El Origen De Los Rangos De La Jerarquía Celestial

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El Origen De Los Rangos De La Jerarquía Celestial El origen de los rangos de la jerarquía celestial Juan Almirall Arnal ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA Departament d’Història de la Filosofia, Estètica i Filosofía de la Cultura. Programa de doctorado: “Filosofia: Història, Estètica i Antropologia”, bienio 2004/2006 TESIS DOCTORAL: EL ORIGEN DE LOS RANGOS DE LA JERARQUÍA CELESTIAL DOCTORANDO: JUAN ALMIRALL ARNAL DIRECTORA: DRA. MARÍA ISABEL MÉNDEZ LLORET TUTOR: DR. MIGUEL ÁNGEL GRANADA MARTÍNEZ 2 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN 7 Desarrollo de los estudios sobre Neoplatonismo. 17 Metodología empleada. 20 I. PARTE: LA FILOSOFIA DEL NOÛS. 23 Capítulo 1. Mito, lógos y noûs. 25 El mito. 26 El lógos. 31 El nôus. 35 Capítulo 2. La formación del concepto “noûs”. 41 Capítulo 3. Aristóteles y la división del intelecto. 57 Capítulo 4. La pluralidad de intelectos. 65 Capítulo 5. El noûs intermediario entre el Uno y el alma. 89 Capítulo 6. Los rangos de la jerarquía del noûs. 101 II. PARTE: LA TEOLÓGICA DIALÉCTICA. 117 Capítulo 7. La dialéctica del noûs. 119 a) Diairética. 132 b) Horística. 135 c) Apodíctica. 138 d) Analítica. 140 Capítulo 8. Términos de la dialéctica monista de Parménides. 147 3 Capítulo 9. Platón, la dialéctica de la multiplicidad del ser. 155 Capítulo 10. Aristóteles, dialéctica y ciencia del ser. 169 Capítulo 11. Anábasis celeste. 177 Capítulo 12. Conceptos básicos de la teología dialéctica. 187 La doctrina de los tres dioses. 191 Procesión (próodos). 195 Conversión (epistrephês). 200 Capítulo 13. Teología negativa y afirmativa. 205 El papel de la dialéctica en la teología de Proclo. 208 Los órdenes de la Jerarquía intelectual. 213 Indagación sobre el Uno y las Henades. 221 Las procesiones de los dioses del Intelecto. 237 El uso de la lógica en la deducción de los rangos de la Jerarquía. 244 III. PARTE: LA JERARQUÍA CELESTIAL. 251 Capítulo 14: El Espíritu de Sabiduría. 253 La tradición sapiencial. 257 Sabiduría y gnosis judía. 264 Pablo y la tradición sapiencial. 267 Capítulo 15: Orígenes de la teología cristiana. 273 Teología cristiana y Platonismo medio. 279 Capítulo 16: Los rangos de la Jerarquía Celestial. 289 Teología afirmativa y teología negativa. 295 Los nombres de Dios. 299 La teología mística. 304 4 Los órdenes de la Jerarquía Celestial. 308 La primera tríada: Serafín, Querubín y Tronos. 314 El orden intermedio del noûs celeste: Kyriótêtôn, Dynámeôn y Exousiôn. 316 La última jerarquía: Theoeidôn Archôn, Arcángeles y Ángeles. 320 Los órdenes de la Jerarquía Eclesiástica. 322 CONCLUSIONES 327 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 335 Fuentes. 335 Estudios. 342 Artículos. 352 5 6 INTRODUCCIÓN La palabra “jerarquía” lleva implícita la idea de rango o graduación. En toda jerarquía hay individuos de mayor rango e individuos de menor rango en el nivel de gradación. Según el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, “jerarquía” es una gradación de personas, valores o dignidades, y viene de la palabra griega “hierárchês”, que significa sacerdote o consagrado a la divinidad. La jerarquía son los rangos de los seres consagrados a la divinidad. Esta “jerarquía” de seres consagrados a la divinidad se divide en órdenes o rangos y clases. Tal afirmación contiene la palabra “división”, en griego “diaíresis”, y las palabras “órdenes” o “rangos”, que en griego es “diákosmoi”, y “clases” en sentido de orden, del griego “táxis”. Ello es fruto de una división vertical en niveles o rangos y horizontal en clases dentro de cada nivel. La diaíresis es una de las operaciones básicas de la ciencia matemática y, además, es utilizada por la primera ciencia del lenguaje, la dialéctica. Los diákosmoi y táxis son el resultado de aplicar la diaíresis a los seres consagrados a la divinidad. Otra cuestión fundamental es la identificación de estos “seres consagrados”, así como la determinación de su naturaleza. Sin duda, los ángeles son los miembros de la Jerarquía Celestial según la tradición judeo-cristiana pero, antes de que ningún teólogo cristiano comenzara a hacer divisiones en rangos y clases de ángeles, los filósofos helenistas, concretamente los miembros de la Escuela Neoplatónica, hicieron clasificaciones de los seres espirituales, las primeras y más simples datan del siglo III de 7 nuestra era. Las primeras clasificaciones agrupan a los seres espirituales en tres grupos: dioses, héroes o demonios1. Filón de Alejandría, filósofo judío precursor del cristianismo, en el siglo I a.C. advierte que los seres que los griegos llamaban “demonios” la Biblia de los judíos los denominaba ángeles2. Pero en el siglo III los filósofos neoplatónicos trabajan con una gran acumulación sincrética de seres espirituales, que va desde una amplia diversidad de dioses, héroes, ángeles, arcángeles, demonios buenos y malos, hasta los arcontes procedentes del gnosticismo. Las únicas obras conservadas en su integridad donde se puede ver el uso de la dialéctica, fundamentalmente diairética, para la deducción y clasificación de los rangos y las clases de los dioses intelectuales, así como una clara exposición de dichos rangos y clases bien fundamentados en los diálogos de Platón, son el Comentario al Parménides de Platón y la Teología Platónica de Proclo de Licia, diádoco de la última Academia de Atenas3 en el siglo V. De difícil datación es la obra atribuida a Pseudo Dionisio Areopagita, donde encontramos de nuevo una clasificación de rangos y clases de ángeles cristianizados. El conjunto de cuatro libros del denominado Corpus Areopagiticum o Dionysiacum4 tiene una estructura muy similar a la extensa obra de Proclo la Teología Platónica. El Corpus 1 Sobre estos tres rangos básicos, ver Jámblico, Sobre los misterios egipcios, traducción Enrique Ángel Ramos Jurado, Madrid, 1997, libros I y II. 2 Filón de Alejandría, De gigantibus, II. 6, traducción italiana Roberto Radice, 2005. 3 Proclo de Licia, In Platonis Parmenidem, Commentaire sur le Parménide, Chaignet, A.E., 1900, Frankfurt am Main, 1962. Proclus’ Commentary on Plato’s Parmenides, Morrow, Glen R. & Dillon, John M., Princeton, 1987; Stallbaum, Codofr., Platonis Parmenides cum quattuor libris prolegomenorum et commentario perpetuo accedunt Procli in Parmenidem Commentarii nunc emendatius edit, Frankfurt / Main, 1976 ; Theologia Platonica, Théologie Platonicienne, Saffrey, H.D. & Westerink, L.G., París, 1968. Proclo Teologia Platonica, Michele Abbate, Milán, 2005. 4 Pseudo Dionisio Areopagita, Obras completas, Martín-Lunas, Teodoro H., Madrid, 1995. Suchla, Beate Regina, Corpus Dionysiacum I Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita De Divinis Nominibus, Berlín: Walter de Gruyter, 1990; Heil, Günter & Ritter, Adolf Martin, Corpus Dionysiacum II Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita De Coelesti Hierarchia, De Ecclesiastica Hierarchia, De Mystica Theologia, Epistulae, Berlín, 1991. Pseudo-Dionís Areopagita La Jerarquia Celestial La Jerarquia Eclesiàstica, Josep Vives, Barcelona, 1994. Ouvres complètes du Pseudo-Denys l’Aréopagite, Maurice de Gandillac, Mayenne, 1943, reimpresión 1980. 8 Areopagiticum es una exposición de los nombres y atributos divinos, los rangos y clases de las Jerarquías Celestiales y Eclesiásticas y una breve introducción a la vía negativa de unificación con Dios. Es una obra expositiva similar a la Teología Platónica, que adolece de las complejas deducciones lógicas y dialécticas de cada uno de los rangos de la jerarquía, tal como aparecen en el Comentario al Parménides. La exposición también está apoyada en una obra que, en el caso de Dionisio, no son los diálogos platónicos sino la Biblia.
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