Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum): a Precious Spice

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(2): 90-96 90

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Diego Francisco Cortés-Rojas*, Claudia Regina Fernandes de Souza, Wanderley Pereira Oliveira Laboratory of R&D on Pharmaceutical Processes–LAPROFAR-Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Av. do Café s/n, Bloco Q, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Peer reviewer Syzygium aromaticum ( ) é Clove is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries Dr. Marcos Jos Salvador, Associated as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes. Clove is native of Indonesia but nowadays P r o f e s s o r , P h a r m a c y C o u r c e , is cultured in several parts of the world including Brazil in the state of Bahia. This plant Department of Plant Biology, Institute represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate of Biology, State University of and gallic acid and posses great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural Campinas (UNICAMP). applications. This review includes the main studies reporting the biological activities of clove and Tel: 055-19-35216167 eugenol. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is higher than many fruits, vegetables E-mail: [email protected] and other spices and should deserve special attention. A new application of clove as larvicidal B Comments agent is an interesting strategy to combat dengue which is a serious health problem in razil and other tropical countries. Pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies were also mentioned. The In the review, the authors demonstrated different studies reviewed in this work confirm the traditional use of clove as food preservative the main studies reportingS. aromaticum the biological and medicinal plant standing out the importance of this plant for different applications. activities of clove ( ) and eugenol. Based on the information presented, it could be concluded that clove represents a very interesting plant with an enormous potential as food preservative and as a rich source of antioxidant compounds. Details on Page 94 KEYWORDS Spice, Clove, Aromatic plant, Volatile, Antioxidant, Dengue fever, Larvicidal

1. Introduction cariophylata ) commonly known as clove, is an median size tree (8-12 m) from the Mirtaceae family native from the Spices as clove, oregano, mint, thyme and cinnamon, Maluku islands in east Indonesia. For centuries the trade of have been employed for centuries as food preservatives clove and the search of this valuable spice stimulated the and as medicinal plants mainly due to its antioxidant and economic development of this Asiatic region[2]. antimicrobial activities. Nowadays, many reports confirm The clove tree is frequently cultivated in coastal areas the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticarcinogenic at maximum altitudes of 200 m above the sea level. The properties of spice plants. Clove in particular has attracted production of flower buds, which is the commercialized part the attention due to the potent antioxidant and antimicrobial of this tree, starts after 4 years of plantation. Flower buds activities standing out among the other spices[1]. are collected in the maturation phase before flowering. The Syzygium aromaticum S. aromaticum Eugenia ( ) (synonym: collection could be done manually or chemically-mediated

é C D F C R M S L R D * orresponding author: iego rancisco ort s ojas, ê. c., aboratoryê of & Article history: on Pharmaceutical Processes-LAPROFAR-Faculdade de Ci ncias Farmac uticas de 26 2013 ã é ã Received Oct Ribeir o Preto/USP, Av. do Caf s/n, Bloco Q, 14040-903, Ribeir o Preto, SP, Brazil. Received in revised form 4 Nov, 2nd revised form 14 Nov, 3rd revised form 23 Nov 2013 E-mail: [email protected] 22 2013 ã Accepted Dec Foundation Project: Supported by the S o Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP- Available online 28 Feb 2014 Brazil (Grant No. 2012/09890-6). Diego Francisco Cortés-Rojas et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(2): 90-96 91 using a natural phytohormone which liberates ethylene in fruits, seeds and vegetables. Among spices, clove showed the the vegetal tissue, producing precocious maturation[3]. higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds. et al Nowadays, the larger producer countries of clove are In another work published by Shan .[1], the main Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and phenolic compounds in 26 spices were identified and Tanzania specially the Zanzibar island[2]. In Brazil, clove quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, in vitro is cultured in the northeast region, in the state of Bahia in followed by the antioxidant activity analysis by the ç á á the regions of Valen a, Ituber , Tapero , Camamu and Nilo ABTS method. Results showed the high correlation between ç Pe anha, where approximately 8 000 hectares are cultivated, the polyphenols content and the antioxidant activity. Clove producing near 2 500 tons per year[4-5]. (buds) was the spice presenting higher antioxidant activity and polyphenol content, (168.660依0.024) tetraethylammonium chloride (mmol of Trolox/100g dried weight) and (14.380依 2. Chemical compounds isolated from clove 0.006) g of gallic acid (equivalents/100g of dried weight) respectively. The major types of phenolic compounds Clove represents one of the major vegetal sources of found were phenolic acids (gallic acid), flavonol glucosides, phenolic compounds as flavonoids, hidroxibenzoic acids, phenolic volatile oils (eugenol, acetyl eugenol) and tannins. hidroxicinamic acids and hidroxiphenyl propens. Eugenol It was highlighted the huge potential of clove as radical is the main bioactive compound of clove, which is found in scavenger and as a commercial source of polyphenols. concentrations ranging from 9 381.70 to 14 650.00 mg per 100 g The antioxidant activity of clove and caraway were in vitro of fresh plant material[6]. screened using various models, such as b-carotene- With regard to the phenolic acids, gallic acid is the linoleate, ferric thiocyanate, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl compound found in higher concentration (783.50 mg/100 (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and reducing power model g fresh weight). However, other gallic acid derivates as systems concluding that the antioxidant activity of clove hidrolizable tannins are present in higher concentrations and caraway is comparable with butylated hydroxytoluene (2 375.8 mg/100 g)[1]. Other phenolic acids found in clove are (BHT), a synthetic compound commonly employed as food et al ü ç et al the caffeic, ferulic, elagic and salicylic acids. Flavonoids preservative Bamdad [9]. According to G l in .[10], as kaempferol, quercetin and its derivates (glycosilated) are the antioxidant activity of clove oil compared with synthetic also found in clove in lower concentrations. antioxidants measured as the scavenging of the DPPH radical Concentrations up to 18% of essential oil can be found decreased in the following order: clove oil>BHT>alfa- in the clove flower buds. Roughly, 89% of the clove tocopherol>butylated hydroxyanisole>Trolox. essential oil is eugenol and 5% to 15% is eugenol acetate The antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of clove β in vitro [7] A 2 2 and -cariofileno . nother important compound found has been tested by different methods’ as , - in the essential oil of clove in concentrations up to 2.1% diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2 -azino-bis α is -humulen. Other volatile compounds present in lower (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), oxigen β concentrations in clove essential oil are -pinene, limonene, radical absorbance capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant farnesol, benzaldehyde, 2-heptanone and ethyl hexanoate. power, xanthine oxidase and 2-deoxiguanosine. Clove and plants as pine, cinnamon, and mate proved its enormous potential as food preservative among the other 30 plants 3. Biological activities analyzed[11]. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of clove and lavender at µ Clove is an important medicinal plant due to the wide concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 g/mL showed inhibitions up range of pharmacological effects consolidated from to 95% when tested as metal quelants, superoxide radical traditional use for centuries and reported in literature. A capture and scavenging of the DPPH radical. The powerful review of several scientific reports of the most important antioxidant activity of both extracts may be attributed to the biological activities of clove and eugenol is presented in the strong hydrogen donating ability, metal chelating ability following paragraphs. and scavanging of free radicals, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide[12]. 3.1. Antioxidant activity ü G lcin studied the antioxidant activity of eugenol by in vitro several methods and discusses the structure-activity Recently, the United States Department of Agriculture in relationship[13]. Compared to butylated hydroxyanisole, α collaboration with Universities and private companies create BHT, Trolox and -tocopherol, eugenol presented higher a database with the polyphenol content and antioxidant antioxidant activity in most of the methods tested, DPPH, activity of different kind of foods. Based on this database, ABTS, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, CUPRAC é é et al P rez-Jim nez . classified the 100 richest dietary sources and ferric reducing assay. It was remarked that plant of polyphenols[8]. Results indicate that the spice plants are polyphenols are multifunctional in the sense that they can the kind of food with higher polyphenol content followed by act as reducing agents, hydrogen atom donators, and singlet Diego Francisco Cortés-Rojas et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(2): 90-96 92 oxygen scavengers. Eugenol allows the donation of an In another work published by Dorman and Deans[19], the hydrogen atom and subsequent stabilization of the phenoxil antibacterial activity of black pepper, geranium, nutmeg, radical generated forming stable compounds that do not start oregano, thyme and clove was tested against 25 strains of or propagate oxidation. The eugenol molecule possesses an Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The oils with the interesting conjugation of the carbon chain with the aromatic widest spectrum of activity were thyme, oregano and clove ring which could participate in the stabilization of the respectively. Origanum phenoxyl radical by resonance. This chromophoric system The antibacterial activity of clove, oregano ( vulgare Pimenta racemosa Thymus is also present in molecule of resveratrol which is another ), bay ( ) and thyme ( vulgaris E. coli important antioxidant. It has been proposed the hypothesis ) essential oil was tested against O157:H7 that eugenol reduces two or more DPPH radicals, despite the showing the different grades of inhibition of these essential availability of only one hydrogen from a hydroxyl group. oils[20]. Likewise formulations containing eugenol and The formation of dimers of eugenol (dehydrodieugenol) carvacrol encapsulated in a non ionic surfactant were tested E. with two phenolic hidroxyl groups originated from eugenyl against four strains of two important foodborne pathogens, coli Listeria monocitogenes intermediate radicals has also been proposed as mechanism O157:H7 and , results reinforces between eugenol and DPPH radicals . the employment of eugenol to inhibit the growth of these S. aromaticum Nigella sativa In the same way, oil and oil microorganisms in surfaces in contact with food[21]. et al significant protect male rats exposed to aflatoxins which Rana . determined the antifungic activity of clove oil caused hepato and nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress. in different strains and reported this scale of sensibility Mucor Microsporum gypseum Fusarium monoliforme Regarding to the biochemical parameters, such as alanine sp.> > Trichophytum rubrum Aspergillus Fusarium aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline NCIM 1100> > sp.> oxysporum phospatase, total billirubin, urea, total protein, cholesterol, MTCC 284[22]. The chromatographic analyses the activity of both oils were comparable with the controls[14]. showed that eugenol was the main compound responsible Antioxidants are important compounds for treatment of for the antifungic activity due to lysis of the spores and memory deficits caused by oxidative stress[15]. Pretreatment micelles. A similar mechanism of action of membrane with clove essential oil decreases the oxidative stress disruption and deformation of macromolecules produced by et al D [23] assessed’ by malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels eugenol was reported by evi . in mice s brain. This study concluded that clove oil could The activities of clove oil against different dermatophytes Microsporum canis Trichophyton revert memory and learning deficits caused by scopolamine as (KCTC 6591), mentagrophytes Trichophyton rubrum in short and long term as a result of the reduction in the (KCTC 6077), (KCCM Epidermophyton floccosum oxidative stress[16]. Memory and learning improvements 60443), (KCCM 11667) and Microsporum gypseum of clove oil were observed in scopolamine-treated mice were tested and results indicate a at doses of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mL/kg when compared with maximum activity at concentration of 0.2 mg/mL with an saline solution control group in an elevated plus maze test. effectiveness of up to 60%[24]. Rosmarinus These works prove the benefits of the employment of clove Pure clove oil or mixes with rosemary ( officinalis Staphylococcus as a rich source of antioxidants for the treatment of memory spp.) oil were tested against epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, E. deficits caused by oxidative stress. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Extracts from clove buds could also be used as food and results antioxidants. The shelf-life and frying stability of showed minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.062% encapsulated and un-encapsulated eugenol-rich clove and 0.500% (v/v) which is promising as antiinfenccious agents extracts were tested in soybean oil[17]. Controlled release or as food preservative[25]. of antioxidants could be achieved by encapsulated clove The anticandidal activity of eugenol and carvacrol was powder obtained by spray drying using maltodextrin and tested in a vaginal candidiasis model, microbial and arabic gum as wall materials. histological techniques were employed to compare the samples with the controls. The results suggest that eugenol 3.2. Antimicrobial activity and carvacrol could be a promising antifungal agent for treatment and prophylaxis of vaginal candidiasis[26]. The antimicrobial activities of clove have been proved In addition to the wide spectrum of activity of eugenol et al against several bacteria and fungal strains. Sofia . tested against bacteria, a study showed that eugenol and µ the antimicrobial activity of different Indian spice plants cinnamaldehyde at 2 g/mL inhibited the growth of 31 strains Helicobacter pylori as mint, cinnamon, mustard, ginger, garlic and clove[18]. of , after 9 h and 12 h of incubation, The only sampled that showed complete bactericidal effect respectively, being more potent that amoxicillin and Escherichia coli against all the food-borne pathogens tested without developing resistance. The activity and stability E. coli , Staphylococcus aureus a Bacillus cereus ( ) nd was the of those compounds was checked at low pH values since Helicobacter pylori aqueous extract of clove at 3%. At the concentration of 1% resides in the stomach[27]. clove extract also showed good inhibitory action. Solid lipid nanoparticles containing eugenol were Diego Francisco Cortés-Rojas et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(2): 90-96 93 prepared employing stearic acid, caprylic triglyceride and have been identified. Eugenol was selected as a potential Poloxamer 188 in different concentrations by a modified hot molecule that can interfere with several cell-signaling homogenization ultrasonication method. The particles formed pathways, specifically the nuclear factor kappa B (NF- were characterized by the particle size, polydispersitivity KB). This factor is activated by free radicals and results in index, morphology, zeta potential, crystalline state and the expression of gens that suppress apoptosis and induce encapsulation efficiency. The antifungal activity of solid cellular transformation, proliferation, invasion, metastasis in vivo lipid nanoparticles was tested by using a model of among others[36]. Candida albicans oral candidiasis ( ) in immunosupressed The anti-oxidative, citotoxic and genotoxic effects of rats. The results showed the increase in the therapeutic eugenol and borneol were tested as the ability to modulate effectiveness of eugenol and the modification of the release resistance against the damaging effects of H2O2 on DNA of when administrated as solid lipid nanoparticles[28]. different strains of human cells: malignan HepG2 hepatome Beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing cells, malignan Caco-2 colon cells and non malignan human eugenol and clove bud extracts were tested against two VH10 fibroblast. Results showed that eugenol presented a Salmonella enterica common foodborne pathogens, serovar notable anti-oxidative potential at all the concentrations Listeria innocua Typhimurium LT2 and [29]. Clove products tested. It was also evidenced that the citotoxic effects of have a great potential as food additives since they are very eugenol were stronger than those of borneol. With regard to effective and for being natural products are preferred for toxicity, eugenol presented strong genotoxic effects (DNA- consumers. Moreover, the solubility and the delivery are damaging) on human VH10 fibroblast, medium genotoxic improved with the encapsulation process. effects on Caco-2 colon cells and non DNA-damaging effects on HepG2 hepatome cells[37]. Nevertheless the 3.3. Antinociceptive National Toxicology Program based on several long term carcinogenicity studies concluded that eugenol was not The employment of clove as analgesic have been carcinogenic to rats[38]. reported since the 13th century, for toothache, join pain In another study, the eugenol suppressed the growth of the and antispasmodic, being the eugenol the main compound malign melanoma WM1205Lu of both anchorage-dependent responsable for this activity. The mechanism evolved has and anchorage-independent growth, decreases size of been attributed to the activation of calcium and chloride tumors and inhibits melanoma invasion and metastasis channels in ganglionar cells[30]. The voltage dependant by the inhibition of the two transition factors of the E2F effects of eugenol in sodium and calcium channels and family[38]. in receptors expressed in the trigeminal ganglio also Although there are many reports of the antioxidant contributed to the analgesic effect of clove[31]. Other results activity of eugenol, at high concentration eugenol could show that the analgesic effect of clove is due to the action as be prooxidant. The cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species capsaicin agonist[32]. The peripheral antinociceptive activity (ROS) production, and intracellular glutathione levels in a et al of eugenol was reported by Daniel . showing significant human submandibular cell line (HSG cells) of eugenol and et al activity at doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg[33]. isoeugenol was studied by Atsumi [39]. It was found that in the absence of oxidative stress eugenol acts as an 3.4. Antiviral antioxidant at low concentrations but acts as a prooxidant I at high concentrations. n the presence of oxidative stressµ The antiviral activity of eugeniin, a compound isolated eugenol increased ROS levels at low concentrations (5-10 mol/ S. aromaticum Geum japonicum µ L) (500 L) from and from , µwas tested , but decreased them at high concentrations mol/ . against herpes virus strains being effective at 5 g/mL, and Therefore, it can be concluded that the cytotoxicity of eugenol it was deducted that one of the major targets of eugeniin is occurs in a ROS-independent manner in the presence of the viral DNA synthesis by the inhibition of the viral DNA oxidative stress. In another work, it was reported that eugenol polymerase [34]. inhibits the enzyme MMP-9 which is related to metastasis S. aromaticum In another study, aqueous extracts of (L.) in human fibrosarcoma cells suggesting its application for Geum japonicum Merr. et Perry and other plants as Thunb., prevention of metastasis related to oxidative stress[40]. Rhus javanica Terminalia chebula L., and Retzus among 1 (HSV 1) others showed strong antiherpes simplex virus type - 4. Toxicity and pharmacokinetics activity when combined with acyclovir. This synergic activity was stronger in the brain that in the skin and it was also proved that those combinations were not toxic to mice[35]. The clove essential oil is generally recognized as safe substance when consumed in concentrations lower 3.5. Citotoxicity of eugenol than 1 500 mg/kg. On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO) established that the daily quantity After several years of intensive research, various acceptable of clove per day is of 2.5 mg/kg of weight in molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of cancer humans[10]. The toxicity of clove oil was tested in two Diego Francisco Cortés-Rojas et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(2): 90-96 94 Danio rerio Poecilia reticulata 6. Conclusion aquarium fish species, and the medium lethal concentrations (LD50) at 96 h were (18.2依 Danio rerio Poecilia 5.52) mg/mL in and (21.7依0.8) mg/mL in Based on the information presented, it could be reticulata [41]. concluded that clove represents a very interesting plant Eugenol is easily absorbed when administrated by oral with an enormous potential as food preservative and ’ route reaching rapidly plasma and blood with mean half- as a rich source of antioxidant compounds. It s proved lives of 14.0 h and 18.3 h, respectively. A cumulative biological activities suggest the development of medicinal effect has been hypothesized and associated to relieve of products for human and animals uses and confirm why this neuropathic pain after repeated daily administrations[42]. plant has been employed for centuries.

5. Agricultural and larvicidal uses Conflict of interest statement

The clove essencial oil may also be employed as We declare that we have no conflict of interest. insecticide. Park and Shin reported the possibility of employment of clove essential oil to control the japonesse Reticulitermes speratus Acknowledgements terminte Kolbe[43]. In the same et al way, Eamsobhana . found that clove essencial oil at ã 5% posses 100% of repellent activity against the chigger The authors acknowledge the S o Paulo Research Leptotrombidium imphalu which could be a safer and Foundation-FAPESP-Brazil for the financial support (Grant cheaper alternative to synthetic repelents commonly No. 2012/09890-6). associated to harmful side effects[44]. A formulation containing 10% of clove essential oil was Aedes aegypti Anopheles Comments effective against the bit of (L.) and dirus Peyton and Harrion with a protection time of (80.33 依依 Background 10.56) and (60.00 10.00) respectively, soy bean oil was S. aromaticum employed as control[45]. In a recent work, the structure- Clove ( ) is one of the most valuable spices activity relationship of the main clove oil constituents that have been used for centuries as food preservative and Aedes aegypti and synthetic derivatives of eugenol against for many medicinal purposes. Clove is native of Indonesia

(Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were studied. The larvicidal but nowadays is cultured in several parts of the world methods are one of the most effective strategies to combat including Brazil in the state of Bahia. This plant represents dengue, since there is not drug for treatment or a vaccine. one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such Eugenol exhibited interesting results and could be a as eugenol, eugenol acetate and gallic acid and posses promising alternative to common insecticide[46]. great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and Eugenol, eugenol acetate and beta-caryophyllene were agricultural applications. Solenopsis effective in repellency of red imported fire ants invicta Research frontiers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), being eugenol the fastest acting compound[47]. Clove oil was also effective This review includes the main studies reporting the Vespula S. aromaticum spatial repellent for pestiferous social wasps biological activities of clove ( ) and eugenol. pensylvanica Polistes (Saussure) and paper wasps mainly The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is dominulus (Christ)[48]. higher than many fruits, vegetables and other spices Clove oil can also serve as an anesthesia for a variety and should deserve special attention. A new application of fish. However, lengthy exposures can cause mortality of clove as larvicidal agent is an interesting strategy to and sub-acute morbidity[49]. The most appropriate dose to combat dengue which is a serious health problem in anesthetize the angelfish was determined by Hekimoglu Brazil and other tropical countries. Pharmacokinetics and and Ergun[50]. This study will help in the transportation toxicological studies were also mentioned. The different and handing of this fish which is one of the most stressful studies reviewed in this work confirm the traditional use aquarium species. of clove as food preservative and medicinal plant standing Clove oil could be employed as suppressor of potato out the importance of this plant for different applications. tuber germination by affecting the lipid peroxidation Related reports and the enzymes activities of catalase, glutathione-S- transferase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide This work is a review documenting the main studies S. aromaticum dismutase[51]. reporting the biological activities of clove ( ) Diego Francisco Cortés-Rojas et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(2): 90-96 95 and eugenol. Mennen L, et al. Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods. doi: 10.1093/database/ Innovations and breakthroughs bap024. This review includes the main studies reporting the [7] J irovetz L, Buchbauer G, Stoilova I, Stoyanova A, Krastanov A, B Schmidt E. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of biological activities of clove and eugenol. ased on the J Agric Food Chem 54 clove leaf essential oil. 2006; (17): 6303-6307. information presented, it could be concluded that clove é é represents a very interesting plant with an enormous [8] P rez-Jim nez J, Neveu V, Vos F, Scalbert A. Identification of potential as food preservative and as a rich source of the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of ’ Eur J Clin Nutr 64 antioxidant compounds. It s proved biological activities the phenol-explorer database. 2010; (Suppl 3): suggest the development of medicinal products for human S112-S120. and animals uses and confirm why this plant has been [9] B amdad F, Kadivar M, Keramat J. Evaluation of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Iranian caraway in comparison with employed for centuries. Int J clove and BHT using model systems and vegetable oil. Applications Food Sci Technol 41 2006; (Suppl 1): S20-S27. S. aromaticum ü ç ş (M ) [10] G l in I, Elmasta M, Aboul-Enein HY. Antioxidant activity of yrtaceae commonly known as clove, Arab J Chem 5 is an median size tree (8-12 m) native from the Maluku clove oil-A powerful antioxidant source. 2012; (4): I T 489-499. islands in east ndonesia. he clove tree is frequently é è é cultivated in coastal areas at maximum altitudes of 200 m [11] D udonn S, Vitrac X, Couti re P, Woillez M, M rillon JM. above the sea level. The production of flower buds, which Comparative study of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of 30 plant extracts of industrial interest using DPPH, is the commercialized part of this tree, starts after four J Agric Food Chem T ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC assays. 2009; years of plantation. he collection could be done manually 57 (5): 1768-1774. or chemically-mediated using a natural phytohormone ü ç Ì Ş İ Ş ş ü Öİ [12] G l ina , atb G, Beydemira , Elmasta c M, K frevioglu . which liberates ethylene in the vegetal tissue, producing Eugenia caryophylata Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove ( precocious maturation. Lavandula stoechas Food Chem Thunb) buds and lavender ( L.). Peer review 8 2004; (3): 393-400. ü ç İ In the review, the authors demonstrated the main studies [13] G l in . Antioxidant activity of eugenol: a structure-activity S. aromaticum J Med Food 14 ( ) relationship study. 2011; (9): 975-985. reporting the biological activities of clove Nigella B [14] A bdel-Wahhab MA, Aly SE. Antioxidant property of and eugenol. ased on the information presented, it could sativa Syzygium aromaticum (black cumin) and (clove) in rats be concluded that clove represents a very interesting plant J Appl Toxicol 25 during aflatoxicosis. 2005; (3): 218-223. with an enormous potential as food preservative’ and as a rich source of antioxidant compounds. It s proved biological [15] M ehta KD, Garg GR, Mehta AK, Arora T, Sharma AK, Khanna N, et al. Reversal of propoxur-induced impairment of memory activities suggest the development of medicinal products for ’ Naunyn and oxidative stress by 4 -chlorodiazepam in rats. human and animals uses. Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 381 2010; (1): 1-10. [16] H alder S, Mehta AK, Kar R, Mustafa M, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. 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