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Typing the Untypeable: Paralinguistic Features in IRC (Internet Relay Chat)”

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Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit “Typing the Untypeable: Paralinguistic Features in IRC (Internet Relay Chat)” Verfasser Peter Waldner Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, Oktober 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: E 190 344 884 Studienrichtung lt.Studienblatt: Unterrichtsfach Englisch / Informatik Matrikelnummer: 0216767 Betreuerin: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Ute Smit Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Ute Smit for all her kind support, time and countless professional advice that made the creation of this thesis possible. Thanks also to all my colleagues that accompanied me on the way through my study and special thanks to Heidrun Lunger for proof-reading this thesis. Especially I would like to thank my wife Friederike for her never ending emotional support and help throughout my whole study. Finally I wish to show my heartfelt gratitude to my parents who always supported me and were there for me whenever I needed them. II Abstract Given that internet chat discourse as a ‘new form’ of communication is closely related to oral communication it includes many unique paralinguistic features, which presents an interesting field of research. This thesis examines paralinguistic behaviour in IRC (Internet Relay Chat) and focuses on emoticons and the performance of non-verbal actions. The basis for this research was an extensive corpus of IRC logfiles assembled for this study. With over 3 million words and ca. 250 logfiles that include 120 different IRC channels from 5 IRC networks, this corpus was carefully selected to provide an ideal basis to gather representative and unbiased results for language behaviour in IRC. The aim of this thesis was to provide an overview over the most important types of paralinguistic cues in internet chat and to describe how they are employed in IRC. It was also necessary to discuss the influences of oral and written communication on IRC. Furthermore it was discussed what unites the large IRC chat system to a coherent group suitable for research and whether it can be called a community. Emoticons and the transcription of non-verbal actions by chat users were considered the most interesting fields of research and various research questions have been addressed for both language features. The most frequently used emoticons and verbs for non-verbal actions were identified and reasons for their popularity discussed. A comparative analysis suggested that emoticon use might have changed in the last ten years. Furthermore an investigation of different humour markers revealed that they do not appear to be true synonyms and vary in intensity and range of application. It could be shown that the most frequently transcribed actions tend to represent cues of communicative closeness and that they can also be used to transcribe thoughts. As indicated multiple times in this thesis the style and amount of employed paralinguistic cues can vary from user to user, especially with some features like pause markers via three dots (...) or various different humour markers. Additional thoughts were given to the influences of the speech situation and other contextual features in IRC and it appears that the location within the IRC network can have an impact on the user behaviour. Some features like emoticons and actionmarkers are immensely popular and the use of paralinguistic cues seems to be essential for internet chat communication. With the findings presented in this thesis it should be easier to understand how and why paralinguistic cues are used in the medium of IRC. III Zusammenfassung Um seiner Nähe zur mündlichen Kommunikation gerecht zu werden, beinhaltet Internet Chat Diskurs viele Möglichkeiten, um paralinguistisches Verhalten, wie man es aus traditioneller mündlicher Kommunikation kennt, einzubinden. Da dies ein interessantes Forschungsgebiet darstellt, untersucht diese Arbeit paralinguistisches Verhalten in IRC (Internet Relay Chat) und konzentriert sich dabei insbesondere auf die beiden Gebiete Emoticons und die Möglichkeit, eigene non-verbale Handlungen darzustellen. Grundlage dieser Studie war dabei ein umfangreicher selbst erstellter Korpus von IRC logfiles, der ein repräsentatives Bild von IRC Kommunikation ermöglichen sollte. Das Ziel war es, einen Überblick über die wichtigsten paralinguistischen Ausdrucksformen zu verschaffen und zu beschreiben, wie diese in IRC eingesetzt werden. Dafür wurde auch auf die grundsätzlichen Einflüsse von mündlicher und schriftlicher Kommunikation auf Internet Chat eingegangen. Emoticons und die Selbstzuschreibung von non-verbalen Äußerungen wurden als besonders interessant erachtet und viele Fragen konnten im Zuge dieser Studie in beiden Gebieten beantwortet werden. Mit Hilfe des Korpus wurden die wichtigsten Emoticons und für Selbstzuschreibungen verwendete Verben ausfindig gemacht, sodass Gründe für diese Verteilung diskutiert werden konnten. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung legte nahe, dass sich die Verteilung von Emoticons in den letzten zehn Jahren verändert hat. Außerdem ergab eine Untersuchung unterschiedlicher Humor Marker, dass es sich bei diesen um keine echten Synonyme handelt, sondern sich, unter anderem in der Intensität, Abweichungen ergeben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die am häufigsten verwendeten Selbstzuschreibungen eine Tendenz haben, kommunikative Nähe herzustellen und dass ihr Aufgabengebiet, unter anderem, die Verbalisierung von eigenen Gedanken einschließt. Es scheint, dass das paralinguistische Verhalten von einzelnen Usern oft sehr unterschiedlich sein kann, was insbesondere bei einer Untersuchung von Pause Markern (…) gezeigt werden konnte. Des Weiteren scheint das sprachliche Verhalten auch vom virtuellen Ort abzuhängen, in dem sich die IRC Nutzer befinden. Viele der untersuchten paralinguistischen Ausdrucksformen werden sehr häufig genutzt und ihre Verwendung scheint für Internet Chat Kommunikation von größter Wichtigkeit zu sein. Mit den Ergebnissen dieser Studie sollte es leichter fallen, zu verstehen, wie und warum diese in IRC eingesetzt werden. IV Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 2. Between Written and Spoken .................................................................... 4 3. What is IRC? ........................................................................................... 14 4. IRC and Community ............................................................................... 17 4.1 Approaching IRC community ............................................................ 17 4.2 Research on IRC – Why and what can be gained? ....................... 23 5. Research method ..................................................................................... 28 6. Emotions .................................................................................................. 35 6.1 Communicative Functions of Emoticons .......................................... 35 6.2 What are relevant emoticons? ............................................................ 38 6.3 Influences from the East .................................................................... 42 6.4 Emoticons in IRC ............................................................................... 43 6.5 A Change in Emoticon Use? .............................................................. 48 6.6 Variety and Ambiguity ...................................................................... 52 6.7 Humour Markers ................................................................................ 55 7. Performing actions .................................................................................. 63 7.1 Actionstrips ........................................................................................ 63 7.2 Action Commands ............................................................................. 66 7.2.1 Sharing Thoughts ............................................................................ 69 7.2.2 Collocations for Actionlines ........................................................... 72 7.3 The use of Actionmarkers .................................................................. 79 7.4 Actionmarkers and Emoticons ........................................................... 80 8. Other paralinguistic features ................................................................... 82 8.1 Loudness and intensity of speech, intonation .................................... 82 8.2 Addressing recipients ......................................................................... 85 V 8.3 Rhythm and pauses ............................................................................ 87 8.4 Referencing and quotes in IRC .......................................................... 89 8.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 90 9. Contextual influences .............................................................................. 91 9.1 The Speech Situation ......................................................................... 92 9.2 Metaphorical Rooms .......................................................................... 96 9.3 Acts of Authority and Virtual Territory ............................................ 96 9.4 Performance and Play on IRC ........................................................... 98 10. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 103 Bibliography .............................................................................................
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