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“Windows” redirects here. For the part of a building, see • Windows NT: Started as a family of operating - . For other uses, see Windows (disambiguation). tem with Windows NT 3.1, an for and workstations. It now consists (or simply Windows) is a metafam- of three operating system subfamilies that are re- leased almost the same and the same ily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families kernel of operating systems, each of which cater to a cer- • Windows: The operating system for main- tain sector of the computing industry. Active Win- stream personal computers. The latest version dows families include Windows NT, Windows Embed- is . It is almost impossible for ded and ; these may encompass subfam- someone unfamiliar with the subject to iden- ilies, e.g. (Windows CE) tify the members of this family by name be- or . Defunct Windows families include cause they do not adhere to any specific rule; and . e.g. , , Windows Microsoft introduced an named 8/8.1 and Windows RT are members of this Windows on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating family but Windows 3.1 is not. The main com- system for MS-DOS in response to the growing in- petitor of this family is OS by Apple Inc. terest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[4] Microsoft (.f. Usage share of operating systems § Mar- Windows came to dominate the world’s personal com- ket share by category) puter market with over 90% market share, overtaking • Windows Server: The operating system for Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. However, server computers. The latest version is since 2012, thanks to the massive growth of , R2. Unlike its clients Windows sells less than Android, which became the most sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. popular operating system in 2014, when counting all of The main competitor of this family is . the computing platforms each operating system runs on; (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Mar- in 2014, the number of Windows devices sold were less ket share by category) than 25% of Android devices sold. However, compar- isons across different markets are not fully relevant; and • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Win- for personal computers, Windows is still the most popular dows sibling meant to operate as a live op- operating system. erating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many As of July 2015, the most recent version of Windows for computers at once), recovery or troubleshoot- personal computers, tablets and smartphones is Windows ing purposes. The latest version is Windows 10. The most recent versions for server computers and PE 5.1. embedded devices are respectively and Windows Embedded 8. A specialized version of • [5] Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to Windows runs on the One game console. manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was The next server version of Windows is Windows Server . The latest version is Windows 2016, which is expected to be released in early 2016. Phone 8.1. The main competitor of this family is Android by . (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)

1 Genealogy • Windows Embedded: Initially, Microsoft devel- oped Windows CE as a general-purpose operat- 1.1 By marketing role ing system for every device that was too resource- limited to be called a full-fledged . Even- Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered sev- tually, however, Windows CE was renamed Win- eral each of which denote a family of Win- dows Embedded Compact and was folded under dows operating systems that target a specific sector of the Windows Compact which also consists computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embed- families are being actively developed: ded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard,

1 2 2 VERSION HISTORY

Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Em- of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS bedded Automotive.[6] Executive. Components included Calculator, Calen- dar, Cardfile, viewer, Clock, , The following Windows families are no longer being de- Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows veloped: 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all win- dows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over • Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted other windows. consumers market. Discontinued because of subop- Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was timal performance. (PC World called its last - popular than its predecessor. It features several im- sion, Windows ME, one of the worst products of [7] provements to the and memory manage- all times.) Microsoft now caters to the consumers ment. Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows market with Windows NT. to overlapping windows. The result of this change led • Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleg- [9][10] Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The ing infringement on Apple’s . Windows first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard short- version, is the first version cuts and could use of . to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: version is Windows Mobile 6.5. Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the of the 80386 to multitask sev- eral DOS programs and the paged memory model to em- 2 Version history ulate expanded memory using available extended mem- ory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel Main article: Windows 8086 and processors. It runs in but See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions can make use of the . In addition to full Windows-packages, there were The term Windows collectively describes any or all of sev- runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows eral generations of Microsoft operating system products. from third parties and made it possible to run These products are generally categorized as follows: their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set. The early versions of Windows are often thought of 2.1 Early versions as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for file system services.[11] How- Main articles: Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0 and Windows ever, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed 2.1x many typical operating system functions; notably, hav- The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, ing their own executable file and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, key- board and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software vir- tual memory scheme, which allows it to run applica- tions larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished control.

Windows 1.0, the first version, released in 1985 2.2 Windows 3.x when Chase Bishop, a computer scientist, designed the first model of an electronic device and project Interface Main articles: Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1x Manager was started. It was announced in November Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, 1983 (after the , but before the ) mostly because of and loadable virtual under the name “Windows”, but Windows 1.0 was not device drivers () that allow Windows to share ar- released until November 1985.[8] Windows 1.0 was to bitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications. compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved Windows 3.0 applications can run in , little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete op- which gives them access to several of memory erating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell without the obligation to participate in the software vir- 2.4 Windows NT 3

puter desktops around the world.”[17] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of , each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s , Explorer.[18] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[19] Windows 95 was followed up with the release of on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite de- vices, support for ACPI, , and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with 4 through Active Desk- Windows 3.0, released in 1990 top and other aspects of the (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which were also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Mi- tual memory scheme. They run inside the same address crosoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to Explorer 5.0 and Player 6.2 amongst the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 from C into . Windows 3.0 is the first Microsoft ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Win- Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, dows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[20] selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[12][13] On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, ME (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for of Windows. Windows ME incorporated visual interface Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to- enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, , had faster boot times than previous ver- was released. It was sold along Windows 3.1. Support sions (which however, required the removal of the abil- for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[14] ity to access a real mode DOS environment, removing Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of compatibility with some older programs),[21] expanded the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[15] The update was multimedia functionality (including Windows Media limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues Player 7, , and the Windows Im- related to the complex writing system of the Chinese age Acquisition framework for retrieving images from language.[16] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by com- scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities puter manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS such as System File Protection and , and that also had Simplified Chinese characters in out- updated home networking tools.[22] However, Windows put and some translated utilities. ME was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Win- 2.3 Windows 9x dows ME to be one of the worst operating systems Mi- crosoft had ever released, and the 4th worst tech product [7] Main article: Windows 9x of all time.

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, 2.4 Windows NT Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced Main article: Windows NT support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hard- ware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a re- 2.4.1 Early versions designed, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous with the menu, , In November 1988, a new development team within Mi- and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major crosoft (which included former Digital Equipment Cor- commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET re- poration developers and Mark Lucovsky) be- marked that “by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered gan work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on com- OS/2 operating system known as “NT OS/2”. NT OS/2 4 2 VERSION HISTORY

was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel April 8, 2014.[29] with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release processor architectures. However, following the success- schedules for server operating systems; the server coun- ful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team de- terpart of Windows XP, , was re- cided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port leased in April 2003.[24] It was followed in December of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2. of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported 2.4.2 Windows Vista the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on After a lengthy development , Windows Vista was what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of released on November 30, 2006, for licensing and Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[23][24] of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface The first release of the resulting operating system, to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows security features. It was available in a number of different 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desk- editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as top workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was re- drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new leased in September 1994, focusing on performance im- UAC, and stricter agreement. Vista’s server coun- provements and support for 's NetWare, and was terpart, was released in early 2008. followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the 2.4.3 Windows 7 PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing) Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. while the former was released to the public 3 months later The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order [24] on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows to put a greater focus on the Windows . Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incre- Home versions of Windows NT The next major ver- mental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of sion of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on Oc- being compatible with applications and hardware with [30] tober 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed which Windows Vista was already compatible. Win- to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with dows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change shell with an updated taskbar, a home networking system [31] which Microsoft promised would provide better perfor- called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. mance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (includ- 2.4.4 and 8.1 ing an updated and a “task-oriented” Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking fea- Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released tures, , integration with Microsoft’s generally on October 26, 2012. A number of signifi- . Passport services, modes to provide compat- cant changes were made on Windows 8, including the in- ibility with software designed for previous versions of [25] troduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality. with optimizations for touch- At retail, Windows XP was now marketed in two main based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These editions: the “Home” edition was targeted towards con- changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles sumers, while the “Professional” edition was targeted that are more convenient for touch interactions and al- towards business environments and power users, and low for the display of continually updated information, included additional security and networking features. and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for Home and Professional were later accompanied by the use on touch-based devices. Other changes include in- “Media Center” edition (designed for home theater PCs, creased integration with services and other online with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), SkyDrive and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store and the “Tablet PC” edition (designed for mobile de- service for software distribution, and a new variant known vices meeting its specifications for a , with as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled architecture.[32][33][34][35][36][37] An update to Windows applications).[26][27][28] Mainstream support for Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[38] was released on October 17, 2.4 Windows NT 5

2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, Availability of languages depends on the application de- deeper SkyDrive integration, and many other revisions. velopers themselves. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 has been subject to some Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduces a new criticism, such as removal of Start Menu. Language Control Panel where both the interface and in- put languages can be simultaneously changed, and lan- guage packs, regardless of , can be downloaded from 2.4.5 Windows 10 a central location. The PC app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counter- Main article: Windows 10 part settings page for this. Changing the interface lan- guage also changes the language of preinstalled Windows On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows Store apps (such as , Maps and News) and certain 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desk- July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user in- top). The above limitations for language packs are how- terface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes include ever still in effect, except that full language packs can be the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and installed for any edition except Single Language, which the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on caters to emerging markets. the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1 and Windows 8.1 computers from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) [39] or (Windows 7). 2.4.7 Platform support

2.4.6 Multilingual support Windows NT included support for several different plat- forms before the -based became Multilingual support is built into Windows. The language dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha through the Region and Language Control Panel. Com- and MIPS R4000. (Although some these platforms im- ponents for all supported input languages, such as Input plement 64-bit computing, the operating system treated Method Editors, are automatically installed during Win- them as 32-bit.) However, Windows 2000, the succes- dows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for sor of Windows NT 4.0, dropped support for all plat- East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left forms except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed sepa- or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of Window NT rately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party family still runs on IA-32, although the Windows Server IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the pro- line has ceased supporting this platform with the release vided one is insufficient for their needs. of . With the introduction of the Intel architecture Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain edi- (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and tions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Download Center and installed for any edition of Win- dows (XP or later) - they translate most, but not all, of the Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client op- erating systems to support Itanium. Windows Server line Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). continued to support this platform until Windows Server This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows op- Language Packs, which translates the complete operating erating system to support Itanium architecture. system, are only available for specific editions of Win- On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Pro- dows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista fessional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edi- and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT ex- tions to support the x86-64 (or simply x64), the eighth cept Single Language). They do not require a specific generation of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the base language, and are commonly used for more popular first client version of Windows NT to be released simulta- languages such as French or Chinese. These languages neously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported. cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was available as optional updates through the Windows Up- specifically created for computers with ARM architecture date service (except Windows 8). and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones The interface language of installed applications are not with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be affected by changes in the Windows interface language. updated. 6 4 USAGE SHARE

2.5 Windows CE Windows timeline: Bar chart

Main articles: Windows CE and Windows Phone Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embed- • view • talk • edit

The latest current version of Windows CE, Windows Embedded Compact 7, displaying a concept media player UI.

ded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can mod- ify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so. Windows CE was used in the along with ’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on compo- nents from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE The Windows family 7.0. however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8. Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, 4 Usage share modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT ker- nel. Main article: Usage share of operating systems

2.6 Xbox OS ♥ ^ Note: W3Counter, includes so-called “mobile” operating systems, not only “desktop” Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of ones. Windows that runs on the .[40] It is a more spe- ♣ ^ Not a subtotal. Not all versions are listed cific implementation with an emphasis on in this table. (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second Gartner estimates the installed base of PCs reached 1.4 implemented for games and a more Windows-like envi- billion in 2010[49] they also estimate increase to 2.3 bil- ronment for applications.[41] lion by 2015. CNN Money on June 2015 also claims that Windows currently powers 1.5 billion PCs around the world.[50] NetMarketShare on June 2015 estimate 3 Timeline of releases 90.85% PC devices is running Windows OS.[51] Gart- ner also estimate small grow in PC market in year 2014, Main article: Timeline of Microsoft Windows 2015 and 2016 thanks to Ultramobile Premium devices Windows timeline: Table like 2in1 tables/notebooks.[52] 5.1 File permissions 7

5 Security two separate tokens are assigned. The first token con- tains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a - Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed dard user would receive. User applications, including the for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network , are then started with the restricted to- connection, and did not have security features built in ken, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even from the outset.[53] However, Windows NT and its suc- under an Administrator account. When an application cessors are designed for security (including on a network) requests higher privileges or “Run as administrator” is and multi-user PCs, but were not initially designed with clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if con- Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was sent is given (including administrator credentials if the first developed in the early , Internet use was less account requesting the elevation is not a member of the prevalent.[54] administrators group), start the process using the unre- These design issues combined with programming errors stricted token.[60] (e.g. buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier's Counter- pane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.[55] 5.1 File permissions In 2005, found around 11,000 malicious programs—viruses, Trojans, back-doors, and exploits All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been written for Windows.[56] based on a file system permission system referred to as AGLP (Accounts, Global, Local, Permissions) AGDLP Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows which in essence where file permissions are applied to the Update service approximately once a month (usually the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which then has second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates other 'global groups’ as members. These global groups are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[57] then hold other groups or users depending on differ- In versions of Windows after and including Windows ent Windows versions used. This system varies from 2000 SP3 and Windows XP, updates can be automatically other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied di- a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Ser- rectory to the file or folder. However using this pro- vice Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by cess of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small num- users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.[58] ber of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having changes to the account groups without reapplying the file profiles for multiple users, they had no concept of access permissions on the files and folders. privileges, and did not allow concurrent access; and so were not true multi-user operating systems. In addition, they implemented only partial . They were accordingly widely criticised for lack of security. 5.2 Windows Defender The Windows NT series of operating systems, by con- trast, are true multi-user, and implement absolute mem- On January 6, 2005, Microsoft released a Beta version ory protection. However, a lot of the advantages of being of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously re- a true multi-user operating system were nullified by the leased Giant AntiSpyware. On February 14, 2006, Mi- fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the first user account crosoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with created during the setup process was an administrator the release of Beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware account, which was also the default for new accounts. program designed to protect against and other Though Windows XP did have limited accounts, the ma- unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server jority of home users did not change to an account type 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Win- with fewer rights – partially due to the number of pro- dows can freely download the program from Microsoft’s grams which unnecessarily required administrator rights web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Win- – and so most home users ran as administrator all the dows Vista and 7.[61] In Windows 8, Windows Defender time. and Microsoft Security Essentials have been combined Windows Vista changes this[59] by introducing a privilege into a single program, named Windows Defender. It is elevation system called . When log- based on Microsoft Security Essentials, borrowing its fea- ging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and tures and user interface. Although it is enabled by default, a token containing only the most basic privileges is as- it can be turned off to use another anti-virus solution.[62] signed. In this way, the new logon session is incapable Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool and the op- of making changes that would affect the entire system. tional are two other free secu- When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, rity products offered by Microsoft. 8 8 REFERENCES

5.3 Third-party analysis ments made to to their proprietary code- base. ceased its service in February In an article based on a report by Symantec,[63] internet- 2011. news.com has described Microsoft Windows as having • – a port of Wine for OS X and the “fewest number of patches and the shortest average Darwin. Operates by running Wine on development time of the five operating systems it QEMU. monitored in the last six months of 2006.”[64] • Linux Unified Kernel – A set of patches to A study conducted by Kevin Mitnick and marketing com- the allowing first-class Windows munications firm Avantgarde in 2004, found that an un- executable files in Linux (using Wine DLLs) protected and unpatched Windows XP system with Ser- to use Windows drivers and be faster than in- vice Pack 1 lasted only 4 minutes on the Internet before terpreted Wine. it was compromised, and an unprotected and also un- patched Windows Server 2003 system was compromised • ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the after being connected to the internet for 8 hours.[65] This same software as Windows, originally designed to study does not apply to Windows XP systems running simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage vastly improved the security of Windows XP. The com- since 1996. puter that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was • not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security – formerly LindowsOS, a commercial Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004, deter- initially created with the goal mined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at of running major Windows software. Changed its least one spyware/ product. Much documenta- name to Linspire after Microsoft v. Lindows. Dis- tion is available describing how to increase the security continued in favor of Desktop. of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions in- • Freedows OS – an open-source attempt at creat- clude deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware ing a Windows clone for x86 platforms, intended to or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware be released under the GNU General Public License. software, and installing patches as they become available Started in 1996, by Reece K. Sellin, the project was [66] through Windows Update. never completed, getting only to the stage of design discussions which featured a number of novel con- cepts until it was suspended in 2002.[68][69][70] 6 Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number 7 See also of applications have been released that to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a • Architecture of Windows NT for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Win- • dows out of the . These include: •

• Wine – a free and open-source implementation of • Dominant design the Windows API, allowing one to run many Win- dows applications on x86-based platforms, includ- ing , Linux and OS X. Wine developers refer 8 References to it as a “compatibility layer”[67] and use Windows- style APIs to emulate Windows environment. [1] “Lesson 2 - Windows NT System Overview”. Microsoft TechNet. Microsoft. Retrieved November 25, 2014. • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors [2] “Listing of available Windows 7 language packs”. to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved April 5, 2014. supported applications. [3] “App packages and deployment (Windows Store apps) • Cedega – proprietary of Wine by (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved April 5, TransGaming Technologies, designed specif- 2014. ically for running Microsoft Windows games on Linux. A version of Cedega known as [4] “The Unusual History of Microsoft Windows”. Retrieved April 22, 2007. Cider allows Windows games to run on OS X. Since Wine was licensed under the LGPL, [5] http://wccftech.com/ Cedega has been unable to port the improve- xbox-one-architecture-explained-runs-windows-8-virtually-indistinguishable/ 9

[6] “RTOS: Embedded Real Time Operating Systems”. mi- [28] “A Look at Freestyle and Mira”. ’s Super- crosoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 7 November 2014. Site for Windows. Penton. September 3, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2011. [7] “The 25 Worst Tech Products of All Time”. PC World. IDG. Retrieved February 10, 2012. [29] “Windows XP Professional Lifecycle Support”. Retrieved January 3, 2011. [8] A history of Windows (at microsoft.com) [30] Mike Nash (October 28, 2008). “Windows 7 Unveiled [9] “The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI Lawsuit”. 2006. Retrieved Today at PDC 2008”. Windows Team Blog. Microsoft. March 12, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008. [10] “Apple Computer, Inc. v. MicroSoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435 [31] Brandon LeBlanc (October 28, 2008). “How Libraries (9th Cir. 1994)". Retrieved March 12, 2008. & HomeGroup Work Together in Windows 7”. Windows [11] “Windows Evolution”. Soft32.com News. Team Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved November 11, 2008.

[12] “Chronology of Personal Computer Software”. [32] Case, Loyd. “Test Driving Windows 8 RTM”. PC World. IDG. Retrieved September 9, 2012. [13] “Microsoft Company”. [33] Rosoff, Matt. “Here’s Everything You Wanted To Know [14] “Windows 3.1 Standard Edition Support Lifecycle”. Re- About Microsoft’s Upcoming iPad Killers”. Business In- trieved January 3, 2011. sider. Retrieved February 10, 2012.

[15] “Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese 3.2 Upgrade Is [34] “Announcing the ”. Microsoft. April Available”. microsoft.com. Microsoft. 16, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012.

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Johnson, Login- nigol, YannickFran, Esebi95, PoqVaUSA, Sherylanne, Gavin.perch, Miros 0571, Davidvkimball, Mawcowboybillsbrick7, Wikidexel2, Doorknob747, BG19bot, JoJaEpp, KamranMackey, Rdococ, Puramyun31, Cosmicdense, TheGeneralUser, Gagetony8, Midnight Green, Compfreak7, Dipankan001, Cadiomals, Rgbc2000, VirusKA, Sumesh Dugar, Unixman83, Matt99clancy, NotinREALITY, Kelton2, Kyonzuken, RyanDolan123, Wsoder, Shirudo, Pikachu Bros., Phoenixlogan123, Gabe290, Kushared, Heroman1234, Pai Walisongo, Sciencegeek10188, Cyberbot II, Shwangtianyuan, Matan2001, RainingFlight, KumardipSarkar, Imscare, Krystaleen, Otisfrog, MrTech- News123, Boogie314, JYBot, Prjrv787, Dexbot, Rezonansowy, Dissident93, Smartmo, Codename Lisa, Justashuman960, Rolandhelper, Badpiggy, Nozomimous, Sri555666, Wiki nol ege, Gacelp, PhelperRF, 1, Kevin12xd, NightShadow23, AwesomeSaucer9, Liu- dant, PinnuDas, Jdanielcampos, Cmckain14, Vanished user lalsdi45ijnefi4, VanishedUser sdu9aya9fs232, RyDroid, Dimeji.97, Editor605, Ipad135, George Parastatidis, Kuyi123w, .arch, Pyscowicz, Techie007, Ï¿½, Sam Sailor, Kernosky, Frenzie23, Timdog13, Fixu- ture, Scatboot198, Angelgreat, Japanese Rail Fan, WinDev2014, Nickid12, Snowbooks423, Qwertyuiop9ew9ew9ee, Thatkitten, Ejrussell- lim123, Hum1969, Lbj90, ZackDickens12, Ali78v, Qwertyxp2000, LR Guanzon, Snowbooks1419, A8v, PremiumBananas, Zppix, Some Gadget Geek, Joshuarshah, Nathanielcwm, Sabersingh, TheTVGuy66, KasparBot, Mrkenjiex24, BD2412bot, EnigmaLord515, SemiDot, Akmaie Ajam, ZverCD and Anonymous: 1016 10.2 Images 13

10.2 Images

• File:-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:M_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/M_box.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: File:Microsoft.svg Original artist: Ariesk47 (='User talk:Ariesk47'>talk) • File:Open_book_nae_02.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Open_book_nae_02.svg License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: nae • File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open- Clipart Original artist: OpenClipart • File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: • Wiki_letter_w.svg Original artist: Wiki_letter_w.svg: Jarkko Piiroinen • File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al. • File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky • File:Windows1.0.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/Windows1.0.png License: ? Contributors: taken and uploaded by Remember the dot (talk · contribs) Original artist: ? • File:WindowsCE7.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/WindowsCE7.png License: ? Contributors: Microsoft Press Pass website URL of Source Original artist: ? • File:Windows_10_build_10240_(RTM).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/Windows_10_build_10240_ %28RTM%29.png License: Contributors: Self Original artist: Microsoft • File:Windows_3.0_workspace.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/Windows_3.0_workspace.png License: ? Contributors: Screenshot is taken and uploaded by Tyomitch (talk · contribs) Original artist: ? • File:Windows_Updated_Family_Tree.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Windows_Updated_ Family_Tree.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Made with CorelDraw 16. I tried saving in .SVG but it always showed bugs when rendering in Wikimedia. Original artist: Kristiyan Bogdanov • File:Windows_logo_–_2012_(dark_blue).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Windows_logo_%E2% 80%93_2012_%28dark_blue%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Windows 10 Original artist: File:Windows 10 Logo.svg: Mul- tiple editors; see image description page

10.3 Content license

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