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Asian box (Cuora spp.) Asian box turtles have a very low reproduction rate, which makes this highly sensitive for over-exploitation. Some of these are only known from food markets with no data concerning their habitat or population size . Species Countries of Origin Biological Data Extent of Trade Population Trends Cuora amboinensis Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, 1 to 5 eggs/nest, several High level of exploitation for Declining populations (Lehr, 1997; Thirakhupt & van Dijk, (1802) Myanmar, Bangladesh, nests per year; national and international trade 1997) Malaysian box , Thailand, Philippines, incubation period about 76 (food, TCM, souvenirs) Red data book of Vietnam (1992): “vulnerable” Vietnam, Eastern India, days IUCN (1996): “near threatened” Cambodia, Singapour Cuora aurocapitata China (), Low reproduction rate in One of the most requested and Populations rapidly decreasing (Meier, 1998) (1988) found in Namling County, captivity (3 to 6 eggs, once a most expensive species in the Red data book of China (1998): “” Golden-headed box Yixian, Guande, Jingxian year) Chinese food markets (up to 900 IUCN (1996): “data deficient” turtle US $ / ) Cuora flavomargi- China (Anhui, Fujian, , Low reproduction rate in High level of exploitation in China Populations obviously declining nata , , Szechnan, captivity (1 to 4 eggs/nest, and Hong Kong, Red data book of China (1998): “endangered” (1863) Shanghai, ), once a year) offered in decreasing numbers IUCN: “vulnerable” Chinese Japanese Riu Kiu Islands Cuora galbinifrons Vietnam, China (Guangxi and Low reproduction rate in High level of exploitation for Declining populations (Lehr, 1996) (1939) Hainan), Southeast Laos captivity (2 eggs/nest, once a national and international trade; Red data book of Vietnam (1992): “vulnerable” Flowerback box year) Offered in decreasing numbers Red data book of China (1998): “endangered” turtle IUCN (1996): “near threatened” Cuora mccordi Only discovered on Chinese no data Offered in Chinese markets (up Rapidly declining populations (Behler, 1997; Meier, 1998); (1988) markets (Guangxi), to now only about 100 Red Data Book of China (1998) and IUCN (1996): “data Mc Cord´s box turtle no data on natural habitat have been observed) deficient” Cuora trifasciata China (Guangxi, Fujian, Low reproduction rate (2 to 6 Most expensive and requested Rapidly declining populations; (Pritchard, 1997) (1825) Guangdong, Hainan), eggs/nest), once a year turtle in the Chinese markets (up Red data book of China (1998): “critically endangered” Three-striped box Northern Vietnam, maybe to 3,000 US $/ animals) Red data book of Vietnam (1992): “vulnerable” turtle also in Laos and Cambodia IUCN (1996): “endangered” Cuora yunnanensis Only known from a few No data No hints for trade, Red data book of China (1998): “maybe already extinct” (1906) specimen in museums maybe already extinct IUCN (1996): “data deficient” box turtle Cuora zhoui Only discovered on markets Low reproduction rate in One of the most requested and Rapidly declining populations (Behler, 1997; Meier, 1998); (1990) in China (Yunnan, Guangxi) captivity (up to 5 eggs/nest, expensive species in the Chinese Red Data Book of China (1998) and IUCN (1996): “data Zhou´s box turtle once a year) markets (up to 800 US $) deficient” June 1999