Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.15(2) 2000 57 Tumut-Batlow. Four traps were operated in this region (single traps in two peach Pheromone-trapping of spp. (Coleoptera: orchards at Tumut and two peach or- Nitidulidae): fauna, abundance and seasonality in chards at Batlow) from 10 November 1997 to 7 April 1998). From 23 October 1998 to 9 some Australian horticultural regions February 1999 two traps were maintained in a single peach orchard at Tumut. All David G. JamesA, Richard J. FaulderB, Beverley VogeleB and Christopher J. traps were baited with 5 mg each of C. MooreC hemipterus, C. mutilatus and C. davidsoni A Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State pheromone. University, 24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington 99350, USA. B Swan Hill. Three traps (baited with either Yanco Agricultural Institute, NSW Agriculture, PMB Yanco, New South 500 µg of C. hemipterus, C. mutilatus or C. Wales 2703, Australia. davidsoni pheromone) were maintained in C Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Research Institute, a single peach orchard from 10 October Locked Bag No. 4, Moorooka, Queensland 4105, Australia. 1995 to 16 April 1996 and from 4 Novem- ber 1996 to 17 March 1997. From 27 No- vember 1997 to 4 February 1998 two traps (each baited with 5 mg each of C. Summary Nitidulid in the genus Carpo- hemipterus, C. mutilatus and C. davidsoni Traps baited with synthetic aggregation philus, formerly secondary pests (Hely et pheromone) were maintained in a differ- pheromones of Carpophilus hemipterus al. 1982), are now considered to be major ent peach orchard. (L.), C. mutilatus Erichson and C. david- pests of stone fruit in Australia and are the soni Dobson and a fermenting coattract- focus of current pest management re- Stanthorpe. Two traps (each baited with 5 ant, were used to identify the fauna and search (James et al. 1996, 1997). Carpophilus mg each of C. hemipterus, C. mutilatus and monitor the seasonal abundance of spp. cause damage by penetrating ripen- C. davidsoni pheromone were maintained nitidulids in orchards in five horticul- ing fruit and vectoring brown rot result- in a peach and nectarine orchard from 8 tural regions in Australia (Tumut-Batlow ing in rapid breakdown (Hely et al. 1982). October 1998 to 5 March 1999. (New South Wales), Swan Hill (Victoria), Most research to date has concentrated on Stanthorpe, Nambour (Queensland) and the identification, function and practical Manjimup. Three traps (baited with ei- Manjimup, (Western Australia). Six spe- application of synthetic Carpophilus aggre- ther 5 mg of C. hemipterus, C. mutilatus or cies of Carpophilus were trapped (C. gation pheromones in managing popula- C. davidsoni pheromone) were maintained hemipterus, C. mutilatus, C. davidsoni, C. tions (Bartelt and James 1994, James et al. in a single peach orchard from 16 October humeralis (F.), C. gaveni Dobson, C. 1996, 1997). Development of non-chemical 1996 to 10 February 1997. marginellus Motschulsky), plus at least approaches to controlling Carpophilus spp. two unidentified species. C. davidsoni requires comprehensive information on Nambour. Three traps (baited with either dominated the trapped nitidulids in all biology and ecology, including basic data 500 µg of C. hemipterus, C. mutilatus or C. regions except Manjimup. C. hemipterus on species incidence, abundance, season- davidsoni pheromone) were maintained in was common at Swan Hill. C. mutilatus ality and pest status. This is still lacking a custard apple orchard at the Maroochy was common at Stanthorpe and was the for some stone fruit growing areas in Aus- Horticultural Research Station from 1 dominant species trapped at Manjimup. tralia. March to 19 April 1995 and from 16 Au- Only small numbers of C. gaveni, C. Although eight Carpophilus spp. have gust 1995 to 3 April 1996. A stone fruit or- humeralis, and C. marginellus were been recorded from five stone fruit grow- chard was not available at this site, but trapped and these were generally most ing areas of south-eastern Australia, only nitidulids are known pollinators of cus- common at the Queensland sites. Peak three species (Carpophilus davidsoni tard apple (George et al. 1989) and are at- abundance of nitidulids usually oc- Dobson, Carpophilus hemipterus (L.), tracted to this crop. curred during late spring, and summer Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson) are abun- No chemical treatments were applied populations in inland areas were usually dant in these areas and capable of causing for Carpophilus spp. at any of the sites, al- small. The nitidulid fauna in these re- economic damage (James et al. 1993, 1995). though some insecticide applications for gions is discussed with respect to man- This paper provides information on the in- other pests were made occasionally at agement using synthetic aggregation cidence, abundance and seasonality of Swan Hill, Tumut, Batlow and Nambour. pheromones. Carpophilus spp. in five additional horti- cultural regions of New South Wales, Traps and coattractant baits Introduction Victoria, Queensland and Western Aus- Wind-oriented pipe traps based on the Broad-spectrum insecticide inputs in stone tralia. design of Dowd et al. (1992) were used fruit production in southern Australia at all sites. Beetles entered pipe traps have declined during the past 10–15 years, Materials and methods through a cone-shaped piece of screen and primarily as the result of development Sites were trapped in a plastic 140 mL bottle at- and adoption of integrated pest manage- Pheromone traps were deployed for peri- tached to the bottom of the trap. No kill- ment programs. Foremost amongst these ods of two to six months in stone fruit or- ing agent was used and a screen partition is the use of synthetic pheromone for mat- chards at Tumut-Batlow (south west prevented beetles from contacting the bait. ing disruption of the key pest of peaches Slopes, New South Wales), Swan Hill Trapped beetles died from dessication or and nectarines, oriental fruit moth, Cydia (Murray Valley, Victoria), Stanthorpe hunger. During the 1995/96 and 1996/97 molesta (Busck), and associated reliance on (Granite Belt, Queensland) and Manjimup trapping seasons, fermenting whole biological control to manage mite pests (Western Australia). Traps were also de- wheat bread dough (approximately 10 mL (Vickers et al. 1985, James 1990). A side- ployed for two to eight months in a cus- per trap) was used as the pheromone syn- effect of reduced broad-spectrum insecti- tard apple orchard at Nambour (Sunshine ergist held in a 20 mL glass tube (James cide inputs has been an increase in impor- Coast, Queensland). et al. 1993). During 1997/98 and 1998/99, tance of secondary pests. fermenting apple juice contained in 58 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.15(2) 2000 100 and (3E, 5E, 7E) – 6 – ethyl – 4- methyl – Swan Hill 3,5,7 – decatriene (Bartelt et al. 1993). 12345C. humeralis 12345 The pheromone for C. davidsoni con- 123 12345C. mutilatus 123 sisted of a 100:9:31:160 blend of (2E, 4E, C. hemipterus 80 6E) – 5-ethyl – 3 - methyl – 2,4,6 – non- C. davidsoni atriene, (3E, 5E, 7E) – 6 – ethyl – 4 – methyl – 3,5,7 – decatriene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) – 3,5,7 – trimethyl – 2,4,6,8 – undecatetraene and 60 (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) – 7 – ethyl – 3,5 – dimethyl – 2,4,6,8 – undecatetraene (Bartelt and James 1994). 1234 The synthetic pheromones were puri- 40 1234

1234 fied by distillation and open column chro-

1234 matography on silica gel. These proce-

1234 Percentage trapped dures did not remove the small amounts 12345 1234

12345 1234 of Z isomers produced in the syntheses 20 12345 1234 (Bartelt et al. 1990a) but there is no evi-

12345 1234

12345 1234 dence that these (presently unavoidable)

12345 1234 impurities are detrimental to pheromone

1234 12345 1234561234

123456 1234567 123456 activity (Bartelt et al. 1992). 1234 12345 1234 0 Pheromones were appropriately di- 1997/98 1996/97 1995/96 luted with hexane and stored in a freezer until needed. Concentrations of compo-

12345C. mutilatus nents were determined by gas chromatog- 120 Tumut-Batlow 12345 12345C. marginellus raphy on diluted aliquots (Bartelt et al. 123

123 C. hemipterus 1990b). Pheromone solutions were ap- C. davidsoni plied to rubber septa (11 × 20 mm, red rub- 100 ber, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) followed by 300 mL of methylene chloride. Once the liquid had 80 soaked into the septa, they were aired in a fume hood for 1 h and stored in a freezer in tightly closed bottles until needed. 60 Results Tumut-Batlow. Carpophilus populations 40 Percentage trapped at these sites were dominated by C. davidsoni which accounted for 94–95% of the 747–1500 beetles trapped per season 20 (Figure 1). Small numbers of C. hemipterus

1234 and C. marginellus Motschulsky were

12345 1234 1234561234

12345 123456 trapped (2–5%) and only two individuals 12345 1234 1234 0 12345 123456 of C. mutilatus were recorded. Most 1997/98 1998/99 1997/98 beetles were trapped during October– Batlow Tumut Tumut December. Very few were trapped during January–March. A small increase in num- Figure 1. Percentage species composition of Carpophilus caught seasonally bers occurred during March and April in stone fruit orchard pheromone traps at Swan Hill and Tumut-Batlow. (Figure 2).

Swan Hill. A total of 175–437 beetles was polyacrylamide granules, held in a 20 mL replaced weekly and fortnightly, respec- trapped per season and C. davidsoni was plastic tube (James et al. 1998) was used as tively. The polyacrylamide granules were the dominant species particularly in 1997/ the coattractant. Pheromones were im- replaced fortnightly (James et al. 1998). All 98 (95.6%). In 1995/96 and 1996/97 it ac- pregnated into rubber septa and placed in beetles were identified to species (using counted for 54 and 66% of beetles trapped the bait compartment of the traps. When Dobson 1954, 1964). (Figure 1). C. hemipterus comprised 42 and pheromones of C. hemipterus, C. mutilatus 24% of the fauna in 1995/96 and 1996/97, and C. davidsoni were used together in a Synthetic pheromones respectively. Small numbers of C. trap, they were combined in a single The pheromone for C. hemipterus consisted humeralis (F.) and C. mutilatus were also septum (James et al. in press). Traps were of a 100:31:11:8 blend of (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)– trapped. Most trappings occurred during suspended approximately 1.5 m above 3,5,7 – trimethyl – 2,4,6,8 – decatetraene, October–November and very few beetles ground from a wire attached to a tree (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) – 3,5,7 – trimethyl – 2,4,6,8 were trapped during December–January. branch. They were oriented to the wind by – undecatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) – 7 – A small increase in numbers trapped oc- a fin so that the trap opening was always ethyl – 3,5 – dimethyl – 2,4,6,8 – decate- curred in February–March 1996 (Figure 3). accessible to beetles approaching the traps traene and (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E) – 7 – ethyl – 3,5 from downwind. Traps were usually ex- – dimethyl – 2,4,6,8 – undecatetraene, re- Stanthorpe. Of the 4641 beetles trapped, amined weekly and plastic bottles (con- spectively (Bartelt et al. 1992). 4329 (93.3%) were C. davidsoni (Figure 4). taining beetles) forwarded by mail to The pheromone for C. mutilatus con- C. mutilatus was the next most abundant Yanco for counting and identification. sisted of a 100:7 blend of (3E, 5E, 7E) – 5 – species, followed by C. hemipterus, an uni- Dough and pheromone septa were ethyl – 3 – methyl – 3,5,7 – undecatriene dentified species and C. gaveni Dobson. Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.15(2) 2000 59 160 200 Tumut-Batlow 1998/99 140 Stanthorpe 1997/98 1998/99 150 120 100

100 80

60

50 40

Mean No. beetles per trap 20

0 0 30 Oct 27 Nov 30 Dec 2 Feb 10 Mar 7 Apr 22 Oct 19 Nov 31 Dec 4 Feb 5 Mar Date Date Figure 2. Seasonal trapping data for Carpophilus (all species) in stone fruit orchards at Tumut-Batlow and Stanthorpe during 1997/99.

25 10 Swan Hill C. hemipterus Swan Hill C. hemipterus C. davidsoni C. davidsoni 1995/96 20 1996/97 8

15 6

10 4

5 2 Mean No. beetles per trap 0 0 26 Oct 22 Nov 28 Dec 31 Jan 6 Mar 14Nov 11 Dec 15 Jan 19 Feb Date Date Figure 3. Seasonal trapping data for Carpophilus hemipterus and C. davidsoni in stone fruit orchards at Swan Hill during 1995/97.

100 The majority of beetles were trapped dur- 123

123

1234 Unidentified spp. ing October–December with very few 123

1234 trapped during January–March (Figure 2). 123 123 C. gaveni 123 80 123 123 C. humeralis 123 123 123

Manjimup. C. mutilatus comprised 82.2% 123 123 C. marginellus 123 123 123 C. mutilatus 123 of the 472 beetles trapped at this site fol- 123456

123 123456 123 123456 C. hemipterus lowed in abundance by C. hemipterus, C. 123 123 123 humeralis and C. davidsoni (Figure 4). The 60 123 123 C. davidsoni 123 majority of C. mutilatus were trapped over 123 123 123 123 a two week period in January. Numbers 123 123 of beetles trapped at all other times were 123 123 40 123 123 123 low (<10 per trap) (Figure 5). 123 123 123

123 123 123 12345

12345

123 12341523 123 Nambour. C. davidsoni was the most abun- Percentage trapped 12345 123 12341523 123

12345

12345 123 123 123 dant species (38.6% of trapped beetles), 12345

12345

123 123 123 20 12345 followed by C. hemipterus and C. mutilatus 12345

123 12341523 123

12345

12345 123456 (Figure 4). C. humeralis, C. gaveni and C. 123 123123 123 12345 123456

12345 123456 123 123 123 123123 123 123 12345 123456 marginellus were trapped in small num- 1234 12345 123456

123 123 123 123123 123 123123 1234 12345 123456

123456 12345 123456

1234 bers along with at least two unidentified 123456 12345 123456 123 123 123 123123 123 123123 species of Carpophilus. Beetles were 0 trapped for most of the trapping period 1998/99 1995/96 1996/97 (except during August and early Septem- Stanthorpe Nambour Manjimup ber) with peak abundance during Novem- ber–January when 20–60 beetles (all spe- Figure 4. Percentage species composition of Carpophilus caught seasonally cies) were caught weekly per trap (Figure in pheromone traps in Stanthorpe and Manjimup stone fruit orchards and a 6). custard apple orchard at Nambour. 60 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.15(2) 2000 Discussion orchards at Renmark (South Australia) Although only the pheromones of C. Six species of Carpophilus (C. davidsoni, C. and Cobram (Victoria) (James et al. 1995). davidsoni, C. hemipterus and C. mutilatus hemipterus, C. mutilatus, C. humeralis, C. Apart from Manjimup, C. mutilatus also were used in this study, four other species gaveni and C. marginellus) responded to occurred in significant numbers at of Carpophilus responded to the traps. pheromone-baited traps in this study. In Nambour and Stanthorpe. This species is Pheromonal cross-attraction amongst addition at least two unidentified species abundant in stone fruit orchards at Carpophilus species has been well docu- were trapped at Nambour and Stan- Renmark, Windsor (New South Wales) mented (Bartelt 1997) but the ‘correct’ thorpe, one of which was species ‘X’ pre- (James et al. 1995) and in the Murrum- pheromone is considered necessary for viously recorded by James et al. (1995) bidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of southern optimal response. Thus, the numbers of C. from Windsor, New South Wales. C. New South Wales (James et al. 1993). gaveni, C. marginellus and species ‘X’ davidsoni dominated the trapped nitidu- The Nambour custard apple orchard trapped in this study are likely to be an lids in all regions except Manjimup, as it was the only site in which all six species under-representation of their abundance. did in earlier studies in five major stone (plus unidentified species) were trapped. Despite much study, C. humeralis has not fruit growing regions of southeastern This may be a reflection of the general at- yet been shown to possess its own Australia (James et al. 1993, 1995). How- tractiveness of custard apple to nitidulids pheromone and it may simply use other ever, this result should be treated with (Podoler et al. 1984). Nitidulids are impor- Carpophilus spp. pheromones as kairo- caution since trapping was conducted at tant pollinators of custard apple, which mones (Zilkowski et al. 1999). C. humeralis Manjimup for a limited period and at a may produce volatiles attractive to a is not considered to be a major threat to single site only. C. hemipterus was a signifi- wider range of Carpophilus spp. than is the stone fruit as it appears to prefer infesting cant component of the Carpophilus popu- case for stone fruit. The dominance of C. fallen rather than ripening fruit (James, lation at Swan Hill and Nambour. This davidsoni at Nambour may be more pro- unpublished observation). Small numbers species is also common in stone fruit nounced in stone fruit orchards and of C. gaveni were recorded in this study should be investigated. from Stanthorpe, Nambour, and previ- 60 ously from Renmark, Cobram, Sheppar- Manjimup 1996/97 ton (Victoria) and the MIA (James et al. 1995). Large numbers of C. gaveni were 50 trapped in C. mutilatus-baited traps at Windsor (James et al. 1995), suggesting it C. hemipterus could be an economic species in this dis- trict. Similarly, C. marginellus was trapped 40 C. mutilatus C. davidsoni commonly at Windsor, but was infre- quent, or absent elsewhere. C. humeralis This study confirms previous indica- 30 tions that C. davidsoni, C. hemipterus and C. mutilatus are the major nitidulid species affecting stone fruit production in Aus- 20 tralia (James et al. 1993, 1995). It also con- firms C. davidsoni as the dominant

Mean No. beetles per trap Carpophilus species, representing 40–95% 10 of nitidulids trapped in stone fruit or- chards in all regions except Western Aus- tralia. Further trapping should be con- 0 ducted in stone fruit growing areas of this 23 Oct 17 Dec 18 Jan 10 Feb state before firm conclusions about the Date composition and abundance of the en- demic nitidulid fauna can be made. Figure 5. Seasonal trapping data for Carpophilus spp. in a stone fruit Knowledge of the species composition orchard at Manjimup during 1996/97. of the nitidulid fauna in stone fruit

35 6 Nambour C. hemipterus Nambour C. humeralis 30 1995/96 C. mutilatus 5 1995/96 C. marginellus C. davidsoni C. gaveni 25 Unidentified spp. 4 20 3 15 2 10

1

Mean No. beetles per trap 5

0 0 8 Mar 30 Aug 15 Nov 24 Jan 3 Apr 8 Mar 30 Aug 15 Nov 24 Jan 3 Apr Date Date

Figure 6. Seasonal trapping data for Carpophilus spp. in a custard apple orchard at Nambour during 1995/96. Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.15(2) 2000 61 growing regions has considerable practi- Bartelt, R.J., Dowd, P.F., Vetter, R.S., determined by pheromone-trapping. cal importance. Integrated management Shorey, H.H. and Baker, T.C. (1992). Journal of the Australian Entomological programs based on the use of synthetic ag- Responses of Carpophilus hemipterus Society 34, 327-33. gregation pheromones for population (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and other sap James, D.G., Faulder, R.J., Vogele, B., monitoring/suppression, are being devel- beetles to the pheromone of C. hemi- Bartelt, R.J. and Moore, C.J. (1997). Phe- oped (e.g. James et al. 1996, 1997) and re- pterus and host-related coattractants in nology of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: quire tailoring of pheromones to species California field tests. Environmental En- Nitidulidae) in southern New South incidence/abundance. For example, the tomology 21, 1143-53. Wales as determined by pheromone- C. davidsoni-dominated populations at Bartelt, R.J. and James, D.G. (1994). Aggre- trapping: Implications for prediction of Shepparton, Stanthorpe, Tumut and gation pheromone of the Australian crop damage. Australian Journal of Ento- Batlow may require the use of C. davidsoni sap , Carpophilus davidsoni mology 36, 165-73. pheromone only. In contrast, regions (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of James, D.G., Moore, C.J., Faulder, R.J. and where significant populations of C. Chemical Ecology 20, 3207-19. Vogele, B. (1998). An improved hemipterus and/or C. mutilatus may occur Bartelt, R.J., Weisleder, D. and Plattner, coattractant for pheromone-trapping of (Swan Hill, Cobram, Manjimup, Nam- R.D. (1990a). Synthesis of nitidulid Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidu- bour, Renmark, Windsor, MIA), would be beetle pheromones: alkyl-branched lidae). Australian Journal of Entomology better served by the use of multi-species tetraene hydrocarbons. Journal of Agri- 37, 357-61. lures containing the pheromones of two cultural Food Chemistry 38, 2192-6. James, D.G., and Vogele, B. (In press). De- or all three major species (James et al. in Dobson, R.M. (1952). A new species of velopment and survivorship of press). Carpophilus Stephens (Coleoptera: Carpophilus hemipterus (L.), C. mutilatus Seasonal trends of Carpophilus abun- Nitidulidae) from Australia. Entomolo- Erichson and C. humeralis (F.) dance as indicated by numbers of beetles gists Monthly Magazine 88, 256-8. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) over a range trapped, reinforced previous observations Dobson, R.M. (1954). The species of of constant temperatures. Australian that peak abundance usually occurs dur- Carpophilus Stephens (Col.: Nitidu- Journal of Entomology. ing late spring, coinciding perhaps with lidae) associated with stored products. James, D.G., Vogele, B., Faulder, R.J. and emergence of the first post-winter adult Bulletin of Entomological Research 45, Moore, C.J. (In press). Efficacy of multi- generation (James and Vogele in press). 389-402. species pheromone lures for Summer populations are usually small in Dowd, P.F., Bartelt, R.J. and Wicklow, T. Carpophilus davidsoni and C. mutilatus inland areas, particularly in years with av- (1992). A novel trap useful in (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Australian erage to below average rainfall (James et capturing sap beetles (Coleoptera: Journal of Entomology. al. 1997), and this was the case for popula- Nitidulidae) and other flying . Podoler, H., Galon, I. and Gazit, S. (1984). tions at Tumut-Batlow, Swan Hill and Journal of Economic Entomology 85, The role of nitidulid beetles in natural Stanthorpe. However, this pattern was not 772-8. pollination of Annona in Israel. Acta evident in the custard apple orchard at George. R.J., Nissen, R.J, Ironside, D.A. Oecologia 5, 369-81. Nambour where populations remained at and Anderson, P. (1989). Effects of Vickers, R.A., Rothschild, G.H. and Jones, moderate levels during most of the sum- nitidulid beetles on pollination and E.L. (1985). Control of the oriental fruit mer. Further studies should be conducted fruit set of Annona spp. hybrids. Scientia moth, Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidop- to determine the influence of climate and Horticulturae 39, 289-99. tera: Tortricidae) at a district level by orchard type on seasonal population dy- Hely, P.C., Pasfield, G. and Gellatley, J.G. mating disruption with synthetic fe- namics of Carpophilus spp. (1982). ‘Insect pests of fruit and vegeta- male pheromone. Bulletin of Entomologi- bles in NSW’. (Inkata Press, Mel- cal Research 75, 625-34. Acknowledgments bourne). Zilkowski, B.W., Bartelt, R.J., Blumberg, We thank our cooperators who main- James, D.G. (1990). Biological control D., James, D.G. and Weaver, D.K. tained and serviced pheromone traps in of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: (1999). Identification of host-related the five regions: Karen O’Malley (Tumut- Tetranychidae) in southern New South volatiles attractive to the pineapple Batlow), Tony Kourmouzis and Andrew Wales peach orchards: the role of beetle, Carpophilus humeralis (F.) Sime (Swan Hill), Frank Page (Stan- Amblyseius victoriensis (Acarina: Phyto- (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of thorpe), Stewart Learmonth and Steele seiidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 37, Chemical Ecology 25, 229-52. Jacob (Manjimup) and Alan George 645-55. (Nambour). This study was partially James, D.G., Bartelt, R.J., Faulder, R.J. and funded by the Canned Fruits Industry Taylor, A. (1993). Attraction of Austral- Council of Australia, the Australian Fresh ian Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Stone Fruit Growers Association and the Nitidulidae) to synthetic pheromones Australian Horticultural Research and and fermenting bread dough. Journal of Development Corporation. the Australian Entomological Society 32, 339-45. References James, D.G., Bartelt, R.J. and Moore, C.J. Bartelt, R.J. (1997). Aggregation phero- (1996). Mass-trapping of Carpophilus mones of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in stone Nitidulidae): Review of chemistry and fruit orchards using synthetic aggrega- biology. Recent Research and Develop- tion pheromones and a coattractant: ment in Entomology 1, 115-29. Development of a strategy for popula- Bartelt, R.J., Dowd, P.F., Plattner, R.D. and tion suppression. Journal of Chemical Weisleder, D. (1990b). Aggregation Ecology 22, 1541-56. pheromone of dried fruit beetle, James, D.G., Faulder, R.J. and Bartelt, R.J. Carpophilus hemipterus: wind tunnel (1995). Fauna and seasonal abundance bioassay and identification of two of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: novel tetraene hydrocarbons. Journal of Nitidulidae) in four stone fruit growing Chemical Ecology 16, 1015-39. regions of southeastern Australia as