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Grid Computing 10 PREFACE Everyday innumerable technologies are invented and developed all over the world in many fields. Added to this, many technologies have resulted in failure also. One, who is born, has to die one day. During this short span of life, the thrust for new technologies and developments have not quenched yet. As a result of this, many latest technologies were introduced. This magazine “ INFOLINE ” was aimed to provide basic necessary information about the latest technologies developed and it also creates awareness to the one who is reading this. Your comments and valuable suggestions for the improvement from the students, teachers and friends are warmly welcomed and will be gratefully acknowledged. Infoline Team ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We wish to thank Thiru A.Venkatachalam B.Sc., Correspondent, Kongu Arts And Science College, Erode and our Management for the support to publish the magazine Dr.N. .Raman M.B.A., M.Com., M.Phil., B.Ed., PGDCA.,Ph.D., Principal, Kongu Arts And Science College, Erode has provided considerable support to us during this effort. We proudly thank our Chief Editor, Staff Advisor, Staff Members and the students of Department of Computer Technology and Information Technology for their guidance and suggestions to complete this magazine. INFOLINE TECHNOLOGY NAVIGATOR Executive Committee Chief Patron : Thiru A.Venkatachalam B.Sc., Patron : Dr. N.Raman M.B.A., M.Com., M.Phil., B.Ed., PGDCA.,Ph.D., Editor In Chief : S.Muruganantham M.Sc., M.Phil., Staff Advisor: M.G.Annapoorani M.Sc., Assistant Professor, Department of CT & IT. Staff Editor: C.Indrani M.C.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor, Department of CT & IT. Student Editors: Ramya.R III-B.Sc(CT) Rameshkumar.R III-B.Sc(CT) Ramya.B III-B.Sc(CT) Kasthuri.H III-B.Sc(IT) Kiruthika.S.M III-B.Sc(IT) Organizing Members: Senthilkumar.M II-B.Sc(CT) Sathish.K II-B.Sc(CT) Saranya.K II-B.Sc(CT) Sasikumar.S II-B.Sc(CT) Rahul Babu.B II-B.Sc(IT) Sathiya.P II-B.Sc(IT) Senthil kumar.V II-B.Sc(IT) Shanmugam.P II-B.Sc(IT) CONTENTS Preface i Acknowledgment ii Executive Committee iii FREE SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 1 PON TOPOLOGIES 3 TURANOR PLANET SOLAR 5 WEB SEARCH ENGINE 7 INTEL PUMPS $30 MILLION INTO CLOUD'S FUTURE 10 GRID COMPUTING 10 WINDOWS OS SECURITY 13 WINDOWS HOME SERVER 2011 15 ARTICLES INFOLINE technology lost market momentum when the Free Space Optical installation of optical fiber networks for civilian uses was at its peak. Many simple and Communication inexpensive consumer remote controls use low- speed commnication using infrared (IR) light. An 8-beam free space optics laser link, This known as consumer IR technologies. rated for 1 Gbit/s at a distance of approximately 2 km. The receptor is the large disc in the middle, Usage and technologies the transmitters the smaller ones. To the top and right side a monocular for assisting the alignment Free-space point-to-point optical links can be of the two heads. Free-space optical implemented using infrared laser light, although communication (FSO) is an optical low-data-rate communication over short distances communication technology that uses light is possible using LEDs. Infrared Data Association propagating in free space to transmit data for (IrDA) technology is a very simple form of free- telecommunications or computer networking. space optical communications. Free Space Optics "Free space" means air, outer space, vacuum, or are additionally used for communications something similar. This contrasts with using between spacecraft. Maximum range for solids such as optical fiber cable or an optical terrestrial links is in the order of 2 to 3 km (1.2 to transmission line. The technology is useful where 1.9 mi) but the stability and quality of the link is the physical connections are impractical due to highly dependent on atmospheric factors such as high costs or other considerations. rain, fog, dust and heat. Amateur radio operators have achieved significantly farther distances History using incoherent sources of light from high- intensity LEDs. One reported 173 miles (278 km) Optical communications, in various forms, have in 2007. However, physical limitations of the been used for thousands of years. The Ancient equipment used limited bandwidths to about 4 Greeks polished their shields to send signals kHz. during battle. In the modern era, semaphores and wireless solar telegraphs called heliographs were The high sensitivities required of the developed, using coded signals to communicate detector to cover such distances made the internal with their recipients.In 1880 Alexander Graham capacitance of the photodiode used a dominant Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter factor in the high-impedance amplifier which created the Photophone, at Bell's newly followed it, thus naturally forming a low-pass established Volta Laboratory in Washington, DC. filter with a cut-off frequency in the 4 kHz range. Bell considered it his most important invention. In outer space, the communication range of free- The device allowed for the transmission of sound space optical communication is currently in the on a beam of light. On June 3, 1880, Bell order of several thousand kilometers, but has the conducted the world's first wireless telephone potential to bridge interplanetary distances of transmission between two buildings, some 213 millions of kilometers, using optical telescopes as meters apart. Its first practical use came in beam expanders. The distance records for optical military communication systems many decades communications involved detection and emission later. Carl Zeiss Jena developed the of laser light by space probes. A two-way Lichtsprechgerät 80 (direct translation: light distance record for communication was set by the speaking device) that the German army used in Mercury laser altimeter instrument aboard the their World War II anti-aircraft defense units. MESSENGER spacecraft. This infrared diode The invention of lasers in the 1960s neodymium laser, designed as a laser altimeter revolutionized free space optics. Military for a Mercury orbit mission, was able to organizations were particularly interested and communicate across a distance of 15 million boosted their development. However the miles (24 million km), as the craft neared Earth 1 INFOLINE on a fly-by in May, 2005. The previous record improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) had been set with a one-way detection of laser behavior compared to using microwaves. light from Earth, by the Galileo probe, as two ground-based lasers were seen from 6 million km Advantages by the out-bound probe, in 1992. RONJA is a free implementation of FSO using Secure free-space optical high-intensity LEDs. communications have been proposed using a laser N-slit interferometer where the laser signal • Ease of deployment takes the form of an interferometric pattern. Any • License-free long-range operation (in attempt to intercept the signal causes the collapse contrast with radio communication) of the interferometric pattern. This technique has • High bit rates been demonstrated to work over propagation • Low bit error rates distances of practical interest and, in principle, it • Immunity to electromagnetic interference could be applied over large distances in space. • Full duplex operation • Protocol transparency Applications • Very secure due to the high directionality and narrowness of the beam(s) Typically scenarios for use are: • No Fresnel zone necessary • LAN-to-LAN connections on campuses Disadvantages at Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet speeds For terrestrial applications, the principal limiting • LAN-to-LAN connections in a city, a factors are: metropolitan area network • To cross a public road or other barriers • Beam dispersion which the sender and receiver do not own • Atmospheric absorption • Speedy service delivery of high- • Rain bandwidth access to optical fiber • Fog (10..~100 dB/km attenuation) networks • Snow • Converged Voice-Data-Connection • Scintillation • Temporary network installation (for • Background light events or other purposes) • Shadowing • Reestablish high-speed connection • Pointing stability in wind quickly (disaster recovery) • Pollution / smog • As an alternative or upgrade add-on to • If the sun goes exactly behind the existing wireless technologies transmitter, it can swamp the signal. • As a safety add-on for important fiber connections (redundancy) These factors cause an attenuated receiver signal • For communications between spacecraft, and lead to higher bit error ratio (BER). To including elements of a satellite overcome these issues, vendors found some constellation solutions, like multi-beam or multi-path • For inter- and intra -chip communication architectures, which use more than one sender and more than one receiver. Some state-of-the-art The light beam can be very narrow, which devices also have larger fade margin (extra makes FSO hard to intercept, improving security. power, reserved for rain, smog, fog). In any case, it is comparatively easy to encrypt any data traveling across the FSO connection for To keep an eye-safe environment, good additional security. FSO provides vastly FSO systems have a limited laser power density 2 INFOLINE and support laser classes 1 or 1M. Atmospheric solutions. and fog attenuation, which are exponential in 4. Operating in the downstream as a broadcast nature, limit practical range of FSO devices to network, PONs allow for video broadcasting as several kilometres. either IP video or analog video using a separate wavelength overlay. By 5. PONs eliminate the necessity to install active multiplexer at splitting locations thus relieving SARANYA.G network operators 6. Being optically transparent end to end PONs III–B.Sc(IT) allow upgrades to higher bit rates or additional wavelengths. Multiple Access Pon Topologies One possible way of separating the channels is to use wavelength division multiplexing There are several topologies suitable for (WDM) in which each ONU operates at a the access network: tree, ring, or bus. A PON can different wavelength. While a simple solution, it also be deployed in redundant configuration as remains cost prohibitive for an access network.
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