Animal Science Merit Badge BSA Troop 167 – Stoughton, Wisconsin

Raechelle Cline, Public Information Officer Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) – Division of Animal Health About Me

• Reece’s Mom • Work for the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection • Senior Communications Specialist • Division of Animal Health • Division of Food Safety

So, if I’m not a veterinarian, how can I give this presentation?

To do my job, I have to know quite a bit about a lot of topics, so I’ve learned all this from being around the 15 veterinarians that I work with every day. Agriculture in Wisconsin

• Agriculture = $88 billion industry in Wisconsin • #1 in the United States for: • Cheese (2,855,681,000 pounds) • Milk Goats (46,000) • Mink pelts (1,230,000) • #2 in the United States for: • Milk (27.6 billion pounds or 3.45 billion gallons) • Milk Cows (1,270,000) • 69,800 farms in Wisconsin • Animals are a huge part of that • $4.26 billion = value of cattle, hogs, sheep, chickens Wisconsin has more than 63 million domestic animals distributed across 54,375 square miles in more than 1.8 million locations. Requirements

• Livestock breeds • Animal diseases • Digestive systems • Animal management • Animal breeding • Career opportunities • Farm visit You will still have a little work to do after the presentation. And why??

Livestock Breeds

•Horses •Dairy cattle •Beef cattle •Sheep •Hogs

Horse Breeds

• American Quarter Horse • Lives 20-40 years • Versatile horse for rodeo to trail riding • 14.3 to 15.3 hands high, 1100 pounds • Originated in Spain

• Thoroughbred • Racing horse • Courageous and alert, fast and athletic • Lives 25-35 years • Arabian

Horse Breeds

• Westphalian • Suitable for competitive or pleasure riding • Good for young riders • Originated in Germany

• Lipizzan/Lipizzaner • Dates back as far as 800 A.D. • Bred as carriage horse, but now used much for show jumping • Originated in Italy, but from Spanish and Austrian studs

Dairy Cattle Breeds

• Holstein • Highest milk production in the world • Distinctive spots • Average production: 17,408 pounds/year • Originated in Europe 2,000 years ago • Netherlands • Guernsey (2014 Cow of the Year) • Produce rich, yellow colored milk • Highly desired by cheese factories • 60% carry Kappa Casein “B” gene • Originated on the Island of Guernsey • 1700s

Dairy Cattle Breeds

• Brown Swiss (2013 Cow of the Year) • 2nd largest dairy breed in the world • 8 million + registered • Used for milk production • Originated in NE part of Switzerland • 4000 B.C.

• Dutch Belted (Oreo cows!) • Used for milk production • Characteristic white band around the belly • Difficult to find pure bred • Very rare in N. America • Originated in Netherlands in 17th century Beef Cattle Breeds

• Texas Longhorn • Very long horns • Produce lean meat • Easy to breed, handle • Disease resistant • Originated in N. America • 500 years ago • Red Angus • Quiet, easy going temper • Growing in popularity • Excellent meat quality • Good breeders • Brought from Europe to Scotland by Vikings

Beef Cattle Breeds

• Simmental • High, long-term fertility • Longevity • Good grazers • Easy to handle, good growth • Simme Valley, Switzerland

• Hereford • Dominate the world scene • Grow fast, high yield • Easy to manage • England/Wales, but origin has been lost over time

Sheep Breeds

• Alpines Steinschaf • Used for meat, wool and vegetation management • Originated in Germany

• Blackhead Persian • Used for meat • Originated in South Africa

Sheep Breeds

• California Variegated Mutant • Used for wool • Originated in the USA

• East Friesian • Used for milk • Originated in Germany

Hog Breeds

• American Yorkshire • Muscular with lean meat • Most populous in America • Originated in USA

• Hampshire (Oreo pig?) • Well muscled • Rapid grower • Good tempered • Originated in UK Hog Breeds

• Red Wattle • Grow fast • Mild tempered • Disease resistant • Have a distinctive wattle • Originated in USA

• Vietnamese Potbelly • Used for meat • Sometimes kept as pets • Originated in Vietnam Who’s paying attention?

• True or False: The American Quarterhorse originated in Kentucky. • Which dairy breed has the highest milk production in the world? A. Holstein B. Guernsey C. Brown Swiss D. Dutch Belted • Which beef breed has been bred to be disease resistant? A. Texas Longhorn B. Red Angus C. Simmental D. Hereford • What is a wattle? A. A distinctive walk, kind of like a duck B. A fleshy protuberance hanging on either side of the throat • The Alpines Steinschaf sheep breed is used for ______,Meat ______,Wool and ______Vegetation ______. Management • What does Mrs. Cline like to call the Dutch-Belted cow? OREO cow Livestock Diseases

•Horses •Dairy cattle •Beef cattle •Sheep •Hogs •Poultry

Horse Diseases

Equine Herpesvirus Equine Infectious • Symptoms: Anemia Fever, weakness, • Symptoms: incoordination, urinary Often none, can cause problems abortion • Cause: Viral • Cause: Viral • Prevention: • Prevention: Vaccination and keeping Vaccination horses out of large groups Horse Diseases

West Nile Virus Eastern Equine • Symptoms: Encephalitis Depression, loss of • Symptoms: appetite, fever, Paralysis, circling, weakness, twitching blindness • Cause: Viral • Cause: Viral • Prevention: • Prevention: Vaccination and Vaccination and mosquito abatement mosquito abatement Horse Diseases

Vesicular Stomatitis • Symptoms: Blisters/sores on mouth, tongue, muzzle, teats or hooves • Cause: Viral, highly contagious, zoonotic • Prevention: Avoid contact between horses, keep people from spreading it Cattle Diseases

Johne’s Disease Bovine Spongiform • Symptoms: Encephalitis Excessive diarrhea, • Symptoms: weight loss Lack of mental and • Cause: Bacteria called physical ability m. paratuberculosis • Cause: • Prevention: • Prevention: Vaccination and culling Don’t feed cattle animal proteins Cattle Diseases

Mastitis Neospora Caninum • Symptoms: • Symptoms: Inflammation of the Abortion teats/udder • Cause: Parasitic • Cause: Bacteria • Prevention: • Prevention: Vaccination, Keep dogs Cleaning teats away from cattle Cattle Diseases

Papillomatous Digital Bovine Viral Diarrhea Dermatitis • Symptoms: • Symptoms: Abortion, diarrhea, Lesions on the feet fever, lameness, pneumonia • Cause: Not fully known, likely bacterial • Cause: Brought by new animals to herd • Prevention: Vaccination, strict • Prevention: biosecurity and Vaccination, Isolation, veterinary exam purchase restrictions

Sheep Diseases

Scrapie Bluetongue • Symptoms: • Symptoms: Lack of coordination, Fever, nosebleeds, behavior changes, excessive salivation, lots tremors, death of snot • Cause: Prion • Cause: Viral • Prevention: • Prevention: Rapid identification, Quarantine, movement culling control, insect control

You need to find three more to meet the requirements of the badge! Hog Diseases

Porcine Epidemic Porcine Respiratory & Diarrhea Reproductive • Symptoms: Syndrome Diarrhea, vomiting, • Symptoms: severe dehydration Reproductive failure, • Cause: Viral respiratory illness • Prevention: • Cause: Viral Biosecurity • Prevention: Biosecurity

You need to find three more to meet the requirements of the badge! Poultry Diseases

Exotic Newcastle Coccidiosis Disease • Symptoms: • Symptoms: Pale, droopy, diarrhea, Respiratory issues, dehydration, weight loss diarrhea, depression, • Cause: Protozoa paralysis • Prevention: Cause: Viral • Vaccination or medicine • Prevention: added to feed Biosecurity—restrict traffic, cleaning, smart buying

Poultry Diseases

Visceral Leukosis Infectious Bursal (Marek’s Disease) Disease • Symptoms: • Symptoms: Paralysis of wings, legs, Tremors, loss of neck, quick death appetite, dehydration, • Cause: Viral fever, lack of coordination • Prevention: • Cause: Viral Vaccination • Prevention:

Vaccination Poultry Diseases

Infectious Bronchitis • Symptoms: Coughing, sneezing, rattling • Cause: Viral • Prevention: Vaccination

Who’s paying attention?

• Equine is another word for ______.Horses • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is also known as ______.Mad Cow Disease • What is a zoonotic disease? A. A disease you catch at the zoo B. A disease of exotic animals C. A disease that can infect both animals and humans • Which sheep disease is like Chronic Wasting Disease in deer? • True or False: Cattle can catch a disease from a dog. Digestive Systems

• Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, deer/elk, buffalo, camels) • 4 compartment stomach: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum • Horses • One small stomach, long intestines • Cannot vomit • Pigs • Simple and not much different than our system • Poultry • Rather complex system involving a crop and a gizzard looks very different from our system

Digestive Structures

• Ruminants • Allows them to digest feeds other livestock cannot, like grass and hay • Horses • Because of their small stomach they eat all day long • Consume 15 to 24 pounds of food per day • Pigs • Monogastric system like humans, which limits their consumption • Cannot handle some types of food • Poultry • Chickens don’t have teeth, so they have a different process • Crop holds the food until it’s time to digest • A gizzard grinds the food so that it can be digested • Chickens don’t urinate and don’t have a bladder

Who’s paying attention?

• Ruminants include which of the following: A. Cows B. Horses C. Deer D. Pigs • Which animal cannot vomit? Horses • How many compartments does a ruminant’s stomach contain? A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6 • Which breed’s digestive system is most like ours? Pig • How many teeth does an average chicken have? None Animal Breeding

• Breeding Program • Pure Breeding or Goals “Breeding True” • Aids in selecting the • To "breed true" means proper animals that that specimens of an exhibit desirable animal breed will characteristics to breed true-to-type breed when mated like-to- • Avoids producing like. animals that are just plain wrong Who wants one of these? What would you call them? Animal Breeding

Practice • Cross breeding is the practice of combining two very different genetic pools into one animal, which would not be possible if you were to use one breed only.

Value • To produce qualities that you want in an animal and reduce or eliminate the qualities that you don’t want. • For example, a Hereford with an Angus to produce a “Black Baldy.” Who’s paying attention?

• Name one positive consequence of good breeding practices. • Name one negative consequence of bad breeding practices. What’s In Cow’s Milk?

Water 88.32 g Protein 3.22 g Fat 3.25 g

----Saturated fatty acids 1.865 g

----Monounsaturated fatty acids 0.812 g

----Polyunsaturated fatty acids 0.195 g

Carbohydrate (i.e the sugar form of lactose) 5.26 g

Cholesterol 14 mg Calcium 113 mg

Per 100 grams or 3.5 oz Grades of Milk & Pasteurization

• Grade A—used for • Grade B—used for • Pasteurization is used to kill harmful microorganisms • Milk runs through a series of coils • The milk is heated to a high temperature for a short time • Then it is cooled immediately • Kills off microorganisms that can make you sick • E. Coli • Listeria Monocytogenes • Campylobacter Dairying Definitions

• Bull—male bovine with sexual organs intact and capable of reproduction • Steer—male bovine that is castrated before sexual maturity • Cow—a mature female bovine • Heifer—a young cow over one year old that has not produced a calf • Springer—a cow or heifer near to calving • Buck—male goat with sexual organs intact and capable of reproduction • Doe—a mature female goat • Kid—a young goat

Career Opportunities

• Veterinarian • Veterinary Technician • Geneticist • Animal Nutritionist • Animal Behaviorist Becoming a Veterinarian

• Plan to be in school for at least 8 years • Bachelor’s degree with heavy science curriculum • 40-43 required credits in: • Chemistry, Genetics, Physics, Statistics, Biology, Zoology • 17 electives • Veterinary Medical School • 4 years • 2 years classroom/lab • 2 years clinical hands-on (internship) • Requires taking the Graduate Records Exam • State licensing exam • 8-hour exam with 360 questions Questions? Meat Cuts and Grading Meat Cuts and Grading

Dual grading system Established by the USDA Quality Grades Yield Grades • For tenderness, juiciness • For the amount of and flavor based on the usable lean meat on the amount of marbling, carcass color and maturity • Rated 1 to 5 • Prime • 1=the highest grade and • Choice denotes the greatest • Select ratio of lean to fat • Standard/Commercial • 5=the lowest yield ratio • Utility, Cutter and Canner