A Brief Biography of Robert C. Richardson
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The Discovery of Superfluidity Sebastien Balibar
The discovery of superfluidity Sebastien Balibar To cite this version: Sebastien Balibar. The discovery of superfluidity. 2006. hal-00113242 HAL Id: hal-00113242 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00113242 Preprint submitted on 11 Nov 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The discovery of superfluidity S´ebastien Balibar∗ Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l’Ecole Normale Sup´erieure associ´eaux Universit´es Paris 6 et 7 et au CNRS 24 Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France Superfluidity is a remarkable manifestation of quantum mechanics at the macroscopic level. This article describes the history of its discovery, which took place at a particularly difficult period of the twentieth century. A special emphasis is given to the role of J.F. Allen, D. Misener, P. Kapitza, F. London, L. Tisza and L.D. Landau. The nature and the importance of their respective contributions are analyzed and compared. Of particular interest is the controversy between Landau on one side, London and Tisza on the other, concerning the relevance of Bose-Einstein condensation to the whole issue, and also on the nature of thermal excitations in superfluid helium 4. -
Duke University Commencement ~ 2012
Sunday, the Thirteenth of May, Two Thousand and Twelve ten o’clock in the morning ~ wallace wade stadium Duke University Commencement ~ 2012 One Hundred Sixtieth Commencement Notes on Academic Dress Academic dress had its origin in the Middle Ages. When the European universities were taking form in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, scholars were also clerics, and they adopted Mace and Chain of Office robes similar to those of their monastic orders. Caps were a necessity in drafty buildings, and copes or capes with hoods attached were Again at commencement, ceremonial use is needed for warmth. As the control of universities made of two important insignia given to Duke gradually passed from the church, academic University in memory of Benjamin N. Duke. costume began to take on brighter hues and to Both the mace and chain of office are the gifts employ varied patterns in cut and color of gown of anonymous donors and of the Mary Duke and type of headdress. Biddle Foundation. They were designed and executed by Professor Kurt J. Matzdorf of New The use of academic costume in the United Paltz, New York, and were dedicated and first States has been continuous since Colonial times, used at the inaugural ceremonies of President but a clear protocol did not emerge until an Sanford in 1970. intercollegiate commission in 1893 recommended a uniform code. In this country, the design of a The Mace, the symbol of authority of the gown varies with the degree held. The bachelor’s University, is made of sterling silver throughout. It is thirty-seven inches long and weighs about gown is relatively simple with long pointed Significance of Colors sleeves as its distinguishing mark. -
CORNELL ALUMNI NEWS a Preeminent Group of Physicists Discovers How Oddly Matter Behaves When Cooled to Very Low Temperatures
CORNELL ALUMNI NEWS A preeminent group of physicists discovers how oddly matter behaves when cooled to very low temperatures Strange Doings Near Absolute Zero By William Steele '54 It started in the early '60s, about the An inauspicious omen, perhaps, but The group has also received a subtler time the low temperature laboratory in a way it symbolized a beginning. Out but perhaps equally satisfying accolade: started to fall into a hole. Cornell had of the hole behind Rockefeller would their graduate students are much in de- just hired David Lee out of the low tem- rise Clark Hall, home for the newly mand. "They have a remarkable reputa- perature physics group at Yale. Al- created Laboratory of Atomic and Solid tion in the scientific community for the though only a lowly $4,500-a-year State Physics (LASSP). In Room H-8 in students they turn out," says Prof. Her- instructor, he became the reigning mon- the basement the new low temperature bert Johnson, director of the Materials arch of low temperature research; he facility Lee was to design would reach Science Center. "When students come inherited a garage-sized brick and con- temperatures 1,000 times colder than out of here they are prepared to set up a crete building behind Rockefeller Hall anything possible in the "Rockefeller laboratory from virtually a bare room. that housed a helium liquifier and other Annex." He would be joined by col- They have seeded a number of univer- apparatus for cooling things to within a leagues John Reppy and Robert Rich- sities throughout the country and the few degrees of absolute zero. -
William Martin Fairbank Sr
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WILLIAM MARTIN FAIRBANK SR. 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 8 9 A Biographical Memoir by H ORST MEYER , BLAS CABRERA , AND P ETER MICH ELSON Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 2011 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON, D.C. AIP Emilio Segrè Archives, Physics Today Collection WILLIAM MARTIN FAIRBANK SR. February 24, 1917–September 30, 1989 BY HORST MEYER , BLAS CABRERA , AND P ETER MICH ELSON ILLIAM FAIRBANK WAS ONE of the most innovative low- Wtemperature experimental physicists of the twentieth century. His pioneering experiments on properties of the quantum fluids liquid He and 4He with graduate students at Duke University and on properties and applications of superconductors with graduate students and colleagues at Stanford have been a source of inspiration for many scien- tists, who in subsequent decades extended and refined their results. Especially striking among his investigations at Duke were his measurement of the nuclear susceptibility of liquid He showing the departure from Curie’s law and the onset of Fermi degeneracy; his discovery of the liquid He-4He phase separation; and his demonstration by precision measurement of the specific heat of 4He that the onset of superfluidity was a phase transition. Perhaps his most significant experiment was his discovery, with Stanford graduate student Bascom Deaver, that the magnetic flux in superconductors is quan- tized in units of (hc/2e). Fairbank savored experiments that could test fundamental laws of physics, even when they involved large and complex projects. -
The Extraordinary Phases of Liquid 3He*
The extraordinary phases of liquid 3He* David M. Lee Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 [S0034-6861(97)00403-0] INTRODUCTION peratures where the thermal de Broglie wavelength be- comes greater than the mean interparticle distance. Modern low-temperature physics began with the liq- A remarkable phase transition was discovered in liq- uefaction of helium by Kamerlingh Onnes (1908) and uid 4He under saturated vapor pressure at 2.17 K. As the discovery of superconductivity (Kamerlingh Onnes, the liquid cooled through this temperature, all boiling 1911) at the University of Leiden in the early part of the ceased and the liquid became perfectly quiescent (At- 20th century. There were really two surprises that came kins, 1959). We now know that this effect occurs because out of this early work. One was that essentially all of the the liquid helium becomes an enormously good heat electrical resistance of metals like mercury, lead, and tin conductor so that thermal inhomogeneities which can abruptly vanished at definite transition temperatures. give rise to bubble nucleation are absent. The specific This was the first evidence for superconductivity. The 4 other surprise was that, in contrast to other known liq- heat vs temperature curve of liquid He was shaped like uids, liquid helium never solidified under its own vapor the Greek letter lambda, characteristic of a second- pressure. Helium is an inert gas, so that the interactions order phase transition at 2.17 K. This temperature is between the helium atoms are very weak; thus the liquid called the lambda point (Atkins, 1959; Keesom and Clu- phase itself is very weakly bound and the normal boiling sius, 1932; Keesom and Keesom, 1932). -
2005 Nobel Laureates
A Gathering of Nobel Laureates: Science for the 21st Century Foreword As you turn the pages this Curriculum Guide today, look up for a moment and consider that somewhere, in a laboratory or at a blackboard or computer keyboard, a young person is hard at work pursuing the path that may lead eventually to one of the highest honors civilization can bestow—a Nobel Prize. The path that this young man or woman will travel is both difficult and long. Over the course of the journey, the rapid advance of science will most likely transform the world again and again. Like the Laureates, who have accepted the invitation to come and talk with Mecklenburg students, our bright young scientist will be inspired by the giants of science and by the wonders of the natural world. This shooting star will be steered in its trajectory by the encouragement and influence of family, the impact of war and other world events, by school experiences and probably by the powerful guidance and support of a mentor who is equipped and determined to discern the spark of brilliance and fan it into a flame of discovery. Those flames shine bright among our guests. By studying fruit-fly genes, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and her colleagues (Edward Lewis and Eric Wiechaus) helped us understand a critical step in early embryonic development that helps explain how birth defects happen. Douglas Osheroff, Robert Richardson and David Lee devised ingenious experiments at near-absolute-zero temperatures, revealing phase transitions that connect the micro- and macroscopic worlds. Edmond Fischer (with Edwin Krebs) spent years burrowing down into the complex chemical processes of the cell to isolate a fundamental step called reversible protein phosphorylation, which is crucial to medical challenges from cancer treatment to keeping the body from rejecting transplanted organs.