Broj 21, jun 2018 13

Amelia Tomašević VERN University of Applied Scieneces, Zagreb UDK 338.48-53:726.8 726.8

CEMETERIES AS

Abstract: is the fastest growing sightseeing. The analysis also shows that not phenomena, but not only from the economic all visits to are for the identical point of view – all its aspects are changing fast reasons, that the motives can be classified and in the permanent attempt to offer new experi- that such programmes represent added value ences, create new motivators and reach to promotion of selected destinations. new markets. That endeavour results in new This paper deals with various types of tourist programmes which only few years ago visits, participants’ profile in such were unthinkable. Those new ideas are actual- tours and concludes with the recommenda- ly the response to the clients’ increasing request tion for organization based on worldwide ex- for new emotions and knowledge in search for amples and experiences. Researching method- weird, unusual and unique memories. Among ology involved analysis, synthesis, description many different possibilities, certain destina- and comparison. tions recently organize the visit to cemeteries for groups or individuals with specific inter- Key words: cemetery, tourist attraction, ests, and some even include it in the regular travel motivator, destination promotion

Introduction tourism itself, its possible classification into subgroups, various programs and promo- In the 19th century, before the age of the tion and different specialized associations public park, cemeteries doubled as leisurely and organizations. The sixth part is a review places for families to spend the day relaxing of the most famous cemeteries, memorial and eating in the tranquil landscape1. Later, parks and extermination camps as target of cemeteries closed for public with the inten- tourist interest. The problem of vandalism is tion to create a place of silent , re- mentioned as a possible consequence of in- spect and privacy exclusively for those who creased tourist visits. Finally after the gener- came to visit their buried relativesor owners al conclusion there are suggestions for cem- of places. Although large majority of eteries how to revitalize their management those cemeteries opened for visitors in the without ruining the basic concept. 20th century, eventoday some of them prac- tice total privacy in order to avoid crowds of visitors or vandalism. Many cemeteries or- Special interest tourism ganize all kind of events in order to attract visitors and tobecome the place of social Special interest tourism (SIT) is often gatherings. used to describe a form which is in some way The first part of this paper explains spe- preferable to mass tourism. It is not synony- cial interest tourism of which cemetery mous with , ethical travel, tourism is a special niche, then the cemetery appropriate tourism or , since the special interest type is not necessarily either 1 (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27297941/ns/ responsible or sustainable. SIT refers to trav- travel-seasonal_travel/t/worlds-most-famous- eling with the main purpose to satisfy some cemeteries) special interest, as hobby, physical activity, 14 Turističko poslovanje and interest for specific subject or specific 2. Culture and the arts (literary,book- type of destination (Rabotić, 2012). Itshows store, cultural, heritage, music, Tolkien tour- the existence of special types of tourism ism, pop culture), proving that tourism is not so uniform as it 3. Extralegal (child , drug was considered years ago (Galičić, 2014). tourism, female /male sex tourism, Although SIT is considered as relatively tourism), new concept of tourism(from the 70s of the 4. Food and drink(, last century) the earliest forms appeared in wine tourism), ancient times – Egyptians, Greeks and Ro- 5. Historical (archaeological, atomic, ge- mans travelled for religious, cultural, sports nealogy, military ), (ancient Olympic Games) or health reasons. 6. Low-impact (couch surfing, ecotour- In Medieval times pilgrims travelled to San- ism, , ), tiago de Compostela or Jerusalem, and in 7. Medical and dental (dental, fertility, the 17th century young men from British rich medical, wellness), families travelled to Italy and France(Grand 8. Miscellaneous (accessible, garden Tour) to complete their education. The de- tourism), velopment of transportation facilities in 9. Nature and rural (,jungle, 19th and 20th centuries enabled middle rural, village, ), class to travel which resulted in mass tour- 10. Nightlife and party (party weekend ism. A traveler of today alone or in tourism,stag-party tourism, youth party small groups in search for new destinations tourism), and uniqueness of emotions.Special interest 11. Religious (Christian, halal, kosher, tourism is a result of saturation of already ), established tourism markets and the need 12. Science and Education (astronomy to satisfy and attract new profiles of tourists. tourism), The growth of special interest tourism 13. Voyeuristic (dark, disaster, ghetto, is more rapid than other forms, attributed jihadi, poverty, township, ), mainly to the increased sophistication of the 14. Water-related (nautical, shark, water public and the resulting demand for more tourism). focused and high-quality tourism experi- ences (Jafari, 2000). George (2014) determines more types of Several different terms explain the idea SIT: – niche tourism, alternative tourism, specif- 1. Agri-tourism (agro-tourism or farm- ic tourism, selective tourism (term used in based tourism) former Yugoslav countries). Selective tour- 2. Ancestry tourism(the aim is to learn ism is tourism motivated by various reasons more about or to trace the ancestors) (Vukonić, Čavlek, 2001). That term is di- 3. Architourism (or architectural tour- rectly translated from Croatian into English ism) (selektivni – selective) and is not commonly 4. Avitourism (bird watching or birding used in foreign literature. Adjectival tourism tourism) refers to various forms of tourism, each with 5. Battlefields tourism (tours to former its own adjective - or noun used attributive- battlefields) ly (Raţă, 2012). Examples of the adjectival 6. Eco-tourism (or wildlife tourism, tourism markets include2: including whale-watching,the flora or the 1. Adventure and extreme (adventure, game) extreme, ), 7. Gambling tourism (visiting casino destinations to gamble) 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 8. Gastronomy tourism (or food tour- listofadjectivaltourisms ism, experiencing food) Broj 21, jun 2018 15

9. Lighthouse tourism(visiting or stay- tourism. Lennon& Foley (1996) determine ing in lighthouses) dark tourism (1996, p.198) as “the phenome- 10. Military tourism (visiting war me- non which encompasses the presentation and morials, battlefields, forts and war muse- consumption (by visitors) of real and com- ums) moditized and disaster sites”, (Rabotić 11. Nostalgia tourism (returning to a 2012). As Rabotić (2012) states, several terms destination for sentimental reasons) are used for tourist visits to places associat- 12. Photographic tourism (visitingdes- ed with death, wars and misfortune – dark tinations in order to take photographs) tourism, black spots tourism, Thanatourism, 13. Property tourism (visiting destina- morbid tourism, tourism etc. Approxi- tions to purchase residential property) mately 800 places in 108 different countries 14. (or - are listed on the dark tourism web site3. includes homestays to experience rural life) Although dark tourism appeared as term 15. tourism (participating in sa- only at the end of the past century, first cas- faris) es were registered in 17th century: in 1653 16. Spa tourism (visiting mineral or hot Willem van de Velde, a Dutch Golden Age springs) seascape painter, observed a naval battle 17. Wedding tourism(honeymooners or between the Dutch and the English as the wedding ceremonies out of homeland) first war tourist. In the mid-1800s Thom- 18. Wellness or spiritual tourism (en- as Cook organized special train joying reflexology, massages or meditation) transporting passengers to witness public 19. Wildlife tourism(viewing marine hangings around England. The first tourist wildlife and photographing wildlife) agency to specialize in dark tourism organ- 20. Wine tourism(visiting wine routes, ized trips to Lakehurst, New Jersey, the place vineyards, wineries, wine festivals etc.) of Hindenburg airship disaster (1937).4War 21. (tourism for trav- tourism is recreational travel to active or for- ellers with universal access requirements) mer war zones for purposes of sightseeing 22. Adventure tourism(traveling with or historical study: during the Crimean War possiblerisks, specialized skills and physical (1853-1856), Mark Twain led tourists to visit exertion are requested) the wrecked city of Sevastopol, in 2010a trip 23. Cruise tourism(traveling on cruis- to Baghdad cost up to $40,000 and in 2014 ers) tourists in were taken to spectate on 24. Cultural tourism (visiting urban the Syrian Civil War. areas with historical significance or cultural In 2010 Jadrešić defined the selective facilities) tourism as generic term, based on serious 25. Film Tourism (visiting film or and reasonable selection of programs, on TV-production locations) sustainable and acceptable behavior of all More types of SIT could be added: benefit participants, on ecological, sociocultural tourism, , booze tourism (booze and economic principles of balanced de- cruise), , international volun- velopment, on quality of service, authentic teering, LGBT tourism, , stay- identity, and desirable, legal and balanced cation, tombstone tourism, visiting friends number of tourist and local population on and relatives, soccer tourism, virtual tourism specific location. (Theodoros, 2015). It is to be expected that the list will be continuously extended in fu- 3 http://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/18- ture, and/or existing groups will be divided main-menus/mainmenussubpages/596- into more specialized subgroups. categories-of-dark-tourism Both listings mention types of tourism 4 https://boldtourist.com/war-dark-tourism- which could be classified as subgroups of dark the-beginning/ 16 Turističko poslovanje

Cemetery tourism Tombstone tourist (or a “cemetery en- thusiast”, “cemetery tourist”, “grave hunter”, In many cities around the world, ceme- “graver”, or “taphophile”) describes an in- teries are considered an active part of urban dividual who has a passion for cemeteries, historical and identity related contexts. In epitaphs, photography, art and history of that sense the graveyard is the integral part (famous) . The term has been used of the city’s cultural landscape (Pécsek, B. by author and biographer Scott Stanton as (2015). However cemeteries might have oth- the title of his former website and book, The er meanings – an interest for genealogy and Tombstone Tourist: Musicians (2003).7 family history and awakening of patriotism Different cemeteries provide a different when visiting the national war memorials. set of experiences, depending on their style, The visit to the buried celebrities makes the layout and the proportion of built struc- cemeteries memorable and significant in tures versus green spaces, the concept and terms of socio-cultural dimensions (Okho- meaning. vat, 2017). According to Ravitz (2009) for visitors who are in search of famous tomb- stones, it can be a sort of entertainment, a Classification history and architecture lesson, a cultural appreciation course, a genealogical journey Visit to cemetery might be the only pur- and relaxation. pose of travelling or a part of regular tour- Most of the research done refers to cem- ing, consequently primary or secondary mo- eteries from the antropological and archi- tive for travelling. It is driven by emotions of tectural points of view as good examples of variable intensity. park architecture, sculpture art, cultural her- Cemetery tourism could be divided in to itage, often an open-air museum (Johnson, several most important subgroups accord- 2008; Markešić, 2010) while in tourism con- ing to the motive of visit: text, cemeteries are related to dark tourism 1. Ancestral – visiting family graves or thanatourism (Rabotić, 2012). Rabotić (prominent in countries with large world- (2012) determines cemeteries as attractions wide diaspora) which have historical and commemorative 2. Cultural– visiting cemeteries as open aspect in the center of dark tourism. Accord- air museums, tombs of famous poets, writ- ing to Schmidt (2017) Green-Wood Ceme- ers, actors, scientists, Nobel winners tery was the only green space in New York 3. National – visiting memorial parks in 1838 and it was the second most popular (Arlington National Cemetery, Hiroshima tourist destination in the country (Niagara Memorial Park, Piskaryovskoye Memorial Falls was first). Two cemeteries appear to be Cemetery) the inspiration for Central Park (construct- 4. Nature – visiting cemeteries as arbo- ed from 1859-1873): Green-Wood and the retum (Mount Auburn Cemetery) Mount Auburn Cemetery, built in 18315 5. Political - visitingtombsofkings, pres- which even today is a major tourist attrac- idents, prime ministers or political person- tion, ranked the first of 84things to do in alities Cambridge by TripAdvisor.6 6. Religious – visiting tombs with reli- gious significance (Christ’s tomb, Jerusalem) Cemetery management, travel agents 5 www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/ and tourism organizations should use classi- 19827-2 fication to determine the potential markets. 6 https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_ Review-g60890-d104301-Reviews- Mount_Auburn_Cemetery-Cambridge_ 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone_ Massachusetts.html tourist Broj 21, jun 2018 17

Programes, promotion and publishing ized independent websites (Find a Grave11, LISTAL12 etc.). Decades ago, cemeteries used to be Douglas Keister, a Californian cem- closed to public and opened only to rela- etery photographer published six books tives of the deceased or owners of tombs to about cemeteries around the world. He is enter. Today they see the possibility of pro- engaged by several cemeteries to lead tours motion as a source of direct and indirect through their grounds. Scott Stanton wrote income – cemeteries have become a serious a book “The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians” business. Many of them organize concerts, in which he describes more than 550 buri- historical performances, lectures, dance al sites of musicians throughout the world (from Tchaikovsky to Jim Morrison). Many and musical performances, bicycle races, cemeteries publish their own monographs outdoor film screening (Hollywood For- and Zagreb Tourist Board published a bro- ever cemetery attracts about 2000 people chure with locations of most important every Saturday night for picnic and classic graves on Mirogoj Cemetery. movies) and other events. Active cemeter- ies carefully plan events in order not to dis- turb regular . The interest in Ameri- Associations and organizations can cemeteries grows in Halloween period (Schmidt, 2017). Several associations in the world deal Cemeteries have their own walking with cemeteries organization, preservation, tours, tours with trolley cars or nighttime promotion and financing. lantern tours (Green-Wood, Brooklyn, La The European Commission under its Recoleta, Buenos Aires, Lafayette Cemetery, Europe for Citizens Program co-funds the New Orleans, New Cemetery, Belgrade- the project “Remembrance in European Cem- med walking tours Tales of Artists and Writ- eteries”(2011) with the aim to make people ers of Belgrade, Heroes and Heroines of the understand how European culture is reflect- Great War and Great People of Goodwill8, ed in cemeteries.13 Varaždin Cemetery9 etc.). The Association of Significant Ceme- 14 Few cemeteries served as film locations. teries in Europe - ASCE , with headquar- In 2011, the Hollywood Forever cemetery ters in Slovenia, deals with protection and acted as co-production company for the promotion of its members (179 cemeteries American movie Silent Life based on the sto- in 22 countries, including Bosnia & Herze- govina, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia), em- ry of Rudolph Valentino, who is entombed phasizing that cemeteries are both tangible there. 10 (for sculptures, engravings, urban planning, The appreciation of cemeteries has architecture) and intangible (anthropologi- evolved along with science and technology: cal significance, habits, traditions related to there are individual websites, GPS equip- death) heritage which represent local histo- ment (for easy location of graveyards), ry, cultural and religious identity. The Asso- interactive maps, applications and special- ciation’s thematic cemeteries route, as a part of the certified Europe Cultural Routes of 8 http://www.significantcemeteries.org/2017/11/ the-new-cemetery-in-belgrade-attracted.html 11 https://www.findagrave.com/ 9 http://www.significantcemeteries.org/search/ label/Croatia 12 www.listal.com/list/graves-of-famous- actorsactresses 10 https://www.discoverworld.com/United- States-of-America/California/Los-Angeles/ 13 https://cemeteriesroute.eu/about-cemeteries- City-of-Los-Angeles/Hollywood-Forever- route/eu-fundings.aspx Cemetery 14 http://www.significantcemeteries.org/ 18 Turističko poslovanje the Council of Europe won in 2011 UNW- in the world with 2 mil. tourists per year TO Ulysses Award (granted for innovative (Rabotić, 2012). Visitors can see tombs of projects in tourism). Molière, Frédéric Chopin, Jim Morrison (ac- The International Cemetery, Crema- cording to Schmidt (2017) the most visited tion and Association – ICCFA,15 grave in the world), Oscar Wilde, Maria Cal- is the oldest (since 1887) international trade las, Amedeo Modigliani, Edith Piaf, Marcel association representing all segments of the Proust, Honore de Balzac, Gilbert Bécaud, cemetery, funeral service, and George Bizet, Claude Chabrol, Bojidar Kara- memorialization profession. To its 9,100 georgevitch (Serbian prince), Yves Montand, members worldwide ICCFA offers various Simone Signoret, Porfirio Diaz (Mexican services aimed to improve members’ man- President), Rafael Trujillo (former dictator agement techniques and businesses. of the Dominican Republic), Countess Ma- The International Association of rie Walewska (Napoleon’s mistress)etc. Cemeteries and Crematories16, founded in Novodevichy Cemetery, ranked 38th of USA is a nonprofit organization, dealing with 2,515 things to do in Moscow by TripAdvi- the standards, ethics, and professionalism of sor. It was inaugurated in 1898. Many great pet cemeteries and crematories worldwide, Russian poets, writers, political leaders, ac- with members from more than 15 countries. tors, scientists and philosophers are buried The tomb of Rin Tin Tin, a German Shep- here: Nikolai Gogol, Anton Chekhov, Nikita herd who appeared in 27 Hollywood films, Khrushchev, Boris Jeltsin, Sergei Eisenstein, in Le Cimetière des Chiens, (the old- Vladimir Mayakovski, Sergei Prokofiev,Fe - est pet cemetery in the world, founded in odor Chaliapin, Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei 1899)17 is visited by numerous tourists, and Bondarchouk, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, listed by TripAdvisor as attraction No1 in Vyacheslav Molotov, Michail Bulgakov, An- Asnieres-sur-Seine suburb. American pet drei Gromyko, Raisa Gorbacheva, Nadezhda cemeteries are exhibition of monuments and Alliluyeva, Dmitri Hvorostovsky18etc. affection of ’ owners, their money, pow- La Recoleta, ranked 9th of 814 things to er and fame – the graves of movie stars pets’ do in Buenos Aires by TripAdvisor. There exceed in luxury and flamboyance. are over 6,400 grandiose mausoleums re- sembling Gothic chapels, Greek temples, fairytale grottoes and elegant little houses. Famous cemeteries and memorial parks The most famous tomb belongs to Evita Per- on. This cemetery is worldwide known for Important people are buried in impor- its beauty. tant cemeteries, and cemeteries become im- Highgate Cemetery, ranked 56th of portant because of the people who are bur- 1,764 things to do in London. Karl Marx is ied there. Among many famous cemeteries buried in the East Cemetery (an entrance fee there are still few which deserve special at- of 6$!), George Michael’s grave is in a pri- tention and are real tourist attraction. vate part of the cemetery, not accessible to Père Lachaise, ranked 446th of 1,277 visitors. things to do in Paris by TripAdvisor. Found- St. Louis Cemetery 1st, ranked 25th of ed in 1804 by Napoleon Bonaparte, it is 381 things to do in New Orleans. Founded in considered to be the most visited graveyard 1789. It is a favorite filming spot, having been seen in Easy Rider, Interview with a Vampire, 15 https://iccfa.com/history/ Double Jeopardy, NCIS: New Orleans, Amer- 16 http://www.iaopc.com/ ican Horror Story, Dracula 2000, The Orig- 17 http://www.u-strasse.com/the-worlds-oldest- pet-cemetery-le-cimetiere-des-chiens-in- 18 https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people- paris/ buried-in-novodevichy-cemetery/reference Broj 21, jun 2018 19 inals, and numerous music videos. Marie Arlington National Cemetery, ranked Laveau, a voodoo priestess (the “witch queen 1st of 107 things to do in Arlington. It is a of New Orleans) is buried here. United States military cemetery in Arlington Hollywood Cemeteries – several ceme- County, Virginia, across the Potomac River teries in Hollywood area out of which most from Washington D.C. There are graves of important are: 360,000 veterans from the nation’s conflicts Forest Lawn Memorial Park, ranked beginning with the Civil War. Listed on the 3rd of 31 things to do in Glendale, founded National Register of Historic Places in 2014. in 1906, hosts Lauren Bacall, Humphrey Bo- President John F. Kennedy, Joseph P. Ken- gart, Nat King Cole, Sammy Davis Jr., Walt nedy Jr., Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Disney, Errol Flynn, Michael Jackson, Har- Kennedy are all buried here. old Lloyd, Carol Lombard, Mary Pickford, In Washington D.C. there are several James Steward, Elizabeth Taylor, Spencer important memorial parks: Tracy, Clark Gable etc. Vietnam Veterans Memorial- names Hollywood Forever, ranked 63rd of of 58000 Americans who were killed in Vi- 596 things to do in Los Angeles. Founded etnam are carved in this memorial’s walls. in 1899, attracts hundreds of thousands of Listed on the National Register of Historic tourists from all over the world. Listed on Places. Around 3 million people visit this the National Register of Historic Sites. Many memorial every year. celebrities – iconic actors, directors, writers Japanese American Memorial to Patri- etc. from the entertainment industry are otism During World War II - commemo- buried here in elegant and luxurious graves, rates the experience of American citizens of crypts, niches and sarcophagi: George Har- Japanese ancestry who patriotically support- rison, Jayne Mansfield, Cecil B. DeMille, ed the United States despite unjust treatment John Huston, Rudolph Valentino, Douglas during World War II. Fairbanks, Tyron Power, Yma Sumac, Ben- jamin “Bugsy” Siegel, etc.19 The Piskariovskoye Memorial Ceme- Westwood Village Memorial Park tery, ranked 139th of 1,857 things to do in Cemetery, ranked 48th of 596 things to do St. Petersburg, Russia. It commemorates the in Los Angeles established in 1905, hosts 900-day Siege of Leningrad. About 420,000 Truman Capote, Jackie Collins, James Co- civilians and 70 000 soldiers who died de- fending the city are buried in the cemetery’s burn, Peter Falk, Farrah Fawcett, ZsaZsa 20 Gabor, Hugh Hefner, Janis Joplin, Burt Lan- 186 mass graves. caster, Jack Lemmon, Karl Malden, Dean Rossoshki Military Memorial Ceme- Martin, Walter Matthau, Marilyn Monroe, tery, ranked 23rd of 230 things to do in Vol- Sidney Sheldon, Natalie Wood etc. gograd, Russia. The Grieving Mother statue Memorial cemeteries/parks commemo- dominates the entire area. There are hun- rate the death of an individual or of many dreds of Russian mass graves at Rossoshki. people through a natural or other disaster, The identities of many of the 17,000 Soviet or through military action. People visit such soldiers buried here were never established. places either to pay tribute to the buried per- Their number increases every year as search sons or for patriotic reasons. Almost every crews recover more remains. More than country has such memorial cemetery or 58,000 Nazi soldiers are buried in the mass park, but some are worldwide known and graves in German section of the cemetery. although they attract hundreds of thousands The names of over 120,000 Nazi soldiers of visitors, their significance goes beyond missing in action are engraved on the walls the pure tourist meaning. of the huge granite cubes. Some Romanian

19 http://www.hollywoodforever.calls.net/ 20 http://www.pmemorial.ru 20 Turističko poslovanje soldiers who fought on the Nazi side are also Vietnam War, Communist guerrilla troops buried at Rossoshki.21 (Viet Cong) dug tens of thousands of miles USS Arizona Memorial22 at Pearl Har- of tunnels, now part of a Vietnam War me- bor, ranked 1st of 335 things to do in Hono- morial park in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly lulu, marks the resting place of 1,102 of the Saigon) and popular tourist attraction. Vi- 1,177 sailors and Marines killed on USS Ar- etnamese tourists come to commemorate izona (BB-39) during the Japanese attack their dead and remember the struggle, while on December 7, 1941. The memorial, built Western tourists come to explore the site. 26 in 1962, is visited by more than two million Khmer Rouge Killing Fields, ranked people annually. Declared a National Histor- 3rd of 136 things to do in Phnom Penhare ic Landmarkin 1989. a number of sites in Cambodia where col- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park lectively more than 1,400.000 people were ranked 3rd of 270 things to do in Hiroshi- killed and buried in 20.000 mass grave sites ma. It is dedicated to the memories of the by the Khmer Rouge regime (1975-1979). bomb’s direct and indirect victims (estimat- The total number of deaths resulting from ed 140,000)23. The Atomic Bomb Memorial Khmer Rouge policies range from 1.7 to Mound is a large, grass-covered knoll that 2.5 million people out of a 1975 population contains the cremated ashes of 70,000 un- of roughly 8 million.27 identified victims of the bomb. Cenotaph Nazi extermination camps (also known for Korean Victims is dedicated to at least as death camps, death factories or killing 45,000 Koreans that were among 400,000 centers) were built for systematically killing killed persons. (Jews, Slavs, Communists and others con- YadVashem, the World Holocaust Re- sidered “untermenschen”). The most known membrance Center, ranked 2nd of 315 were Auschwitz (Birkenau), Majdanek and things to do in Jerusalem by TripAdvisor, is Treblinka. The estimated total number of the ultimate source for Holocaust education, executed people in all extermination camps documentation and research.24 is over 3, 2 million. Le Memorial de Verdun, ranked 3rd of In the post-war period Poland creat- 30 things to do in Verdun by TripAdvisor. ed monuments at the It is dedicated to the important battle in the sites, and they have visitors from all over the WW 1. The ossuary cloister contains the world (especially the Auschwitz camp). bones of 130,000 unidentified soldiers. Nazi concentration camps served pri- India Gate, New Delhi, ranked 14th of marily as detention and slave labor explo- 446 things to do in New Delhi, commemo- ration centers. Most of them (about 15.000 rates all Indian soldiers who died in World camps in the occupied countries) were de- War I and the Third Afghan War (1919) with stroyed by the Germans in an attempt to the names of more than 70,000 men. 25 hide the evidence of war crimes. The most Cu Chi Tunnel, ranked 4th of 259 things known were Buchenwald, Dachau, Mau- to do in Ho Chi Minh City. During the thausen, Ravensbrück, Theresienstadt.28 Burial places of important political per- 21 http://rossoshka.ru/ sonalities (president sand prime ministers) 22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_ attract a large number not only tourists but Memorial 23 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_ 26 http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/ Peace_Memorial_Park cu-chi-tunnels 24 http://www.yadvashem.org/ 27 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_ 25 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/ Rouge_Killing_Fields travel/WWI-cemeteries-around-world- 28 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ 180963437/#u4qREzXJCpzV6Kv3.99 concentration_camps Broj 21, jun 2018 21 also of their political followers29 and repre- Ronald Reagan, (year of death 2004), sent today major tourist attractions. Em- Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, balmed and exposed in mausoleums are: California Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (year of death Theodore Roosevelt, (year of death 1924), Red Square in Moscow 1919), Youngs Memorial Cemetery, Oyster Ho Chi Minh, (year of death 1969), Ha- Bay, New York, noi since 1975 Mao Zedong, (year of death 1976), Bei- jing’s Tiananmen Square. Vandalism Ferdinand Marcos, (year of death 1989 in US exile), Batac, Philippines. No cemetery in the world is spared from Kim Il-Sung (year of death 1994) North vandalism and tourism might increase that Korea’s founding president and his son Kim risk especially for celebrity graveyards. Jong-Il (year of death 2011), Pyongyang Therefore some tombs are not accessible for There are other presidents whose burial public (George Michel in London), some are places attract a lot of visitors like: fenced off (Jim Morrison, Paris) and some Josip Broz Tito, (year of death 1980), families opt for burial on private heavily House of Flowers in Belgrade, Serbia guarded estates (Elvis Presley, Graceland Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, (year of death Estate, Memphis). 1938), Anitkabir Mausoleum, Ankara, Turkey There are cases of theft, ransom or sim- Charles De Gaulle, (year of death ple destruction: 1970), Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises, Cham- James Dean tombstone in Park Cem- etery in Fairmont, Indiana has been stolen pagne-Ardenne, France 31 Sir Winston Churchill, (year of death three times. 1965), St. Martin Churchyard, Bladon, West In 1976 Juan Peron’s hands, his hat and Oxfordshire District, England sword were stolen from his tomb in Buenos Graveyards of American presidents are Aires, a requested ransom of 8 million US$ was not paid, hands and stolen artifacts were visited both by Americans and tourists in never found. large numbers. Some of most visited burial In 1978 the body of Charles Chaplin was places of American presidents are30: stolen from his grave in Switzerland. A re- George Washington, (year of death quested ransom was denied,the body was 1799), Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, Vir- found and relocated. ginia In 2017 several Jewish cemeteries (in Abraham Lincoln, (year of death 1865), St. Louis, New York, Philadelphia and Mis- Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, Illinois souri) were damaged. Dwight D. Eisenhower (year of death Marilyn Monroe crypt is covered with 1969) Eisenhower Presidential Center, lipstick, fingerprints and graffiti. Abilene, Kansas A bust of Jim Morrison in Paris, put on John F. Kennedy (year of death 1963), the grave site in 1981, was defaced with graf- Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia fiti, its nose stolen, and finally stolen in its Richard Nixon, (year of death 1994), entirety in 1988.32 Nixon Presidential Library, Yorba Linda, California

29 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/ 31 https://www.biography.com/news/famous- article-3783789/Body-politics-famous- tombstones preserved-corpses.html 32 http://www.craveonline.com/ 30 http://www.presidentsusa.net/ mandatory/1038266-the-8-most-vandalized- presidentsgravesites.html celebrity-graves#Uus8GIabd1eyqLct.99 22 Turističko poslovanje

Even pet cemetery was looted: in 2012 a tery itself and shortage of facilities (place to diamond collar worth 9,000 Euros, buried rest, toilets, coffee shops). with a movie star dog Rin Tin Tin, in the Paris suburb of Asnieres-sur-Seine, was sto- Considering growing interest and possi- len. 33 bility of creating financial benefit, in coordi- Although cemeteries take security meas- nation with local tourist organization, travel ures it is obviously still not enough. Other- agents, tourist guides and city authority’s wise it is not possible to explain the theft of new perception of cemetery activities and 200 kg heavy tombstone. From tourist point services should be created. Urban ceme- of view, vandalism increases some morbid teries might extend the average length of a attractiveness. city break. An important role in promotion should be TripAdvisors ranking – the high position of cemeteries as places to visit in Conclusion some destinations proves the significance of cemeteries as tourist attraction. Cemeteries are sacred and emotional Not all cemeteries have the same oppor- spaces, witnesses of local culture through tunity to become a tourist attractions. Those history and religion, and in that sense they with important cultural and architectonic have important touristic significance and heritage should organize cemetery tours mission. Many cemeteries see themselves on regular basis, concerts of classical music as places of life, which offer opportunities (not only for religious holidays), establish an to organize various events with the purpose information center with coffee shop, sou- to attract both local people and tourists, but venirs, and brochures and plan extensive also to create an important new income in marketing activities. Cemeteries should a refined and acceptable manner. Such con- make a proper and thorough analysis of all cepts are strongly dictated and conditioned possibilities in order to increase their attrac- by local mentality, culture, religion, val- tiveness and accessibility, but also awareness ues, habits, customs, tradition etc. Many of about their cultural, historical and natu- American practices would be considered in ral importance. Further research could be Europe as offensive, completely unaccept- aimed towards practical implementation of able and inappropriate (like eating, bicy- the cemetery concept as tourist attraction cling, watching movies etc). The programs and focused on travel agents and local au- and activities proposed to European cem- thorities to enhance their understanding of eteries should be therefore carefully exam- cemeteries as great tourist product, which ined and evaluated, taking into cosideration would enable them to create new programs the differences in approach, flexibility, inno- and find new markets. vation and funding of private and state/city owned cemeteries. The majority of visitors who come to References fulfill their specific needs (visit their family graves, pay tributes to the fallen in the war or Galičić, V. (2014) Leksikon ugostiteljstva i tu- to celebrities) complain about the inefficient rizma, Fakultet za menadžment u turiz- marketing, the lack of proper information mu i ugostiteljstvu Opatija, p. 856 available prior to the visit and at the ceme- Jadrešić, V. (2010) Janusovo lice turizma, od masovnog do selektivno-održivog turiz- 33 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ ma. Plejada, Zagreb, p. 171. worldnews/europe/france/9086674/Thieves- Jadrešić, V.(2001) Turizam u interdiscipli- steal-dead-dogs-diamond-collar-from-pet- narnoj teoriji i primjeni. Školska knjiga, cemetery.html Zagreb. p. 86, p.118. Broj 21, jun 2018 23

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