positions ofweaponsystemsandtargets areessentialtocompute theflight risk ofanycollateraldamage.Forthistobesuccessful,thereal-timerelative by aprecisionweaponsystem,ensuringmaximumpunishmentwithoutthe developed toastagewheresmalltarget canbeattackedfromlarge distances weapons isthefinalphaseofcycle. Weapon technologytodayhas The selectionandacquisitionoftargets andattackingthem withprecision Geographical InformationSystems Enable CombatOperations 5 Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 6 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 The US Air US The ForceLife Cycle Management System Reconnaissance Aircraft toSupport Lockheed Martin the installation, claims. itfurther a single forallphases tool setup of convenient forsetup, connection USB and as pre-installed cable openings with glands, numerouswith ease-of-use features such lation process andFlexZone delivers this Installers want risk-free aspeedy instal- upto 4zones reportedwith by local relays. sites FlexZone can provide onebox solution thecompany.added Furthermore, forsmall infrastructuresupporting forlarge sites, cable to dramatically reduce thecosts of power anddataand carries onthesensor processor, creates zones through software, cable ofsensor per 600m (1,968feet) achieve FlexZone thisobjective supports to reduce theirtotalcost. installed To sites, theircritical when securing but want End demand users better performance many features that installation speed time. ple simultaneous intrusions andprovides company. It can multi andlocalise detect - a high probability said ofdetection, the nuisance whilemaintainingfewer alarms ing systems, FlexZone reports remarkably through software. Compared to non-rang- FlexZoneracy, enables zoning flexible sensor. With three meter location accu- state-of-the-art ranging fence-mounted hasSenstar unveiled FlexZone, anew Fence-Mounted Sensor Senstar UnveilsNewRanging news reconnaissance system. the to modernise as needed development andsoftware upgrades provideThe companywill also software and itsfixed andmobileground stations. and test equipment theaircraft forboth repair parts, asproviding aswell support aircraft fleet, which includes spare and involvesscope maintenance ofthe Martin’sLockheed sustainment work the aircraft. ground stations that process data from business and jets militarised comprises fortactical intelligenceis used and system 9 million.The Peace Krypton contract isvalued at approximately USD reconnaissance aircraft system. The the Republic ofKorea’s Peace Krypton sales contractforeign to military support Center has awarded Martin Lockheed a three provide timesbetter accuracy, upto IIIsatellitesGPS are to deliver expected in orbit. Compared vehicles, GPS to prior constellation satellites ofGPS currently Force,Air affordably replacing the aging programme IIIisacrucial GPS fortheUS on-orbit environments. thelaunchlope vehicle, deployment and replicates space-like conditionsthat enve- shock andthermalvacuum testing which which includes random vibration, pyro- assemblies to arigorous test programme sion life, thetransmitter subjected Exelis requirementsperformance over themis the space vehicle navigation payload meets commercial andcivilian users. To ensure from space to Earth, benefitting military, high-poweredmitters carry signals GPS satellites. The navigation payload trans of thenext generation IIInavigation ofGPS payload componentsseries forthefirst ina transmitter assemblies, which are integral has completedExelis andtested six Assemblies forGPSIIISatellites Exelis CompletesTransmitter - - civilian user connectivity. connectivity. civilian user navigation satellite systems, enhancing erable otherinternational with global new civilsignal interop designed to be - further. a satellites These will also carry that extend spacecraft cent life25per capabilities andinclude enhancements eight timesmore anti-jamming powerful cm at nadir (directly overhead) anddeliver images have aresolution better than 50 products.satellite imagery The satellite name 50cm TRUE foritshighest resolution DigitalGlobe has introduced theproduct TRUE DigitalGlobe Introduces50cm Courtesy: Exelis Courtesy: Courtesy: DigitalGlobe Courtesy: Systems Division to Support provide satel- Pacific) and Radio Frequency Network Warfare Systems Center Pacific’s (SSC contract theSpace to support andNaval indefinite-quantity, cost-plus-fixed-feeery/ potential 21,797,616indefinite-deliv USD Indus Technology, US, isbeing awarded a sales forEgypt. military centacquisition andis100per foreign result ofasource-directed/sole-source 4 D’s) Block 52aircraft. This award isthe for loader verifiers C’sF-16C/D (16 and procure three electronic warfare memory kits, 24radar modify warning receivers and system-system (ACES integrity SI) retrofit 20 advanced countermeasure electronics 10-C-6051) to develop, deliver andinstall modification (P00026) to contract (FA8615- awarded 6,882,489firm-fixed-price aUSD Martinheed Aeronautics, Texas, has been Black andVeatch Special Projects. Lock US,Zimmer BAE Systems, and Boeing contract are Textron Marine LandSystems, of thecompanies which have received the 618.4millioncombined. Some USD worth atotal of20separateed defencecontracts Defense,DepartmentUS, of The has award- Contracts US Awards20NewDefence to almost 30cmresolution. down that able be imagery to collect itwill launch thissummer, thecompany believes or better, WorldView-3 andwith ready to at 50cmresolution of collecting imagery in DigitalGlobe’s constellation are capable official blog. Three outofthe five satellites according50 cmsatellite imagery, to an theonly commercialbe provider ofnative providerThe satellite imagery claims to customers about ofimages. the quality new product linewas created to inform since thelast five years,cm imagery the 50 DigitalGlobe has deliveringtrue been minimum Although, 5mCE90accuracy. NEWS - - estimated 36,825,493. USD the potential value ofthiscontract to an options, which ifexercised, wouldbring three-year contract includes two, one-year navigation The systemsservices. support lite communications, radio and frequency completed in April 2018 and October 2018, completed inApril 2018, 2018andOctober eighth IIIsatellites GPS to be isexpected to thePentagon. Work on theseventh and gation andtiming constellation, according next-generation IIIpositioning, GPS navi - the seventh andeighth satellites inthe USD 246millionfor modificationworth Martin Space Systems ofDenver acontract Air US The Force has awardedLockheed of GPSIII Contract for7and8Satellites Bags Lockheed Martin for PWN’s AW139 simulator inMalaysia. andmaintenance support lifecycle services andacontract services, support to provide Force Air German arange with oftraining Force,Air various contracts to provide the helicopteran SW4 simulator forthePolish United States Navy, acontract to provide P-8A simulators toforthe Boeing sold defence customers. include four These forglobal training systems andservices 127.48millionto provideUSD arange of ofcontractsseries valued at more than has announced thatCAE ithas a won SeriesofContracts CAE Wins

Courtesy: Lockheed Martin Lockheed Courtesy: in developing themain payload. cluding difficulties by subcontractor Exelis dueto anumberplanned, ofglitches in- in April years 2016,two later than originally IIIsatelliteGPS launched to be isexpected and unintentional interference. Thefirst are more also resistant intentional to both vide more accurate navigation signals that III The GPS satellites are designed to pro- long-lead components forthespacecraft. Martin 14millionto order Lockheed USD announced itwasDepartment awarding respectively. In theDefense February, al Manager Linkabit. ofL-3 of Division Operations Gener andDeputy Vice Senior PresidentElissa Seidenglanz, capabilitymodem onthebattlefield,” said nal, asthelightest, aswell most powerful beddable, low-SWaP to- any termi NCW offerings,set we are able to provide em- boardmodem modem. and modem “With our newNCW ARSTRAT-certified RMPRM-1000 NCW dems offerthe capabilitiesL-3’s of DISA/ suitcase satellite terminals. mo- Both networkingad hoc to manpack and board provides set 2500 NCW full-mesh, incombatinstalled vehicles. TheMPM- factor designed toin acompact be form mesh, SATCOM-on-the-move networking MPM-2000 delivers IPmodem full NCW work-centric waveform product line. The embeddable to itsnet modems Linkabit new hasL-3 two added Embeddable NCWModems L-3 Linkabit Introduces Courtesy: L-3 Linkabit L-3 Courtesy:

- -

7 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 news

handheld, man-portable, vehicular and Elbit wins tactical base station configurations. Contract to These systems provide wideband tactical Sell UAVs to networking to the edge of the battlefield, Brazil as well as interoperable line-of-sight and Elbit Systems beyond-line-of-sight voice and data com- has received a munications. The systems allow forces contract from to communicate securely and more im- Brazilian Air mediately with their command structure, Force (FAB) to sell enabling more informed decisions. Hermes 900 UAV “Our secure tactical communication to the country. products and system solutions enable Brazil will use armed forces to deploy quickly and man-

Courtesy: Elbit the Hermes 900, age missions in real time. The Harris solu- along with its tion allows headquarters staff to monitor existing Hermes 450 UAVs, to provide security for the 2014 FIFA World Cup soccer and coordinate forward operating units, tournament in June. The medium-altitude UAV which can fly at up to 30,000 feet dismounted troops, vehicles and airborne will be equipped with a new and advanced intelligence gathering system and can assets. These systems have applications carry nearly 800-pound payload. It can be guided from the same ground station in a wide variety of scenarios; including that controls the smaller Hermes 450. The UAVs are expected to provide Brazil with corps-sized maneuvers, border control a unique solution for intelligence missions, border protection, perimeter control and disaster relief,” said Brendan O’Con- of infrastructure and critical sites, as well as Safe City programmes and large scale nell, President, International business, events,” said the company. Harris RF Communications. According to the company, the radio is the first to enable users to send images SAIC wins Contract for Additionally, SAIC will provide the and other battle management data over Anti-Submarine Warfare development and modification of ASW high-frequency beyond-line-of-sight Sensor Systems sensor systems and the equipment used environments faster than they could Science Applications International to develop, integrate, test and evaluate through satellite communications. Corporation (SAIC) has been awarded avionics systems. RF-7800H is 20 per cent smaller and a contract by the Avionics Department up to 10 times faster than legacy HF (AIR-4.5) at the Naval Air Systems Harris to Supply Falcon radios and is fully compatible with widely Command, US, to provide technical III Radios to International deployed Harris Falcon II HF radios and scientific research, development, Customer Picture and accessories. integration, analysis, assessment, and Harris Corporation has received USD 82 test and evaluation of its Anti-Subma- million in orders from an internation- US Army to Accelerate Geoint rine Warfare (ASW) sensor systems. The al customer for radio communication Analysis with Esri Templates multiple-award, indefinite-delivery/ systems that enable enhanced command Esri has provided a revised set of custom- indefinite-quantity contract has a five- and control and real-time situational ised templates to the US Army for use with year period of performance, and a total awareness. The nation’s armed forces are its distributed common ground system-ar- contract ceiling value of approximately acquiring Falcon III RF-7800H wideband my (DCGS-A). Featuring maps, analytic USD 50 million available to all awardees. high-frequency (HF) and RF-7800V capabilities and other visualisation tools, AIR-4.5 develops advanced sensors and very-high-frequency (VHF) radios in the easy-to-use templates are designed to systems that support a variety of aviation help geospatial engineers, intelligence ana- missions. Most of the sensors will be air lysts and geoint imagery analysts to rapidly deployed via manned or unmanned air- make products to support requests from craft, but ground, surface and undersea commanders. Working in collaboration deployable sensors may also be included with analysts and specialists at the US Army when mission driven. Intelligence Center of Excellence at Fort Under the contract, SAIC will provide Huachuca, Arizona, Esri staff refined the

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY planning, coordination, technology template requirements and also custom- development, systems definition, systems ised them to match the DCGS-A workflows. acquisition, systems integration, modifi- The DCGS-A is the army’s primary system cation, and product support for manned for posting data, processing information, and unmanned platform avionics and and disseminating intelligence, surveil- sensors in support of the Acoustic lance and reconnaissance (ISR) informa- Systems Division and the Electro-Optics tion about the threat, weather and terrain

8 | Geointelli g ence and Special Mission Systems Division. for intelligence analysts and commanders. Courtesy: Harris and integration ofC4ISR systems across all market require will more consolidation towards faster andefficient The systems. current trend ofthemarket isitstransition Turkey, Indonesia, Australia andBrazil. The most ofthemajor emerging countries like economies. Transitioning Markets include and are now looking towards theemerging playersthese have thetechnical know-how are from theUnited States andEurope; United Kingdom. The major market players ern markets oftheUnited States andthe continue at major least till2016intwo west leading budget to defense cuts are said to tors fortheglobal C4ISR market. Austerity and interoperability fac thedriving be will tinued requirement forintegrated solutions thecon- key highlightsSome ofthereport: prevailing intheglobal C4ISR market. trendsand technology that are currently market,It theindustry, discusses also es andrestraints impacting theindustry. contains theanalysis ofdrivers, challeng - C4ISR market over thenext five years. It provides market analysis oftheglobal 93.04billionbyUSD 2019.The report register cent of2.28per to reach aCAGR the global C4ISR market to isexpected by MarketsandMarkets, has revealed that Systems andNaval Systems) (2014-2019)’ Reconnaissance, LandSystems, Airborne Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, (Command, Control, Communications, Anewreport called ‘C4ISR Market to Reach USD93bnby2019 The GlobalC4ISRMarket Courtesy: Exelis Courtesy: - - growth area forC4ISR technology. Unmanned present systems will alarge security. geospatial andcyber solutions ture radars, solutions, mobility biometrics, demand inUAVs, sensors, synthetic aper forecast Therebe anincreasing will period. centfor 40per ofthemarket share inthe across CAGR account allplatforms andwill Systems haveAirborne will thehighest the platforms to gain competitive advantage. situational awareness displays, support receive andprocess information into capability to receive/transmit orders, systems support thatny will provide the theordering Thecompaduring - period. to compete fortask ordersopportunity awarded; andeach awardee have will the million. Thisisoneofthethree contracts of thisaward to approximately 77 USD thepotentialwould bring ceiling value which,year optionperiods ifexercised, award contract vehicle one- includes two USD 46millionthree-year,The multiple agencies. ofDefense tems to Department tion forNaval Sys Electronic Surveillance foranti-terrorism/forcesupport protec integration, acquisition andtechnical Serco provide will sustainment, lifecycle Pacific) Security Systems Branch, US. Warfare Systems Center Pacific (SSC contract theSpace to support andNaval indefinite-quantity, cost-plus-fixed-fee Serco has anindefinite-delivery/ won SystemsContract Surveillance Serco bagsElectronic mounted alarger invehicles network. soldiers within dismounted theability soldiers to communicate voice both anddata to upto four-channelssystem with solution It and 2VHF). (2SRW provides with SideHat nearly SINCGARS 600,000fielded. with provides and SRW a SINCGARS, tactical communications theprimary backbone Army fortheUS Exelis onthebattlefield. designed SideHat perienced to easily integratewith forthevehiculardeveloped electromagnetic andphysical environment ex Exelis onthiscontract offering The initial isthe SideHat, a radiospecifically vehicular radio installations. to Singlesolution Channel Ground Radio Systems andAirborne (SINCGARS) rangesand L-Band frequency andprovides anaffordable channelsecond host awaveform SRW, will by developed which operates Exelis intheUHF one-year optionsthat can exercised be at theArmy’s discretion. The appliqué contract has apotential includes five 988millionandalso ceiling ofUSD appliqués capable Radio theArmy Waveform ofrunning Soldier The (SRW). (IDIQ) contract by Army Contracting theUS Command to provide radio has awarded been Exelis indefinite quantity afive-year indefinite delivery, Exelis BagsUSD1BillionContractforCombatRadio - - - and safety support systems.and safety support considered mission andare critical life and afloat operations. Many systems are hazards/all-threats ofashore spectrum across nodes multi-agency theentire all municate electronic data to multi-service, command processes decision andcom- integrate across efforts theintelligence ways innovative, to be reduce costs and community. “It’s identify we critical more governmentthe US andfirst-responder a shared disaster response across solution asthebackbone used since toof begun be refinedwith FEMAand has in partnership (HADR)efforts.covery tool The wasfurther Humanitarian Assistance andDisaster Re- to assist developed with theagency a tool NGA began by sharing forGeoQ, itscode gramme from different perspectives. who approach thedevelopment ofthepro - far-reaching community ofprogrammers innovation, creativity, andthepower ofa efforts.in to NGAhopes reapbenefits fromto benefit the agency’s development makewill itpossible forotherorganisations for theirownuse. Participating onGitHub —eitherto improvecode NGA’s product, or work onthe distribute andperform modify, users. Thenetwork allows developers to laborate andshare computer between code network that allows programmers to col- has GitHub, joined Agency apopular social The NationalGeospatial-Intelligence to HelpDisasterResponse NGA JoinsGitHub,OffersCode -

9 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 news

community and all of government. It’s a Airbus Defense and Space sustainment, integration, acquisition, new way of thinking for us, and it is exactly Launches WorldDEM and technical support for Naval Elec- the kind of thing we need to be doing,” said Airbus Defense and Space has tronic Surveillance Systems (NESS) to NGA Director Letitia Long. commercially launched WorldDEM, a the US Navy’s Space and Naval Warfare “GeoQ provides workflow management Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which Systems Center Pacific (SSC Pacific) and integrates imagery and analysis provides pole-to-pole accurate coverage. Security Systems Branch. The three-year, from multiple sources, such as photos The new model is based on data acquired multiple-award contract has a base value from smartphones and news broadcast by the high-resolution radar satellites Ter- of USD 42 million and includes two one- footage, to help identify disaster areas raSAR-X and TanDEM-X which produce a year options for a potential ceiling value and extent of damage. It enables ana- global DEM at HRTE3 level. of USD 71 million. This is one of three lysts to review imagery from different WorldDEM offers a standardised global contracts awarded; each awardee will sources simultaneously, rather than se- DEM with no regional or national border have the opportunity to compete for task quentially, which results in faster dam- divides. This homogenous coverage will orders during the ordering period. This age assessments and better prioritisa- equip defence customers with a new level contract represents new work for CACI tion of limited first-responder resources of precision for military applications, and expands its presence in its C4ISR in a time-sensitive environment. We mission planning and operations, said the (command, control, communications, built GeoQ on all open-source frame- company. For commercial aviation, the computers, intelligence, surveillance, works to make it easily shareable with new model will provide improved input and reconnaissance) market. Under the our mission and response partners. This data for a range of flight systems. Beyond terms of the contract, CACI will provide allows them to integrate the software aviation and defence applications, the new lifecycle support for Anti-Terrorism/ into their own visual display systems. model also has a wide variety of potential Force Protection (AT/FP) electronic What we’re hoping for now is to spark uses in oil, gas and mineral exploration, surveillance systems to the Depart- interaction with the GitHub communi- in addition to serving as high-quality base ment of Defense and other government ties to improve the code. As long as you data in the field of ortho-rectification of agencies such as the Department of have access to the , you can be aerial or satellite imagery. Homeland Security. a part of the solution,” said Ray Bauer, Technology lead for NGA’s Readiness, Harris Inks Satellite Broadband Xyratex Unveils New Addition Response and Recovery team. Contract with US Navy to Data Storage Solutions The US Navy has awarded Harris Corpora- Xyratex, a Seagate company, has unveiled Boeing Adds Live tion an eight-year contract valued at up to a new addition to the ClusterStor family Video-tagging to Geospatial USD 133 million to provide shipboard ter- of High Performance Computing (HPC) Data Management Tool minals that give crews access to high-band- and Big Data engineered storage solutions Boeing has upgraded its DataMaster ge- width voice and data communications. — the ClusterStor Secure Data Appliance ospatial data management software with Harris will provide up to 120 terminals (SDA). Designed to meet government ICD real-time text-tagging of live streaming in addition to the 70 terminals already 503 and Cross Domain Solution (CDS) video, improving situational awareness delivered since 2008 under the indefinite requirements, the ClusterStor SDA solution for defence and intelligence community delivery/indefinite quantity Commercial provides multilevel security capabilities customers. This new capability, along Broadband Satellite Programme (CBSP) combined with the industry’s fastest storage with other updates in the latest version of Unit Level Variant (ULV) contract. The new DataMaster, will result in faster catalogu- award brings the total potential value to ing and retrieval of data and more robust more than USD 250 million through 2022. and precise analytics of imagery, video, The programme provides worldwide, com- maps and terrain, said the company. mercial, end-to-end telecommunications DataMaster 5.3 software upgrades, avail- services to the Navy. The 1.3-meter Harris able to new and current customers of the terminals offer X-band operation over ex- product, include the following features: isting military satellites, and the option of Real-time text-tagging of live-stream military/commercial Ka-band operation video footage for better file management, for future deployed satellite systems. They cataloguing and sourcing; Support for support essential mission requirements 32-bit Geo-referenced Tagged Image File and provide high-speed Internet access Format (GeoTIFF) and National Imagery and video communications on small com-

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY Transmission Format (NITF) data im- batant and support ships. Harris terminals proving precision and ability to handle also are used onboard Navy amphibious more data types; Streaming of and image assault ships. format conversion to JPEG2000 images as well as JPIP (JPEG 2000 Interactive CACI to Provide Lifecycle Protocol) streaming for improved image Support of C4ISR Systems to US review; Expanded metadata support for CACI International has been selected as

10 | Geointelli g ence GeoTIFF and NITF imagery. a prime contractor to provide lifecycle Courtesy: Xyratex security interests.security of theNavy and national fleet support vessels arepowerful acore component assets,space-based versatile these and land, air, with tive andconnected and sea capabilities. Unobtrusive, non-provoca- andreconnaissancegence, surveillance with advancedwarfare intelli - efforts intelligencecollect to irregular critical environmentsand open-ocean andcan submarines are said to excel inlittoral accordingport, to thecompany. These warfare operations andspecial sup- ing anti-submarine ship andsurface mission requirements,century includ- from thekeel upforthefullrange of21st Virginia-class submarines are designed in2023. fordelivery is scheduled procuredship to be underthiscontract year over The afive-year 10th period. shipsper oftwo theconstruction with Newport News Shipbuilding, to proceed teammate, Boat anditsindustry Electric multi-year Block contract IV enables Dynamics. ofGeneral subsidiary The Boatrines. isawholly owned Electric of 10additional Virginia-class subma- at 17.6billionfortheconstruction USD Boat acontractnamics Electric valued NavyThe US has awarded- Dy General General Dynamics Submarinesfrom Virginia-Class US NavytoPurchase the company. large data storage capacity archive, said intensivesupport data analysis and rates, massively parallel data access to which requires ingest high performance capturesuch imagery asGeospatial mission government critical applications, ClusterStorThe SDA isideally for suited single global name space. storage capacity, allmanaged a within byte to over (TB) 25petabyte (PB) ofdata deployments ranging from tens oftera - data andflexible storagesecond capacity (GB/s)to oversecond a1.0terabytes per scalability from several gigabytes per architecture enables linear performance ClusterStor’s innovative modular enhancements.the newmultilevel security and investment protection inadditionto providingsupport unmatched capability integration, management andworld-class ClusterStor features solution end-to-end andBigHPC Data applications. Thenew available today forproductivity critical andlargest dataperformance capacity CAT integrated be airvehicles will with payload processor. Thenew JUMPand ple redundant mission IMUand auxiliary nology’s- newPiccoloIIIautopilot tri with Arcturus CloudCapbility. use will - tech high-performance, multi-payload capa- a Tier IIUAV has offered this level of SlimSAR. This marks thefirst time that Europa package SIGINT andtheArtemis otherpayloads such astheWGS carrying capable be vehicles will ofsimultaneously In additionto theTASE500, thenewair ing SWaP, said thecompany. Tactical PED software market with lead- integrated utilising solution ViewPoint payload that provides anAll-HD, fully Itcam MX10. isa10inch, 27lb. imaging capabilities ofthevenerable L3Wes TASE500 the to exceed isbelieved Cap Technology’s newTASE500. 25 andCAT-25 UAVs integrate will Cloud catapult launched UAV. The newJUMP- alargerbe version ofthecompany’s T-20 15 andJUMP-20CAT-25 models. The will tors than therecently announced JUMP- andtractor mo- and more VTOL powerful havewill alarger andwingspan fuselage 25, vertical takeoff and landing capable, CAT-25 long endurance UAVs. TheJUMP- opment ontheirJUMP-25 efforts and Arcturus UAV has recently revealed devel- Endurance UAVs UAV UnveilsLongArcturus ning to incorporate IIIcomputers inallfuture Gen aircraft. aircraftfixed-wing well asunmannedsystems. as aerial The Corpsis plan- Marine ing environment to customers around and andiscompatible theworld rotary- with systemsand anopen architecture. Thecomputer can provide comput a partitioned by leveraging commercial off-the-shelfsoftware model-based designtechnology, missionqualified computer is easily configurable fordifferent system requirements fromsupport suppliers, according to aspokesperson from thecompany. Thefully increased computing resources andanextended product lifetimedueto long-term Corps helicopters.USD 10.6millioncontract The will provide the Navy with mission to deliver FlightPro IIImission computers Gen fortheAH-1Z andUH-1Y Marine The Navy has awarded alow-rate initial production contract to Northrop Grumman to USNavy toDeliverFlightPro GenIIIComputers Grumman Northrop tioned, 8-coretioned, PowerPC-based processors. It offers computingnewest inmultiple- technology parti The latest model, FlightProGen III,features the mance computer, airborne said thecompany. capabilities into high perfor aconductioncooled, advanced processing mission, andvideo weapons IIImission computerGen iscapable ofintegrating integration laboratories andtraining. The FlightPro computers forH-1 helicopter flight tests, system - runway orlauncher foroperation. to thewings. JUMPairvehicles require no quadrotorsland vertically with mounted Arcturus JUMPairvehicles take offand 12 hours. Heavier load outs are optional. the TASE500 has endurance aplanned of stretchwill to 20hours. JUMP-25 carrying 14 hours. With alight payload endurance CAT-25on afully loaded isestimated at the company’s airvehicles. Endurance control station which allows control of Arcturus’s compact, ground portable • • ofthefactors fromSome thereport are: leading companies andkey news.dustry participants,by industry analysis ofin- influencing demand, the challenges faced forecast values, global industry factors analysisdetailed and historic ofboth Intelligence, provides readers a with report published by Strategic Defence SatelliteMilitary Market 2014-2024’. The market research report called ‘Global Reportlinker.com has unveiled anew 2014 -2024’ to Growby3.7%Between SatelliteMarket Global Military 6 per cent; cent; 6 per satellite market ashare with of51. to dominateis expected themilitary Communication satellites segment centper 2014-2024; during agrowth to experience of3.74 expected satellite marketThe global military is Courtesy: NorthropCourtesy: Grumman

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11 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 news

• The militaries are increasingly depend- required for installment on Department five years for developing electronic war- ing on commercial satellite service of Defense (DoD) networks. STIG-ap- fare products. BEL will jointly work with providers for their additional band- proval demonstrates that AirWatch DRDO for the project. width needs. provides government customers with BEL manufactures and supplies a range The report also provides an in-depth solutions that follow mobile code risk of products, including radars, electronic analysis of the following: global military categories and usage guides. According to warfare system, missiles and sonars, etc., satellites market size and drivers, detailed the company, adding that these standards to the armed forces. The company togeth- analysis of the military satellite market confirm that AirWatch implementation er with DRDO and ECIL has developed during 2014-2024 including highlights of is consistent with DoD cybersecurity a mobile integrated electronic warfare the demand drivers and growth stimula- policies, standards, architectures, security system ‘Samyukta’. The system is used for tors for military satellites. It also provides controls and validation procedures. surveillance, direction finding, analysis, a snapshot of the spending patterns and interception and jamming of all commu- modernisation patterns of different re- nication and radar signals. gions around the world. It offers insights into technological developments in the Astra Air-to-Air Missile military satellites market and a detailed Successfully Test Fired analysis of the changing preferences of India’s first indigenously developed the defence ministries around the world. Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air‐to‐Air missile ASTRA has been successfully test General Electric and ANSYS to Sell S-400 Missile fired by the Indian Air Force (IAF). De- Enter into Strategic Partnership System to China signed and developed by DRDO, ASTRA ANSYS and GE Aviation have established a Russia will sell its S-400 air defence guid- possesses high Single Shot Kill Probability new joint technology collaboration agree- ed missile system to China, according (SSKP). It is an all weather missile with ment that will help solve future engineering to reports. The sale is expected to give active radar terminal guidance, excellent challenges and drive product development Beijing an edge in the airspace of the ECCM features, smokeless propulsion processes in a world of smart products and Taiwan Strait and over islands in the East and process improved effectiveness in big data, said the company. Both organi- China Sea. Export sales of the system multi‐target scenario making it a highly sations recognise the value of cutting-edge may not begin until 2016. China is said advanced, state‐of the‐art missile, ac- research and are jointly aligned in their to have been interested in acquiring the cording to DRDO. desire to spur innovation by creatively guided missile system since 2011. It is “Astra’s successful launch from the Su30 applying simulation to the manufacturing not clear though how many systems Chi- combat aircraft is a major step in missile and industrial space. na wishes to acquire but reports say that aircraft integration. Extensive flight test- The two will work together over a range of it wants enough systems to equip two to ing that has preceded the air launch was applications to establish forward-looking four battalions. indeed a joint effort of DRDO and IAF. analysis techniques that leverage expertise This will be followed by launch against from both parties. In the first project under BEL to Invest USD 100 M in EW actual target shortly. Many more trials are this agreement, ANSYS and GE Aviation Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) is planning planned and will be conducted to clear will investigate industry data to create new to invest USD 100 million over the next the launch envelope. Weapon integra- engineering best practices associated with the accurate analysis of some of GE’s core industrial products. Projects may include India Successfully Tests simulation of system-level product perfor- Nuclear-Capable Missile mance, enhanced by live data, to predict India has successfully overall system efficiency and maximise test-fired its indigenously product life. developed nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Prithvi II mis- AirWatch Software to Operate sile, as part of a user trial by the on US Department of Defense Army. The missile, having a range Networks of 350 km, is capable of carrying AirWatch recently announced that the 500 kg to 1,000 kg of warheads. Defense Information Systems Agency The missile is thrust by liquid

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY (DISA) Field Security Operations (FSO) propulsion twin engines and has released the AirWatch MDM Software uses advanced inertial guidance 6.5 Security Technical Implementation system with maneuvering trajec- Guide (STIG) Version 1 for immediate tory. Prithvi-II is the first missile use. The certification validates that Air- to be developed by DRDO under Watch, one of only two STIG-approved the country’s Integrated Guided management (MDM) Missile Development Programme. Courtesy: Hindu Jagruti

12 | Geointelli g ence providers, meets the security restrictions provide design, andlogistic engineering Dynamics UKwill General personnel. radio by system forces used UKarmed theBowman Dynamics UKto support five-year two ed contractsGeneral to has Defence, of The award UK, Ministry - General Dynamics Contractto Logistic Support UK AwardsBowmanRadio reconnaissancedebris puposes. forsurveillance, marineresearchused and can reach is150-feet. Matsya 3.0can be cator. The maximum depththat the vehicle ofAUVedition lo- ageo with isequipped IIT-Bombay. at Rs22 lakh, Priced thisthird unveiledbeen by students andfacultyof VehicleUnderwater (AUV) Matsya 3.0has A newprototype oftheAutonomous Vehicle Autonomous Underwater Indian InstituteUnveils of Defence R&DandDG,of Defence DRDO. Avinash Chander, Department Secretary doneinthenear future,” be also will said ‘Tejas’tion with Light Combat Aircraft Courtesy: DNACourtesy: Courtesy: General Dynamics General Courtesy: support to land operations.support by theRoyal Force Air whenproviding air reliefduring inthe Philippines, efforts and by troops onpatrol, onRoyal Navy ships have inAfghanistan extensive seen service and increase situational awareness and to share frequency intelligence encrypted around The theworld. an radios use in theairto communicate onoperations radios allow onland, at personnel and sea Royal Navy andRoyal Force. Air Bowman across personnel Army, theBritish service fortheradiosupport system that by isused Selex ES has won two contracts worth contracts has two ES won Selex worth Vision Gear to ItalianArmy Selex to sellRadios, Night sion andtheWorld Bank. shipping companies, European Commis agencies, academia, insurance industry, from differentsources, such asUN sister workThe takes into account studies changing meteorological climate. activitiesandfutureracy outlooks ina asanti-pi aswell ofglobal piracy, aspects - issue. The covers also report thefinancial illustrating ofthepiracy thecomplexity including references examples to specific factors,ing findings to complementary geospatialdetailed analyses, whilerelat at theglobal level. This research includes The currentOcean. piracy assesses report geospatial analyses Indian forthewestern later to regional expanded ellite imagery ian using assistance sat and othergoods ing captured ships, delivering humanitar on theissue. identify What with - started stitute the firstgeospatial global analysis The maritime piracy. is said to con- report UNOSAT has released aglobal report on Global MaritimePiracy UNOSAT on Releases Report nations. thetwo between plex weapons significant stepjoint in working oncom- Wildcat helicopters. asa seen Thedeal is themissilesUK plans to onitsnew use medium-sized targets. The Royal Navy of to attackhoming technology small and missiles sophisticated which utilise producewill the helicopter-mounted awardedbeen thecontract. Thecompany million project. MBDA isreported to have op newanti-ship 827 missiles inaUSD andFranceBritain are going to devel- Anti-Ship MissileDeal France, UK Sign USD827Million - - - - Soldier. This apparatus designed been has nocturnal tactical oftheFuture mobility provide state-of-the-art equipment forthe eration to developed binoculardevice TM-NVG night vision goggles, athird-gen- acquisition concerns2726 second The future ones, thecompany. asper erable systems already with and in use able to host various waveforms interop - transmissions, isanew-conceptplatform cutting-edge synthesis ofradio andIT which The SDR, represents themost communicationnew wideband systems. with troopslight equipped be will infantry Helds through which theItalian Army’s supply consists of 2726radio SDR Hand- ture scenarios, said thecompany. Thefirst therequirementswith ofcurrent andfu- soldiers, aligning theiroperating capacities isation ofthesystems andequipment of lead to thecompleteArmy,- will modern currently theItalian with being developed Soldatoian Army. The Futuro programme, Mobility Night to theItal Vision Goggles) - terminals andTM-NVGportable (Tactical providing Software Radio (SDR) Defined Futuro programme. Thecompanybe will theItalian 83million,within USD Soldato Courtesy: UNOSATCourtesy:

Courtesy: Selex 13 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 news to display all the information and map data of 500km and is scheduled to be deployed Australia to Buy Drones from provided by the Command and Control in forces in 2015. The missile develop- the US system on the eye-piece. ment forms part of follow-up measures Australia is likely to purchase drones from The goggles also feature an integrated after the revision of missile guidelines by the US. The fleet, to be based in Adelaide, camera able to return the observed scene South Korea and the US in 2012. will be used for maritime surveillance to the Command and Control system. and commercial purposes. The drones Hardware and software developments are Northrop Grumman Partners are currently being tested by the US navy. expected to provide the soldier with yet with DSTO The number of UAVs to be purchased is further functions and for individual navi- The Australian Defence Science and yet to be determined. gation, with the idea of further improving Technology Organisation (DSTO) and mobility in low-visibility conditions. Northrop Grumman have signed a stra- tegic alliance to conduct collaborative research in a range of advanced defence technologies. Under the agreement, the two will collaborate on projects of mu- tual interest and DSTO will have access to Northrop Grumman’s specialised defence knowledge. PACIFIC “This agreement is a further demonstra- tion of our commitment to Australia and to the defence organisation. Northrop Grumman has significant experience Courtesy: Wikipedia South Korea Successfully in C4ISR, electronic warfare and un- Test-fires its Long-Range manned systems. We’ve seen significant Ballistic Missile developments in these areas in recent The MQ-4C Triton drones can cruise at South Korea is reported to have devel- years and they will continue to transform altitudes up to 55,000 feet and can remain oped a long-range ballistic missile to defence forces around the world,” said airborne for up to 33 hours. Its size is boost its defence against missile threats Ian Irving, Chief Executive, Northrop comparable to a small aircraft with a from North Korea. The missile has a range Grumman Australia. wingspan of 131 feet.

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The world of GeoInt at your fingertips Geospatial Media and Communications launches www.geointworld.net - A Resource Portal for the Global Geoint Community qualified to qualified Mil Std 810-GandisIP68 rated for water immersion. incurred by less effective ergonomic designs. It isenvironmentally na reduces timeto deploy; andeliminates ‘down thesoldier time’ cleaning ofrepair and eases inthefield.The TacSat Razor Anten- same strap intheotherdirection. facilitates construction Amodular ing. Theantennawithdrawn is back into thecontainer by pulling the mount. Users simply pull a strap to launch the antenna from its hous a standard orcamera tripod spike oronavehicle using amagnetic rucksack.of astandard Alternatively, military itcan mounted be on The formed. TacSat Razor Antenna be simplycan attached to the side hands free mode, keeping troops ready both foractionandfully in- makeogies iteasy andquick to deploy; andable operated to be ina designed specifically forphysically demanding battlefield conditions. to offera rapid deployment antenna intheUHFtacsat band. It is tactical satellite communications. It patented uses product design forces robust, with lightweight, on-the-move, high performance, and Weighing around 1kg, theTacSat Razor Antenna provides front-line TacSat RazorAntenna Innovative andpatented anddeployment construction - technol product watch • • • • Features andBenefits mounted operations. VIPER isjointly by developed Ultralife. Thales and providing operators aninstant with transition mounted anddis between to AN/PRC-154 aninstalled Rifleman Radio or AN/PRC-154ARifleman Radio, by providing 20Watts ofamplification. VIPER provides‘Jerk and Run’ access radio SRW ed designed to extend theoperational range network oftheSRW The Vehicle Integrated (VIPER) isa Powervehicle mountEnhancedRifleman Radio System VIPER MountedRifleman other talkgroups Actively participates inonetalkgroup whilesimultaneously two monitoring cators forpreset, status andbattery position, GPS User-friendly audible Human Machine Interface (HMI),that is, audio indi- hands-freeSupports display andexternal computer interface situational awareness andblueforce tracking Continuous transmission ofPosition Information Location enables (PLI) - be launchedbe from land orwater surfaces. andtilt-rotorlaunched, andVTOL variants may wingThe fixed variants bemay handor tube transition with flight. to fixed wing bling VTOL andtilt-rotortakeoff andlanding (VTOL), ena - multiple missions including fixed-wing, vertical The Vector Hawk be fieldcan reconfigured to said engineered to be forunmatched capability. data link, andscalable payload, Vector Hawk is architecture, reconfigurable variants, adaptable employing ofwaveforms. avariety With anopen over-the-air reconfiguration, andis capable of networking (including 3G, 4G, andLTE cellular), softwarea high bandwidth defined radio, mesh operational slant ranges. The data linkfeatures flight, landing andfail-safes. It isinaudible at inches. Vector Hawk features fully autonomous of only four pounds andavertical profile offour in asingle system. It has agrossweight takeoff ofuniquemissions andoperatingset - with needs MartinLockheed Vector Hawk addresses abroad forversatilityDesigned andaffordability, thenew Vector HawkSUAS - -

15 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 Interview

Shaping Future Combat Operations Intergraph Government Solutions Geospatial intelligence capabilities have (IGS) helps the US government accelerated over the last 10 years, in particular. In create intelligent maps, analyse your opinion, what have been some of the major innovations? geointelligence, and transform The rise of commercial off-the-shelf software appli- complex data from disparate sources cations that adhere to open standards for geospatial data storage and sharing have provided major bene- into real-time actionable information. fits to the defence and intelligence communities. For However, understanding the example, our ERDAS and GeoMedia technologies are relationships among different sets of built on Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) stand- ards. These standards allow users to access a wide intelligence captured from different range of data and geospatial processes from industry, sources based on common time stamps government and academia. The flexibility to mix and match data and capabilities from different sources is a real challenge, feels Rob Mott, Vice has been a game changer for the intelligence com- President, Geospatial Solutions, IGS munity. Plus, this diversity of technology inherently accelerates further innovation.

Industry standards drive collaboration between the intelligence community and its vendors. What is the state of this collaboration today? There is a tremendous partnership underway. In order to understand the needs of geoint profession- als, vendors require deep technical expertise in many aspects of the domain. For example, Intergraph has worked with government customers for more than four decades to solve difficult problems and ultimately evolve the overall tradecraft and technol- ogies. We maintain an enduring partnership with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and other Department of Defense and intelligence community members of the US, which enables us to stay abreast of emerging trends and requirements. Through activities such as joint cooperative research and development agreements, we forge mutually beneficial bonds that allow us to gain unique insight into customer needs and direction. This information directly influences future commercial product design so that those products directly meet the emerging needs of agencies and end users.

Activity-based Intelligence (ABI) is one such emerging trend that will shape future combat operations. What is your view on ABI? It is a very important development. ABI’s goal is to help analysts better understand changes in the environment from multiple activities occurring over namic information, such asunmanned This aspect may include collecting dy- a timeelement them. associated with and transactions, ofwhich have both istheabilityfocus to understand events Multi-INT analysis. key ABI Asecond depictionoftherealdetailed world. combine to create and onepowerful are displayed. Together, feeds these vas onwhich otherdynamic data feeds integral asthecan- andmay piece serve simultaneously. Satellite isan imagery integrates different allthese sources alysts to work inanenvironment that see.solution isforan- best The erwise trendsdetect he or she might not oth- platform forananalyst a powerful to grated analytical environment provides natures andothersources into aninte- intelligence, measurements andsig- ligence, signals intelligence, human intelABI. The- imagery ability to bring fusion isanimportant component of move into ‘an mode’. anticipatory to calls thisaneffort of theNGA, future activities. Director Long, Letitia standing oftrends asindicators of movement andfacilitates anunder reviews transactions andpatterns of orlocation,details ofanobject ABI simply studying atarget to assess a designated Rather than timeperiod. needs customer insight into gainunique to that allow us bonds beneficial forge mutually weagreements, cooperative R&D such asjoint Through activities However, ABI ismuch more than Multiple intelligence (Multi-INT) - are alsoontherise.How dothese Online andcloud-basedsolutions through theUAV feed. ities ontheground are they witnessing theenvironmentented with andactiv proves theability ofanalysts- ori to be situational awareness. Thisfeature im- images andmaps, providing superior real-time ontop ofsatellite feeds video ability to overlaypowerful multiple our Motion Video Analyst provides the terns ofbehaviour. of interest andoffers insight into pat analyst auniqueviewofanarea with and hyperspectral. Thisprovides an tical, radar, multispectral LiDAR, simultaneously, such aselectro-op- rangedling formats awide of sensor analysis software, are adeptat han - which isastate-of-the-art image products such asERDAS IMAGINE, and understanding. For instance, Yes, are they analysis to both critical ABI. Doyouagree? Geoint technologiesare essentialfor unfolding events. interpreting additional detailsabout andfor among collections those key forestablishing relationships is collections sensor ated with stamped metadata- associ for ABI analysis. Time- time stamps iscrucial oncommon based different sources captured from of intelligence differentsets ships among ing the relation- fashion. in acohesive played back oftime a period images taken over ofstill is aseries collections, which of individualdata respect to anumber changes intimewith feeds. It may at look also aircraft system video As anotherexample, such tools as Understand- - - to thehand-held device. ates anddelivers anefficientGEOPDF of buildings to roads, andthengener resolution andautomatic alignment such asconflation, symbol conflict sophisticated cartographic processes, authoritative data sources, executes establishes adirect to connection of interest. This service Web-based map product that covers their area an instantaneous generation ofa as tablets orsmartphones, to request with the field hand-held devices, such tion capabilities. allows in users CWS innovative on-demand map produc which provides solution, vices (CWS) aCartographicdeveloped Web Ser our customers,ship with have we so. For example, working inpartner and flexible reliable fordoing method provides services of cloud-based a lutely Harnessing critical. thepower in thehands ofwarfighters is - abso Putting up-to-date maps andcharts capabilities? services completeor replace existing

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17 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 lead story

Terrain intelligence has always been important for winning a battle. In this aricle, the writer advocates establishing a repository of battle-space geographic information called Military Geospatial Intelligence System (MGIS)

ombat, by its very orchestration to such a high level making. In the contemporary period of definition, is an event that it becomes possible to exploit to technological explosion, that pivot has extra-ordinarily excru- the hilt the individual capabilities of assumed unlimited scope for articu- ciating. It is an ultimate each element of the military ma- lation. At the crosshairs of ever-adver- Ccondition that is distinguishable by chine. More importantly, it is possible sarial forces across terrains of unique its phenomenal characteristics which now to seamlessly integrate all such descriptions, institution of an efficient demand, among other undertakings, diverse force-elements into one whole mechanism for harnessing the proper- absolute perfection in marshalling the system of war-fighting. ties of geospatial intelligence — MGIS diverse elements of combat that con- Military intelligence — terrestrial, — must, therefore, be a top priority for stitute a military force, for example, strategic and tactical – has always been India. However, to be really effective, troops, firepower, mobility and intel- the most decisive factor in application that endeavour has to be tailored to ligence. Thus down the ages, ‘Great of combat power as well as an enabling Indian conditions and backed up with Captains’ of war have articulated their tool for the aforementioned ‘best’ indigenous competences; the scope

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY strategic intellect to secure victory, orchestration of military resourc- and coverage of GIS as propounded by irrespective of the bulk of forces, by es. Within its overall ambit, terrain the lead militaries of the world, USA, the best orchestration of the resources intelligence - geospatial intelligence China, NATO and Russia, is neither under their command. In modern in the wider sense as we understand accessible nor sustainable and may times, developments in ‘Information today – has been the pivot of strate- not even be necessary in the context Warfare’ have raised the bar of such gic, operational and tactical decision of India’s technical-industrial-fiscal 18 | Geointelli g ence — afeat ofmuch celebration. 11Corps the Ichhogil Canal inWest Pakistan when India’s 11Corps crossed over that oftheIndo-Pakistan War of1965, examplefeatedsecond is indetail.The the Mexicans to disperse, onlyde- to be graphic features oftheterrain, obliged cording protection through- the geo forces through routes which whileac that to move used Scott expertise his haveAmericans traditionally excelled. naissance, in which the anexpertise process ofmanual engineer recon- terrain intelligence gathering was a lava-fields. That wasa timewhen lakes,able drying marshes and rough ate over aterrain covered impass with was that had the Americans - to negoti lencia. A more threatening situation SantaGenerals Anna andGabriel Va- Mexican troops undercommand of differenttwo flanks, with over 36,000 foundScott confronted, themselves on der theleadership Winfield ofGeneral es numbering about 11,000 troops un- to capture Mexico forc American City, operations. of military of terrain intelligence pays inconduct as to how dynamism well inharnessing ing stark to cite some examples to note its neglect. However, itmay interest be of 1999highlights of theconsequences cost India had to pay intheKargil War of terrestrial intelligence, just asthe War are examples some ofthepotency the Suez Canal inthe1973Yom Kippur and 252Armoured Divisions across Israel’s 143Division followedby 162 Pakistan in1971andbreakthrough of Forest in1940,India’s campaign inEast breakthrough across theArdennes fare. XIX German Panzer The Corps’ factor inplanning andconductofwar tial intelligence, has always akey been bedrock version, ofitsmodern - geospa emphasis that terrain intelligence, the thetimes.with no Indeed, itneeds engaging insuch endeavours change nal, onlyof themeans andmethods characteristics ofwarfare remain eter tells usthatHistory fundamental Terrestrial Intelligence objectives. capacity, andinter alia, hermilitary

In 1847,whilecampaigning ------examples to cite from theGulf Wars. Indeed, there are numerous such out of real-time terrain intelligence. light thetactical dividendsaccruing and specifications ofthe Canal. to obtaingeographicalscouted details could foresee that possibility whenit (IPB). As we are(IPB). Aswe aware, efficient IPB re- telligence Preparation of theBattlefield’ dynamismimparts to thepractice of‘In- opponent’s likely motive. This, in turn, al points oftime, thus indicating the intelligence picturemilitary at near-re- theMOIS, with stitches awholesome mation. MGIS, whenskillfully integrated time, space andcontents ofstored infor have operative to be inacontinuum of therefore relevant, aspects these both and movements. To remain current, and equipment capabilities, deployment covers force build up, and weapon Intelligence System (MOIS)—which referred Operational to astheMilitary tactical information system —formally intelligence,tary namely, strategic and compliments ofmili- theotheraspect value.tial intelligence MGIS ofmilitary build upofreal-timepermits - geospa wisdom, it military duly analysed with operations. such When information is tains to theterrain ofintended military tical andtechnical relevance asitper to cover theterrestrial features oftac isaninformation repository databank geographic-spatial information. The ofbattle-spacefunctions asarepository intelligence which of military aspect asone sion, MGIScould described be base. ofsubscriber limitless expanse intelligence acrossform, military a value, oritsprocessedof military it possible to disseminate information data-transfer resources, MGISmakes linked communication to modern and intelligence.actionable military When manipulation andanalysis to build up of quick andaccurate integration, mats data ofdigitised forthepurpose terrestrial information ingiven for to capture, filter, validate and store By definition,the role ofMGISis Combat MGIS: AnElementofModern

Both these incidents these Both high - In thecontext ofthis discus - - - - - tents captured, andspeed itsaccuracy is unique. Whereas thevolume ofcon- that neither the concept nor the process tic possibilities to GIS, itmay noted be enthusiasts roman whotend to ascribe - the hype it generates among the layman gree ofassurance. engage high de- incombat avery with commanders andstaff to assists military by ofintelligence, thequality perfecting systemmost support which, decision thus promoted. MGISistherefore afore- cess ofoperational making decision is thesituationalwith changes. Thepro- noeuvres to shape the battlefield in tune engagementweapon andtactical ma- force-deployment,factoring precision tion. It planners in empowers military the opponent’s most likely course ofac application ofcombat power to counter andallowsduces uncertainty focussed intelligence military up actionable build analysis to manipulation and integration, accurate of quick and for thepurpose data of digitised given formats information in terrestrial store filter, and validate capture, is to role The ofMGIS

A word ofcaution here. Given -

19 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 lead story

Successful of human scales of time. Therefore, it is pose. For example, additional attrib- possible to build up comprehensive in- utes of a terrain feature like a river at harnessing of formation databanks regarding the var- an unspecified point of interest may ious features of the terrain over a period need to be factored into planning and MGIS can only of time. These features are natural like execution of battle plans, and this in- climate, soil properties, elevation, gradi- formation may have to be deducted be possible when ent, vegetation, rivers, natural obstacles from what inputs are readily available. and hazards, as well as man-made like A thorough expertise in terrain engi- it is integrated roads, built-up areas, canals, bridges neering permits such deductive exer- and artificial obstacles. Recording of the cises with fair degree of accuracy. with other properties of terrain features is a delib- Integration of MGIS with Parallel erate and time consuming discipline of Systems: Needless to emphasise, suc- technology driven civil engineering which can never be cessful harnessing of MGIS can only conclusive to perfection. This is particu- be possible when it is integrated with and tactically larly so for military purposes since un- its other technology driven and tac- like other fields of activities, factors that tically exploitable military systems. exploitable shape planning and execution of war- Therefore synergic integration of fare can neither be fully specified nor MGIS with the corresponding infor- military systems customised. To illustrate, river data at mation data input systems (human some points of interest may not be suf- intelligence, surveillance sensors, ficient to plan military operations un- unmanned aerial vehicles, satellite of retrieval, collation and analysis, inte- less it is referenced with such data at all feedbacks, etc.), the filtration and data gration of inter-disciplinary information other points of relevance. For sustained processing centres, the authenticating and near-real time access across a wide information build-up, therefore, each and validating systems, and finally, user-base are the distinguishing aspects feature of the terrain as well as its attrib- modern information dissemination of modern MGIS as compared to its old- utes (properties, specifications) of mili- systems (communication and data er, menial versions; acumen of military tary significance need to be scheduled transfer networks) is imperative for it science and art remains the ultimate into prioritised work-programmes, and to pay the right dividends. arbitrator in war, as ever. In other words, treated as a continuous engagement. within the ambit of the ’Principle of War’, Dynamic Information: Changes Build-up of MGIS MGIS provides to the military forces the over time that occur in terrain features MGIS, in fact, is an amalgamation ability to keep pace with the technology and their military attributes, either of a number of information sys- driven fast pace of operations across the naturally or through human interven- tems, each of which is dedicated to entire range of combat activities. tion, for example, artificial alteration various purposes. Nearly 80 per cent of terrain by construction or demo- of the MGIS construct is made up Operational Imperatives lition are incorporated according to of terrain information, that is, data of MGIS a specified periodicity to see that the of various features of the terrain MGIS performs its intelligence func- basic information databank remains and their military attributes. This tions based on a trinity of activities updated. Obviously, during campaign is the Engineer Geospatial Infor- which may be concurrent as well times, the periodicity of updates clos- mation System (EGIS) which forms as sequential depending upon the es down to days and hours. Point to the bedrock for further build up of range, depth, quality and opacity of note however, is that dynamism of in- the other user-specific information the information databank, besides of formation becomes pronounced when systems for use in the various arms course the pace at which information MGIS is integrated with MOIS. and services of the military forces. changes with respect to time. These Deductive Information: We have Thus, build up over the EGIS would be activities therefore may be described seen that when it comes to MGIS, no the ‘Artillery or Fire Power Geospatial as build up of ‘Basic Information’, information databank can ever be so Information System’, ‘Mechanised ‘Dynamic Information’ and ‘Deduc- comprehensive as to provide for the Forces or Manoeuvre Geospatial tive Information’. Of course, these construction of perfect intelligence Information System’, ‘Air Force or activities are relevant to MOIS too, but picture. It is therefore for the compe- Air Power Geospatial Information MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY to retain focus, it would be in order tent information analysts to marshal System’, ‘Logistic Geospatial Informa- hereafter to confine the discussion to their tactical and technical acumen to tion System’, and so on. Build up of the subject matter of MGIS. interpolate and predict, with high de- the first tier of the MGIS, the EGIS, is Basic Information: Terrestrial com- gree of assurance, the answers to im- a civil engineering discipline and falls position of any campaigning area re- promptu queries that the operational within the competency of the Corps of mains more or less constant in terms planners and field commanders may Engineers (Military Survey). Its main 20 | Geointelli g ence the EGIS, to make MGISasacomplete builtMGIS isto be over thefirst one, and the thirdfort, the second tier of theef aswell expertise to optimise requirements). Obviously, inorder tothe StaffGeneral answer added be and finally, the thirdwould tier (this wouldbe GIS) superimposed, specific ond tier(composed and service ofarm in the firstEGIS tier,sec on which the — would of consist ofa better part InformationDynamic andDeductive informationabove discussed — Basic, other words, all the three classes of must remain astaff responsibility. In rated into theMGIS, build upofwhich mation databank may- incorpo be also Staff,the General athird tierofinfor which arequeries likely raised to be by Further, far unattended the so to meet and service. arm of each user expertise bank built isto be upby thedomain sisting ofspecialistinformation data- purpose.their specified to put to andservices arms other user provision map ofdigitised data forthe maps forgeneral andsecondly, use; updating andprinting oftopographic being:purpose firstly, automated map The second tieroftheMGIScon- second The - - - fied level of accuracy. level ofaccuracy. fied of theirattributes according- to aspeci thecaptureand prioritise andupdate significancecording to theirmilitary is to gradeitaries terrain features ac thepracticeunlimited, mil- inmodern being virtually The volume ofqueries to thesurveyor’ssubscribes ethos. that isdedicated and to thepurpose lean task. It requires anorganisation basic information, ahercu isinitself - puts for MGIS, build upofthe related ligence by andservices. allarms inexploitationtool ofterrestrial intel- ons, equipment andtransport, stocks force-composition, profilesweap of - ically processed inputs related to due to ready availability ofautomat tabank is arelatively simpler process build upandupdating ofMOIS da- asown. Comparedas well to MGIS, and combat power ofopponent’s factorsdetermining being time, space both, theMGISandMOIS, the deductive information applies to The conceptof basic, dynamic and Picture Build-up ofIntelligence Across range theunlimited ofin- - - own forces andmission. as themost dangerous optionagainst opponent’s most likely optionaswell MOIS facilitates identification ofthe action. Thus, integration ofMGISand of theopponent’s possible courses of andfour,capabilities; determination three, evaluation ofopponent’s two, ofitseffects; description ment; definition of battle-space environ- the processing being: one, sequence picture ofthebattlefield takes place, build up oftheoverall intelligence informationconjoined isanalysed, mation extracted from MOISandthe MGIS isintegrated force with infor terrainon. When information from and location ofammunition andso in near-real quick timeandtrigger plan operations, monitor execution such otherinputs that to need they enemy forces, movements andmost terrain, deployment ofown and accurate intelligence regarding the have ready access to updated and formation commander and staff We may imagine aTBA wherein the Battle Area(TBA) Role ofMGISintheTactical -

21 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 lead story

responses to the ever changing battle However, to reiterate, the possibilities isation of the process of MGIS as situation. Similarly, we can imagine listed above, it must be tampered with well as its harness is imperative if unit and sub-unit commanders ac- realism rather than romanticism. There its full advantages are to be reaped cessing ready intelligence to translate is no query we may seek that was not by the Indian military institution. the larger plans into operational sought by the ‘Great Captains’ of the Being an issue by itself, it would actions of which they bear respon- days yore; the difference lies in the suffice here to just list out the sibility. Thus, it is possible to exploit immediacy of answers and accuracy milestones of such an endeavour. in near-real time the nature of the of information. This is a realisation These are: conceptual factoring of terrain to deploy, select routes for necessary if we are to avoid the problem MGIS into military planning and movement, view the objectives, find of ascribing to MGIS, such capabilities execution; continuous and com- inter-visibility, chart flight paths for which no human articulated system can petent build up of comprehen- missiles, emplace weapons, acquire ever have, and thereby save ourselves sive MGIS ; its in-depth targets, bring down precision fire on from losing interest in the system when assimilation within the military selected coordinates, and so on; and such banal dreams do not come true. fraternity; and enhancement of its yet be able to seek answers to infor- accessibility at the user end. mation queries that might have been Institutionalisation of MGIS In the Indian military estab- unforeseen. To be able to do so with MGIS, in conjunction with MOIS, lishment, particularly so in the utmost speed and accuracy, it would plays lead role in application of such Army, the concept of MGIS was indeed be necessary first to interlink Principles of War as ‘Surprise’, ‘Con- appreciated right at the early stag- various sources of information gath- centration of Force’ and ‘Intelligence’. es of its advent. The following en- ering (maps, human, satellites, radars Furthermore, tactical relevance of deavour, however, has progressed etc,) and the sensors deployed to MGIS becomes most apparent when only in fits and starts, restricting, register dynamic information (ground we consider the Clausewitz’s ‘Law and even back-tracking, the build sensors, aerial vehicles — battlefield of Numbers’. This Law specifies that: up of MGIS resources like compe- surveillance system to be precise). Combat Power = Force Strength x En- tent personnel in adequate num- The resultant information would vironmental and Operational Factors bers, executive survey units and need to be cross checked, filtered and of Combat x Combat Effectiveness arm-specific teams, procurement graded to finally offer quality inputs Value of Military Assets. When this and placement of tools and equip- for the planning and execution of equation is explored in terms of the ment, and assimilative as well as reconnaissance, targeting and fire as- Quantified Judgement Model (QJM), practical training. The result is that sault, manoeuvre, obstacle creation or we find that MGIS plays a major role accrual of the larger advantages breaching, and such other operational in strengthening the second factor of military modernisation — con- activities. That, in nutshell, is the role while its contribution in optimisation cepts, weapons and equipment, of MGIS in the TBA. of the third factor is considerable; and expertise, when these materi- More importantly, MGIS renders MOIS being the other pillar of combat alise in the coming days — would it practicable to analyse the trends of power, of course. have to remain stifled somewhat. occurrence of the events with respect At the strategic level, MGIS finds Long term vision, professional to time, in the battle area, and so pre- many core applications, of which objectivity, and a scientific tem- dict the emerging developments, for two representative instances may be per is necessary to correct this im- example, movements, deployments mentioned here. One, in line with the balance, and so to ensure that the etc. Similarly, it facilitates feedback concept of ‘Third Generation Warfare’, modernisation schemes do not go on various tactical activities like dam- MGIS enables the modern weapons lame in the absence of an ability to age assessment of targeted objectives, and manoeuvrability in engagement exploit MGIS to its full potential. passage of obstacles, and so on. It also of the opponent’s ‘peripheral’ and plays a vital role in tactical deception ‘core’ forces in simultaneity — a no- by manipulation of terrain signatures. table departure from the necessity of In similar vein, MGIS plays a crucial undertaking sequential or serial com- role in planning and execution of bat. Two, it allows a meaningful fusion logistic support operations, in which, between attrition and manoeuvre apart from standard attributes, data warfare by opening up a new tactical

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY regarding local resources and infra- option, that of ‘precision attrition’ of structure adds to the quality of logistic opposing forces. These advantages of intelligence. Finally, MGIS plays a key MGIS had been remarkably exploited role in war-gaming and simulation ex- during the Kosovo campaign, Gulf War ercises for realistic training on battle II and war in Afghanistan. Lt Gen Gautam Banerjee (Retd) command and control skills. Needless to mention, institutional- [email protected] 22 | Geointelli g ence Basemap Global or local: we have you covered.

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DG2014_ProductPrintAds_resize.indd 1 5/1/2014 10:04:25 AM Simulation GIS: Enhancing Realism in Air Defence Training Geospatial technologies are employed to create 3D terrains of various types in a virtual reality domain. The idea is to make training as realistic as possible for the soldier

Manpad Simulator

he galloping pace of training. These include enhancing Radar Coverage MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY geospatial technologies is realism in training and automating Effectiveness Evaluator proving to be a great enabler the erstwhile manual and archaic The 2D Game: In an era of 2D maps and a training facilitator. procedures which are not only time (both in the WGS–84 or India-Bangla- TThe relevance of such technologies is consuming and inflexible but also far desh Datum), the method to display particularly visible in two functional divorced from reality. The article looks a typical radar beam coverage was to domains in ground-based air-defence at some such technologies in play. draw the range roundels (based on 24 | Geoin t elli g ence designer/ OEM provided coverage planning. This was archaic, besides ammunition, kill effectiveness, etc., data relevant to a particular range- being time consuming and inflexi- are interplayed by the system in ‘one- height band). This coverage was ble. Also, the manual procedure were on-one’ and ‘one-on-many’ modes. further modulated through manu- neither open to dynamic changes nor This interplay provides effectiveness ally calculated clutter and screening flexible to comparing multiple deploy- details of the GBADWS envelopes in details based on the angular elevation ment choices in real-time. taking on the threat. It also provides and spread of visible/ non-visible Most of the earlier requirements a comparison tool to check out, com- obstacles to the radar beam. The can now be met by GIS based technol- pare and optimise the deployment resultant coverage obtained was not ogies and 3D analysis systems. Such details through change in weapon only unrealistic but also inaccurate systems provide advanced visualis- types on their locations in real-time. because the occult interplay ation, analysis and surface generation between the radar beam and the tools which permit viewing large sets Total Effect Simulation: The terrain contours could not be of data in three dimensions from mul- progression for the above stated de- accurately assessed. tiple view points, ability to query a sur- ployment simulation is the total effect face and create realistic perspective simulation. Such systems work on two GIS Enablement: Today, GIS images that drapes raster and vector side simulation, that is, both from the technologies combined with Digital data over an entire surface. attacker as well as defender. For the Elevation Models (DEMs) provide former, the system will input various opportunities to evaluate radar beam Exploitation: By exploiting such threat capabilities such as ranges, blockage and other ground clutter technologies, 3D virtual maps can throw-weight, ammunition effective- phenomenon1. These technologies be created of the type of terrain over ness, day/ night operation limits, ECM use the potential of the GIS to present which the training is to be impart- muscle, etc. For pitching the capabil- topographic information in all its ed. On such terrains, the technical ities of the defender, it inputs ground digital details while specially devel- dimensions of the air threat — to in- air defence weapon capabilities in the oped software tools and programmes clude the technical nuances of the air form of its technical signature, and provide the technical signatures of the threat, ranges, heights, weapon types effectiveness against the threat. The radar ordered to the desired range- (conventional/ PGMs), stand-off simulator is then played with the de- height matrix as defined by the user. ranges, flight path details, etc., as well fenders utilising their sensors, combat With these inputs in hand, the system as the technical prowess of Ground and C2 means in a synergetic fashion. then executes an interplay between Based AD Weapon System (GBADWS) The effectiveness of the defender in the ‘technical radar signatures’ and in terms of ranges, heights, types of optimising their weapons to ward off the GIS created ‘3D ground’. The resultant output is the radar coverage Radar coverage diagrams which are accurate to the core. The great advantage of such an interplay is the inherent flexibility and dynamism provided to the user to check out any number of radar sites for their comparative merit (this com- parison is also software driven as well as dynamic) besides having the power to generate real-time changes in cov- erage pattern when the radar origin is moved on a mouse-click within the permissible area of deployment, other variables remaining constant. Good sites/ not so good sites/ poor sites/ overlap, etc., become emi- nently visible and hence exploitable. This was unimaginable on 2D static map-based display2. The erstwhile method of generating weapon envelopes and weapon de- ployment choices in order to address a particular air threat was an elaborate and a manual process of paper-based Simulation

Total effects simulation

the threat as a package is accurately face-to-air missiles. The replication vehicles such as aeromodels/ hover calculated and re-playable. includes the weight/ jerk/ vibration platforms, etc. Such vehicles and plat- feel, self consuming pyrotechnic that forms can be made to fly/ hover over an Very Short range Air Defence replicates the real effect but leaves no area of interest and provide a live video. (VSHORAD) Simulators: A marriage residual projectile. All this is projected Riding on the enabling power of cut- between VSHORAD launch tech- against a virtually created environ- ting edge technologies provided by GIS niques and ability to create virtual ment giving a 3D effect of the launch and marrying them up with weapon realities exploiting GIS technologies space, multiple target movement based expertise is producing amazing enables the realisation of VSHORAD with attendant visual light and sound solutions for realistic training. (Man Portable air defence System clues enabling training in evasive References (MANPADS)) simulators. Some actions-counter actions. Effect en- 1.[HTML] Radar Beam Occultation details:- hancers like actual/ created weather Studies Using GIS and DEM Tech- or time-of-the day help in enhancing nology : An Example Study of Guam The Challenge: VSHORAD SAM sys- further realism4. [HTML], PA Kucera, WF Krajew- tems comprising variety of short range, Another very exciting use of GIS ski-journals.ametsoc.org man-portable/ pedestal mounted heat based enablement is in the design of 2.Military Applications of GIS. seeking (Igla1M, Igla-S), laser guided Aircraft Recognition (ACR) simula- www.gisdevelopment.net/application/ (RBS-70/Bolide), laser/ proximity/ tors, an important training area for air military…/ militaryf0002pf.htm impact (Mistral), hit-to-kill HVM/ defence warriors. In this scenario, GIS 3.Worldwide-defence.blogspot. laser guided (Star Streak) missiles, etc. based technologies are employed to com/…/sa-24-grinch_Igla_S_man- have strong simulation requirements. create 3D terrains of various types in pad-data… This is so because the operators needs a virtual reality domain. On such ter- 4.www.flightglobal. repetitive multiple practice on laying rains, deployments of GBADWS can com>News>space> Manned space the missile, tracking the target steadily, be depicted. The trainee, located virtu- flight identification of launch zone and steady ally in such terrains, is presented with launch in hostile EW environment. unpredictable movement of a variety of aerial threat vehicles. The challenge Solution: Most VSHORAD makers is to recognise the threat in real-time. offer generic simulator solutions, for Weather/ terrain/ time of the day, etc., example, the Konus simulator offered can be superimposed. The feel of train-

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY by Rosoboronexport can also be used ing is as good as real. for training of RBS-70/NG even3. GIS based technologies can also be Lt Gen VK Saxena, The latest in the field is to produce used to generate live video streaming of DG & Sr Col Comdt, Army AD a weapon effect signature simulator an area of interest by placing GPS/ GIS The views expressed in this article are those which replicates the launch signature enabled tools (video camera, GPS and of the author in his personal capacity, and of many types of shoulder-fired sur- integrating software) on board aerial do not have any official endorsement. 26 | Geoin t elli g ence I enabling theground forces first, to see the extended battle space, thereby provide to operate theflexibility in theirinherentwith characteristics to of liesintheuse The answer UAVs, night (24x7),regardless ofweather. day and enemywithin territory, ability to obtain data from anywhere Additionally, commanders need throughoutgence thelevel ofconflict. collect, process andreport intelli- real-time reconnaissance capability to multi- source, long endurance, near responsive, economically viable, an organicnecessity armies for allmodern UAVs are acritical combat are multiplierwhich rapidly becoming manders require anorganic, a commander. Field com- multiplier in thehands of combat power anda combat nformation isanelement of UAVs technology ventional operations, in the especially pability to forces engaged in sub-con- today are providing also exclusive ca- domain ofmanned aircraft. The UAVs for missions that were the hitherto arethey increasingly being employed aircraft andcrew could lost. be In fact, on manned systems, where the both bynot impeded restraints imposed missions. Unmanned vehicles are are envisaged including combat andmore challenging1950s; roles and intelligence gathering role from have inthereconnaissance used been equipment orotherpayloads. They cameras, sensors, communication aircraft piloted or self that can carry decisively. UAVs are remotely piloted understand first, actfirst andfinish erate greater lethality. - gen also but will tion andsurvivability that notonly enhances force protec provide greater situational awareness ture battle space coverage, UAVs will forcetrue multiplier. By extending fu- ment, making system thisweapon a enhanced battlewith damage assess target identification andengagement enablesThis support rapid movement, connaissance, fires and over watch. are providing line-of-sight beyond re- altitude andloiter timeincrease, UAVs ofjointsupport operations. Asrange, ever andare expanding theirrole in today’s UAVs more sophisticated than stan andPakistan. global war onterrorism —inAfghani - Current make technologies - -

27 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 technology

Today, technologically advanced sive as well as non-permissive (within the world. China and Pakistan are add- militaries across the world have in- another country’s sovereign airspace) ing UAVs of various capabilities to their corporated UAVs as a new critical and environment and with a variety of sen- inventory and have expressed interest combat enhancing component of their sors suitable for single or multi-mis- in developing and procuring UAVs inventory. While Israel and USA have sion operations. The sensor can trans- with enhanced capabilities, including been the pioneers in UAV develop- mit information based on detection, armed versions. During the last couple ment, at least 14 other countries are identification and location of mili- of years, China has unveiled more than now using/ developing over 76 differ- tant groups to intelligence agencies 25 different models of UAVs, prominent ent types of UAVs for surveillance, tar- or to surveillance teams. UAVs could among them being the WJ600 combat get acquisition, electronic warfare, etc. also provide support to troops on the UAV. The WJ600 is said to be capable of ground during operations in terms of carrying several missiles. Employment Philosophy real-time image or signal intelligence India too has not been left out of Current military UAVs perform recon- via a secure downlink. An armed UAV the global UAV push, with a major naissance as well as attack missions. overhead could provide timely, on thrust of its armed forces modernisa- Though ISR missions still remain the scene, firepower, a situation regularly tion plans focussing on augmenting predominant roles of UAVs, other ar- being played out in Afghanistan and their current meagre resources — the eas of employment include electronic tribal areas of Pakistan. Israeli Searcher II and Heron (MALE) attack, strike missions, suppression Experience of the US Army in Iraq UAVs. India has developed a small- and/ or destruction of enemy air and Afghanistan and the expertise er UAV, the Nishant (catapult launch defence, network node or communi- of the Israeli defence forces of us- and parachute recovery) which has cations relay and combat search and ing UAVs in conventional as well as already entered service with the Army. rescue. The combination of loiter time non-conventional operations bring In addition, India is undertaking a de- and layered employment of UAVs pro- out several valuable lessons which velopment programme for a UAV in vide the critical capability needed to can be suitably exploited in our pres- the Heron/ Predator class of MALE support network centric operations. ent CI/ CT environment. Two of the UAVs, called the ‘Rustom’ — a 1100– UAVs are often preferred for missions most important of these lessons are 1300 kg UAV, with a maximum altitude that are too dull, dirty or dangerous for ‘Complete Battlefield Dominance’ of 35,000 feet and a range of 300 km. the manned aircraft. The concept of and ‘Closing Sensor-to-Shooter Loop’. The state run Hindustan Aeronaut- killer/ hunter UAVs for strike missions This involves establishing a contin- ics Limited (HAL) along with Bharat is a reality in Afghanistan. The Preda- uous surveillance grid of an area Electronics is slated to design and tor, carrying two ‘hellfire’ missiles has of interest duly integrated with the build this UAV. However, India’s most been extensively used by the US Forces forces on the ground fighting CI/ CT prized indigenous drone programme for strike missions against the Taliban operations, thereby establishing a is the development of an Autonomous and al-Qaeda militants in Afghanistan system capable of disseminating this Unmanned Research Aircraft (AURA). and Pakistan’s tribal areas. These UAVs intelligence to more than one user The DRDO has embarked on the de- are being piloted for missions in Iraq in real-time for its timely and effi- velopment of the AURO Unmanned and Afghanistan from halfway across cient exploitation. The success of Op Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) which the world in Nevada and California, Geronimo to get Osama bin Laden is is stated to be a high speed stealth more than 8,000 miles from the killing clearly illustrative of this factor. UCAV, capable of autonomously seek- zone, providing real-time video feeds to ing, identifying and destroying targets troops on ground — these UAVs can stay Developments in India with missiles, bombs and precision aloft for more than 20 hours watching a Successful use of UAVs and their com- guided munitions. As per DRDO, the battlefield. However, the vast majority bat enhancing potential has generated first flight is expected in 2015. of roughly 1,500 UAVs flying in Iraq and interest among militaries from across Although large size UAVs have been Afghanistan are smaller, controlled by soldiers and marines on the ground. The smallest is the ‘Raven’, about the size of a UAVs are capable of operating in large model airplane with a wing span of three feet, which is sometimes mistaken permissive as well as non-permissive for a bird flying high in the sky. MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY The Counter Insurgency/ Counter environment and with a variety Terrorist (CI/CT) operations require timely, responsive and accurate intel- of sensors suitable for single or ligence to succeed; and UAV is the best suited weapon platform for this task. multi-mission operations UAV is capable of operating in permis- 28 | Geointelli g ence pilot’s life, but rather themission and consideration isnolonger thevalue of new paradigm inwhich theultimate absolutely fearless UAV usherina will autonomous, and highly survivable platforms.weapon Thepromise ofan manned and systems sensor asboth explore thepossibilities offered by un- forces are worldwide beginningto human without Armed intervention. ofthemachineity to take decisions tonomy as —commonly defined abil- capability incombat missions andau- weaponisation ofUAVs to offerlethal reduction insize oftactical UAVs, for better endurance and payload, are growth insize ofstrategic UAVs major inUAV thrusts development creasingly indispensable. Thethree are areas where UAVs in- be will striking autonomously and precisely areas against forces, dispersed widely damage, fighting effectively in urban minimising collateralsuperiority, missions. Achieving information able to play agreater role incritical today, enhanced capabilities, with are development inrecent years. UAVs pace ofUAV related research and keeping operations has doubled the on UAVs inwar fightingpeace and The increasing demand and reliance Future Trends of 30minutes at astretch. as less as 2kg andhave an endurance the North East. TheMAVs couldweigh operations inCI/CT useful inJ&Kand urban areas. The MAVs wouldbe very terrain, conflict zones and congested mountainous them for monitoring use high value targets. The main aimis to to actaskiller drones forsmall but are explosives capable also ofcarrying can launched be runways without and evade enemy radar, are easy to handle, for Miniature UAVs (MAVs), which can the Indian onthelookout Army isalso made far.been so indicate Reports that timeback,some noprocurement has this regard were floated by thearmy operations.and CI/CT RFPs While in are essential forthetactical battle area mini UAVs including manpack, which has noprogress been onthemicro and procured by forces, the armed there sky in cooperation with the US Army sky incooperation Army theUS with exceptional.been reports, Asper Sikor availableper has data theperformance ground and air logistics operations — as Afghanistan to augment Marine Corps ter have successfully been deployed in Martins unmanned K-MAX helicop- systems ofthese likeSome Lockheed Martin nies like Lockheed andBoeing. thelead being takenwith by compa- US cargo role carriage isalready underway, size UAVs inthe wing and (fixed rotary) sition costs. Thedevelopment of large systems, there have will higher acqui- UAVs asmanned aswell to perform preciated that forstrategic high value and cost effectiveness. It mustbe ap- the payload itcarries, mission pay off an aircraft, onitsapplication, depends evendesigned to be more reliable than costs of UAVs. the Whether platform is calate the development and production formance andhigher reliability es will indicator. ic aperture radar andmoving target spectral imaging, radar, laser synthet Note advances worthy include hyper ofUAVs. stealthboost andsurvivability low signature are sensors essential to ti-mission capability. Passive and more versatile multi-role with mul- range close become platforms will er andmore expendable. Thetactical micro- UAVs grow will smaller, light payload capacity, whilethemini- and for better endurance, reliability and Strategic UAVs growth see will insize extremeboth endsofsize spectrum. progressivesee developments towards multi-mission platforms. UAVs will line ofemploying UAVs asmulti-role strategic andtactical UAVs follows the war for commanders. indispensablebecome of weapons come ofage inthenear future and presence over areas ofinterest will attack autonomously, persistent with theability to pickwith out targets and lethal unmanned platforms. UAVs UAVs towards and armed becoming recognition push will technologies autonomous target acquisition and of light precision airborne weapons, cost effectiveness of UAVs. Theadvent Increasing demand forbetter per The continued development of ------ship decks will be force be ship decks will multipliers. UAVstary capable ofoperating from developments these monitoring — ro- The navies,world the over, are closely operations depending onthesituation. oflaunchingbility crewed orun-crewed but gives also the commander- theflexi autonomous capability cargo delivery velopment towards not only providing helicopter —thisisasignificant de- tionally flight piloted ‘Black ofa Hawk’ has successfully demonstrated op- potential of theforce. roles enhancing theoverall combat UAVs/ UCAVs incomplementary themannedboth aircraft andthe future combat arena may see well integrated operational picture. The inorder sensors based to attain an unmanned platforms andsatellite isto integrateforward manned and operational environment. The way ness andtheability to analyse its backs being thesituational aware- themain drawmanned aircraft; - it isnotyet capable ofreplacing the is aninnovative system, weapon but difficult Whiletheproposition). UAV and air-to-air combat (currently a search andrescue, refuelling aerial ISR andstrikes, to re-supply, combat moving theirpresent beyond roles in oftasks avariety ablebe to perform airspace.gested Future UAVs may manned planes to fly safely inacon- and avoid’ system allowing un- to thenext level isarobust ‘sense thatnology isrequired to take UAVs ly endless.- oftech piece Acrucial areas,- thepossibilities seeming with application ofUAVs into remarkable Technology themilitary isdriving Conclusion [email protected] Lt GenBSPawar (Retd)

29 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 Cyber Warfare IP-Geolocation A Must for Cyber-offensive Although there are no borders in cyber world, cyber attacks are not always generic, and are many times directed towards a particular country. The writer thus feels that geospatial tagging is critical in deciding a country's response to a cyber attack

location. Similarly, large data mining and analytic tools are also susceptible to attacks based on geospatial informa- tion. Operations Titan Rains, Olympic Games, ATP1, Night Dragon, and Ghost- net are all pre-war surveillance. Only Operation Orchard and Stuxnet can be called acts of cyber war. Both operations had target location mechanism built into them. Therefore, unlike other acts in cyber space, geolocation of a target is critical.

Techniques for IP-geolocation There are several techniques for IP- ge- Credit: Fotolia olocation. Some of them are host-de- pendent while others are independent of host and based purely on IP address yber warfare is very similar Rules of Cyber War to get physical location. A brief on some in nature to naval warfare. Tallinn Manual, while drawing the rules of the techniques used for IP-geoloca- In international waters, of cyber war, has based the identity of tion are discussed below. navy encounters enemy any cyber-asset on its territorial link-  GPS: It has become a standard Cwarships, large merchant vessels, ages. If Tallinn Manual is used as start fit in most of the mobile devices small merchant ships, fishing boats point for taking any decision on ‘Laws and tablets. The GPS uses Dop- and guised surveillance ships from of Cyber Conflict’, then geospatial tag- pler Effect of satellites orbiting all directions. There are no borders to ging will be critical in deciding whether in the space. The accuracy which clearly establish that everything on the an act by a military leader amounts to is achieved by non-military GPS other side belongs to enemy. Though war crime or not. It is therefore neces- system is about 2 meter, it can also there are Sea-Lanes-of-Communication sary that any attack or counterattack provide information related to (SLOC) but two ports are actually on in any cyberwar should be focussed altitude of the system. Most of the connectionless service and no ship is primarily using geospatial intelligence social media applications such as bound to follow SLOC. In cyberspace, rather than general purpose destruc- , , Instagram, etc., IP address is the flag which every asset tive force. That is why cyber weapons have integrated geolocation tag- on the Internet displays but ruse is not such as Stuxnet, Duqu and Flame are ging for the images. Photographs MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY uncommon. It is therefore necessary geographically focussed and are unlike taken by inbuilt GPS devices also to identify the cyber assets positively in other normal viruses and malwares have the capability of IP- geolo- any cyber-conflict before any aggressive which have a general purpose to infect cation tagging with photographs. response is initiated. Wearing flag of every vulnerable system. Also, one can gather data from convenience is common for sea vessels Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) such device application by Twitter, as well as cyber assets. are selecting specific targets based on Google, Microsoft, Facebook, and 30 | Geointelli g ence    the IPenabled devices. existance, are notextensively with used Galileo andChina’s Compass, though in such as Russia's GLONASS, Europe’s ment ofDefense. Othersimilar systems by Depart in1973isrun theUS oped  The GPS project,The GPS which was devel- Anti-theft Hardware: Most ofthe less than 1meter can achieved. be signal strength techniques, accuracy found be outalso remotely. Using cation ofcomputers using WiFi can tion ofaWiFi hotspotisfixed, thelo- Inservices. fact,- oncethegeoloca enabled with onadevice WiFiused geolocation such tools are asGPS collated in adatabase whileother The location of the WiFi system is es ofIP-geolocation through WiPS. Combain Mobile provide theservic AlterGeo, Skyhook Wireless and such asGoogle,Infsoft, Navizon, Various commercial companies Control address (MAC address). tification and (SSID) Media Access Iden Set - combination ofitsService isuniquethroughthe world the are blocked. Each WiFi in device offor signals orswitched installed It where isused system GPS isnot WiFi System Positioning (WiPS): ically provides IPgeolocation. then it automat3G or4Gservices, mobiles phonesare using GPRS, is reasonably course. In case, these Accuracy through thistechnique isfixedposition andknown). phones andthecelltower (whose delayed mobile timebetween onthe of geolocation isbased and WiFi receivers. The technique evendevices intheabsence ofGPS geolocation information ofsuch orCDMAcanof GSM provide phones using mobile networks Themobile Networks: Mobile tagging ofthephotographs. dueto automedia geolocation compromisedgot through social on hermaiden passage to India location oftheINSVikramaditya In factinarecent incident, the geolocation ofthedevice.with others that correlate theIPaddress - - -  curate geolocation. details can provide also areasonable ac tion from ISP oftheirregistered users           Non-Technical ofISP –Database Information Non-Technical –Web Based Stealing or legally getting informa- such services isComputrace.such services The leading company providing reasonably accurate IP-geolocation. through various routes can provide cated where servers, delayed times through- well-establishedgeolo it can ping back themother-site location ofthedevice. In addition, develop reasonably accurate- geo collated informationto isthenused reflected inany application. This of thehost, asandwhensame is gathering geolocation information mechanisms keep continuously ti-theft mechanism. anti-theft These features forremote activation foran- haveand mobiledevices inbuilt motherboards ofcomputers, laptops applications including valuable formany Internet based tion ofanInternet Protocol host is geographicalDetermining loca- various routes. calculating timedelay between can provide IPgeolocation by multiple locations to anIPaddress Traceroute –Traceroute fired from er andthehost Time delay last milerout between lastGeolocating milerouters ofISP ofISP servers primary Geolocating inanarea servers well-known Harvest geolocation ontheweb of tions inthefollowing sequence: manner using timedelay calcula- improve initerative theaccuracy geolocation at method each step to isusing ofthetechniques One address thephysical with location. geolocation to techniques linkIP severalexist client independent Theresuch asGPS, orCDMA. GSM maywith features fitted notbe high possibility that computers cation: There a exists reasonably - IPGeolo Independent Device - - • • • • • • fratricide Avoiding • • • [email protected] Coordinator (GOI) Former NationalInformationSecurity Commander MukeshSaini(Retd) offensive.cyber effective a pre-condition forlaunching any IP-geolocation ofenemy targets is the target host. Therefore, war, to IP-geolocate itisnecessary the scope, pace andintensity ofcyber of themission. To properly control counter-productive to theobjective (as presently being practiced), can be target methodology opportune attack,unstructured on cyber based ofrealin support conflict. world An independently or inprelude to or Cyber war infuture may launched be Conclusion cyber attack cyber (physical) attack weapon with Integrate andkinetic HUMINT conflict Control intensity andpace ofcyber attack attack(BDA) orreal ofcyber world Simplify Battle Damage Analysis Minimising collateral damages heavily targets cyber defended Encirclement andisolation of power orleaving gaps inattacks Avoiding over-concentration offire And many more. cyber war are:cyber applications ofIP-geolocation in important value. ofthe Some war, IP-geolocation has farmore in planning andexecution ofcyber and anti-fraud However, activity. gagement Implementation ofen- ofrules commanderssector Allocation war orAoR to cyber

31 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 Interview

“India is a Strategic Market for Rafael” Rafael develops and manufactures an array of solutions for army, navy and air force. In an interview with GeoIntelligence, VAdm Yedidia Yaari (Retd), President and CEO, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, tells us why it is one of the leading innovative defence companies of the world

How does Rafael aid in enhancing combat potential? Rafael’s solutions are known worldwide and are used by various militaries including India, the US, Europe, NATO, several countries in Asia and more. Each of these militaries has its own needs, require- ments and challenges, and our solutions to these militaries span from force and armour protection, air defence and air-to-air, naval warfare, C4I, pre- cise tactical munitions, etc. Rafael specialises in development, manufactur- ing and supports a vast range of air, land and naval systems and technologies including missiles and weapons, electronic warfare and self protection, reconnaissance and intelligence collection, as well as processing systems, analysis and dissemination tools, airborne data-links, communications, com- mand and control and much more. Rafael’s systems are in use on dozens of different platforms, and they have proven successful in a large variety of missions around the world.

Of late, we have seen a number of missile defence systems from Rafael. Can you tell us about them? Rafael offers a full range of air defence systems to ensure efficient responses against all types of airborne threats including aircraft, helicopters, short-to-long range missiles and rockets. Rafael air defence solutions meet the re- quirements of army, air force and navy. The VAdm Yedidia Yaari (Retd) systems can be integrated, coordinated and op- President and CEO erated by tri-forces to provide comprehensive Rafael Advanced Defense Systems interoperability and interchangeability. One of Rafael’s flagship products, which has received worldwide recognition and ine opportunities in the US market, Rafael offers praise, is Iron Dome, an active defence Europe and Asia. system against short-range missiles We continue to develop our foreign full range of air and rockets. Since its first deployment operations and expand our presence in Israel in 2011, the system has al- in strategic markets, such as India. defence systems ready intercepted over 500 rockets and This is being done either through ac- to ensure efficient is deployed in key locations around Is- quisitions or through JVs or other rael. The system is highly mobile, and forms of partnerships. responses against is thus easily deployable to protect India is a strategic market for Ra- critical infrastructure sites, civilian fael. We are constantly seeking new all types of areas, and military installations and partnerships and joint ventures with airborne threats bases. It is another key element in in- Indian companies for cooperation creasing force survivability as well as that will help drive forward our mu- including aircraft, maneuverability. tual ability to address local needs and operational requirements. We are en- helicopters, What is the progress on the David’s gaged in joint ventures and partner- short-to-long Sling system that you are developing ships with local Indian industries and with Raytheon? are in constant search to expand our range missiles and It is currently under development. activities in the country, in coopera- David’s Sling is an affordable and tion with the DRDO, in order to better rockets lethal solution against long-range address local needs and requirements. artillery rockets (LRAR), short-range Over the years, Rafael has established ballistic missiles (SRBM), cruise subsidiaries in different countries of advanced technologies that have missiles (CM) and traditional air that play an important role in our played a significant role in securing defence threats. The system provides M&A strategy and marketing activities the military advantage for both the optimum protection for the homeland around the world. We plan to con- countries in dealing with a wide vari- as well as forward deployed forces. At tinue making substantial investment ety of threats that they face. the end of 2012, Rafael conducted its in R&D and capitalise on our proven first full interception field test of the operational success in areas of air de- Your company has considerable David’s Sling missile defence system. fence, active protection for armoured expertise in delivering sophisticated The test was successful and the devel- vehicles, critical asset protection and precision weapons. Can you tell us opment of the system is progressing more. This cooperation has proven to about your offerings in this sector? according to schedule. be productive and has had a substan- Our strategy has for a long time called tial contribution to the development for development of precise, propor- Israel is a strong partner of India vis-à-vis defence sector. Can you tell us about your activities and partners in India? What are your offering to this market and how do you intend to better address local needs and requirements? Today’s defence markets are shifting from buying complete systems from foreign suppliers (BUY) to locally producing such systems (MAKE) — a trend requiring efficient capability to transfer manufacturing technolo- gies, know-how and monitor quality assurance, all that under complex offset rules which require significant flexibility and resilience to maintain - JUNE 2014 MAY a profitable operation. At Rafael, we maintain cooperation with over 100 international companies that gain significant value from such cooperation. We continue to exam- 33 | Geo i ntell ig ence Interview

also depends on immediate access warfare. We continuously expand to essential data, and integration these product families, particularly of diverse data sources to a unified in air defence, precision weapons situation picture including threats, and protection systems. The broad responses and opportunities. technological base that Rafael has, en- Today, most digital imagery collec- ables us to come up with the required tion systems integrate with a specific solutions in air superiority, C4ISR, or sensor. advanced tactical networking which Raw data help our users to effectively defend, or from a single source is pro- alternatively attack with the necessary cessed by an exploitation sta- precision and exact measured effect tionate and discriminate tion. As digital collection they require. Rafael is technology systems that allow forces assets generally serve as based and always invests a major to carry out missions effectively, standalone systems, portion of revenues in R&D. efficiently and economically. For -ex valuable raw data is ample, Spike Family is an electro-op- available locally, but What are the company’s main tic, tactical, precision-guided missile not to interested clients outside growth engines in the near future? system, which includes the Spike the immediate operating cycle. To In 2014, we plan to continue make LR — precision missile system for overcome this limitation, Rafael has substantial investment in R&D and infantry, special forces and light com- come up with IMILITE — a cost-effec- capitalise on our proven operational bat vehicles; Spike ER, an extended tive intelligence system that receives, success in areas of air defence, active range tactical missile for helicopters, processes and exploits multiple protection for armoured vehicles, LCV and naval vessels; and the Spike standalone imagery video and other critical asset protection and more. NLOS multi-purpose, multi-platform intelligence data in a centralised One of our main goals is to continue electro-optical missile system. The and a unified manner, and dissem- working with our local partners and Spike Family is already in use by some inates this ISTAR data to networked provide tailor-made, end-to-end 20 customers around the world, and end-users and clients. solutions, based on solutions already has reached a supply level of over IMILITE capabilities include collec- developed, and other solutions we 21,000 missiles. 3,000 have already tion and exploitation of E/O, IR, SAR, are currently working on. One of our been fired in combat and in training. GMTI and video data in various for- strategies is to position ourselves as In addition, Rafael has developed the mats for both real-time and in-depth a vendor of complete systems rather SPICE Family, consisting of the SPICE analysis. The system further combines than separate individual products, all 1000, an air-to-ground autonomous non-imager GIS data layers, such as the whilst adapting our solutions to precision guided weapon, capable of targets, threats, COMINT detection and customer’s legacy systems. overcoming enemy GPS jamming, part mission status. Its multi-source integra- In the last several months, Rafael of a family of air-to-ground solutions tion and automation significantly im- has put into place a number of or- that also includes the SPICE 2000 and proves the efficiency of available data ganisational changes, including the 250. SPICE is a stand-off weapon sys- collection/ exploitation assets. Utilis- establishment of a new land and na- tem that hits and destroys targets with ing state-of-the-art image processing val division. Our goal is to better tap pinpoint accuracy and at high attack algorithms, IMILITE enables efficient into the ever-changing developments volumes. It is combat-proven and is in collation of all incoming data to a uni- that have taken place in the complex service with the Israeli Air Force and fied intelligence situational awareness land-naval combat environment and under contract with several interna- picture, significantly shortening the ISR to provide our customers with ad- tional customers. collection and exploitation cycle. vanced solutions that will serve as an added value and enable them to deal We see an explosion in the amount of Rafael continues to develop new effectively with their specific chal- data that is now being generated by technologies and mature existing lenges. We pride ourselves in our su- ISR assets. In fact, big data analysis is ones. What is the secret behind your perb scientists and engineers, who one of the major challenges before success? since Rafael’s establishment, have security agencies. How is Rafael The most important resource we have developed some of the world’s most MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY gearing up for the challenge? is our innovative human talents. This ground-breaking systems, such as Iron Indeed, recent military, anti-terror is the primary resource that has con- dome, TROPHY, Protector, and many and peacekeeping operations have tinuously taken Rafael to new heights others. These organisational changes demonstrated that having the right and exceptional achievements. We will serve us in achieving our plans information at the right time is not continue to offer our customers a va- and goals and in meeting our future simply a matter of better sensors, but riety of systems for air, land and naval challenges. 34 | Geo i ntell ig ence By invitation: BAE Systems

Transforming the Next-Generation of Geospatial Analysts

To address the need to locate data, we built GXP Xplorer®, which is a powerful and intelligent search and discovery ap- plication. Eliminating data replication was an essential con- cept for GXP Xplorer. As such, the product has the ability to ‘crawl’ all the existing data stores and catalogue the data ‘in place’. The next vital concept for GXP Xplorer was the ability to search both ‘structured’ and ‘unstructured’ data. By this, we mean the distinction between data that has a geo-tag for its location on the ground and data that does not include a geo-tag. This was important to us because the all source an- alysts require both types of data. Lastly, GXP Xplorer needed to have a web-based user interface so it could be accessed from any location. Once we built GXP Xplorer, we had one of the two previously identified needs met for the all source analyst. Next, we set our efforts towards creating a product to address the web-based ELT requirement. The main hurdle with a web-based ELT is the speed of delivery of large images and maps. Our engineers deter- mined that HTML 5 would enable us to build an architec- ture that could support the rapid delivery of large images. We created this new technology using the core strengths of our legacy SOCET SET® digital photogrammetric worksta- tion and our market-leading SOCET GXP® IA/GA desktop t’s been ten years since the 2004 National Defense application to create GXP WebView. Authorization Act was signed, officially coining the This new product displays geospatially-referenced, full- term ‘GEOINT’. Today, GEOINT has become such a frame imagery in a web browser instantaneously, allowing focus of national defence that the supply of analysts for rapid visualisation, analysis, exploitation, annotation Isimply cannot meet the demand for imagery products. and report generation. GXP WebView enables users to in- Almost every intelligence report requires, or could be teract with full-resolution, geospatially referenced imagery enhanced by, some geospatial imagery component. As a within an intuitive and enterprise-accessible interface. result, geospatial intelligence software companies like ours GXP WebView merges the universal accessibility of a have been hard at work developing full suites of integrated web-based application with the reliability, accuracy and in- geospatial products capable of being used by any analyst, tuitive usability expected from desktop exploitation tools. It anywhere, at any time. integrates the technology of photogrammetric software de- Rather than transforming, through retraining, all-source velopment experience refined over 25 years, and supports analysts into geospatial experts, with the right tools, we can commercial and national imagery formats. Fully integrated empower these talented and experienced all-source ana- with a catalogue, search, and discovery product such as lysts to easily extract their own imagery to complete their GXP Xplorer, GXP WebView provides capabilities to view, intelligence products, freeing up the geospatial imagery annotate, and publish faster than order-based exploitation

experts to focus their attention on processing and exploit- workflows, and empowers users throughout the enterprise - JUNE 2014 MAY ing more complex geospatial data. To do this, we set out to to rapidly add imagery into intelligence reporting and situ- develop a lightweight, intuitive Web-based Electronic Light ational awareness products. Table that would enable any all-source analyst to easily lo- Dan London, Vice President of Sales, Marketing, cate imagery, maps, vectors or text reports so they can build and Customer Support for BAE Systems’ Geospatial their daily intelligence reports or briefings. eXploitation Products 35 | Geointelli g ence Command & Control Abu Dhabi Police Plans Real-time Traffic Patrol Allocation Extensive use of geospatial technologies will enable Abu Dhabi police to develop, implement and test an efficient real-time system for the allocation of patrol cars to various locations within the boundaries of the Abu Dhabi Emirate

and other criteria such as traffic flow patterns, population density, etc. In the event of an accident or call for assis- tance, the dispatcher calls on one of the patrol vehicles nearby and assigns it the task of dealing with the event. The current allocation method, while providing acceptable level of ser- vice, falls short of providing efficient state-of-the-art utilisation of resources and guaranteeing fast response time in critical situations. Given the advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and geospatial technologies, our ability to monitor traf- fic flow and the availability of real-time information on traffic conditions, the time is ripe for providing a patrol alloca- tion process based on sound methodol- Incident Management: After adding patrol car to the map, the application shows the ogy and state-of-the-art technology. nearest one which is available to the place of incident Previously developed systems have shown their operational efficiency and mergency services such as laws and assisting road users. Within effectiveness by guaranteeing that the police vehicles must provide the Abu Dhabi Police department, police coverage of roads in a specific reasonable service levels in the Directorate of Traffic and Patrols, area is maximised and that the average order to ensure public safety. which is in charge of all traffic aspects, and maximum response time meet ac- EThese services are typically provided allocates the traffic patrol vehicles to ceptable limits. Most of these systems by vehicles based at fixed locations. routine work and to special operations. use specific algorithms in order to deter- The number and placement of vehi- The special operations vehicles are in- mine the configuration of facilities (lo- cles generally influences the quality volved in escorting convoys and motor- cations of patrol cars) and assignment of of services offered. Increasing the cades and in enforcing traffic laws and duties to the respective facilities is in ac- number of vehicles is often limited by regulations through the deployment of cordance with chosen criteria. In most cost constraints; therefore the efficient patrol officers in specific areas at -cer of the allocation applications, the crite- deployment of such service vehicles tain times, or in dealing with incidents rion considered is the average response is a crucial issue. Emergency service and special events. The routine patrols time, measured as the time interval be- vehicles must be located in such a way perform all remaining tasks. At present, tween receipt of a call reporting accident that they may reach any demand point the patrol car allocation process is or request for assistance and the arrival

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY within a maximal response time. largely manual and relies heavily on the of at least one patrol car at the site. knowledge, experience and expertise of Current Practices in the dispatch operators. The operators Proposed Patrol Car Abu Dhabi divide the Emirate into geographic Allocation System The traffic police in Abu Dhabi perform zones and allocate patrols based on Most of recent research studies two major functions: enforcing traffic their knowledge about the areas’ needs and applications concerning patrol 36 | Geointelli g ence Unexpected EventsUnexpected Affecting Traffic • Events Related theTraffic to Expected • • • oneormore ofthefollowing Criterion: Constraints and Optimisation • • • • • • Variables and System Parameters: (variables) such as: The system severalreceives inputs INPUTS Patrol System Cars Allocation Configuration Proposed ofthe system intheEmirate ofAbu Dhabi. an efficient real-time patrol allocation traffic conditionsin orderdevelop to andmeasurements observation of and technologies in specific real-time project from aimsto benefit advances ear andGIS. programming This fields; from theoperational research andlin- optimal location formulations niques: automated systems by- using tech two cars allocation have produced fully motorcades, etc. Planned events such asconvoys, geographic zone number ofpatrol vehicles ineach Coverage/visibility: minimum bound)per Number ofpatrol cars (up- onduty bound)Response time(upper ficer timeamong tasks) various patrol cycle, duty allocation of Patrol parameters duty time, (start and intheGISsystem; exists also The coverage Thisvariable area: intheGISsystem; exists calls): This variable emergency (accidents, calls forassistance, andnatureFrequency ofincidents system; intheGIS tion: This exists variable Populations- density anddistribu munication providers etc. services, using real-time counters,- telecom provide thereal traffic conditions by fromcollected othersystems which sity, flow): be will This variable Real-time traffic conditions(den- involved intheallocation; number ofcars which are actively The number The of patrol cars: - • consists of: The output oftheprocessing system OUTPUT directed to proceed to thetarget site. is normally given theassignment and travelshortest timeto thetarget site • • • es three approaches: Broadly speaking, utilis thealgorithm strategy forthetraffic patrol cars. to produce anoptimal allocation inorderand theoptimisation criteria time, constraints theperformance into account theinput data inreal A sophisticated that algorithm takes PROCESSING • • • Flow the beginning ofeach patrol duty patrol cars to geographic zones at strategy fortheallocation oftraffic An initial patrol car allocation and theavailable routes. initial direction ofthepatrol vehicle travel onthe also timedepends on most roads andhighways. The actual, real-time traffic conditions requiresmodule knowledge ofthe or assistance (thetarget site). This patrol car andthesite ofaccident travel each available timebetween ahigh degreewith the ofaccuracy ablebe to compute inreal-time and tems techniques, will thealgorithm intelligence and multi-agent sys Using linear programming, artificial system parameters. forfine-tuning isuseful edge the system operators. knowl Thisprior - gained fromexperience the current onknowledge,based insight and fortheallocationrules procedures the knowledge anddevelop formal system to capturesupport module adecision uses The algorithm tion-based. of theinput variables are loca- onto aGISstructure since most mapsThe algorithm theinput data storm, etc. due to fog, heavy rain, sand visibility poor Climate conditions: Accidents/crashes Traffic congestion The available patrolwith the car - - • system with thereal-timesystem with aspect. etc. This deployment the will enrich real-time data about incidents, traffic, other real-time systems which collect deployed be system will posed with to othersystems. In future, thepro - realistic andcomprehensive relative more be AI, thissystem will accurate, traffic underallconditions. By using andregulatingmonitoring theflow of to theofficerin charge of service advanced AI-based support decision and at thesame timeprovide an events over thespace (GIS)andtime; by accidents orotherunexpected traffic situations (travel time) caused able to deal dynamically varying with In thisarticle, theproposed system is ear programming conceptsandGIS. mathematical formulations using lin- patrol car allocation based solution GIS data inorder to provide static research studies, theresearchers used of theEmirate. In most oftheprevious traffic across the roads and highways essential flow forthesmooth ofthe as otheradvanced technologies, is computer-basedmodern, GISaswell allocation system that on isbased The availability ofanefficient patrol Conclusion Department Directorate ofthe Abu DhabiPolice sponsored bytheTraffic and Patrol This project has beensupportedand Directorate, Abu DhabiPolice Atef Garib, of Sharjah Oualid (Walid) Ben Ali, Directorate, Abu DhabiPolice Hussain Al-Harthei, Traffic and Patrols and meets thestatedand meets constraints. function theobjective optimises cessing insuch away algorithm that byoutput isdetermined thepro- accidents orcalls forassistance. The assigns patrol cars to thesite of strategy fortraffic patrol cars that A dynamic andreal-time allocation assistance; and number ofaccidents andcalls for traffic pattern andtheexpected onthebasis oftheprojectedmised cycle. This initial allocation isopti- Traffic and Patrols University

37 | Geointelligence MAY- JUNE 2014 internal Security

Geospatial Arsenal For

Geolocation awareness is critical to homeland security in today’s complex and fast-paced world. Rapid advancements in geolocation technology provide unprecedented transparency of hazards, threats, and vulnerabilities to security missions.

eospatial capabilities to frontline operations in disaster re- ers, increase technology adoption, and offer tremendous po- sponse, border security, customs en- ensure that geospatial information is tential for driving new forcement, critical infrastructure and better understood. While the geospa- cost efficiencies and threat reduction. tial community must remain cogni- operational effective- However, speed, fidelity and infor- zant of how geospatial data and tools Gness for homeland security missions. mation vectors have introduced new are being used, vigilance in homeland Geospatial data and technology challenges to the transformation of security demands placing situational improve the ability of information homeland security capabilities, cul- awareness capability in the hands of technology applications and sys- ture and comprehension required to the mission operators and frontline tems to enhance public security and overcome the failures of policy, im- responders. No longer is it acceptable provide for more effective situational agination and capabilities, like they to keep a close hold on geospatial in- awareness and delivery of a common were redlined in the 9/11 Commis- formation and technology; especially, operating picture. Geospatial infor- sion Report in the United States. The given the ubiquity and success of con- mation is often the common denomi- homeland security geospatial com- sumer offerings such as Google Earth nator that links disparate information munity needs to deliver capabilities and OpenStreetMap. together to reveal the necessary that are fast, reliable, interoperable, context and understanding required easy-to-use and integrated with the US Homeland Security to connect the dots, and generate ac- mission. It must focus on delivering geospatial strategy tionable information vital for effective the right technology at the right time Homeland security is the expression decision-making. to the right users and place the power of the nation. It is an amalgamation of Location is everything to homeland of geospatial intelligence in the hands policy and functions that encompass security. Without geospatial context, of homeland security operators. From a diverse set of missions spanning we cannot understand where and how a pragmatic standpoint, the geospatial public safety, law enforcement, emer-

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY events are occurring, nor can we ra- community needs to develop a culture gency management, intelligence and tionalise why they are occurring. The of preparedness — First Responder analysis, cyber and maritime security, location component is the ‘make or Mindset — fight like you train; train risk mitigation and homeland de- break’ for nearly all homeland secu- like you fight; correct what does not fence. This broad homeland secu- rity operations from back office func- work. This will build trust between ge- rity enterprise requires interactions tions such as facilities management, ospatial practitioners and frontline us- across the entire spectrum of a nation 38 | Geointelli g ence work- to isaligned the homeland se system interoperability. architecture that data supports and and establishes astandards-based ties from thewholeofcommunity, on shared resources andcapabili - that incorporates allsectors, relies a national spatial data infrastructure intelligence communities, leverages thecivilian and defence/ between corporates collaborative governance main (unclassified and classified), in- landscape that iscross-dopolicy - It encompasses a national geospatial onwhole-of-nationbased approach. haps is oneofthe bestintheworld, strategy per forhomeland security, tantly, participation from citizens. andperhaps most imporindustry; and theresearch anddevelopment organisations,nity academia between ernments, privateandcommu sector - — among federal, state, andlocal gov National GeospatialPolicyLandscape This nationalgeospatial frame- In the United States, geospatial National System for Geospatial Public laws/US codes Public laws/US Data Infrastructure National Spatial (NSDI) - - - System (PPD 8) System (PPD Preparedness are grounded ofdata intheprinciples geospatial architectureland security components of this emerging home- geospatialThe information sharing and volunteered geographic data. rivative geospatial analytic products data sources supplemented by de- authoritative geospatial andtrusted nical architecture that on isbased a transformation in geospatial- tech business requirements isleading to fusion ofgeospatial capabilities with ities are successful.to be This needed best practices and technical capabil- as what geospatial activities, data, of thegeospatial community aswell thewho,scribes what, andthehow de- enterprise.GeoCONOPS The thehomeland security supporting across thegeospatial ecosystem standing thepoints ofcoordination as amission blueprintforunder erations that serves (GeoCONOPS) through Concept ofOp- aGeospatial mission andbusinesscurity functions National OMB circulars OMB Infrastructure/Cyber Security (PPD 21) (PPD Security Critical Executive orders National Information Sharing Strategy (ISE) - Homeland security operationsHomeland security trans anddataportability stewardship. ing that fordata recognises theneed and safe geospatial information shar of responsiblecompass the doctrine and system interoperability that en- Web an information operations through enabling integrated viewer; itisabout map a single prescribing about isnot security Effective homeland Federal Geographic Data Committee (OMBA-16) Presidential directives Strategy (data.gov) Digital Governance - -

39 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 internal Security

video, drones and unmanned aerial surveillance, remote sensing and LiDAR, and 3D landscape and geo- spatial immersion offer tremendous opportunities for new science and technology research initiatives and practitioner-based innovations. Homeland security geospatial Common Operating practitioners, technology firms, and and data providers are moving beyond maps and cartography toward loca- Foundational Data tion-based decision support. There is a wave of geospatial analytic and lo- cation-based services representing in- novations across wireless, sensor, data management and feature extraction technologies. These innovations com- bined with advanced manufacturing techniques will usher in a new renais- sance for geographers and a golden fix harsh operating environments. through the establishment of a geo- age of actionable information sharing Any geospatial architecture must pro- spatial resource federation provides in homeland security. Sustaining this vide support for disconnected access for more immediate access to the geospatial renaissance will require and offer identity credentialing and most relevant geospatial information geospatial tradecraft that relies on ge- access management controls to facil- and ensures location-based informa- ospatial competencies and skills. Geo- itate data safeguarding. The emerging tion is based on reliable, trusted data spatial techniques such as agent-based geospatial interoperability reference sources. modelling, terrestrial simulation, re- architecture provides the means to Effective homeland security is not motely sensed differential change de- integrate geospatial strategy with na- about prescribing a single map viewer; tection, geofencing and near real-time tional strategies for: identity, creden- it is about enabling integrated opera- geo-alerting that are plugged into the tialing, and access management (i.e. tions through an information Web that Internet of Things (sensor web), sup- GFIPM); information sharing (i.e. better ensures our shared missions are ported by crowdsourced information NIEM and OGC specifications); and working off a common set of informa- and built through the democratisation technology and standards (i.e. NIST, tion that is consumable within respec- of situational awareness. This transfor- S&T R&D). tive situational awareness solutions. mation in geospatial intelligence com- The delivery infrastructure sup- This approach values the importance pels a National Spatial Data Infrastruc- porting this geospatial information of geospatial metadata and geo-tag- ture (NSDI) that leverages public and sharing strategy is based on the notion ging to facilitate near real-time infor- private sector contributions, includes of core capabilities expressed through mation exchange and the search, dis- participation from all sectors, and en- the GeoCONOPS. These core capabil- covery, and retrieval of geospatial data sures representation from operators ities are realised as shared resourc- best suited to a user’s need. (users), data providers, university and es with integrated, federated search research labs, and ordinary citizens. capabilities that are orchestrate-able Emerging trends The Homeland Security geospatial across network domains. This Web- Homeland security is already starting community is a microcosm of a larger based geospatial delivery infrastruc- to apply new advances in geospatial geospatial marketplace comprised of ture includes federal resources such capability to employ more effective multiple communities of practice with as the Homeland Security Geospatial hazard mitigation and risk man- overlapping communities of interest Information Infrastructure (GII), the agement strategies and detect and that benefit from cross-fertilisation to Department of Interior Geospatial respond to terrorism and disaster stimulate creativity. platform, the Intelligence Communi- related threats with more speed and MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY ty Geospatial-Intelligence Online that agility. Emergent areas such as big are linked to resources such as the data, social media/crowdsourced National States Geographic Informa- information, Internet of Things, David J. Alexander, Federal Homeland tion Council (NSGIC) GIS inventory Firstnet, next generation 911, secure Security Expert & Director, Geospatial Management Office, US Department of and other private sectors offerings. information exchange, zero trust Homeland Security Supporting a ‘no wrong door policy’, networks, smart analytics, full motion [email protected] 40 | Geointelli g ence Solutions for Creating the Intelligence Advantage

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HexGeo-GeoInt-June-2014-ad.indd 2 5/8/2014 12:39:11 PM Interview The NextGen Computing Skeptics question their concept of quantum computing, but the company feels that it is redefining the computing world with its quantum technology. Is it a real revolution or just wishful thinking? In an interview with GeoIntelligence, Vern Brownell, CEO, D-Wave Systems, tells us why they are here to stay

Can you tell us about quantum computing? What are its advantages? A quantum computer is radically different from a conventional computer. Its promise lies in the ability to offer an unprecedented speedup for certain types of application over existing classical computers. Problems that would take these classical computers a lifetime to solve may become solvable in minutes with a quantum computer. Furthermore, with classical methods, regardless of how big a supercomputer you build, there will always be applications that can’t be solved. Quantum computing offers an entirely new type of computational capability. There is a lot of research going on in quantum computing, and it’s really one of the most interesting things going on in science today. Our mission is to build some- thing that is practical and useful for solving real world problems. Some of the early verticals that we’ve focussed on include defence and intelligence. Our first customer was Lockheed Martin, and we have sold systems to Google and NASA as well. We’re working with the intelligence community, and that’s a real focus area for us.

How are you commercialising this technology? Do you also have some hardware products? We offer a few different services. Our main business model is based on providing subscription services to our computers. Customers can sign up for a three-year contract to gain access to a D-Wave computer through the cloud. Along with that, we work with each particular customer to find the best use of our software. This type of collaboration with our partners, where we work with them to determine how we’re going to use this ca- pability to solve problems, is the most im- portant business for us. For example, one of our partners is Lockheed Martin. Since they understand our system quite well, they can help customers who want to have a sys- tem integration partner provider capability. We’ve been working with them as integra- tors on several projects for the past three or four years now. We do have a model where a customer can purchase a machine, but most customers opt for a leasing model. We expect a number of purchases in the next few years for those cus- tomers who want to have their own secure Computing The NextGen kind of applications would thiskind would ofapplications What ofcomputing. accuracy is the You advantage that primary said the computing environments. ways, like being integrated into existing our computersee inseveral being used forany datagood center. In general, we ard data center racks, which would be just be acoupleit will ofracks, orstand- over time, we’ll make itsmaller, that so are size some constraints. However, a little bigger than most cabinets, there fitinmost data will centers but asitis ticular site issuitable. Thecomputers testing before conclude that we apar of vibration onthefloor, we conduct so er. The system also requires aminimum 15kilowatts need they ofavailable pow- radiation andmagnetic activities, and computers have from shielded to be all few simple requirements. Quantum hardware installation, there are just a inCalifornia.and theotherat USC For atinstalled NASA AmesinCalifornia tem intraditional data centers -oneis lions ofproblems across theinternet. chasing it, successfully mil- running oured computer remotely before pur customers. For example, test Google a great computing resource forallour and transactionala web-based service tists are to. used Right now, it’s almost ronments that most computer- scien andMATLABPython, -allthe envi- really quite easy-in C++,Java, to use tion Programming Interfaces) that are easy, we’ve developed (Applica- erability. First, to make theinterface There are a number oflevels ofop- thischallenge? overcome How abigchallenge. doyou be existingsystems might systems and Interoperability legacy withthe technology. new This isa That’s abig growth area forus. and capabilities it. along to go with arewe developing more software tools it. The hardware but complex, is very racks ofequipment that along go with a large machine, andthere are three by hardware. AD-Wave computer is mental capability ofD-Wave isdriven machine. Asforhardware, thefunda- We are able also to install our sys - - - - quickly, forchanges inthedata. For ex data, often through filter, acertain very sampling. This involves looking through to finding inferences in data. of applications, from pattern matching problems can found be inmany kinds better to tools dothat. Optimisation sation, andthey’re always looking for complex missions that optimi- need therepartment andat NASA, are very logistics problem. In thedefencede- complicatedoptimal to avery solution volve optimisation, or looking foran ing through forpatterns. videos include image matching, andsearch- analysis. ofthiskind oftask Examples popular inbigplication data isvery difficult to programme.very This ap- tasks that to docertain gorithms are machine learning, which teaches al- applications thatis on.One focus we There are three main of categories sector? defence inthe especially, capable of, be The third main category is called The third is called main category ofproblemsAnother category in- - third issampling problems; andthe is optimisation do tasks.Second algorithms to teaching learning, one ismachine :of applications categories three We on focous draw conclusions about some what to a missile attack, and you’re to trying ample, ifyou’re to defendagainst trying

43 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 Interview

computers. At D-Wave, we use a very expensive process for the com- technique that was originally de- pany. So, although we have this kind vised at MIT in 2000. This is different of capability, we don’t have off-the- from what most researchers focus on, shelf tools for carrying out verifica- which is the gate model of quantum tion and validation. But through our computing — it is very difficult to partnership with Lockheed Martin, implement and scale right now. At we are able to deliver such capabil- D-Wave, our focus is on figuring out ities. Lockheed Martin is providing what kind of quantum computing we the framework, and we are providing can deliver as quickly as possible, so the computational resources for it. that we can solve problems. This is an example of the type of solu- The other difference is that we have tion that’s emerging. We can collab- chosen, from the beginning, to build orate with our customers to achieve this processor as a semi-conductor, advantageous results, and build spe- whereas most other efforts in quan- cific solutions that fit their needs. tum computing are around labora- tory experiments. For example, Dave Can you tell us about your association Wineland, who won the Nobel Prize in with other organisations, like Google? Physics last year for quantum comput- Google is a visionary organisation in ing, is working on building ion traps, many fields, and we’re thrilled to be and using lasers to manipulate ions. working with them. They’re particu- It is very complex, but incredible sci- larly interested in using our technolo- ence. However, it would be difficult to gy in the machine learning space. scale something like that to thousands Another organisation we work of qubits, to make it commercially with is NASA. Although we’ve taken useful science. So from the very begin- up different kinds of work togeth- ning, we decided to work on building er, we’ve mainly been involved with a quantum computer from a chip, as projects related to image recognition. a semi-conductor. I know it sounds One project we’re working on with kind of obvious, but we are the only them is mission planning. Another ones who are doing that. It is hard to is the search for exoplanets, that is, do. It’s hard to build any kind of new planets outside our solar system. For do very quickly, our quantum computer semi-conductor because it involves this project, they’re analysing mas- would be helpful. new metal, and a new kind of process. sive amounts of data collected from There will be other categories as The third difference is that we’re a its Kepler and other spacecraft. So the power of our machine grows. Right commercial company. We’re trying to we’re working with NASA on several now, it is a second generation proces- solve real customer problems. We’re cutting edge applications. sor, so it is still in the very early stages not just doing our research for the of development. pure science, although we have pub- You are fundamentally operating lished dozens of peer-reviewed arti- in the US. Are you also trying to Skeptics have questioned your con- cles that have contributed to the liter- explore the global market? cept of quantum computing. What ature on quantum computing. We are We’ve just started exploring the global do you have to say to them? How do very much engaged with science, but market. Right now, however, 90 per you try and create awareness about our primary mission is to build some- cent of our efforts are in the US. There this technology? thing which is useful. is huge demand for our software Quantum computing in general, and capabilities and solution expertise in also quantum mechanics, which are Are you also trying to develop some the US, so we’re trying to expand that the fundamental laws of the universe kind of solutions for customers or business very quickly and grow in this on which this technology is based, do you just provide the hardware capability. Soon, we want to expand are not all that well understood. It has and software? our operations in North America and MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY only been a hundred years since sci- We are becoming more and more Asia as well, and we’ve recently hired entists came up with the theories, and solution focussed. For example, someone to begin outreach in Asia. there are still a lot of things unknowns Lockheed Martin has a software veri- There is a significant interest in the around this science. fication and validation system, which quantum computing market, so we More specifically, there are many enables it to test flight control sys- are exploring business opportunities different ways to build quantum tems in an efficient way. But this is a all over the world. | Geo i ntell ig ence 44 events

MAY New Delhi, India Brisbane, Australia www.geointworld.net www.landforces.com.au/exposition/index.asp Black Sea Defense & Aerospace Eurosatory OCTOBER May 14 - 16, 2014 June 16-20, 2014 Bucharest, Romania Paris, France Euronaval 2014 www.bsda.ro www.eurosatory.com October 27-31, 2014 Paris Le Bourget ITEC JULY France May 20-22, 2014 www.euronaval.fr Cologne Messe Farnborough International Germany Airshow Expodefensa 2014 www.itec.co.uk July 14-20, 2014 October 29-31 Farnborough, United Kindgom Bogota, Columbia ILA Berlin Airshow www.farnborough.com www.expodefensa.com.co May 20 - 25, 2014 Berlin ExpoCenter Airport SEPTEMBER NOVEMBER Berlin, Germany www.ila-berlin.de/ila2014/besucher/ Africa Aerospace Indo Defence 2014 informationen_e.cfm and Defence November 5-8, 2014 September 17 - 21, 2014 Kemayoran , Jakarta-Indonesia AFB Waterkloof www.indodefence.com JUNE Centurion, South Africa www.aadexpo.co.za Airshow China 2014 46th Power Sources November 11 - 16, 2014 Conference GPEC Zhuhai, Guangdong, June 9-12, 2014 September 9-11, 2014 China Orlando Wyndham Resort, Orlando Leipzig, Germany www.chinaexhibition.com Florida, United States www.gpec.de powersourcesconference.com/index.html Geointelligence Brasil Africa Aerospace November 13-14, 2014 UDT and Defence Rio de Janeiro, June 10-12, 2014 September 17-21, 2014 Brasil ACC Liverpool, United Kingdom City Of Tshwane geointworld.net/Brasil www.udt-global.com Centurion, South Africa www.aadexpo.co.za Exponaval GeoIntelligence India December 2-5, 2014 June 12-13, 2014 Land Forces 2014 Valparaíso, Chile JW Marriott, Aerocity September 22- 25, 2014 http://www.exponaval.cl MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY 45 | Geointelli g ence report

The tenth edition of Geoint Symposium was held at Tampa, Florida, recently

EOINT 2013* Symposium, was dedicated to talks on subjects organised annually by the such as crowd sourced imagery, inter- United States Geospatial operability and special ops. Intelligence Foundation G(USGIF), was held at Tampa Con- Whistle Blowing and Other vention Centre, Tampa, Florida, from Challenges April 14-17, 2014. The symposium, On Day 2, the first keynote address which is renowned for its keynote was delivered by James R Clapper, Di- addresses, educational and training rector of National Intelligence (DNI), sessions and exhibition, provided an US, who said that the past 18 months, excellent opportunity for networking marked by ‘Sequestration, Snowden, to the geointelligence communi- Syria and Shutdown’, have been the ty. The conference was originally toughest in his 50+ years in the intelli- scheduled to be held in October 2013. gence business. Though he was happy However, it had to be postponed due with the way the intelligence commu- to the unprecedented US federal nity responded to these challenges, he government shutdown. It was there- was extremely critical of the adverse James R Clapper, Director fore held in April this year, with most and exaggerated media coverage to of National Inetelligence (DNI), US of the original agenda intact. the national security ‘leaks’. The symposium was spread over four days. Day 1, designated as Geo- Shift to Immersive int Foreword, was the symposium’s Intelligence pre-conference session dedicated to Director Letitia Long, National innovation, emerging trends and ac- Goespatial-Intelligence Agency ademia. The session was introduced (NGA), in her keynote address spoke by Dr Darryl Mordock, Vice President about the vision of the NGA. She Professional Development, USGIF. recommended a shift to ‘immer- Dave Snowden, founder and chief sci- sive’ intelligence. “By immersion I entific officer of the consulting firm mean living, interacting and exper- Cognitive Edge (not to be confused imenting with the data in a multi- with Edward Snowden!) delivered media, multi-sensory experience the first keynote. He suggested the with geoint at its core,” she stated. use of human sensors from ordinary Intelligence analysts need to be able life to create a network. Open source to completely get involved in the MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY data produced by human geography intelligence gathering activity and is valuable, he emphasised. This was have the cooperation of all available followed by selected brief talks, called sources and agencies. Only through ‘lightening talks’, on subjects such as collaboration could the challenges crowd sourced imagery, maritime be overcome. Investment in research

Letitia Long, Director of National geoint and race cars. The afternoon and technology should be focussed

| Geointelli g ence Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) 46 to success are continued integration, to suitably plan operations. “The keys intelligence inputs had him helped recalled instances inhiscareer when of reliable andtimely intelligence. He since he was assurednot perturbed, tensions innumber ofregions, hewas his command andtheheightened that despite thelarge of jurisdiction Lloyd JAustin,(CENTCOM), Gen said mander Central of theUS Command Taking centre stage onDay 3,Com - the Hour Joint CollaborationNeedof cause ofconflictinfuture. He predicted that water could a be facilities, leading to global tensions. urbanisation, resources shrinking and population, resulting inincreased of concernwas increasing world preparedbe accordingly. issue One and warned theirgovernments to agencies able to be to predict change highlighted forintelligence theneed Intelligence (DIA), Defence Agency MichaelLt Gen Flynn, Director, Be Prepared forChange and immersive intelligence, shesaid. on persistence, analysis anticipatory and intelligence agencies. Austin said, referring to themilitary cooperation andcollaboration,” it to deliver itsfuture goals. for NRO, importance prime to enable a stable andcapable work force was of She hertalkby concluded stating that predictive whenusing itsspace assets. able NRO more to be responsive and ground infrastructure, en- which will is anotherinnovation, meant for Sentinel Enterprise Programme would eventually move to space. tioning from platforms, airborne but Equipment (HALOE), presently func as High Altitude Operational LiDAR key NROsome R&Dinitiatives, such near global access. She described space, itwould provide much larger, Afghanistan andIraq. With in sensors excellent results, in particularly platforms operating at 50,000ftwith onairborne working sensors with last decade orso, NRO has been levels by moving into space. For the community can literally to higher rise Sapp stated that theintelligence sance Office(NRO) Director Betty In herkeynote, National Reconnais Space, NotSky, istheLimit - -

Delegates at theConferenceDelegates

of Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) (DIA) Agency Intelligence Defence of Lt General Michael Flynn, Director Director Flynn, Michael General Lt

47 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 report

Quite often, special forces operate in Select Committee on Intelligence, conjunction with local regional part- recommended greater investment in ners, particularly in the war against space industry. He wanted that US terrorism, and sharing intelligence should be ahead of Russia and China with them is a complex issue. in space technology. Government In his keynote address, Lt Gen Jo- must not compete with industry, seph L Votel, Commander Joint Spe- he suggested. Instead, government cial Operations Command (JSOC), should focus more on R&D and let the talked about the tremendous change industry look at the commercial side, that has taken place in the way that such as supplying imagery or satellite intelligence is gathered, analysed and launches. provided to the war fighter. Intelli- gence and operations are so inter- ‘Do More With Less’ twined that one cannot do without the Lt Gen Raymond Palumbo, Director other. He referred to the difficulty in for Defence Intelligence (Warfighter extracting useful intelligence from the Support) in his keynote addressed vast amount of data available. He em- the challenge of being able to deliver phasised the importance of data ana- in an environment of shrinking lysts, stating that technology may have budgets. He recommended internal helped develop numerous techniques, housekeeping as the solution, taking these would never be able to replace stock of existing assets and ensuring General Lloyd J Austin, Commander of the US the experience based on- the- ground their optimum utilisation. Another Central Command (CENTCOM) decision making or the intelligence technique to overcome shortage of re- Special Forces Biggest Users analyst-operator relationship. Special sources is prioritizing - focussing only of Geointelligence Forces operate in a variety of differ- on the most critical requirements. There were two keynotes on Special ent terrains and situations including Operations on Day 4. Admiral William anti-terrorism and combating cyber Need to Address McRaven, Commander US Special crime. Their demand and dependence Both Traditional and Operations Command (USSOCOM) on intelligence is much more than Non-traditional Geoint in his keynote explained that events in other conventional troops. Methods one part of the world have an effect in The last keynote of the symposium other regions as well. His command Need for US to Invest in was delivered by Robert Cardillo, troops operate globally, currently Space Deputy Director for national intel- employed in as many as 84 countries. Representative CA Dutch ligence for intelligence integration. Accurate and timely geointelligence Reppersperger, who is a Ranking In his address, he spoke about the is critical to retaining supremacy. Member of the House Permanent “Accurate and timely geoint is critical to retaining supremacy. Special Forces operate in conjunction with local partners and

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY sharing intelligence with them is a complex issue” Admiral William McRaven, Commander US Special Operations Command 48 | Geointelli g ence Representative CA Dutch Reppersperger Representative CA public safety. Speaking at theworkshop, ever National Workshop Security on symposium itsfirst conducted Geoint National SecurityWorkshop ofthegeoint community.sections all fornetworkingportunity between that thesymposium was agreat op- community. Towards that end,hefelt theintelligenceand sharing within ofintegrationon theimportance developments inUkraine. He stressed viets, inthelight particularly ofrecent - to keepeye ontheSo aspecial need speakers, hesaid that there was a from thethreats highlighted by other non-traditional geoint methods. Apart traditional to adoptboth need and enabler, hefelt. and cloud computing, could thekey be such asmobileapps, Bigservices Data situations. Web GIS, which leverages who were required to respond incrisis for acommonlanguage forallthose this backdrop, heemphasised theneed and highlightedpoints. theflash With environment theglobal security scribed and public safety agencies. He de- panelists representing various security at theworkshop, which had seven dent delivered Esri, thekeynote address addressed. Jack Dangermond, Presi- that thisproblem has fully yet notbeen then. Speakers at theworkshop felt agencies andorganisations was alapse sharing various ofinformation between intelligence community. Inadequate report had the found with shortcomings being oneofthem, where theofficial have lapses too, been the9/11attack andpublic safety. There tional security invaluable intelligence inputs forna- when thegeoint community had given numerous instances inthelast 10years ofNewGen Hampshire, recounted Maj William Gen NReddel III,Adjt given to theparticipants. officers. Certificates of attendance were a course foranalysts andoperations predictive threat analysis/detection and geoint tradecraft, spatial literacy, Subjects covered SAR, mobile included development training totaling 30hours. symposium organised professional During sessions, theafternoon the Training

postponement oftheevent. the federal shutdown resulting inthe despiteport, thesequestration and speakers andattendees fortheirsup- appreciative ofmembers, sponsors, Keith Masback, ofUSGIF, CEO was nings to a240member organisation. growUSGIF from humble- begin down.Hewho stepped has the seen Founder andChairman oftheBoard, a nostalgic moment forStu Shea, and government agencies. It was academia fromexhibitors industry, countries. Therewere as many as300 to 4000delegatesclose from over 40 years. Thehead count this year was siderably insize andstature over the symposium, which has grown con- This edition ofthe was the10th Conclusion Stu Shea, Founder and Chairman of the Board the of Chairman and Founder Shea, Stu

49 | Geointelligence MAY - JUNE 2014 Image intelligence Image Courtesy:Image DigitalGlobe TheThe UkraineUkraine CrisisCrisis

Ukraine found itself in turmoil following the ousting of pro-Russian President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych in February 2014. This was followed by a series of changes including the installation of a new interim government, restoration of an older version of the Constitution, and the call to hold impromptu presidential elections within months. Russia has accused the US and the EU of funding and supporting the anti-Yanukovych movement. It has also refused to recognise the new interim government, and seized control of the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine. This led to a showdown between the western countries and Russia with the former slapping sanctions against the latter. Russia, however,

MAY - JUNE 2014 MAY maintains that it is their duty to protect pro-Russia supporters in the south-east Ukraine who are being targeted by the interim government of Ukraine. Even though the Ukrainian presidential elections are scheduled to be held on May 25, 2014, pro-Russian activists held a referendum on May 11, 2014, to decide the fate of eastern Ukraine. Meanwhile, Russian President Vladimir Putin has described the presidential elections as a move ‘in the right direction’.

Text Courtesy: Wikipedia; BBC 50 | Geointelli g ence publiCations

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