ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH
SEVENTEENTH MEMOIR
THE BOOK TOMBS
OP EL AMARNA PART V -SMALLER TOMBS AND BOUNDARY STELAE
BY
N. DE G. DAVIES
FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND COLOURED FRONTISPIECE
LONDON SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Rossull Street, W.C. AND PiEECE Building, Copley Sqtjaee, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. «AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Deydbn House, 43, Gereabd Street, Sono, W. B. QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W.
ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C., and 56, Untee den Linden, Berlin
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1908 dorttell Utttttcraits Eihrarg
attjata, SJetu Inrk
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El Amarna V. Frontispiece.
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I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH
SEVENTEENTH MEMOIR
THE EOCK TOMBS
OP EL AMAENA PAET V.-SMALLEE TOMBS AND BOUNDARY STELAE
BY
N. DE G. DAVIE S
FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND COLOURED FRONTISPIECE
LONDON SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C. AND PiBKCE Building, Copley Sqttakb, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Deydkn House, 43, Gbkeard Steebt, Soho, VV. B. QUARITCH, 11, Geapton Steeet, New Bond Stebet, W.
ASHER & CO., 13, Bbdfoed Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and 56, Untee den Linden, Berlin AND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C, and 91 and 93, PiifTH Avenue, New York
(' l( Uk A'^J^]^^
LONIION : PRISTED BT WILLIAM CLOWES ANL SONS, LIMITED, nUKE STKEET, STAMFORD STREET, S.S., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. or
T.D-, EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND
pre6i^ent
F. G. HILTON PEICB, Esq., Dm.S.A.
li)ice=iPresi5cnts The Et. Hon. The Earl op Cromer, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt) Sir John' Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.) P.E.S., E.S.A. Prop. T. Day Seymour (U.S.A.) Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.G.L., Prof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany) LL.D. Prof. G. Maspeeo, D.G.L. (Erance) The Eev. Peof. A. H. Saycb, M.A., LL.D. JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia) Prop. W. W. Goodwin (U.S.A.)
Ibon. c:reasurers
H. A. Gruebbe, Esq., P.S.A. Edward E. Warren, Esq. (U.S.A.)
Ibon. Secretarg
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.
/IRembers ot Committee
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. Prop. Alexander Macalistbe, M.D. C. F. MoBERLY Bell, Esq. Mes. McClueb.
The Hon. J. E. Carter (U.S.A.) The Eev. W. MacGeegor, M.A. SoMERS Clarke, Esq., P.S.A. EoBBBT Mond, Esq., F.E.S.E. Newton Ceanb, Esq. (U.S.A.) The Maequess op Northampton. W. E. Cbum, Esq., M.A. Francis Wm. Peecival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.) SiE Herbert Thompson, Baet. Aethue John Evans, ,Esq., M.A., D.Litt., Mrs. Tieaed. F.E.S. Emanuel M. Undbedown, Esq., K.C. Peop. Ebnest a. Gardner, M.A. John Waed, Esq., F.S.A. F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. T. Heebbet Warren, Esq., M.A. ' F. G. Kbnyon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt. E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A. F.S.A.
. .
CONTENTS
CAGE List ok Plates vii
Chapter I. The Tomb of May.
A. Previous Work .
B. Architectural Features. Exterior Interior
Vault .
C. Scenes and Inscriptions. North thickness 2 South thickness 2
West Wall : South Side 3
D. May, the Official 4
Chapter II. The Tomb of Any.
A. Architectural Features. Exterior Interior Entrance Corridor Burial -shaft Shrine
B. Scenes
C. Personal .
D. Votive stelae
Chapter III. Small or Unlnscribeu Tombs.
Chapter IV. The Eeligious Texts.
A. Prayers by the deceased 16 B. Burial petitions .... 17 .
CONTENTS.
Cf3 AFTER V. The Boundary Stelae. PAGK
A. Their distribution 19 B. Their history and contents 20 C. Description of the Stelae 22 D. Previous work on the site 27 E. The earlier proclamation 28 F. The later proclamation 31
Index . 35 LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.
TLATK
THE EOGK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
PART V.
CHAPTEE I.
THE TOMB OF MAY (^ (jlj ^).
A. Previous Work. The inscription here apparently refers to the " retinue : royal followers after their The existence of this large tomb (No. 14) must The multi- ." tudes, attendants on the feet of their lord (?) . . have been patent to visitors at all periods ; but as the entrance was almost completely blocked The name of the deceased, as well as his title of " with sand, what was visible was extremely un- Eoyal Scribe" at the end of the columns on the jambs, has promising, and the tomb was not cleared by been hacked out and the remains M. Bouriant in 1883. This task, however, was have been covered over with tenacious plaster. (The text will be found on Plate iv. carried out by M. Barsanti ten years later, and and a trans- lation on M. Daressy published most of the texts of this pp. 17, 18.) Interior (Plate xxxv.). Although tomb of a " flabelliffere," but not his name, for — the hall as planned was ambitious its he found it erased from the inscriptions.^ enough, present appearance is very unattractive, less owing to its
unfinished. state than to the blackness and filth B. Architectural Features. which overlies all the interior, except low down (Plates i., ii.) near the entrance where the walls have always Exterior. —The approach which has been cut been protected by the invading sand. This through the rock-slope is not much broader than grime is due largely, if not entirely, to the the portal. The latter has the customary form countless bats which have housed here from and decoration, but the surface of the lintel is time immemorial, and still assert their ancient almost destroyed. It showed the usual dupli- privilege. But the state of the walls and columns cated scene of the Eoyal family adoring Aten. seems also to show that at some time when the As may be gathered from fragments of the hall was filled with coffined mummies a fierce north end given on Plate v., three princesses fire broke out in this inflammable material ; for and the Queen's sister Mutbenret were included. a foetid atmosphere seems hardly able to ac-
1 BouEiANT, Deux jours de fouilles, p. 8 ; Daressy, Be- count for the appearance of the tomb, and some cueil, XV., pp. 38-41. The name, though defaced, was of the bones recently thrown out are certainly picked out by me on the left jamb some years ago, as also calcined, but whether by the excavators or no I by Breasted independently. It is absolutely plain on the cannot say. South Thickness, and legible on the ceiling ; but the tomb is still anonymous in Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, I., pp. 71-77. The ceiling of the hall was intended to be -
THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
carried by twelve papyrus-columns ; but, as North Thickness.— (Plates iii., xxxvi.)\ On usual, only those of the central aisle have been the left hand in the thickness of the wall of rock given their final form (see Plate ii. for details of the scene of the worship of the Aten by the Royal the west column on the north side of the aisle). family takes the main place, and below this was The adjoining two in the west row merely show the prayer and praying figure of May. The King the censer and libation the stems on the capitals ; the rest on the north and Queen, who present are even less advanced, while on the south one vase to the sun from behind a laden altar, are is still a square pillar. Of the remaining two, followed by three of their daughters and by Mut- only the abaci have been detached from the benret. The last is attended, as she is wont to mass of unremoved rock which still fills this be, by her two female dwarfs. Para and Re-neheh.^ corner of the hall to within a yard of the ceiling. The presence of this princess here has no special The usual features of this type of tomb are significance. The subjects of the various walls of to be found, though in an unfinished state, viz., tombs in this group seem to have been settled the doubly-corniced door which was the promise by the example of Ay, who, as father of Nefertiti of an inner chamber, and the shrines for statues and of Mutbenret, naturally included the latter of the deceased at each end of the nearest cross- also in the Royal group. aisle. The door is undecorated and now much The text of the prayer of May will be found mutilated. The North Shrine contains a standing on Pis. ii., xix., its translation on p. 16.^ It is
figure of May, which, though the merest bozzo, in excellent condition ; but the kneeling figure allows his long wig and the fan of office over his of May has been remorselessly destroyed and right shoulder to be divined. The north and the space covered with coarse plaster. It can south walls of the hall are in the roughest state, just be seen that May was kneeling with right but it is evident that the inner row of columns hand uplifted and the left holding the fan over at least was to terminate in pilasters of the his shoulder. Apparently he wore the festal usual form. The unfinished pillar is still attached cap. His name, which occurred in the middle of to the side by a party-wall of rock, to which the inscription, has been similarly expunged, and a rough coping has been given in order to make this hostility has been also shown to the mention the best of the unremoved mass. of his office of Royal Scribe and of some other Vault.—A rough place of burial has been dignity, as on the jambs outside. provided by means of a stairway, which descends South Thickness. —The same evidence of a in the north-east corner of the tomb and pene- fall from favour appears on the South Thickness trates a short distance under the east wall. At (PI. iv.), where May had another address of his the nineteenth stair a level space leaves scanty inscribed in five columns the full height of the room for an interment. The lower half of the wall, and in shorter columns over a kneeling pilaster has been cut away to give a wider figure.* In this case not only was the figure passage, showing that the staircase was not part overlaid (probably after defacement) with a of the original design.
' Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, Plate xxxii. The sky in the scene extends over the doorway on the left hand, its end C. Scenes and Inscriptions. resting upon the mountains.
2 Cf . Part II., pp. 13, U, Pait VI., Pis. xxvi., xxviii., xxxi. (Plates ii., iii., iv., v., xix., xxxvi.) ' Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, PI. xxxiii. A translation is The only mural decorations within the tomb also given in Breasted, Becords, II., pp. 412, 413. '' The figures shown in Plates xxxiii., xxxiv. of the above occur on both sides of the entrance and on the work, though fictitious, since the original is invisible, seem south side of the west wall. roughly to resemble the original attitudes. THE TOMB OF MAY. rough and most tenacious plaster, but the incised the Queen, is made fast to mooring-stakes at hieroglyphs also were filled up. In part owing stem and stem, with a crowd of craft above and to the different nature of the defacing plaster, below, similar but simpler, to accommodate the they now assume the form of an inlay and are Eoyal household. On the foreshore the crews are legible ; but a large part I found quite obliter- busy at work repairing the tackle, etc. To ated and had painfully to pick out the filling. the right lie the oars neatly lashed together, the
Sometimes this came away readily and left the mast, the yards, the sails and the tackle. A original sign clear, but often the process was sailor is making a net in approved fashion, hold- difiB.cult and the resulting form uncertain. Some- ing the end taut between his toes, while with thing might still be done to improve the text, one hand and the other foot he extends the and it may be that the short columns can also edge on which he is working. His right hand be recovered in part., (For a translation see holds the netting-shuttle. Near him a man is below.) trimming the shaft of a paddle which a boy
West Wall : South Side. —This wall is the holds steady for him. Elsewhere men are taking only one inside the tomb which shows decora- oars from a pile or binding masts. Stands of tion or is prepared to receive it. Even here the meat are shown also. Further up the bank scene is only traced in ink, and only preserved gardeners are busy removing bouquets and as far up as the protecting bank of sand extended. foliage which they have been cutting for decora-
Fortunately the part saved is that which has tions. The strip of ground between the palace the most interest (Plate v.). and the quay is thickly planted with palms,
The scene seems to have been that of the leafy shrubs, clumps of papyrus and flowers ; and reward of May at the balcony of the palace, but on the right a tree is seen, growing in a brick the artist has deviated from the usual model holder, which is pierced with outlets for the and has given a foreground to the scene. ^ The moisture. palace, as we know, lay near the bank of the The barges of the King and Queen are dis- river, and this, with the Eoyal barges, landing- tinguished not only by their size, but by the stage and gardens, has been included by him in heads of their Majesties (the King wearing the his picture. Presumably the scene is as close to vl;e/-crown, the Queen the double plume), carved fact as an Egyptian artist could make it.^ at the top of the steering-paddles. Otherwise, the In the background we see a colonnade running two boats are similarly constructed. Along the side along the river-front of the palace. A uraeus- runs a light hooped railing to prevent accidents. crowned gate having seven columns with open On the deck there are three erections. At each end papyrus-capitals on either (?) side of it forms the is an open kiosk, the canopy of which is adorned
entrance to the palace ; and from it two diverging with uraei and supported on slender columns. paths lead down the bank (in a sloping line there- Whether they contain- images or deck-seats for fore) to two landing-stages raised on piles and their Majesties is no longer clear, bub it may be carrying uraeus-topped kiosks or fencing. At that the Queen and her daughters are to be one the barge of the King, at the other that of seen there on the after-deck of their boat. In the middle of each vessel is a much larger two- 1 I may be wrong in supplying columns here. The storied construction. cabin furnished portico would be on the other side of the building. A with 'i A fragment of a similar scene is among the pieces in side doors and windows is seen below. Above Cairo Museum which came from the wreck of Akhenaten's this there is a covered upper-deck, reached by a temple at Karnak. It shows uraeus-crowned gates, on companion-ladder aft, which ascends under which Aten sheds his rays, a tree in the sunshine, and a a man carrying oars. columned portico to a loggia exactly resembling ! ;
THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
hath provided, one beloved by his Lord every day ; one that of. the palace. It would seem from the whose happiness comes (though) old age arrives and whose port-holes that there are cabins also in the hull. body is hale (though) time passes ; one great in favour and flutter from the columns, from the was Eibbons happy in [honours ?] ; one who followed [his] lord and ' life, love is stable steering -paddles and from the stern itself, and the companion (?) of his feet for whose the Royal Scribe, Scribe of recruits. Overseer of the house all is light and gay as if designed for careless of Sehetep-Aten, Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra in On, hours. Overseer of the cattle of the temple of Ra in On, (3) [Over- This detailed picture by a contemporary towns- seer] of all [the works] of the King, Overseer of the soldiery man, of a spot which we can definitely locate of the Lord of the Two Lands, May. " ' ^ (lit. [He says : Listen] ye to what I say, all men and visit, brings the far Past up before us with "every eye") both great and small; (for) I relate to you rare vividness. the benefits which the Ruler did me. Then truly ye shall " The picture is surrounded by a border of say, How great are these things that were done for this man of no account ! " Then truly ye shall [ask] for him yellow and red lines outside that shown in the (the King) an eternity of ged-festivals, an everlasting plate. period as Lord of the Two Lands. (4) Then truly shall * he
The tablets of the columns in the aisle still do for you [such as] he has done for me ; the God who retain traces of the red and black ink of their dispenses life " ' I was a man of low origin both on my father's and on design, showing the King, Queen, and at least my mother's side, but the Prince established me. He princess, adoriag to right left of Aten. one and the caused me to grow, he me by his bounty, when On the north half of the west wall are some half- I was a man of no property. He made my people to grow for he caused brethren to be many, effaced graffiti (Plate v.),^ reading, perhaps, in number (?) me, my (5) he caused that all my people worked ' for me (and when) I " " " " ; this piece (?) 2 days ; this piece (?) 5 days ; became lord of a town, he caused me to associate with " year ii. ..." (possibly the date of construc- Princes and Companions (though) I had been one who tion). The inscription on the ceiling of the hall, held the last place.' He gave to me provisions and rations * every day, I who had been one that begged if there was one, has perished. That in the '" bread.' He caused entrance is partly legible. (Plate ii. Transla-
tion on p. 18.) May held the rank or office of
1. -Erpa prince.
2. Ha prince. D. Mat, the Official. 3. Royal Chancellor. As the inscription on the South Thickness 4. Sole Companion. (PI. iv.), which attempts to put into words 5. Scribe of the King. May's loyal attitude to the King, is, despite 6. Overseer of the soldiery of the Lord of the all grandiloquence, a description of his career, Two Lands. it is in place to insert it here.^
^ " If we may emend to [I Of. III., xxvii.; An adoration of Horakliti[-Aten, who giveth life ; of IV., ii. the King of South and North, living in Truth], Lord of ^^^ °^ the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra-ua-en-ra, the Son of the * Reading ^^ ^ < { I I I c=i\ Sun, living in Truth, Lord of Diadems, Akhenaten, great
^ in his duration ; and of the heiress, great in the palace, fair Read of face, gay with the two plumes, beloved of the Aten, the chief wife of the King, whom he loves, Lady of Reading the Lands, O Nefertiti, living for ever and ever. ' Of. II., p. 29. Read ^^ and lower down (2) "The Bearer of the Fan on [the right hand of the )l®V§^ King] whom the King of the South hath enlarged " . . . whose sustenance (or whose Ka ") the Sovereign
I Emending to ^ ' 5 % 1 Of. Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, I., p. 77. ^ ' Reading .v\ « « Ih., Plate xxxiv. " ^">^a
1 I 1 '
THE TOMB OF MAY.
7. Overseer of the house of Sehetep-Aten.^ The Egyptian official was wont to find in his
8. Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra in On. rapid rise from low office and origin the greater 9. Overseer of the cattle of the temple of Ra matter for pride. May glories in the fact that in On. whereas he had formerly begged his bread he
10. Overseer of all the works of the King. now associates with princes ; but Egyptian 11. Scribe of recruits. sentiment was probably not so far difierent 12. Bearer of the fan on the right hand of from our own but that we may suspect that this the King. was a cause of his downfall. His degradation
The two broken titles on the ceiling (PL ii.) was even more swift and absolute than his rise. perhaps only repeat titles 6 and 10. If we are If the names both of his father and his mother
to give full credit to this list, we must assign were of no account, the King now sought to blot to May a high place amongst those who early his out altogether from the book of life. We threw in their full lot with the new ' Teaching cannot wonder, as we read May's lavish expres- and were entrusted with the highest adminis- sions of gratitude, that Akhenaten took special
trative posts. The offices occurring immediately care to erase this biography, lest it should stand before his name in the above inscription are as a satire on the favour of kings. It has been
probably those which imposed definite duties, the more pleasure to baffle May's enemies and while that of Bearer of the Fan, which he places restore his name to history.
first, brought him most into personal contact It is interesting to find that May had special
with the King. The post of Acting Scribe to offices outside Akhetaten, but it is of course the King was in those times the most difficult precisely in Heliopolis that the jurisdiction of
and responsible, and it appears to have been in the sun-worshipping King would be most readily
the discharge of its duties that he met sudden accepted. Our desire for information as to the disgrace and, not improbably, sudden death. administration of the country from the new
Life, however, if short for May, must have been capital is little advanced, therefore ; for it would
full of the sweets of successful ambition and the be rash to conclude from the mention of a satisfaction of well-rewarded activity. He became palace of Akhenaten in On that the King at one of those who entered most closely into the times resided there. friendship and projects of the King, and has set The depiction of three princesses in the tomb down in lasting letters, as well as in charming pic- shows that it could not have been inscribed ture, his pride in the hours of close companionship earlier than the seventh year of Akhenaten, and with the King on the river in his splendid barge. the downfall of May probably occurred almost immediately. It is possible that he was suc-
^ ostraca at El Amarna This house is mentioned on ceeded in his office of Overseer of soldiery by (Gbiffith, in Petrie, T. ^., p. 33, PI. xxii., Nos. 5, 19-22). Rames or Paatenemheb, as Overseer of works It appears to be the name of a royal person (" who appeases appellation of by Tutu, as Fanbearer by Ahmes, and that his Aten "), whether it be a rarely-mentioned the King, or his father, or the Aten-name of some other honours as £rpa Ha Prince and Eoyal Chancel- member of the Royal family. Breasted {Becords, II., lor fell to Nekhtpaaten. But our knowledge of writing of the name p. 411) supposes it to be a temple. The the administration of Egypt is all too meagre for in the fourth column of the left jamb (PI. iv.) is a scribal spelling of Title 8 on the right jamb). anything but surmise. error (cf . the muddled CHAPTER II.
THE TOMB OF ANY ( )
The position of this tomb (No. 23) will best be Even so, the architect was not able to do more learnt from the map (IV., xiii.). A broad road than indicate how pleasing was the design which leads to it from the river, marking out the spot it was his intention to carry out. As it stands, as the site of an important tomb. It was, how- the exterior is only a rough-hewn sketch which ever, not opened till 1891, when M. Barsanti the imagination must complete. The tomb being cleared this and other tombs of the Necropolis.^ set in a hill of very gradual slope, the approach
The tomb differs in appearance from all and was never excavated.^ One reaches the tomb even in type from most others in the southern by a long flight of steps in a somewhat narrow group, and by its greater similarity to the cutting, so that the fagade lies in an under- corridor tombs of the N, group it gives a ground area and is robbed of a great deal of its hint, confirmed elsewhere, of its later position effectiveness. The portico was not to be of the in the series. usual type, extending across the frontage and shading the doOr, but took the form of porches A. Architectdral Features. on either side of the doorway, as if they were of a more extended colonnade. Al- (Plates viii., xi.) the ends though this architectural feature is only touched Exterior. —The tomb is unique in the in, so to speak, the builder's intentions just Necropolis in regard to many details of con- emerging from the living rock below and around, struction, all tending to tasteful finish and archi- yet it is plain that the column which supports tectural decorativeness. The greatest innova- the corniced architraves on either side was to be tion, and one rare in rock tombs in Egypt, is the only one, being balanced, no doubt, by a the provision of a portico outside. As this pilaster of the usual form in the rock-wall. The convenience was well known in domestic as well narrow width of the hall inside would not have as in temple architecture, and the palace at El justified a greater breadth outside. The walls Amarna in particular set an example of luxury and floor of the excavation are left in the in this respect, it is not to be wondered at that uneven state which marks an abandoned enter- the Egyptians desired to furnish their " houses prise, but in the wall under the portico on the of eternity" with it also. But the labour in- right will be seen three rounded niches, and volved rarely permitted this in the case of rock there is a similar one on the left. These niches tombs, and Any was able to gratify his finer contained votive tablets of stone dedicated to tastes only by restraining his ambitions in point Any by his household, which fortunately were of size and complexity. still in place when the tomb was cleared,
1 M. Daressy published the texts in the fifteenth volume
of the Becueil, pp. 42-45, and the whole tomb has been 2 The slope of the hill continues far beyond the limit of included in Mon. dn Ciilte d'Atonou, Pis. xxv.-xxix., the plan, so that an approach at the floor level would have pp. 49-56. been quite feasible, and was no doubt contemplated. —
THE TOMB OF ANY. and are now, with two others, in the Cairo fashioned on the left, to receive the door-bolt Museum.^ when shot, being also neatly outlined. The
The portal, which is of the usual form, has enclosed space on the right occupies only half also the customary scenes and inscriptions ; but the wall, so as to admit of the door being thrown the lintel, which showed the King and Queen, back. The figures are in solid red, the flesh followed by three princesses and by attendants, tints showing faintly when under only one thick- offering to Aten on each side of a central altar- ness of raiment. On the right hand (Plate xx.) table, is too weather-worn to be worth repro- Any enters, carrying staff and nosegay and shod ducing. On the right hand the King and Queen with sandals, as if he had just been for a stroll offer kherp sceptres ; on the left, globular in the sunshine and plucked some flowers on the vases (?). The faces of the Queen and of the river bank. On the left, however, he stands youngest princess are still fairly well preserved. with upraised hands adoring the sun, an attitude
The door jambs are not occupied by burial which befits the text inscribed in front of him petitions, but simply by a salutation of the in black ink. It is a recension of the Shorter regnant powers, divine and human, three times Hymn to the Aten, but the upper part of the repeated on either side in incised hieroglyphs lines is obliterated.^ The personal ending to
: (Plate xi. ; c£ I., xxxv.). The later form of the the hymn is as follows cartouches of Aten is adopted here (cf. IV., U =(?) p. 14). Beneath this on both sides are the \ prayers and praying figures of Any. (For trans- lation, see p. 17.)
IisTBE,iOR. —The corridor to which the portal AAAArtA I 1 O n O (O) gives entrance creates a most pleasing effect,
AAAAAA for though the tomb had to be left almost o (?) Riin untouched as regards mural decoration, yet a L " Tie intimate of complete finish was given to the tomb in other =S ft J Til11 respects, and in particular the cornice under the King, whom his lord loves, the favourite the ceiling and over the portal of the shrine, whom the Lord of the Two Lands (?) created by with its bright bars of blue, green, blue, red, his bounty, who has reached the blessed reward gives an air of gaiety to the hall (Plate xx.). by the favour of the King, the acting scribe of The statue in its shrine, too, is sufficiently the King beloved by him. Scribe of the Altar perfect to create a true impression. of the Lord of the Two Lands, Scribe of the Entrance.—The decoration on the thickness Offering Table of Aten for the Aten in the of the walls has been hastily yet neatly carried temple of Aten in Akhetafen,^ Steward of the out in crude colours. Affinity to the northern house of King Aa-kheperu-ra, Any, blessed with burial, says (it)." tombs is again shown in the full-sized figures a good What is legible of a short biographical notice in front of on of the deceased which occupy the walls ; that on Any the the right, strangely enough, being represented opposite wall adds nothing to this. the space as entering, while that on the left faces out- On vacant on the right-hand wall a ward. The whole wall is laid out in yellow figure has been scratched roughly in the plaster wash, and the pictures are surrounded by a with many strokes of a sharp point (Plate xi.).
border of blue and red bands ; the square hole '^ For text and translation see Vol. IV., Plates xxxii., xxxiii., and pp. 28, 29. ^ 1 See below. This may be the building mentioned in I., xxx. (p. 36). THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
like other lintel with the series of centre, It evidently represents Any, for this, cartouches in the of text well-preserved profiles of Any, shows a peculi- while columns occupied the jambs. of The shrine is almost filled rock dais arity which may have been a consequence with the or which the chair of the deceased is set. This age—a falling in, namely, of the upper lip on artist is guarded in front by a little parapet neatly a tightening of it on the teeth. The between apparently wished to practise Any's portrait or finished on top with a rounded moulding flat edgings, and is reached by a flight of four to leave it as a guide to the decorators. Despite the capital preservation The ceiling has been squared out in readiness shallow steps. the statue has suffered considerable to receive a pattern. of the tomb, its general form, Corridor (Plate xx.).—Though the walls are damage. It retains, however, sitting in a chair well finished, no trace of design is found on and depicts Any in full wig them. The hollow cornice, bright with colour, with his feet on a high footstool. which runs along the sides under the ceiling This feature is is in itself very decorative. B. Scenes. present besides only in Tomb 21. With us the (Plates ix., x.) cornice is a familiar feature of house decoration,
but to the Egyptian it was known rather as a The walls of the shrine on either side are form of wall-coping. Here it projects a little decorated in colour in a very simple way, appro- beyond the spring of the slightly vaulted ceiling, priate to the place. The sketch (which is mainly
as if to suggest that the latter was a light canopy in red paint) is very rough, and has been much resting on solid walls. corrected by a more skilful hand in red line. Burial-Shatt. —No chamber other than the In each case Any, seated on a chair, receives shrine being provided, the place of interment was ofi"erings at the hand of one of his servants reached from a shaft in the floor of the corridor. named Meryra. A mat is spread beneath his A door in the further wall of the pit admits to a feet. On the left wall Any helps himself from a roomy chamber under the shrine, on the left-hand table piled with provisions, while Meryra appears
(NE.) side of which is a second pit or shaft, to be reciting the formulae which give them capable of being covered with slabs. The sand efficacy. On the right wall Any is accompanied
remaining in this did not permit me to ascertain by a lady, and holds the baton of office. Meryra
its depth. In the back wall two little recesses presents him with a cruse of ointment (?), are cut which have evidently been used to set accompanying the act with many a prayer for lamps or candles in, and were probably intended his happiness. The inscriptions above both
this purpose either to the excavators scenes are unfortunately almost to serve or indecipherable ; to the spirit of the deceased. There is one also the fragments exhibited, having been secured on either side of the entrance to the chamber.'^ with great difficulty, are offered with as much
Shrine. —The portal to this is of the usual reserve. (For translations see p. 17.) The corniced type, as if leading from the outer air. recipient is described as " the Scribe of the King,
It was decorated, but only in ink, and this has beloved of his lord, [Scribe of the altar-table of]
so faded that we can only see that Any and the Aten, Scribe of the altar of . . . [Overseer] his prayers were to occupy the ends of the of the works of the Lord of the Two Lands in Akhetaten, [Steward of the] House of Aa- ^ Probably the chamber was used for later interments, maakheru kheperu-ra, who giveth life, Any, . . . the original burial having been disturbed to make room for in The lady who stands behind Any them, for nothing of the burial equipment was found by peace." him, for we the French excavators, if we may judge by their silence. (Plate X.) apparently survived read, — —
THE TOMB OF ANY.
" whose [His wife(1)] the lady of the house (?), A . . ., search after other Royal persons of this name
says ... he ordered (?) for thee thy house of existence is more than doubtful.^ That Any's eternity." life should extend so far back beyond days when Egypt was troubled by religious schism would be a C. Personal. new reason for the esteem in which he was held.
The six stelae reproduced on Plates xxi., xxii., The death of Any probably did not take place xxiii., were found in this tomb when it was before the abandonment of the necropolis, for
cleared by M. Barsanti in 1891/ as the Museum the new form of the cartouches of Aten is records show. They are of very exceptional already seen on the outer door-jambs, which
interest, and since no others have been forth- would be the first part to be engraved. His
coming on this site we may suppose that Any offices need not have entailed any great activity especially deserved, and in marked measure won, on his part. Of his relationships or previous the regard of his servants or friends. The donors career we know nothing. appear to have been for the most part small
officials, probably in his own service, with the D. Votive Stelae. exception of his brother, who dedicates one of The six votive stelae referred to above are as the least pretentious of the stones. The little follows : monuments seem all to be the outcome of a 1. Stela of Pakha^ (Plate xxi.). genuine affection which sought some means of On the left Any sits in a high-backed chair placed upon expression, though that of the charioteer may a mat. His right hand holds a napkin or sash, his left is
laid upon d, basket of provisions which stands before him. fall in a different category. This impression is Any, " blessed with goodly burial," is given his usual titles. deepened when we find the characteristic facial A man in official's garb who presents him with a bouquet features of the dead man reproduced with such is identified by the inscription below: "The Overseer of
all.. care upon them From this we gather that works, Pakha ( ) maakheru, made (it)." I
Any was an old man, and had joined Akhen- His prayer is
aten's enterprise late in life. It accords with this AftAAAA O that no other grave of the officials of Akhetaten O " S gives such sure indications of having been occu- AAA 1I brother Ptahmay clung to his pied, and that his © I >(?) (?) banned name. A further evidence of Any's age 2 See Legrain in Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, is that of his title of Steward of the House of pp. 53, 54. The cartouche occurs also, I think, on a fragment from King Aa-kheperu-ra. As the reign of that king Akhenaten's temple at Karnak (Cairo Museum). A frag- carry us back (Amenhetep II.) would only about ment from El Amarna depicted by Wilkinson in his fifty years, and the office might possibly con- Modern Egypt, II., p. 69, shows Akhenaten ofiering to Aten, and describes the god as dwelling in the midst tinue, or even begin, after the king's death, there of the house of King Men-kheperu-ra (Thothmes IV.) in the is no reason why Any should not have seen four house of Aten in Akhetaten. If this is correct, it is easy kings on the throne of Egypt, or why one should to admit a house of his predecessor also, whatever these
shrines (?) may have been. 1 M. Daressy in his account (Becueil, xv., pp. 44, 45) ^ No. 29745 in the Museum Journal. Inscribed " Grotte of he reports to 26.10.91." knows of only five. That (Ptah)may have No. 24, Hag Candil. Height, 41 cm. ; breadth, been found in the dibris, implying that the other four were 27 cm. This and the following stela, from their size, seem discovered in their niches. Steindoepf has dealt fully to have come from the niches in the W. porch. Steindorfi" with these four in A. Z., 1896, pp. 63-69. I am greatly reads the name as Pa-kharu, " the Syrian." Mon. du Culte indebted to M; Lacau for discovering the two lost stelae d'Atonou, PL xxvi. in the Museum, and to Brugsch Bey for having them * Apparently Pakha sets maahheru, " selig," after his name photographed for this work. in devout anticipation of his own day of death. C ";
10 THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
" Unto thy Ka ! A bouquet of the Aten. May he give to me breezes. May he knit thy limbs. Mayest thou see Ra whenever he rises and adore him, and may he listen to what thou sayest."
2. Stela of Nebwawi ^ (Plate xxi.). On the upper half Any is seen standing on the right with staff and handkerchief. The scribe Nebwawi, dressed very simply, and holding his papyrus roll, says to him
' " Behold the ox as to which it was said : Bring it.' We are permitted to see the noble beast for ourselves for, in a second scene, Nebwawi leads it forward, gay with lotus flowers attached to a broad collar round its
neck.
o o o THE TOMB OF ANY. 11
' ^ ' May there be made for thee a dy hetep seten of bread, 6. Stela of Ay (Plate xxiii.). beer, oxen, fowl and a libation of wine and milk." i Any sits on the left before a small stand with flowers, The faces of the two brothers are much alike, but the his feet resting on a footstool. The stela was devoted
work is less careful. " servant Ay," who is f\ by the (?) k shown presenting a bouquet to Any u. especially Ptahmay, father of Pa-aten-em-heb (Lieblbin I f
; ib. "(Fov)th.jhaI A bouquet 670 also 2016). Daressy {Bemeil, xv., p. 45) boldly wk^m jumps the -difficulty. Though "the Scribe May" is not an " of the Aten, who favours and loves thee ! impossible reading, it would be too hazardous to seek an
2 identification with the owner of Tomb 14. No. 29750. Height 23 cm. ; breadth 15 cm. A poor
still the familiar 1 " " little stela, but the face of Any shows Prima facie milk of the king ; but the I must be features. Hitherto unpublished. mistake for the determinative X- 3 The reading sdm 'ash was proposed to me by M. Lacau, 12
CHAPTEE III. SMALL OR UNINSCRIBED TOMBS.
papyrus stems is shown between the inserted stalks, and is In Part IV., Chapter II., some general observa- continued above the sheathing on the capital.^ No trace tions were made on the architecture and types of inscription is visible. in the Southern Necropolis. It re- of tombs Tomb 9a. (Part IV , Plate xxx.) mains to supplement this by more detailed notes This little tomb also is unfinished inside. The fa5ade shows the usual portal, but is quite blank of any record. on the tombs separately. The official enumera- Tomb 9b. (Part IV., Plate xxxiv.) starts with the most northern tomb tion, which This tomb is of the simplest type, the door being set in a of the group, will be followed.^ rough pit to which two or three steps descend. The front shows no decoration. In the little chamber to which the
Tomb 7a. (Part IV., Plate xxxiv.) entrance admits there is a shallow burial-pit on the right- A small tomb, of tbe cross-corridor type, of which I appeared to' be hand side j but I found it eijipty, though I entrance, as trace of inscriptions was cleared only the no the first who had cleared it. found in the parts which are wont to receive them first. Tomb 9c. (Part IV., Plate xxx.) floor is still deep in The cornice outside is destroyed. The This is similar to the last, but the chamber within is no part of stone chips removed in trimming down the upper more than a slight enlargement of a natural fissure. The The aisle is, as usual, higher than the rest of the tomb. door is reached by a stairway ; but no doubt, had the tomb the corridor. been elaborated, this well would have been converted into Tomb 7b. (ib.) an open approach by the removal of the rock-slope in front. have This tomb adjoins the last and would probably Tomb 12. Nekht-pa-aten. (Plate xiv.)* resembled it within as well as without, but the interior This tomb, which was to have been of the same type as
has been little more than attacked. Tombs 10 and 13, has only had its facade and entrance com- xviii.) Tomb 7c. (Plate pleted. Inside there is a small area of floor, and the upper of a This is a much larger tomb, reaching the dignity parts of three columns have been detached and remain as second single row of columns and a roughly Qut chamber square pillars of rock. Though this was but a doorway to and place of interment. But there are plentiful signs here a projected tomb, the owner had laid claim to it ; for those construction, and, as there is an of haste and slovenly who excavated it found traces of three columns of hieroglyphs pile of broken vessels of late date outside, it is enormous in ink on both jambs outside.^ The first column probably corridor hall the possible that the rough beyond the and contained an adoration of the Aten and of Royalty, the north are later additions. fagade low chamber on the The second the prayer, and the third the titles of the ofiicial. has sufiered greatly, and as there was only a remote chance The second column on the left ended with of finding a name in ink on the outer jambs, I did not attempt to remove the mass of sand outside. The door the third ended with ^^f was blocked up with bricks and stones, and loosely-built Mi walls of stone had been placed to keep the approach clear. AAAAftA This name can hardly be anything but Inside only the upper part is finished. The columns and <\ O the walls splay out near the ground and almost meet.^ ^ Above AB it is an inset of plaster only. On the Of the four columns only the two of the aisle have been S. column the capital was made too short—a defect that given any decoration. The sharp rib of the eight imaginary was probably rectified by plaster, now fallen away from the neck.
^ The map in Part IV. (Plate xiii.) should be consulted * Having neglected to plan this tomb, I have given here for positions. Tombs 7 (Parennefer), 8 (Tutu), and 25 the sketch plan of M. Gautier (Jfom. du CuUe d'Atonou, I.,
(Ay) will be described in Part VI. Plate xix. will give p. 81). The scale is ^^^, not ^jj as marked. some idea of the character of the site. ^ Daressy, Becueil, xv., p. 38. The same spelling, and
^ In consequence, the plan of the walls as given is taken the inscriptions after the first sign, are confirmed by Petrie three feet above lowest floor-level. from notes made six months later. SMALL OR UNINSCRIBED TOMBS. 13 an erroneous writing for Nekht-pa-aten, though supported two rows of columns terminates in square pilasters, furnished with base (generally in a rough state), roll, cornice, and by the corresponding text on the right jamb ®^ Ik^ j\ abacus.
^^^'^^ The breaking up of the extensive wall "gT M- ^° '^^ *^^ inscription now remains. Wall-decoration.— surfaces is one of the most pleasing elements of the architec- The owner of this unprepossessing sepulchre, then, was a ture. The mode was suggested by the need for providing man of the highest rank, an erpa- and Aa-prince, chancellor, a shrine or shrines which the deceased, represented by his and vizier. It might be conjectured that he was a man of sitting statue, might occupy at his ease. These were set modest prospects, and, being suddenly ennobled on the provisionally at each end of the first cross-aisle ; then in downfall of May, astutely profited by that lesson and succeeding aisles, if such were provided and in the back avoided ostentation, like Apy and Rames. Most probably ; wall of the main hall or of the further chamber. Each one these three officials were deprived of more stately tombs by was furnished with a corniced door-frame, and in lofty the deplorable quality of the rock at this point. halls a superstructure, itself furnished with a cornice, was Tomb 16. (Plates vi., vii., viii., xxiv.)"^ added above the door. Hence the wall at both ends of Had this tomb been completed, it must have ranked as each aisle of this tomb is corniced, yet in difierent ways. one of the finest rock-hewn burial-places in Egypt, and In the nearest aisle the cornice is double probably an fortunately the great hall is sufficiently complete to allow ; entablature would have intervened. In the second there is the fancy to supply what is lacking. Unlike the rest of a single cornice set lower down ; no door, however, is yet the tombs, it faces eastwards. The cornice of the outer hewn out. In the third the single cornice is at the roof, portal is lacking, and the approach has never been com- and the door was to be correspondingly raised and reached pletely hewn through the rock-slope. But as soon as one by a little flight of steps, protected by a low ramp. The enters the hall, blank even of a graffito, but with walls as door in the back wall also is adorned with a double cornice yet unstained and smooth,^ its spaciousness and the grace with intervening open-work, on the ink design of which of its slender columns make ample amends. One wonders latter a beginning has been made with the chisel.* This at the feverish energy and courage which could, as if by diversity of application of the same feature is both striking a magic wand, change this spot in the vast dead wilderness and successful, and it is still further exemplified in the case of rock into a hall of subtle grace and mystery, and then, of the Southern Shrine (Plate vii., Section on AB). Here before the toil could well serve any purpose, hasten away to the lower cornice (which is separate and fixed in a rebate) new enterprises, as far in motive as in distance from the is interrupted over the doorway and its place taken by a world of busy life and human needs. rectangular slab(?), the setting for which alone remains. Columnar Hall.—The great hall is 53 feet long, 29 Whether it was sculptured or inscribed, or indeed was feet wide, 14 feet high. By setting the tomb low down, ever supplied, cannot be determined. the architect gave thickness to the roof and could almost Additional Chambers.—The two shrines in the first ignore its weight. He supported it, therefore, on twelve cross-aisle contain rough blocks of stone which were to columns, which by their comparative slimness and free be transformed into sitting statues. The room to which spacing are more than usually pleasing. Only the four the West Door gave entrance is only just begun, but columns of the central aisle (Plate xxiv.) and those of the the work done indicates a low chamber with slim, thickly- south side of the first cross-aisle are in any measure carried clustered columns. Perhaps the tomb was needed hur- out. The rest are in the state of incompleteness shown by riedly for burial; for the owner did not wait for the two columns in the Section, Plate viii. (cf. Plate xxiv.). inner room to be completed, but excavated a long flight of On the more finished columns the inserted bunches of stems steps in the south-west corner of the hall, which, turning are not separated below the capital, nor divided into three completely on itself in its descent, ended in a small landing above it.^ A capricious feature is the introduction of and an unfinished burial chamber, twenty-six feet three ribs on each of the eight stems, thus dividing each below the floor of the hall. stem into four, a feature which is carried a step further in Tomb 17. (Plate xii.) Tombs 6, 25, 7c. The tablets are, as usual, so set as to This little tomb presents no interesting feature, face the visitor as he walks down the aisle. Each of the except that, being apparently undisturbed, it showed sherds and pottery lying in a layer upon the original drift sand.^ 1 The heading of Chapter viii. of Mon. du Quite d'Atonou, which should have treated of this tomb, is the only part
applicable to it, the appended plan and description being f shall We meet with this decoration in the tomb, of from an entirely dissimilar tomb, No. 13. Tutu, is both borrowed which of very similar type (Part VI., PI. xiii.). 2 this is not likely to last, unless the kindly sands ^ But The small pot with a foot and the saucers shown in intervene to protect the tomb ; for countless bats Plate xliv. again came from this tomb. The tall jar is said to make a home in it. have been found in the excavation of these tombs, havin" 3 but the divisions were They were divided, afterwards been preserved since then in the house of a guard. The with plaster. filled up fragments I picked up on the site. All the above seem ;
14 THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
Tomb 18. (Plate xiii.) Inside, the cross-corridor has been roughly excavated, This tomb is of the direct corridor type, like the tomb of and measures have been taken for carrying the hall farther
Any ; but the corridor is of the shortest. Yet simple as the back, leaving a row of four columns in the centre. That
hall is and neatly finished oJf above with a ridge-pole roof, the latter were projected is shown in addition by a rough
the back part is still shapeless rock for a third of its height. sketch of a column in red ink on the west wall, 5 feet high. So soon as a tomb was within measurable distance of com- Tomb 21. (Plates xvi., xxxv.) pletion, Akhenaten or his architects seem to have lost all Leaving the little bay of low rock where only unpre-
interest in it. In this case the shrine which was to be ex- tentious tombs were admissible, we come to a hall which, if
cavated at the end of the corridor is little better than a hole. unsightly, affords a unique architectural feature. There is, Nevertheless, as in so many other cases, an inscription was as usual, a rough approach through the rock-slope to a
written on the left jamb of the outer door, and even cut portal which is uninscribed, equally with the interior.^ for half its length. The lower half, with the name and After the cross-corridor had been hewn and shrines with titles of the deceased, is lost to us, but the rest (now injured double-corniced portals set at the ends, the central aisle by thieves) contains the opening of the salutations. A was run out and a single row of three columns arranged for translation is given on p. 18. and partly detached on either hand. (The greater part of the mass has been removed from behind them on the west ] 9. SuTAU Tomb (1 % [~r~| (Plates xiv., xv.). ^ ^) side, but on the other a beginning only was made under which is of as This tomb, the same type the last, but has the ceiling.) The square shape of the room, which allows a vaulted roof, is still more incomplete both without and a greater number of columns in the depth than in the within, and even the little loculus for burial high up in the width, is an innovation for the outer hall (cf . IV., xxxviii.). south wall is probably a later provision. Yet so hopeless It is more surprising to find the longitudinal architrave was the owner of seeing further progress made, that he arrested at the first column, and furnished with a cornice prepared to commemorate himself and his king on the only (Plate XXXV.). The effect is in itself pleasing, yet bewilder- finished wall-space in. the entrance. Here on the left hand ing ; for it can only give the suggestion of colonnades in an he caused the usual design, showing the Royal Family at open court. This idea is supported by the provision of a
worship, to be traced in ink ; but this has now almost cornice to the entrance on the inside, as if it were a gateway disappeared. Beneath this his own figure and his prayer in an outer wall. It would certainly be permissible to were copied in thick black ink, and this has come down to regard this part of the funerary chapel as a colonnaded us in a fragmentary state, preserving to us little more than court with private rooms opening out of it ; but it is more his name, Sutau, Overseer of the Treasury (Plate xv. probable that the owner of Tomb 21 was struck with the translation on 17). p. novelty which, his neighbour Any had provided in his Tomb 20. (Plate xii.) corniced portico, and, without regarding its significance, The approach to this tomb has not been carried through adopted it as an internal feature of his tomb. The cornice to the outer level, and this incompleteness foretells the is carried round to the side walls, where the architraves state of the interior. The door-framing, however, is in rest on pilasters of the usual type ; but in the aisle it has order, and its, lintel has received the only effort at decora- not yet been completed past the second column on either xv.). even this tion that was made (Plate Not that con- side. ventional design of the adoration of Aten by the Royal Tomb 22. (Plates xvi., xvii., xxxvi.) family was carried to a finish. The sculptor abandoned it, This tomb is similar in external appearance to the last, and by some caprice of his the figures of the Queen and but the interior conforms to the usual type of columnar hall. her three daughters have been omitted on both sides. ^ The The shape is oblong, admitting two rows of four columns one princess who is visible is the Queen's sister Mutbenret each. Of the first row only two are detached and given she seems to have been fan-bearer to the Queen, for she their approximate outline. The rest have only acquired always carries a fan. their abaci or are still to be formed by the removal of the rock. The ground-plan shows little space cleared beyond to be of Eighteenth Dynasty types, but the heaps of sherds the cross-corridor ; but near the ceUing the central aisle is outside the chief tombs appear to be chiefly of quite late carried out to its limit, and there the cornice of a door forms. These, I suppose, were thrown out by the ex- gives promise of a further room or shrine in the axis. cavators, and were already broken for the most part. A fragment of the design has been carried out on the Professor Petrie, in a note, describes Tomb 16 as con- lintel of the fagade, and shows the King, Queen, and three taining " burials in palm-sticks, coffins, etc.," and this was daughters worshipping Aten, and the Queen's sister in also the case doubtless in the other tombs. Most of these attendance (Plate xvi.). remains were destroyed, I believe, by the excavators ; but some probably were taken to Cairo, and may yet be iden- tified and dated. ^ The visitor will seek in vain for the figure and text 1 Perhaps three sculptors were engaged on the scene assigned to this tomb in Mon. du Quite d'AtoTwu, I., p. 60. simultaneously. Both come from the tomb of Huya at Et Til (III., xxxvii.). SMALL OR UNINSCKIBED TOMBS. 15
Tomb 24. Pa-aten-em-heb Tomb 25a. (Plate xiv.) m-i-^ii This tiny chamber was excavated in 1883, and those who ^^E7 (Plate xiii.). saw it in earlier years report traces of illegible inscription This is only the entrance to a tomb, for it has progressed on the jambs. The name, however, though written in ink no further. Even the approach has not been hewn out, so only on the right jamb at the end of four columns of lost that one descends to it by rough steps. It is now destitute inscription, is still almost legible.^ On the right jamb the of any record ; but, when first excavated, the ends of the upper parts of four columns of the praises of Aten are columns of inscription, written in ink on the jambs, were partially preserved. (1) " Life to the divine and sovereign visible and furnished us with the name of the too sanguine Father, Horakhti-Aten, who gives lite for ever and ever, " owner. He was named Pa-aten-em-heb, and was a Royal the living and great Aten withia the sed-festival Scribe, " Overseer of the soldiery of the Lord of the Two (2) the Aten (?) Lord of Existence, the Lord who Lands, ." Steward of the Lord of the Two Lands, and Over- brings Eternity, Lord of Everlasting, who flourishes . . . seer of porters in Akhetaten.^ Tomb 24a. (Plate xviii.) ^zi:^
This again is only an entrance to a tomb and is without ^ w I I J^I°I^Sl^(l>) inscription. " (4) Praise to thee, living Aten who illuminest heaven (?) '' ^ The authorities for the inscription are Daressy, Re- with thy rays (?) cueil, XV,, p. 45, Boueiant, Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, I., On the lintel, and on a fragment fallen from it, is found p. 47, and notes by Pbtbie. I have bungled my sketch, part of the usual scene. The King, Queen, and three princesses were adoring Aten from behind altar-stands. I and the title given by M. Daressy ia the second j did not clear the chamber anew. column of each jamb should certainly be accepted. The inscription was sculptured, according to Petrie. The last title is likely to be a misreading for "Overseer of works," ^ It seems to read or something similar. but compare III., pp. 8, 9. 16
CHAPTEE IV. THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.
(who) administers the land for Him who set him on His As before, I divide these pruyers into two classes throne, and makes the land belong to Him who made those placed in the mouth of the deceased, and — him. Every land makes festival at his rising. They lietep those prayers of the dy seten type displayed assemble, making offerings to his Tea, to the Aten when he on the door-jambs or the ceiling in short for- rises on the horizon each morning. " (When) his son presents Truth ^ to thy fair face, there mulas, with a view to convenient recitation by (8) is rejoicing. Thou lookest on him, for he proceeded from benefit of the spirit. visitors for the thee and thou hast granted to him (to be) a King like the Aten, (he) Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra. May there be life
and health such as the Aten (has) ! A. Prayers by the Deceased. " The hereditary erpa-prince and Aa-prince, Royal
1. May. North Tiiickness. (Plate ii.) Chancellor and Sole Companion, (9) . . . , acting Scribe of
Previous notices are : Daressy, Becueil, xv., pp. 38-9 ; the King, beloved of him, Commandant of the soldiery of
Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, PI. xxxiii. ; a translation by the Lord of the Two Lands, Overseer of the House of
Breasted from his own copy, Records, ii., p. 412. Sehetep-Aten,3 [May].
" An adoration of Horakhti-Aten, who gives life for ever " He saith ' I (am) a servant of him who fostered him, and ever, (of the) King of South and North, who lives in punctilious for the Lord of the Two Lands, serviceable to
Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, N., (2) the Son of the Sun, who his lord. I set truth in my inward parts ; falsehood is my lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, A., great in his duration, loathing, (10) for I know that the Son of the Aten, N.,
(and of the) chief wife of the King, whom he loves. Lady rejoiceth at it. He multiplies towards me my favours like of the Two Lands, rich in love, N., who lives for ever and the number of the sand-grains. I am the first of the elders, ever. the chief of the BeJchyt. (11) My lord promotes me because I
(3) " Thy rising is beautiful on the horizon of heaven, O do his teaching. I hearken to his voice unceasingly ; my
living Aten, who dispensest life ! Shining on the eastern eyes see thy beauty day by day—my lord,, sapient like
horizon of heaven, thou fillest the Two Lands with thy Aten, contented with truth ! beauty. Thou art bright, great, gleaming, high above all " How prosperous is (12) he who hearkens to thy teaching the earth. As for thy rays, they (4) embrace (all?) the of Life. May he be made content by the sight of thee and
' lands, to the extent of all that thou hast made. Thou art reach old age !
^ as the sun ; thou bringest their sum and subjectest them " Do thou give to me fair burial as a gift of thy bounty to thy beloved Son. in the tomb which thou commandest for me to repose there "Thy rays are on thy brigtfP image, the Ruler of Truth (in) the cliff of Akhetaten, (13) the seat of the elect. O thou who proceeded from eternity. (5) Thou givest to him thy ijiultitude of Niles, pouring forth waters daily, N., my god,
duration and thy years ; thou hearkenest for him to all that who created me and by whose bounty I live !
is in his heart (because) thou lovest him ; thou makest him " Thou causest me to be content in following thee un- like the Aten—him thy child, the King of South and North, ceasingly. (14) O thou whom Aten bare, thou art to
rays. has made for thee ! N., who proceeded from thy He Eternity O thou multitude of prayers (?), Ua-en-ra, how (a city) very rich in love, possessing favour; Akhetaten, (6) he (?) prospers who follows thee ! (15) Thou shalt grant to abounding in wealth, within which is the bounty of the him that all that he doeth abide eternally. (16) Then sun. Men rejoice to see her beauty. She is adorned and shall his lord give him burial (?) (17) ; (for) his mouth holds
comely ; she is seen as a glimpse into heaven. Her extent truth."
is not compassed ; the Aten dawns in her and fills her with his rays. ^ Or "offerings." But the spiritual oblation seems to (7) "(So also) he ("his heart"?) embraces his Son, his have been typified by a votive tablet (IV., p. 19), so that beloved, a Son of Eternity, who proceeds from Aten, and the reference may be to this. ^ Probably the residence of some member of the Royal
1 ' ' Alliteration of sun ' (iJa) with sum ' {ra). family. See note, p. 5. THE EELIGIOUS TEXTS. 17
2. Sutau. North Thickness (Plate xv.). each generation that is to come (?) [address thee]. May Previous copy : Mon. du Quite d'Atonou, PL xxx.i thy name not be to seek [in thy house], since thou art a " Ua-en-ra ^ (9) (10) son [to whom is made (?)] a, dy hetep seten of thy bread and serviceable to the Father (?). Do thou grant to me (?) my thy beer of thy [house], wine of the house (?) which has eyes to see thee thosp (11) who hear thy voice (?), been offered in the Presence and [water] from thy sluice (?). the King of the South and North, who lives in Truth, Lord " The servant and agent of the Royal Scribe Any, maa- of the Two Lands, N., (12) Son of the Sun, A., [great in his hheru, Meryra."
duration,] and the chief wife of the King, whom he loves, 6. Any. Shrine. Right wall. (Plate x.) Nefertiti, who lives for ever and ever. it "The Overseer of (13) the Treasury, [Sutau, says] . . . . since thou art one of the King has ordered (?) my lord(?), who made me into a man. Thou fosterest for thee goodly burial (in) the cliff of Akhetaten, [and a me by (14) thy bounty, though I was of no account, [en- mansion of] eternity (?) in which thou art, thy shrine for larging (?)] me and building me up, O Ruler ! Thou settest thy lea. me (15) at the head of the daily with work- " the servant and agent' of the Royal
men exceedingly [numerous (?)],2 (16) saying Scribe Any, maakheru, Meryra." unto me: 'Do(?) so that (when) I call to
one of - ten, answer (thou) at (17) the order.' O Ruler . . .
.... production (?). Thou madest me Overseer of the B. Burial Petitions. Treasury of the Lord of the Two Lands, Servant of Him- I.May. Left Jamb. (Plate iv.) who-is-great-in-his-duration, (18) the King's [Keeper (?)] (19) Previous copies of both jambs : Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, of silver, gold, unguents, (20) oils, gums, (21) (22) PI. xxxi. ; Daressy, Mecueil, xv., p. 41. a courageous man (?), thy favourite handservant (?), the Col. 1. [Adoration of Horakhti-Aten, the King and Overseer of the Treasury of the Lord of the Two Lands, Sutau." Queen.] Col. 2. " [A dy hetep seten of the Aten, living and great,] 3. Any. Left Door Jamb. (Plate xi.) dwelling in the «ed-festival. Lord of heaven and earth, who Previous copy of the Jambs : Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, illuminates the Two Lands. he grant that I see his PI. xxvii. May beauty day by day and that his rays be spread upon my " Praise to thee, O living Aten, lord of rays, Creator of body. light. When he dawns all men live. May he grant a life " For the Jca of one who greatly gratifies his lord ; one happy with the sight of his beauty, and good burial in to all manner of words are said that he may lay Akhetaten. whom them before the Lord of the Two Lands ; Bearer of the "For the ha of the Scribe of the King, the Steward Pan on the right hand of the King, Acting Scribe of the Any, maahheru." King, beloved by him, May, maalcheru." 4. Any. Right Door Jamb. (Plate xi.) Col. 3. " [A dy hetep seten of the ha of the King, living " Praise to thee, O living Aten, lord of duration, who in Truth], Lord of the Two Lands, N., who gives Ufe for givest repetition (of Life), lord of Fate, who fosterest .... ever. .... May he grant a sight of Aten as often as he rises, "May he grant good burial by command of his ha in the and that thou adore him. May he listen to what thou demesne of Akhetaten. sayest and give thee breezes to thy nostril.^ " For the ha of the unique one, excellent in the " For the Jca of the Scribe of the King, the Scribe of the presence of the Lord of the Two Lands, one who fills the Altar of the Lord of the Two Lands, the Steward Any, ears of Horus with Truth, the Overseer of the soldiery of maaJeheru.'' the Lord of the Two Lands, Acting Scribe, etc." 5. Any. Shrine. Left Wall. (Plate ix.) Col. 4. " [A dy hetep seten of the ha of the King, who * " Mayest thou receive offerings [of the King's gift (?)] lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, A.j, great in his duration. [at] every shrine of thine, that thy name " May he grant ingress and exit in the King's house, may flourish [in the abode] which thou lovest(?). May with favour of the good god, until the coming of the goodly
guerdon. , 1 Cf. Darbssy, Becueil, xv., p. 50. "For the ha of him whom the King promoted for his '^^^ excellent achievements, whose success made his position, 2 may be conjectured.
I I I the Overseer of the House of Sehetep-Aten, the Acting
3 ^-^ is omitted in the plate. See Mon. du Gulte Scribe, etc." d'Atonou, I., p. 52. " '~^ ^ Or "in which thou art. May there be made for thee 4 Emend to Compare III., xx., a very similar (cf. Plate X.). elicit the prayer, by help of which we are able to meaning « Read V^ of this fragmentary text. ^ D 18 THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMAENA.
" Col. 5. " [A dy hetep seten of the Chief Wife of the King,] Col. 5. May she grant an entrance of favour and an whom he loves, Lady of the Two Lands, Nefertiti, living exit of love, and gladness of heart in Akhetaten. for ever and ever. " For the ha of one who was a favourite of the King of " May she grant her favour firm and fixed and that the the South when he was a youth and who (now) has reached body be provided with joy of her giving. the goodly guerdon, the Bearer of the Fan on the right " " For the ka of the attendant of the King in his splendid hand of the King, [the Acting Scribe, etc.] barge, he who is sent after the Lord of the Two Lands, 3. May. Ceiling Inscription. (Plate ii.) " Overseer of all the works of the King, the Acting Middle Column. An adoration of thee (?) when thou
Scribe, etc.'' dawnest on the horizon, O Aten, Horus (?) of the two
2. May. Right Jamb. (Plate iv.) horizons (Horakhti). Let there be no failure to see Ra;
Col. 1. This column and the opening phrases of the others open thy two eyes to see him ; may thy corpse be firm and " are as on the left jamb. thy name established Col. 2. " May he grant a sluice of water and a scent of North Column. " For the ha of the wind, a reception of favour ^ in the presence of the Lord Overseer of [works] in all [the land], Overseer of the
of the Two Lands. soldiery (?) of the Lord of the Two Lands (?), May." " For the ha of the favourite of the good god, one 4. Tomb 18. Left Jamb. (Plate xiii.)
advanced in office in the King's house. Bearer of the Copy by Bouriant, Mission Frangaise, i., p. 368.^
Fan, etc." Col. 1. "Life to the Divine and Sovereign Father,
Col. 3. " May he grant life, prosperity and health, and Horakhti-Aten ..." readiness in the presence of the Lord of the Two Lands, Col. 2. " Praise to thy * ka, O living Aten, according to
and a life happy with the sight of the beauty of each that which thy son says to thee ; he who proceeded from
^ ." (recurring) sun without intermission. thy body, thy child who knows thee and extols thee . . .
" For the lea of one great in his office, high in his rank, Col. 3. " Praise to thy ka, O Ruler of Truth who (art) ^ a noble by whom the heart is gratified, Overseer of the eternal like Aten, thriving and living and conducting ." soldiery, etc." things to which the living Aten has given birth . . .
Col. 4. " May he grant happy recollection (of him) in Col. 4. " Praise to thy ka, O great royal wife of Ua-en-
the King's house and continuance in the mouth of his ra, tall in the plumes and gleaming in apparel (?), charming ." courtiers. of voice in the palace . . .
" For the lea of the unique one, approved in the heart of ^ his lord, one whom he recognised as doing serviceably, The text, which was never completely engraved, now Overseer of the House of Ua-en-ra in On, [Acting Scribe, lacks also the upper part.
etc.]" * Read 's ^ with Bouriant. The plate has followed an
erroneous reproduction of Bouriant's copy in Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, 129. 1 The sculptor began to write snw, " a reception of food p. ^ from the Presence,'' and corrected it to hsw. I follow Bouriant, who read ~7r~ 1 » . before the ^ Or, perhaps, " his beauty every day." inscription was damaged. "
19
CHAPTER V. THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
A. Their Distribution. southernmost on the west side, does not pass
through J, the southernmost on the east bank The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten lie in the exactly through P, which semi-circle of hills which surround the plain of of the river, but almost lies desert road behind the El Amarna on the east side of the river and in further south in the line through passes the hills facing this on the west (Plate xxxiv.). mountains. A parallel B through V, an obliterated stela near the mouth Fourteen are now known ; three (A, B, jF)^ being of the the mountain-path on the west side and eleven on the east.^ The defile through which three stelae on the western mountains seem to from X enters the plain.* These stelae, then—A, be the northernmost, midmost and southern- B, F and X, V; J (or P)—seem to represent the six landmarks (northern, southern and middle, most on this side, where the extent of cliff suit- on both banks) mentioned in the text able for such monuments is very limited. Prob- (p. 34). ably no more were hewn there. Of those on the Three of the stelae on the east bank date from an earlier year contain special east side we seem to possess the most northerly and a text, viz., X (the northernmost), M (at the southern in X ; for it lies beyond the plain at a point where two narrow tracks into the plain diverge, limit of the plain), and K (a few hundred yards south of the river road, one keeping to the river-bank, the other tra- M, on where every vestige of cultivation ends for versing the mountains. Its position on the now many miles). K (first series) and J (second series) seem to spur of the hills is accurately described in the represent a wish to include in the district phrase " the headland of the Northern Stela of Akhetaten some length of the approach to (X, line 42). A line joining A and X represents, Akhetaten by the river bank, so balancing then, the north boundary of the district of X exactly. "^ Akhetaten ; it faces several degrees east of The rest of the known stelae are magnetic north, perhaps the true north of that distributed unequally and their sites are fixed with more or day.^ A parallel line, however, drawn from F, less obvious intentions. J, if not already fixed
1 by Professor Petkie I adopt the lettering initiated on the river bank as the Southern Stela, was his (Tell el Amarna, pp. 5, 6, Plate xxxiv.), who by inde- needed to make known the later form of the fatigable energy in this district in 1891-2 added so much proclamation to travellers entering Akhetaten to our knowledge, and, by the interest which he excited, responsible for the present became in no small measure by this route : , P, Q, R, S draw a chain of also series of -volumes. His unpublished materials have always been unreservedly put at the disposal of other * It would have been at the mouth, no doubt, but for workers, and I shall have to acknowledge my indebtedness the desire to place it exactly opposite (east of) B. ^ seem then to have been first to him in several instances. X and M the stelae to be included. It is fixed, replacing 2 I cannot admit that L should be a K soon after M as the South Stela. Later, feet, retaining only a trace P was made on the mountain-road, and from little tablet, about 5 feet by 3 X and P (or J) resemblance to the other the positions of A and P were determined the of inscription, and having no on western monuments. It may hot even be of this period. mountain. The site of B was fixed on because no such 3 In these discussions of position I am entirely depen- bold cliff offers itself further to the south on this side. dent on Prof. Petrie's map. From it the position of V was taken. 20 THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMAENA.
information across the wide valley in which the his project with enormous energy and initiative.
mountain roads from the south run : N lies in Apparently he did not wait for the completion the middle of the mountain-wall south of the of his designs, but planned out a whole series of plain, U simila]'ly on the east, near the entrance temples, palaces, and tombs in advance, carrying
to the ravine where the Eoyal tomb is hewn and out their most essential features to begin with.
which is also a back-way into Akhetaten. It may be that even at the end of his reign the The eleven later stelae contain the same pro- great temple lagged far behind the pictures of it
clamation, and as the copies differ only in which the tombs display, and we have already spelling and in the addition or omission of un- seen the feverish haste in which sepulchral halls
important phrases, the text is now completely were laid out and then abandoned because the
restored by collation (Plates xxvii., xxviii.). The workmen were needed to push forward other stelae A and B on the western bank make an addi- schemes. The same procedure probably governed
tion at the end of the usual text (Plate xxxiii.). the foundation of Akhetaten, for we find that at
It is possible that a few more stelae have the end of the King's fourth year^ he could
perished or remain to be discovered ; but, as the describe Akhetaten as containing numerous limits seem now to have been found, only a temples, palaces, and royal and private tombs.* copy of the earlier and sadly-injured proclama- On the 4th day^ of the 8 th month of the 4th tion could add much to our knowledge/ year the King made a public appearance and held a great ceremony of dedication, but neither the place of the ceremonial nor the exact scope B. Their History and Contents. of it is now clear. If it was not the ceremony When Akhenaten (or Amenhetep-neter-heqa- of dedicating Akhetaten itself as well as of Uast, as the orthodox knew him) came to El ofiicially marking its boundaries, it probably Amarna (probably in the second year of his took place on the anniversary of that event. reign), having decided to found a new capital here which should at least prove a counterpoise ^ Professor Petrie's story of the reign is largely governed to Thebes^ and form a soil where the worship of by the rejection of this date of the early stelae, which, Aten could flourish in purity, uncontaminated by though not absolutely certain, is vouched for by the older traditions and without being overshadowed presence of one daughter only, by the peculiar form of the Queen's name, and by a more imposing cult, he must have set about by the contents, which show plainly that, at that time, only the Stelae K, X (or M, X) were projected. Moreover, the date " Year 4 " occurs again in 1 I have personally visited and made notes of, or com- the body of the text, though, unfortunately, in a dubious pletely copied, all of them, according to their importance, connection (1. 20). The oil- and wine-jars dated to the except Stela F. This is almost or completely sanded up, second and third years, therefore, may not need to be and, in spite of the kind assistance afforded me by assigned to Akhenaten's successor (Griffith, in Petrie's M. Lefebvre and his officials, could not be found by the T. A., p. 32). If Akhenaten by the fourth year had native guards. This, combined with the inhospitality of definitely abandoned his old name, the adoption of the this remote spot, drove me back on two occasions, after new titulary would in itself be a sufficient reason for the making planned efforts to reach it. Fortunately, Professor erection of these three stelae.
Petrie copied all that remains of it, and as my visit * I take the wording of the proclamation (K, col. xi.) to could have added but little to the information he gives, refer to projects already taken in hand, even if their full I am almost glad that this stela must remain to his credit completion was still a thing of the future. If the Kino- alone, since no one can appreciate the fatigue involved was a mere boy, this and much else must be reconsidered. in beating the bounds of Akhetaten but he ^ who has It may well be "the 13th day," and so allow the essayed it. ceremony which the later stelae describe to have taken ^ We have not sufficient material at present to enable place on the second anniversary of the first. The pro- us to form any just idea of the position Thebes took during cedure on both occasions was so similar that the earlier this reign. phraseology could be closely followed. THE BOUNDARY STELAE. 21
After a great sacrifice had been made (in the for other officiants (?). Then, in a few words, we
city ?), the King proceeded to the site of one or have what seems to be a brief relation of the all of the stelae. There he assembled the evils which had led to the religious reformation.
dignitaries of the land and recounted to them So little is known of Akhenaten's activity in Nubia how that he had founded Akhetaten in this beyond what the ruins of the temples of Sedeinga, spot in obedience to a divine message which had Soleb, and Sesebe disclose, that we must regret
come to him personally. Aten had chosen this the loss of the connection in which the land of
place for his worship without a rival, and the Kush is mentioned (K, line 25). The proclama- Royal pair were to reign for him over the whole tion closes with regulations for the festivals of
of Greater Egypt ; for the Aten was god also of the Aten and for the upkeep of the temples
all the known lands. Then the King, lifting his by dues. This recital, comprising the royal hand to heaven, made a solemn vow that he oath and decree, were engraved on the three
would not remove Akhetaten from the exact boundary-tablets K, X and M ; but before bounds marked out by the stelae on the north the task was quite completed (probably well on
"and south of the chosen district, and that the in the 5 th year) Meketaten had been born to city would be confined to the east bank of the the King, and her figure was inserted on the river. By settling in this formal way the limits Southern Stela, K. of the new enclave on which the duty of sup- On or about the second anniversary of this porting the worship of Aten in Akhetaten was proclamation another oath was taken in public
to fall, the legal burdens on the land were fixed by the King.* The limits of the district of and security given to tenure. The proclamation Akhetaten had now been marked out, not only
informs us also what had -been accomplished or on the river, but also on the desert sides. Six
undertaken by the King. The list includes at (additional ?) stelae were to be engraved, giving least five temples built to Aten in the city of the side-boundaries of Akhetaten in new and
Akhetaten or on its island, palaces for himself more exact terms : one to north, one to south, and his Queen, a Royal tomb which he commands and one between these on the mountain ranges shall be the burial-place of himself, his wife, and on both sides of the river.
his daughter, wherever they may chance to die,^ From the description given (S, line 9) it would and sepulchres for the Mnevis-buU (the incarna- seem that the King made his oath at the site of tion of Ra of Heliopolis),^ for the high-priests of the Stela J.^ Afterwards he seems to have Aten^ and the "Divine Fathers" of Aten, and visited the Northern and Middle Stelae on the
east side (S, lines 14, 16, 17). On the given date—6th year, 8th month, ^ The tomb in the ravine where Meketaten was buried
is therefore almost certainly the tomb which the King intended to be the resting-place of himself and his family. * See note 5 on page 20. The early death of his daughter may have rendered an ^ " South-east " can mean ia the stela the southern alteration of the original plan advisable. But the pre- point on the east side (cf. S, line 16, where "the NE. " sumption is that the King also died suddenly, and was tablet'' must mean X). The King makes southward," so buried here. It would be no wonder if, under the circum- probably J is meant. As on the east si^e the hills closed stances, the walls failed to be suitably inscribed. in on the river on the north and south, there were no
'•^ This interesting and surprising reading, which I true NE. and SE. Stelae till V and S were hewn at could wish were a little more assured, I owe to the Editor. similar distances from the south and north boundaries re- 3 The tomb of Meryra, in the N. group, is the only one spectively. Stela S is due south-east from the city, so that known to come under this head, and its decoration at least P or S might be indicated by the phrase, but P is almost seems to be of a later date, though it may have been pro- inaccessible by chariot. The roads which are still to be seen jected from the first, or have replaced an uninscribed tomb leading up to several of the stelae were probably made for " in the S. group. Ay was not a " Divine Father of Aten. the King's visit. 22 THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
13th day—the King, after a great sacrifice to eastern stelae (and also on F) * it took a simple " Aten in the city, as on the former occasion, drove form : This oath was repeated in the year
" ." southwards in his chariot, and on the south- . . . On A and B, however, the brief sum- east mountain of Akhetaten " made a proclama- mary in which the substance of the previous
tion defining the boundaries of Akhetaten more oath had been repeated was appended to it.
precisely by means of the six stelae, and swore Before this longer text could be engraved, that he would never overstep them or suffer Akhenaten's third daughter had been born, and
them to fall into decay. ^ The district (of which her name and figure were accordingly added at
he gave the exact length) he declared to belong the side of the " altars " of these two stelae.^
to the Aten, with all its inhabitants, animals and products, for ever and ever, from the eastern C. Description' of the Stelae.
hills to the western. These monuments are of an almost invariable Probably the work of engraving these land- form, of which Plate xxvi. gives an excellent marks had not been begun at this time, and example. They are rounded at the top, and the
while it was in progress an increase in then- sky from which Aten sends his divergent rays
numbers was resolved on. In consequence the on the altar and on the royal pair is corres-
eleven or more stelae were not ready till the pondingly arched. The upper part is occupied beginning of the 8th year.^ By that time a by a scene showing the King, Queen, and two new asseveration of the oath had been arranged princesses adoring Aten, the former generally
for, probably in connection with the dedication having their arms outstretched from the shoulder, of the additional stelae, for the ceremonial seems while the princesses carry sistrums. Part of
this time to have taken place on the south-east this division, however, is often taken up by the
boundary (S, line 26), where three or four new beginning of the inscription, arranged in vertical
stelae had been set up (P, Q, E, S). This was columns, the rest of it being written on the in the 8th year, 5th month, 8th day, and the lower part of the stela in horizontal lines in western stelae seem to have been visited a few either direction. days earlier (4th month, last day). The pro- In the scene above, the titulary of the sun,
ceedings perhaps took place on some anniversary of the royal pair, and of the princesses, is added
or festival, and were fixed long in advance, so in columns. There is generally an altar-table of that the record of them could be added before- common form, the two or three panels of which hand to the rest of the inscription.^ On the are decorated with the five cartouches. The
1 This must not be too strictly interpreted. was " J then added the new oath thus : 8th year, 4th month, last pushed some hundreds of yards south of K, and the Royal day—the oath which the King spake when fixing the stelae the eastwards. ." Tomb lies beyond boundary of Akhetaten. . . But he gives a different date in the 2 In consequence of the heavy work entailed on quarriers 6th year from that which is unanimously given for the and sculptors, little or no work could be done upon the later proclamation, even by A, which presumably followed tombs. For this reason no tomb shows two daughters, and B in ending. perhaps all in the S. group are later than the stelae. * F, which does not share the peculiarities of A and B, ^ On every stela the oath and the record of its renewal seems to be earlier; since it gives a date (according to run on in the same Une, and, so far as I can see, without Petrie) for the (forthcoming?) ceremonial on the east side sign of erasure, though V, P, J, the .stelae most concerned, which proved four months too soon. have lost the part in question. It seems, 'therefore, that ^ The three dedications, then, seem to have briefly pre- the whole was cut on all at one time. The engraver of B ceded the birth of three successive children. Did this
also knew the form prescribed for the addition ; but, wishing domestic King invite the favour of Aten, who " makes the to give the new oath at length, he changed it to a retro- son to live in the body of his mother, nursing him in the — " spective note " The oath was in the 6th year . . . —and body," by these gifts and engagements? THE BOUNDARY STELAE. 23 table is piled with jars, meats, birds, vegetables, Aten and the royal pair.^ As these are joined flowers, and dishes of burning incense, and often together and to the statues in a solid mass has a back like that of a chair at one end, and (concealing the figures for rather more than half at the other a kneeling figure holding a dish their breadth, and so obviating the need of filled with a cone of food (?). The altar, or one drapery), they resemble altars, but really show of the two duplicated royal groups, is often the King and Queen "upholding the name of
replaced by the columns of text. Aten."^ The tablet is sometimes upright, some- The King and Queen are clothed in garments times leaning outwards at the top, as if to be of the usual form. The King usually wears the read the better. The heads and figures are
hhepersh head-dress, the Queen the two feathers joined to the cliff" by a stay of rock. with horned disc. The bodies are given their The statues of the little princesses are always most exaggerated forms, and the faces their most two in number. The girls are nude, and wear repulsive outlines, on these stelae of the early an enormous side-lock. They hold one another's
years of the reign. Indeed, these worst dis- hands, and with her free arm Merytaten reaches
tortions are almost limited to stelae, trial- out to touch her mother. These figures are set
pieces, etc. on a base, and against an arched back, as if they
The stelae of the later series, unlike the earlier, were a free-standing group (Plate xliv.). are almost invariably flanked on both sides with Stela A (Plates xli., xliii.) lies three miles to groups of statuary of a special character. They the south of Tuneh-el-Gebel, on the face of the
are formed in the following way. The King western hills. It is 14 feet high and 7 feet and Queen stand side by side in a combined 6 inches broad, with eight columns of text and group, the King being on the side nearer the twenty-five horizontal lines. The former are in
stela ; he is somewhat stouter in build than she, fair preservation (PI. xxxiii.); the latter seem
but the forms do not greatly difier. It is, how- to have been systematically battered, but the
ever, only in A and S, where the stone is of good first six and last six lines and the ends of the
. quality, that the statuary is sufiiciently well rest are fairly legible. The lower lines are
preserved to inform us on points of detail, and rapidly decaying. The writing is from left to
here the moulding of the body is exquisitely right. The upper scene shows vertical lines of soft and delicate, despite the exaggerated dimen- text on the left, and on the right the King and sions of the hips and thighs (Plates xxxiv., Queen adoring Aten behind a table of offerings.
xxxix., xl., xliv.). The bodies seem usually to Merytaten and Meketaten shake sistrums behind be nude, or nearly so. The King wears either her.* The horizontal ram's horns are added to the hhepersh or the crown of Lower Egypt, the the disc in the Queen's head-dress.
Queen her flat head-dress or a cap ; but the On the south side of the stela are two groups heads or faces have, in every case, been broken away.^ The figures always have their arms out- 2 The tablets have rounded tops in Q (detached frag- stretched either from the shoulder or from the ment). elbow (generally there is one group of each ^ In the case of S the lower altar holds the names of the
god and the King ; the higher one adds that of the Queen. form), and each grasps the upper rim of a narrow Probably this is the explanation of the two models. tablet inscribed with the names of the vertical * Their names are totally misread by Prisse, Mon..^g., PI. xiv. Drawn by Kay,.MSS., 29814, fols. 32-34; the 1 As the fragments were left where they fell, they are first is reproduced in Plate xliii. by kind permission of sometimes to be recovered from the sands. See below (N the Director of the British Museum. Sketched also by and Q). The heads of the statues were often separate, and L'H6te, Lettres Rentes, pp. 59, 131, and MSS., III., attached to the rock by an inset. 303-306. 24 THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
of statuary, one of each model (Plates xxxiv., groups of the royal pair and their two daughters. xxxvi.). On both, the figures are draped. The Three daughters are shown and named on the King wears a broad girdle with falling ends, and side of the south " altar."
the clinging drapery of the Queen is delicately Stela F. —According to Professor Petrie, this " indicated on her body and limbs. The fringed stela is on a low scarp of rock in the middle of
upper hem of her robe is seen crossing above a wide bay of desert" south of Gildeh, and is and between her breasts, and its folds are usually buried in sand. The scene is gone, as
gathered together in a knot below them. It is well as the first five discernible horizontal lines. open in front, but a narrow sash knotted on the There are nine more lines, 49 inches long, navel seems to indicate an under-garment. The the last seven being fairly complete. The in- upper arms and the breast of both figures are scription is so short that it would not even
adorned with cartouches of the Aten. It is pecu- contain the royal oath.^ I think, therefore, that liar to A and B that, though only two daughters either there was no upper scene at all and that are shown in statuary, the figure and name of the remaining forty-one inches under the disc Ankhes-en-pa-aten were added to those of the were entirely occupied by inscription, or that the other two on one side of the north " altar," top of the stela is quite gone. The text runs showing that she was born before the completion from right to left. of the work. The names are in the invariable Stela J. —This is situated high up on the form (cf L., D., iii., 91a-/). north side of the first ravine entering the hills Stela B.—This lies about two miles to the which rise from the western river-bank, south south of Stela A, but halfway between them of the village of Hawata. It lies a few hundred a rock face has been cut, which may have been yards to the south of Stela K. the preparation for another stela. It is more The stela is in great ruin (Plate xxxvi.) ap- likely that it is only a quarry, perhaps even parently from natural causes, the lower part of of Eoman date.^ By the side of it forty-one the rock here being now a rough cave. The steps, 7 feet broad, making use of a natural stone was bad to begin with, having to be ex- gully, ascend to the top of the low cliff, where tensively patched by the engravers with insets signs of surface quarrying are frequent. A few which now have fallen out. The eight columns steps lead from the foot of this to the quarried of inscription are in very bad condition, the face, which is 14 feet high and 35 feet long. date being indecipherable. The eight horizontal
Stela B is about the same size as the last, and lines, 75 inches broad, which remain, show in much the same condition. There are seven or many gaps.^ The scene above is on the right of eight vertical columns of inscription, and twenty- the columns of text and shows the King, Queen, seven horizontal lines. Columns 1-4 are nearly and two princesses* adoring Aten with out- illegible and line 27 entirely so, while the whole stretched arms, behind an offering-table. The has been very badly defaced by hammering. The text is written from left to right. The cliff is scene above shows the King, the Queen, and two smoothed down on the left of the stela to receive
daughters lifting hands in adoration of Aten on statues ; but, though their place is visible, they either side of the columned text. The figures on have perished. the left are almost destroyed. The initial date Stela K (Plates xxix., xxx., xxxvii., is also gone. On both sides of the stelae are ^ Line 8 begins near the end of line 21 of Stela S. ^ The text extends to the end of line 16 of Stela S. The "^ This must be the spot which M. Daressy erroneously negative was kindly furnished by Professor Steindorfi. describes {Becueil, xv., p. 61, no. 7). * The upper one is gone ; the lower is named Meketaten. THE BOUNDAKY STELAE. 25 xxxviii.).—This monument is cut in tHe high Stela N (Plates xxxiii., xl.). —About half- clifF to the north of Stela J. It is 70 inches way along the southern boundary of the plain, broad, and the horizontal lines, which I just under the summit. It is 82 inches broad reckon to have been eighty in number, measure and 13 feet high, half of the height being eleven feet in height.^ There were, besides, occupied by twenty-six horizontal lines of text twenty-one vertical columns. This magnificent reading from left to right. What is left of monument is ruined by natural decay, the lower this is in good condition, but the upper half is two-thirds being almost useless. It contains the largely lost by the falling away or theft of earlier text, written from left to right. The patching-stones. The date is lost. The scene scene above ^ shows the King adoring the Aten shows two daughters.* Steindorfi" cleared the on the right of the vertical columns. Behind lower part in 1898 and found heads of the King him, his wife and his daughter Merytaten rattle and Queen (replaced in Plate xl.).^ sistrums (the Queen's name both above and in To right and left of the stela, and sheltered front of by the overhang of the rock, are combined her is written ^ I] s=i \\ simply). Q f^ J statues of the King and Queen and of the two This leaves no room for further figures ; but the princesses. The group on the right hand (west) border has been erased and, a little space having is smaller. The arms of the larger group bend been smoothed at the side, a tiny figure of upwards from the elbow. The character of the Meketaten, accompanied by an attendant,* has group of children will best be learnt from the been rudely inserted, and her name added in a photograph (PI. xliv.).* column near her sister's. This might represent Stela P. —This is the westernmost of four a miscalculation by the sculptor, but is probably stelae which are set in a straight line (59°) an addition implying the birth of a second across the great valley which leads southwards daughter after the scene was executed. There from the SE. corner of the plain. This contains are no statues. two khors, one on the west side of the valley Stela M—About 18 feet high (13 feet of and one on the east. P is placed on the west inscription possible) and 6 feet broad. The mountain-side, Q in the west k/ior, R in the stela is almost obliterated, but fragments of east Mior, S on the east mountain -side. Stela the first eleven lines can be read, written from P was blown to pieces by gunpowder a few years left to right. These belong to the earlier pro- ago by Copts, who expected, as all Egyptians clamation. The scene seems to have shown King, do, to find that the stela was a door to a hidden Queen and possibly one or two daughters adoring treasure-chamber.'^ It was 70 inches broad Aten to the right of several columns of text.
There are no statues. The stela is only a few * For the scene above see L., D., iii., 110a, and my hundred yards north of K, and lies at the turn sketch (based on that and on photographs) on Plate xxxiii. of the mountain, just behind a sheikh's tomb. The faces of the King and Queen are reproduced in L.,
It is set deep in a hewn recess. D., iii., 295, nos. 45, 48, and are characteristic for the stelae.
^ Steindoepp, Durch die Lyhische Wiiste, pp. 11, 12. 1 line Prom the top of 40 to the end of the inscription Bericht d. Km. Sachs. Ges. Leipzig, 1900, pp. 210-212 is 66 inches. The negative of the photograph on Plate (photographs). xxxvii. was kindly furnished by Professor Steindorff. * The negatives for both photographs of this stela were 2 For the scene see L., X>., iii., 1106, which includes kindly furnished by Professor Steindorff. twenty-one of the horizontal lines. ' Cf. Hay's account of his visit to the stela at Tuneh. ^ Not a second daughter. An attendant is not elsewhere " The principal personage commenced by asking why we shown on the stelae, but the child was so young that a had shut up the door as soon as we saw them coming . . . nurse seemed fitting. for he insisted that the tablet could be nothing less " (Add. B ;
26 THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.
former well formed and little injured many and 12 feet 6 inches high. Only a fragment ; (5) with the heads of the Eoyal pair remains. The fragments of the tablets.^ King, Queen and two princesses were shown Stela R (Plate xlii.) is on the east slope praying to the Aten on either side a central of the eastern khor, about three-quarters of altar-table. On the left the heads of both King an hour's walk from the southern tombs. It and Queen are -preserved, but are removed on is 88 inches high and 58 inches broad.
the right. ^ The King wears the crown of Lower The text, which was contained in twenty-
Egypt on the left, that of Upper Egypt on the nine (?) lines written from right to left, is
right ; the Queen wears the plumes. Of the text terribly mutilated, partly by natural decay and
I copied two large detached fragments. There are loss of patching-stones, and partly through groups of the King and Queen and of the two wanton injury. The scene above shows the
princesses on either side the stela. The Queen's royal family worshipping in the usual way on tablet contains the name of Aten and her own, both sides of an altar, near which are stands the King's that of Aten and his own.^ One with lotus-flowers.
head of Merytaten remains. The writing is There are fragments still on the left (N.) of
from right to left. the stela, showing that there was a group of the Stela Q. —This stela occupies a commanding King and Queen and another of the princesses position at the top of a spur facing northwards on this side.
down the western track (Plates xli., xlii.). It Stela S (Plates xxvi., xxxix., xl., xliv.)* lies
is 8 feet high and 52 inches broad, containing a few hundred yards behind R at the foot of
twenty-seven horizontal lines of inscription the mountain-side. It is 60 inches broad and
written from right to left, but below line 12 100 inches high, and contains four columns
nearly all is lost. and twenty-six lines of inscription written from
The scene above shows the King and Queen right to left. The sculptors chanced on a vein of praying and the two princesses shaking sistrums limestone as hard as alabaster, so that the greater
on either side of a central altar. None of the part of the monument is marvellously preserved, cartouches are injured. There were the usual though spiteful attacks have been made upon
groups of statues on both sides, the higher it lately. The work in the scene above the
tablet being on the right. They are completely inscription is beautifully fine; though the profiles smashed, the injuries apparently being contem- are hideous and the forms of the body out-
porary ; and on searching the slope and foot of rageous. the hill I found the remains strewn about, but The usual groups of statuary are found on sides stela badly weatherworn. They included ( 1 ) the head both of the and show admirable of the Queen (or a princess) in an enveloping modelling. The royal group on the right (S)
wig, almost defaced • ; (2) the face of the Queen (?) of the stela holds the tablets at shoulder-height (3) head of the King wearing the crown of the the others are held with bent arm. Except for torso girdle North ; (4) and head of a princess, the a narrow round the loins of the King, both figures are nude. The south figure of the MSS. 31054, p. 163). Natural caverns at the foot of some King wears the khepersh (?), that on the North of the stelae (especially curious in S), help this fancy, has the crown of the North. which is responsible for many injuries to monuments in The south tablet Egypt.
1 I discovered and brought away the profile of the ^ See Plate xliv. No. 3 is in the Museum of Melbourne,
Queen. Australia ; Nos. 2 and 4 are in the Cairo Museum. - The south tablet is 43 inches high; that on the north, ' Pbisse, Mon. Eg., PL xiii. Copy by De Brynestyn 35 inches. who appears to have drawn the scene from memory. THE BOUNDARY STELAE. 27
shows the cartouches of Kin.ff, Queen and east Aten ; Stela X, the most northern on the that on the north shows those of the King side, lies at the point where the track through and the Aten only/ the defile just mentioned strikes the river again. Stela (Plates U xxv., xxxiv., xxxvii.).— This It is set high up on the shoulder of the gigantic monument, measuring 25 feet from mountain, above the ruined tomb of the Lady top to bottom, occupies almost the entire Zebayda, facing the river (225°). It contains
height of the cliff in a little bay of the eastern the proclamation of the fourth year, but is in mountain-range, just to the north of the mouth a state of ruin even more lamentable than that
of the great ravine in which the Royal tomb lies. of K, its fellow on the south. The stela is
It is absolutely impossible of close approach 81 inches broad, and there is more than 12 except by rope-ladder from above, and the text feet of height above the lowest extant line
is therefore difficult to secure. There are three (No. 57). It affords room for the full text of
columns and twenty-four lines of text written eighty lines.
from left to right. The scene shows the King The scene above is only to be made out
and Queen praying with extended arms,^ and two with difficulty. On the left the King stands daughters shaking sistrums. in adoration, and with him the Queen and Mery-
On each side of the stela a deep recess has taten (?). In the centre are twenty-one columns been cut in the rock to hold the groups of of text, and beyond this there seems to have statuary. On the right (S) was. a group of the been an altar heaped with offerings. The writing
King and Queen with tablets held breast-high is from right to left.
and inscribed with fuller eulogies of the King (?) and Queen than usual. The princesses are almost destroyed. On the left the remains show D. PiiEvious Work on the Site.^ separate statues, more than life-size, of the King Stela A, near Tuneh El Gebel on the West and Queen, each holding a narrow tablet shoulder- side, was the first to be discovered. It was high against the body. The statues of the known already to Wilkinson,* and probably Hay, daughters are more than infantine in compara- who drew it in 1827, learnt of its existence from tive size. A broad road leads to it from the him. Nestor L'Hote visited it in 1839 and city. made rough drawings of it.' Prisse did more, Stela V lies high up on the hills, a little publishing the entire monument. Lepsius pub- to the south of the defile which pierces them lished only the date and names. Daressy, in in the midst of the northern tombs, the 1893, included this text in a collation.® position being apparently chosen as directly Stela U, being near to the Northern tombs, opposite B. Owing to the nature of the rock, was discovered by Harris and Gliddon in 1840,^ nothing now remains but half-a-dozen signs, sketched by L'Hote, and copied by Prisse. It apparently from line 19 (S). There are faint is included also in M. Daressy 's collation. traces of a road leading to it from the city. Stela S was found and copied by De Brynes- tvn, Prisse's companion, and published by the
1 I made an attempt to find the heads, but failed. A frao'ment showing a cartouche of Aten was sent to the ^ Fuller references are given elsewhere. National Museum, Melbourne, Australia, by M. Maspero's * Topography of Thebes, p. 383. kind permission. ^ Lettres Ecrites, pp. 129-134, 2 Prissb, Mm. ^g., PL xii. Sketch in L'Hote, Papiers, should conform in attitude '' Becueil de Travaux, xv., pp. 51-58, also p. 61. iii. 302. The figures in Prisse ' 3. and dress to those in Plate xxvi. PiussE, Mon. Eg., p. 28 THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAKNA.
latter.^ M. Daressy published a fine photograph [Liveth Father] rHor-Atonj |« etc.i" and printed the text (v. supra). [Liveth Horus] ]"' ^kI Ta. ] etc." Stela K was published by Lepsius, as also appearing throne of of the living .... I'' on the Re (?) the upper part of Stela N.^ like his father Aton every day, the good (J) god first I believe, Mr. might service to that formed Stela Q was found, by I' doing Him (?) Newberry. him to the sky .... 1"' when he places himself .... the living Aton, lord [Son of Stelae B, F, J, P, M, R, V were the reward of Re], living Akhenaton, great in Truth, [lord of] diadems, I'" Prof. Petrie's indefatigable scrutiny of the in his duration, living for ever ; the whole district in 1892.^ R is included also in (and) the hereditary-princess (?), great in palace, fair of face, beauteous with the double plume, mistress of happi- M. Daressy's collation. ness, [endowed with favours] at hearing whose voice one Stela X, the farthest to the north yet dis- rejoices, 12 ]"" lady of grace, great of love, by whose nature
covered on the east bank, was shown to me by the lord of the two lands is well-pleased, great of to the Aton, in the horizon, for an Arab in IQCl."* Breasted has made use of it contenting whom every (word) that is spoken is done,'° chief wife of for his recent work.^ I'" the king, whom he loves, mistress of the Two lands, Steindorff, Borchardt and GRiiNAu visited I Beauty of the Beauties of Aton, Neferteit j living for the eastern stelae in 1898, copied the text of ever;
eight of them, securing excellent photographs, '* On this day (Royalty) was in [Akhetaton ?]. His
and made excavations at N.® [Majesty ascended] a great chariot ]" of electrum, like
Aton when he rises from his horizon and fills the land with
his love, .... the Aton ; (and) started [a goodly course to] Akhetaton, his place of the beginning which he had E. The Earlier Proclamation'.'^ made for himself that he might rest within it daily (?)—for I""'
' his son The unique one of Re ' had made for him his monu- Year 4 * fourth month of the second season, [day] 4 (?).' ment in founding for him [Akhetaton] according (?) as [his Liveth the Good God, etc. father had given command] to make it —[Heaven was] in joy,i^ earth in rejoicing,]"" every heart in gladness, when they saw him. (And his Majesty) offered a [great] oblation 1 Peisse, Mon. Eg., p. 3 and PI. xiii.
to I I ^ L., D. Text, p. 129. There are squeezes of K in Father Hor-Aton of bread, beer, horned p" bulls, BerUn.
^ Petrie, Tell el Amarna, pp. 5, 6, Pis. xxxiv., xxxv. 1" Aton was probably the true pronunciation of the god's * Davies, Sheikh Said, pp. 5, 6. name, which thus differed by only one letter from Am6n, ^ Becords, ii., p. 393. Amiln, the god whom he displaced. * For references, see p. 25. 11 The rendering as far as line xiv. is much guided by ' Plates xxix.-xxxii., xxxviii. (photograph). The sources the later proclamation, where a full translation of the used are the Stelae K, X, and M. Of M only a few phrases similar titularies is given. The ordinary titulary of Akhen- are now legible. For K and X I have used my squeezes and plates revised the spot. For aten is abbreviated elsewhere in these pages to N. A. and photographs on K, ( ) ( | see also L., D., iii., 1106. A fragmentary translation is and the cartouches of the god to I Hor-Aton 1 given in Breasted, Becords, pp. 392-394. The numbers of the Unes, where not otherwise marked, are those of K. 12 The above titles of the Queen are those which she The lines of X are marked off as far and as accurately as bears in the later proclamation. Her name is often tran- possible in the text of K. scribed Nefertiti. By much the larger share of any responsibility or credit Q i^Cf.IL.p. 14. Read n at the end of line vi. • for the translation of these two proclamations must fall to I I Mr. Griffith, to whom the final form it has taken is at the end of line vii at the end also due. " viii. * The reading is confirmed by the recurrence of " year 4 of line ; S-.^ at the end of line ix.
below (1. 20). 1* Lit. " One was." " On this day " refers of course to the ^ 13," which the broken signs easily permit us to "Day opening date, what has intervened being merely protocol. read, would date the later proclamation to the anniversary 1^ Read III. of this. S 1 ; :
THE BOUNDAEY STELA.E. 29
Every eye seeth polled bulls, beasts, fowl, wine, fruits, incense, frankin- regarding Akhetaton for ever P and ever. « (?) sight of which every land cense (?), all goodly herbs' [on the day of demarcating] rays beauteous with(?) love, at Akhetaton [for the living Aton—who acjcepted [favoured liveth, he making (?)..•• upoa ^N. |* his child (?) and loved] 1=^" the Sovereign (L. P. H.), ^ Lord of the two J for ever and ever. For Akhetaton i Beauty lands f Beautiful of the forms of Re, Unique one of Re J of the beauties of Aton, Neferteit 1 to wife (?).... for After these things, the good pleasure (J) of the Aton was done making for him joy .... |"' Akhetaton . . Hor-Aton by .... ever and ever, said . . ( j command in gladness, he rested on [his gre]at throne with which he the bounds of is well monument of the Aton .... knowing pleased, which uplifts (?) [his] beauties f
eternity. Lo ! it is he that putteth in thy heart regarding 1^" (And) [his Majesty stood] before Father fHor-Aton J auy place that he desires : he doth not uplift the name of
[and Aton radiated upon him in life and length of days, any king ' [except] thy Majesty, [he] doth not |^ . . . .
j""" of To- invigorating his body every day]. [Said] his Majesty : another except beneficent (?).... " Bring me the companions of the king, the great ones and Mera (Egypt) .... like the horizon of heaven ....
mighty (?) ones, the captains of soldiers, [of Aton .... great .... of making a monument to the the land] in its entirety." living Aton ...... They were I""" conducted to him
immediately. They were on then- bellies before his Majesty, p. . . . Aton thou drawest (?) unto him every land (?), smelling [the ground to his mighty will]. thou adornest for him village[s?] .... which he hath
" ^ self, all His [Majesty said] unto them : Behold [Akhetaton (?) [made?] for his own lands, all countries, the which] 1''^ the Aton desires me to make unto him as a Ha-nebu with their products, their tribute on their backs * monument in the [great] name of [my Majesty] for ever : for him that made their life, him by whose rays one liveth
it was the Aton my father that [brought me to] 1"^ and breathes the air .... ]^ [may he grant me] eternity
Akhetaton. Not a noble directed (?) me to it,^ not [any in seeing his rays verily (?) Akhetaton is
man in] the whole laud directed (?) me to it say[ing "It is fit- thriving like Aton in heaven for ever and eternally. ting for his Majesty] that he j"*' make an Horizon-of-Aton Then his Majesty lifted his hand to heaven unto Him (Akhetaton) in this place." Nay, but it was the Aton my that formed him, ( Hor-Aton \ , saying father that [directed (?) me] to it, to make it for him as
Horizon-of-Aton (Akhetaton). Behold I did not ^ an p As Father I Hor-Aton liveth, the great and living | | find(?)'5 Aton, ordaining life, vigorous in life, my father, .... Aton for the Aton my father : behold Pharaoh my wall of a million cubits, my remembrancer of eternity, L. P. H. found that it belonged not to a god, it belonged my witness of that which belongs to eternity,'" that formeth not to a goddess, it belonged not to prince, it belonged not himself with his hands, whom no artificer hath known, who is ^ to princess ' . . . [There is no right for] -any man to act | established in rising ]'" and setting each day without ceasing. as owner of it .... I found .... witness .... every- Whether he is in heaven or on earth [every] eye sees him thing. For Father Hor-Aton related to me .... of truth ( J without .... while he fills [the land with] his beams and makes every face to live. With seeing whom may my eyes be satisfied daily, when he rises in this House of Aton '' in 1 probably includes flowers. The term Akhetaton, and fills it with his own self by his beams p' 2 " Life, Prosperity, Health ! " often The salutation beauteous with love, and lays them upon me in life and attached to mention of Royalty. The preceding phrase length of days (?) for ever and ever.'^ may be a standing expression for the acceptance of a royal offering by the god. [O] 8 ^^^i-WZ^l^i (M.) not should be read in the Plate. 9 Read 1 from a revised copy. * M gives here.
5 Or "testified to it." M has ^^ii .,^=^t]'^<:^ij\'^=' J ^ III • I "mm111^
1
^'^ Compare the pictures in which the King is seen covered and embraced by the rays of the sun, some of
them extending to him the sign of life and (more rarely,
the uas sign of Length of Days (?). ; ; ; ;
30 THE BOCK TOMBS OP EL AMABNA.
I will make ^ Akhetaton for the Aton my father in this ( Neferteit * shall be made therein in that [multitude of J place. I will not make for him Akhetaton south of it, years] ^ [and the burial of] the King's north of it, west of it, or east of it. I will not pass Y^ daughter Merit-aton shall be it that beyond the southern tablet of Akhetaton southward, made in in multitude of years.^ If I die in any town of south, west. neither will I pass beyond the northern tablet of Akhetaton the north, Orient in the multitude of years, I will brought and [northward, to] p^ make [for him] Akhetaton therein be my neither wUl I make for him on the western side of Akhet- burial made in Akhetaton. If the great Queen ( Neferteit j aton. Nay, but I will make (?) Akhetaton for the Aton who lives, die in any town of north, south, west, or Orient, my Father upon the Orient side of Akhetaton, the place in the [multitude of years, she shall be brought p' and which he did enclose for his own self with cliff (?), and buried in Akhetaton. If the King's daughter Meritaton made a liryt in the midst of it, that I might offer to him die] in any city of north, south, west, or Orient, in the thereon : this is it. Neither shall the Queen say unto me P multitude of years, she shall be brought and buried in " Behold there is a goodly place for Akhetaton in another Akhetaton. And the sepulchre ' of Mreu (Mnevis) shall be " place and I hearken unto her : neither shall any noble .... made in the Orient mountain of Akhetaton, [and he shall .... of all men who are in the whole land [say unto me] be buried] therein. " Behold there is a goodly place for Akhetaton in another [The] tombs of the " Great of Seeing " * and the divine place " and I hearken to them, whether it be downstream- fathers of the Aton ' and the [prie]sts [of the A]ton ward, or southward or westward, or Orient-ward. (?) l'^^ I will shall be made in the Or[ient] mountain [of Akhetaton and not say " I will abandon Akhetaton, I will hasten away they shall be buried in them, p" and make Akhetaton in this other goodly place The tomb of the officers, etc., shall be made in the for ever (?)." Nay, but [I did find (?)] this Akhetaton for Orient mountain of Akhet]aton and they shall be fburied] the Aton, which he had himself desired, and with which he therein. is delighted for ever and ever. I will make a House of Aton for the Aton my father For, as Father rHor-AtonJ liveth, in Akhetaton in |'^ this place priests (?) more evil are they than those things which I will make Aton for the Aton my fathet I heard unto year 4, [more evil are th]ey than [those in in this • Akhetaton place ; I will make the Shade of Re of the [great] wife of the * This shortened form of the Queen's name is used in King ( Neferteit P for the Aton my father in Akhet- every case on these three stelae where it can be tested, J (though in broken cartouches the longer title seems indicated) aton in this place and seems a sign of the early date. I will make a House of Rejoicing for the Aton my ^ In each case the day of burial is postponed almost father in the island of " Aton distinguished in Jubilees" in infinitely. Akhetaton in this place ^ ^ Evidently only the eldest daughter was yet born. I will make a House p* of Rejoicing [for] the Dr. Elliott Smith's examination of the skeleton found with Aton my father in the island of " Aton distinguished in the furniture of Queen Taia points to the startling con- " Jubilees in Akhetaton in this place ; clusion that the King could scarcely have been fifteen years I will make all works which [are required] to be done old when he pronounced this oath. for the Aton father in Akhetaton in this place my ; i>^^^ ' perhaps " I will make for the Aton my father in Or necropolis." Read
Akhetaton in this place ;
1 will make for myself P' the palace of Pharaoh * (L.P.H.) ; I will make the palace of the Queen in Akhet- The title of the chief priest of Re at Heliopolis. This aton in this place. and, still more, the adoption of the sacred bull Mnevis show There shall be made for me a sepulchre in the Ori[ent] a close connection of Aton worship with the cult of the mountain ; my burial shall be [made] therein in the multi- sun-god at Hehopolis, at any rate in the early years ; it tude of jubilees which the Aton my father hath ordained is very unexpected to find animal-worship thus retained in for me, and the burial of the chief wife of the King some degree by the " heretic." Perhaps this was a conces- sion to Egyptian prejudice and intended to conciliate the ^ " Grammatically, it is equally possible to translate I second or third greatest of the religious bodies in the so in all cases. have made," and struggle with Amon-worship. On the other hand, it is 2 each given Taia and Merytaton are a "Shade of Re" possible that Heliopolis was one of the main sources of in the texts. Nothing is known of a "Shade of Re" of the "heresy." Neferteit, but it is not likely that Taia would be entitled ^ I have neglected to enter in the plate the clearer simply " King's wife " in the reign of Akhenaton. reading of K, which I obtained on revision : ^ There is still a large cultivable island opposite Et Til, but the river-bed shifts a good deal there. -I^°,>,^'>¥lflr^"fl~i-Il s — —
THE BOUNDAEY STELAE. 31 things] which I have heard in i the year (?) more F. The Later Proclamation.'' evil are they tha,n those things which King Year 6, fourth month of the second season, thirteenth [heard], more evil are they than those things which pi day.3 f Men-kheperu-re heard in |(?) the mouth (?) Liveth the Good God, well pleased with Truth, |" Lord of Illuminating the of .^ heaven. Lord of earth, Living Aton', Great, of negroes, in the mouth (?) [any ?] people . . . |K 2B (= X 26) regions. _ _ _ _ of Kush as far as ... . two P ^' .... it shall not be said .... Liveth Father ' |"i TRa-hor, Horizon-god," rejoicing in |X 29 [of gaz]elles (?), of addax[es] .... 1X31 the headland of the . . . [tablet] .... ' The materials which I have used for the Plates xxvii.,
xxviii., xxxiii., are : as my father I Hor-Aton liveth . . J Stela A. Peisse, Mon. Eg. xiv. Daeessy, collation |K 31 (= M 31) .... likewise all feasts, every season .... in Becueil xv., pp. 50-58, with appendix of A iu full (all .^ the chief wife of the King, Neferteit . . . type-printed). My hand-copy and squeezes. These only 32 )'^ _ Aton in the district Akhet- covered the portions of the stela which could be styled aton, and I will not make legible. The rest is not absolutely erased, but for the 33 1^ _ _ _ iQ tiie central (?) foreshore[s],* in the cen- most part has very little evidential value. For two or tral islands which I offer to the Aton (?) (?) three phrases I found myself dependent on Daressy. A fatjier]. I indeed will make [my .... partial copy in L'Hote, MS. III., 303, 304. 34 1^ . . . . [the Aton my] father in the House of Aton Stela B.—Only my hasty hand-copy of the more legible « ; he shall not offer If I be in Akhetaton (?). (?) parts (last four vertical lines, end of lines 1-5, lines 8 to if I be in any city,* in any town .... near the end). A date in Petrie's notes. IK 35 . likewise the festival [of] Aton, the offering .... . (?) Stela F.—Only Peteie's hand-copy. I did not obtain IX 36 . [unto?] which it is . . every place my desire this in time to add it to the Plates, but have noted its to go ... . readings where they have any importance. 37 _ which he found for himself .... P Stela J.—My hand-copy of the more legible parts. Hand- supplied] with everything in Akhet- p39 . . . [ships , copy by Peteie. Photographs by myself and Steindorff. let him voyage, whether he voyage northward or aton to Stela N.— My hand-copy. Photographs by Steindorff. southward Stela P.—My hand-copy of a few shattered fragments. |K4o(=x40) .... ^Hor-Atonl The celebration (?) of Stela Q.—My hand-copy (revised) and photographs. Also hand-copies kindly furnished me by Mr. Newberry a Jubilee ..... the south (?) tablet of Akhetaton. and M. Maspero (copy by Shabaan Effendi). I will celebrate (?) the Jubilee .... Stela R.—Daeessy (loc. cit.). My own copy and 1^ ^'^ of the northern tablet ...... the headland photographs. ^1 west to the Orient, to ...... to P unto the (?), — Stela S. Peisse, Mon. Eg., PI. xii. ; Daeessy, loc. cit. the water in the river .... (photograph). Cast from squeezes by Peteie. My own ^ 52 . in whole land; . . trees (?),- all things that are the copy (revised), complete squeezes and photographs. they are for father T Hor-Aton .... J Stela U.—Peisse, Mon. ^g., PI. xiii. Peteie, Hand- hand of the copy. own hand-copy (revised) and revision of this p53 the granary (?) of Aton under (?) the My Superior of the house of Akhetaton .... his(?) palette by Steindorff. Photographs by Steindorff and myself. My most serious indebtedness therefore is to Professor being in ... . |X64 upon their bellies unto Pharaoh, L.P.H., Petrie for his copy of F and to Professor Steindorff for his [their mistress]. generous contribution of negatives for use and their (?) lord, and the Queen (?) pubHca- tion, his revision of Plate xxv., and general support of the |K79 length of days (?), . . . . with life and (n.J_ enterprise. Plates xxxiii. (vertical lines), xxvi., xxix.- The whole land was in [joy] and holiday .... xxxii. are published from tracings of squeezes. |K 80 in Akhetaton for ever and ever. (End). In the collation no notice has been taken of the different
ways of writing t, m, w, pa, or the plural. <^A (revised reading). 1 K has %%. " 1^ * " Fourteenth day in Q. In TJ the date is written in reverse direction (Plate xxxiv., where U should be read for ^ sil (revised reading of K). N), an Egyptian device for calling attention to a passage.
^ See Vol. ii., p. 15. But probably the true explanation
11+II is that " Father mine " was the original meaning of this 4 ^'O (M33). group, but became a standing epithet, used where "mine"
is inappropriate. The suffix of the first person singular is
written with the royal sign, because it refers to the King. 10 " " "* A place of royal residence is probably meant. Hor, Horizon-god," or later (P)Ra-Hor (i.e. the Sun- —
AMAENA. 32 THE EOCK TOMBS OP EL
Akhetaton, the name of which is " The Aton is well- the Horizon Tin his name of The Light which is in Aton ] J pleased." His Majesty (L.P.H.) ascended a span of horses who giveth i Hfe for ever and eternity, |" Living Aton, Great, and a great chariot p of electrum,i^ like Aton when he
of Aton in Akhetaton.^ fills lands his love In sed-iestival,^ within the temple rises from the horizon and the two with ;
|i " of " i* Liveth the'Horus Strong Bull, Beloved Aton ; The (and) started a goodly course to Akhetaton, (as ?) on the * " " i' it,i^ Two mistresses, Great in Sovereignty in Akhetaton ; the first occasion that his Majesty L.P.H. found to " i' " the name of Aton ; the King of the even Golden Horus Upholding demarcate (?) it as a monument to Aton— as p Upper and Lower Egypt, " Living in Truth, Lord of the Two life for ever and eternity, his father ( Hor-Aton 1 who giveth " lands Beauty of the Forms of Re, Unique one of Re ; the ( J had given command to make a monument to him within it —causing to be offered ^o a great oblatioii of bread, beer, Son of Re, " Living in Truth, Lord of diadems ( Akhenaton J,^ horned bulls, polled bulls, beasts, fowl, wine, fruits, incense, duration, Who giveth life for ever Great in his p and ever." of demarcating a,ll goodly herbs, on the day P Akhetaton The Good God,* Unique one of Re, Whose beauties Aton for the living Aton, who accepted, favoured, and loved the created, Truly pious of heart to his Maker,' Contenting Sovereign for the King Him with the pleasures of His ha,^ Doing services to Him (L.P.H.) (?) ^N.J (^A.J. that formed him, p Presenting the earth to Him ^ that And his Majesty (L.P.H.) went p southward and halted put him on His throne. Provisioning His House of on his chariot before his Father f Hor-Aton at the south- Eternity" with millions and myriads of things. Up- J Akhetaton,^! radiated upon holding Aton, Magnifying His name, Causing the earth to east mountain of and Aton P" him in life and length-of-days (?),22 invigorating his body belong to his Maker—the King fK J ^ (^\- every day. The hereditary (?)-princess. (and) Great in the palace. : An oath pronounced by the king ( N. A. | ( | Pair of face, Beauteous with the double plume. Mistress of " pi Hor-Aton is happy happiness, Endowed with favours, at hearing whose voice As Father ( j liveth, as my heart one ^^ rejoices, Chief wife of the King, beloved by him, in the Queen and her children—as to whom, may it be
of lands, ^^ / Mistress the two Beauty of the beauties of Aton granted that the chief wife of the King f Neferteit V living
Neferteit I, Living for ever and eternity.'^ for ever and ever, grow aged p^ with that multitude of years,^^ she being in the hand of Pharaoh (L.P.H.), and f On this day (Royalty) was in Akhetaton in the parti- may it be granted that the king's daughter Meritaton and coloured pavilion i* made for his Majesty L.P.H. in the king's daughter Meketaton, her children, grow old, they being in the hand of the chief wife of the king, p' Horus), Horizon-god," is the name of the sun-god of their mother, eternally for ever ! Heliopolis.
1 Or " to whom is granted." 1^ Meaning, of course, " rode on a two-horse chariot." 2 Apparently " meaning celebrating (his own) Jubilee," 16 Or " took the goodly road " ; the idea must be that which the sun-god might be supposed to do unceasingly. the royal tent was pitched in the plain of Akhetaton and ^ Meaning " Horizon of Aton." the King now goes to the city itself in which the temple of * The king is identified with the vulture, goddess of the Aton was. South, and the cobra, goddess of the North. 1' A difficult passage, unless the word " as " may be 5 Meaning " Pious to Aton." (?) supplied. 6 " Liveth the good God." Q, U. 1^ Lit. " on the first occasion of finding it, which H. M. ' A substitutes " Doing services to Him that formed did." him," omitting this phrase where it occurs below. 1' This seems to be the original meaning of the word, 8 " That which his A;a loveth." R. but " dedication " may be more exact here. ' Or perhaps "administering the earth for Him." 2" It is not clear whether the sacrifice was on the '" " House of Eternity " is a phrase for the endowment previous occasion, or the J)resent. estate of tomb or temple. 21 It is not certain whether this means the southernmost 11 The indefinite pronoun probably, as elsewhere, refers hill -side on the east bank of the river where J is, or the to the King. hills which lie south-east of the city, near the tablets 12 " Regent of the South and North Lands." U. P, Q, R, S. 1^ B. substitutes " Who is hale, blooming, and strong for 22 Or "the rays of Aton were upon him in life and ever and ever." joy(?)." The sculptor of B has made mistakes here and (1 1] J|| ^ J] fl n in confusion. left the signs o|. Cf. VI., xxvii. 23 i.e. the years granted by Aton. The prayer seems to " variegated or and children may all live long Probably matwork the like is meant : be that King, Queen or possibly " tent of spreading." together (in each other's han(Js). — ;
THE BOUNDARY STELAE. 33
" My oath of truth, which it is my desire to pronounce,^ south-west tablet of Akhetaton to the north-west tablet on and of which I will not say, "it is false" eternally for the west mountain of Akhetaton, amounting to 6 ater, p' ever : ^ and ;^ of a khe and 4 cubits, likewise exactly. " The southern tablet, which is on the eastern mountain " four tablets, from the And the P" area within these of Akhetaton. It is ]" the tablet of Akhetaton, (namely) east mountain to the west mountain is Akhetaton in its this (one) by which 2 ^ I have made halt : I will not pass ' I proper self : it belongs to Father f Hor-Aton —mountains, beyond it* southwards, eternally |" for ever. Make the south-west tablet opposite it on the western mountain of p"^ deserts, meadows, islands, upper-ground, lower-ground, Akhetaton, exactly. land, water, villages, embankments, men, beasts, groves,
" The middle tablet, which is on the eastern mountain of and all things p^ which the Aton my father shall (?) bring Akhetaton. It is the tablet of Akhetaton by which I have into existence eternally for ever.'" made Ji^ ^ "I will not neglect this oath which I have made to the halt on the orient mountain of Akhetaton : I will not pass beyond it orient-wards, eternally for ever. Aton my father eternally for ever ; nay, but p^ it shall
Make the middle tablet which is (to be?) on the western be set on a tablet of stone as the south-east boundary,'^ mountain of Akhetaton opposite it exactly.* likewise as the north-east boundary of Akhetaton, and shall " The north-eastern tablet p' of Akhetaton, by which I be set likewise on a tablet of stone as the south-west boundary, likewise as the north-west '^ boundary of have made halt. It is the northern tablet of Akhetaton : J^* I will not pass beyond it down-stream-wards, eternally for Akhetaton. It shall not be erased, it shall not be washed out, it shall ever. Make the north ' tablet which is (to be ?) on the not be.kicked, it shall not be struck with stones, '^ western mountain of Akhetaton opposite it, exactly. its spoiling (?) shall not be brought about. If it be missing, |i8 (! ^iid Akhetaton (extends) from the south tablet as if it be spoilt, if p^ the stela on which it is shall far as the north tablet, measured between tablet and fall, I will renew it again afresh in the place in which tablet on the east mountain of Akhetaton, amounting to it was." This oath was repeated in year first month of the 6 ater, J and j of a Tche and 4 cubits ^ ; likewise from the 8, second season, eighth day.'* p^ Royalty was in Akhet-
1 Petrie's earlier copy of J shows the same text as U without omission. about 4500 cubits to the ater. The wording " the south
Head in U ; the other texts afford no tablet as far as the north tablet ... on the east moun- 1^1 tain," as opposed to the " south-west tablet " and " north- evidence. west tablet," imply that the measurement on the east bank 3 " I will make " would be a possible translation. is taken on the river (X to J), not in the desert (X to P). * From the earlier decree it is evident that Akhenaton
within the 3 ^jJ " does not bind himself to remain personally S (N and U) "in regard to its body ; perhaps limit, but only not to increase the territory of Akhetaton. " bodily," " exactly." B seems to read " from the west ^ A word from the root meaning " sunrise," used for mountain to the east mountain of (?) Akhetaton." The " east " only in these texts of Akhenaton. /wwvA before the name of Akhetaton is probably a mistake. * Of the texts on the west bank, F is destroyed, and A 10 was omitted by the sculptor, and had to be is very fragmentary; but B, which must have been the In S tablet here referred to, gives the following special varia- (Plate xxxix.). " is western written over tion, Make (?) the middle tablet which on the it upon the western 11 " mountain (?) of Akhetaton opposite B reads of Akhetaton ; likewise on the middle will not pass beyond it west- [east] [of] mountain of Akhetaton: I tablet which is on (?) the boundary Akhetaton ; wards eternally for ever." likewise on(?) the north-east boundary of Akhetaton; " others " [north]- ' So S. B seems to read west," the likewise [on ?] the south-west boundary of Akhetaton
west.'' likewise on the middle tablet on the west mountain of 8 of the Greek schoenus, the The ater is the equivalent Akhetaton ; likewise on (?) the [north]-west boundary of schoenium length of which is still uncertain ; the khe is the Akhetaton." Petrie's map 12 " " of a hundred cubits. According to Professor B appears to give only west," U north[-west]," the also this volume, PI. give (Tell el Amarna, PI. xxxiv. ; see others have lost the passage. S seems to only room stelae and " xxxiv.), the distance between the earlier X K for likewise [the north-west] of Akhetaton." ater, and the distance X-J gives almost 4000 cubits to the is be hoped would give this to within a few cubits. It to w a precise measurement will be taken. On the west that whh, whwh compare gOVgE " abortus." 0a bank the distance A to F seems to correspond precisely opposite V, F opposite P. with the sense carere also in the hymns. to X to P, A being opposite X, B " The texts generally agree in this date, but F (Petrie) Thus measured, the length is considerably greater, giving F —
34 THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.
aton, and Pharaoh L.P.H. stood, mounted ^ on a great " The six '* tablets which I have fixed for boundaries of chariot of electrum, inspecting the tablets ^ of the Aton Akhetaton (are) the three tablets upon the orient moun- which are on the mountain ^ as the south-east boundary of tain of Akhetaton together with the three tablets opposite Akhetaton.* stela them ; [the south which is upon] the orient mountain
of Akhetaton measured to the south stela which is opposite
On A, B, there is added : to it upon the western mountain of Akhetaton, becoming the south boundary of Akhetaton; and the north tablet Year 8, fourth month of the first season, last day.* which is on the orient mountain of Akhetaton, measured
An oath pronounced by King ( N. ( A. ] at the fixing of j to the north (?) tablet, which is opposite [to it upon] the western mountain of Akhetaton, the tablets of [the] boundary of Akhetaton : becoming the northern
boundary of Akhetaton ; likewise the middle tablet " which As Father ( Hor-Aton liveth : J is upon the eastern mountain of Akhetaton measured to the middle tablet which is opposite it upon the western gives y c_) ' and B gives the curious date of the mountain of Akhetaton. "And the breadth of Akhetaton is from mountain to " 4." sixth year, first (?) month of second season, day mountain, from the eastern horizon of heaven to the 1 The sculptor of S omitted - a, and had to insert it western horizon of heaven.
" It shall be' for Father T Hor-Aton j, its mountains (?),
its deserts, ^ There were by this time many tablets for the south- .... its fowl, all its people, all its cattle, all things which the Aton produces, on which his rays shine, east boundary. S reads probably for I as on the other all things [which are in h I' ?] the of. Akhetaton, tablets. [they?] being for the Father, the living Aton, unto the ' S has a larger space, perhaps originally left vacant. temple of in Aton Akhetaton for ever eternally ; they are F reads " on the east mountain as the boundary." south (?) all oifered to his ha, and his rays are beauteous when they * B fills up the line with " for the Father, the living receive them." ^ n 1*"***^ "\ n ^9^ o o *^ =^ /wvw\ '
and with I Aton," F | ; O ~^ 5 ^ ^ " seems to read " " " Awwv A five," B six ; the latter is what n "T" ^ " established to eternity and for ever, for is required. the living Aton." 'Read ^^'^n 5 Read A M ^^ For the rest of the date, * The rays of Aton in the scenes end in hands which which is quite clear, I have Petrie's support. reach out to the offerings. 85
INDEX.
PAGES '
36 INDEX.
PAGES PASES 9 Inset stones 6, 23, 24, 25, 26 Paea .... " Island " Aton distinguished in J ubilees 30 Parapet
Petrie, Professor . .14. 15, 19, 20, 24, 28, 31, 33, 34
13, 14 Jubilee (see " iSed-festival "). Pilasters 2, 6,
Portals 1, 7, 8, 10, 13
. 14 Karnak . 3, 9 ,, with double cornice 2, 13,
Kiosks 3 Port-holes . . 4
KtrsH 21, 31 Porticoes . ' . 6, 14
Portraiture . 8, 9, 10, 11
Pottery . 12, 13, 14 Lacau, M. . 9, 11 Lamps, niches for 8 Prayers 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17 Princesses (see " Royal Family "). Later remains . 1, 8, 12, 14, 24 Loggia 3 Ptahmay .... 9, 10, 11
(see also " Nepeetiti " " Royal Family ") May . 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17 Queen ; 4, 16; 18, 26, 30, 31, 32 „ tomb of . 1,2,3,4 17,
Meketaten 21, 23, 24, 25, 32 „ laudation of . . . . .4, 28, 32 " ") Mensuration . 33 sister of (see also Mutbeneet 1,14 shortened of 25, 30 Mertea . 8, 17, 21 name 20, Mbrytatbn 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32 Mnevis-bull 21, 30 Ra, " shade " of 30
Mummies 1 „ temple of 4,5
Museum, Cairo . 3, 7, 9, 14, 26 Rambs 5, 13
„ Melbourne 26, 27 Rb-neheh . 2
MUTBENEET . 1, 2, 14 Behhyt, the . 16
Rewards, royal 3, 10 Nebwawi ...... 10 Ribbons 4 " Nefeeteit (see Nefeetiti "). Roads to tombs , 10, 21, 27
Nbpeetiti (see also " Queen," " Eoyal Family ") 2, 28, 30 Royal barges 3, 5 " Nekht-pa-aten ...... 5, 12, 13 "Royal Chancellor 4, 16
Netting 3 Royal family 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 7, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25 26, 27, 32
Nubia 21 „ head-dress . 3, 23, 26
,, oath . 21, 22, 24, 29, 30^ 32, 33, 34 " " Oars . Royal Scribe . . 1, 2, 7, 10, 15 16, 17, 18
Officials 4, 5, 9, 12, 29 Royal statues 23, 24 25, 26, 27 of „ promotion . 4,5 ,, tomb 20, 21 22, 27, 30 " ") On (see also Heliopolis . 4,5
Ostraca of El Amarna 5, 20 Sailors depicted . 3 " " " " Overseer of Cattle . 4,5 Scribe of Recruits . 4,5 " " " " ' Overseer of Porters . 15 Scribe of the King (isee Royal Scribe "). " " " Overseer of Soldiery , 15, 16, 17, 18 Scribe of the Altar 7 " " " Overseer of the house of Aa-kheperu-ra . 7, 9 Scribe of the Ofiering Table" 7 " " Overseer of the house of Sehetep-Aten 4, 5, 16, 17 Scribes depicted . . 10 " " Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra . 4, 5, 18 Sed-iestival 4, 15 30, 31, 32 " " Overseer of the Treasury . 14, 17 " Servant " (sedem ash) 10, 11, 17 " " " " Overseer of works . 4, 5, 9, 15, 18 Shade of Ra . . 30
Ox, sacrificial ...... 10 Shipping depicted . 3
Shrines 2, 7, 8, 9 10, 13, 14
Pa-aten-em-heb . . 5, 11, 15 Sistrums 22, 23 25, 26, 27
Pakha 9 Smith, Dr. Elliot . . 30 " Palace of Akhenaten 3, 4, 5, 6, 20, 21, 30 " Sole Companion 4, 16 INDEX. 37
PLATES. NOTE.
An index to the passages of the text which are explanatory of the several plates
will be found on pp. vii., viii.
Erratum : On Plate xxxiv. read Vertical Lines. U. El Amarna V. TOMB 14-(MAY). Plate
SECTION ON A.B.C.D.
Scale ^
El Amarna V. TOMB 14 (MAY). Plate II.
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' 40
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El Amarna V. TOMB OF MAY. Plate ill.
ROYAL FAMILY Scale f WORSHIP ATEN.
1
TOMB OF MAY. Plate IV.
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El Amarna V. TOMB OF MA\
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Scale \ LINTEL-N. END.
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El Amarna V. TOMB 16-PLAN. Plate VI.
4-
Eu Amarna V. TOMB 16. Plate VII.
TOMBS 16 AND2' El Amarna V.
TOMB 16-SECTION ON E.F.
SECTION ON A.B.
Scale h D 23 (ANY). Plate VIII.
TOMB 23-SECTION ON CD.
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'J'^ti c :^>^.;s$ '" ^qr^«4¥-inif^:/(/ii' ;:/Ji»!(.i.'..i JNOii^CTcj^-^^^ CO -J CO LU zUJ ,"> ' XE-,R^ ,^>^«>^Wfi^i CD y(^i'.v ^*;iO"'"C^s;:/n's O .i^ 3 I- :*."',t«^M^\X'Wl'CSSD. < I- CO i>.'.. .'1?^';tl;31»:'ri<^.:.).«0lJl/ r^^lC ••''^•ii^ ^2:V/-/%1: » * ^r "« i ;( ^/U n _,;J-':i J ^' t3 ?^Z..^ ( i> Iter-* :'.-^ /0I'4; El Amarna V. TOMB 21. Plate XVI. \ \ ^y 1 ^H Scale i TRANSVERSE SECTION. B 21- PLAN. Scale LONGITUDINAL SECTION. Scale h, El Amarna V. TOMB 22. Plate XVII. SECTION ON A.B. TRANSVERSE SECTION. Scale ^ ^ TOMBS 7c AND 24a. Plate XVIII. Na>V' SECTION. TOMB 24A-PLAN. COLUMN A TOMB 7C-PLAN. Scale SECTION ON A. B. C. D. EL AMARNA V TOMB OF MAY PLATE XIX SITE OF TOMBS 14-22 PRAYER OF MAY EL AMARNA V TOMB OF ANY PLATE XX z zcc M u z I- Z < PLATE XXI EL AMARNA V TOMB OF ANY I DO UJ OU. W < X < a. O UJ I- EL AMARNA V TOMB OF ANY PLATE XXII < X I- iij z < LJ '^y** -r ur EL AMARNA V TOMB OF ANY PLATE XXIII =5 ou. CO < S o UJ EL AMARNA V TOMB 16 PLATE XXIV 111 -J < < cc zK- u o CO < 111 CO ucc > zCO < Hoc 1 . El Amarna V. STELA U-LOWER PART. Plate XXV. i!^?^ffi?"fl^M^tVla. o m piii /»A^*^ ' OV—' iCi @r^ AfS r-3 I n ^Ljiii 1 1 (i^lflli©l^^lfl^i:^SiSIilft>a£ti lA—ji ^m?sa^iP^ = mM^w w,(§Wiim'(^iw Da;TSP:isii'M!lE»mi>^SfSiiilf15 M S ^ V. a^ Q 5 a?AXH'if^ifl™isflss,ji®;ii^i.i: 6 Ms f Pi>^^% iii 1% <^^^mhBimm^^'SMm^ 7 ^>Tfl?^witiis^§^flt*i>?sfMi?^iigi^tff55ii?^iif 8 fifty SlJ«^ Sii:!^^W5H$i!JSf;>: ii§ umim ijmmm=mM'^iw^^i^ht:£)fi^^m<^mu lo m^'^^^^']-ium!i\m^^mi^mMmM?m II i¥ 3Ms\mJATm.^'^\<\\'^^n^mna^siafit 12 > fd^^ma^-j 1 ^11 mi¥^efif+Bfi5^Mn? 13 imwrnrn'^wt r; ai t-M^iMi^t?^^x"wi^^^ I1F ^>°!°Wism.mmmmMmmw^^^^i^^MA'^m^ 15 mmBMmi^^mnrcm^M^iMmi\tM\\[imi\ 16 l>Il«i?Sfl§^1^° 7 iti 18 '9 #53^ilMilt^^Fi flgx^y(it!?i#mi 21 Ti^°m^.s «wS8e fl^^i %>Jni ^^^^ ^-/^ ////. /^. ^ J ^_^ ^/j^ .^ ^ 22. 5^1 s ^m^. T^^^/l^ 1 ^fiMfl^W -s as M^fJ^i _''9" 1 =1 ^ll^^lf?^ ixw^as^siipwis^ BOUNDAR* El Amarna V. Y STELA S. Plate XXVI. ^ . El Amarna V. TEXT OF BOUN S i^= Mf 4' f§p@iiwj:§Pa :M^A£^%mM^m ^p ?sw+ Q GT i "S" (£^4. U «iy iSi .20"- omits IS)' A -+P ah -® s fS (^ ^"4. 35PIW ^(f 3 iS'^^C m^MML %m\ I u;s: Q DL^ O ? 1 n u Ill ® #r -iLf A U- -q^t — _r o m its R -Jtft- Qom 1^^ ^ ^tlt A- -i^ ^ c® 4_:t^l nj Ml- -)N ^} S£^!^^a -sPg 2^ ft fj-^Y-m =g ff^SLf fPPi gj -<2^ -^. •a O O O n A^»A T^ — :^ om. ^ a t; J ^2 _® (^^^1 )^ "(''¥)^' wm\u^4U'fznm^nMm''4S2n^Mm\rzrnr^^^t a^^°4- w- -w -^ — Q\ l^^ _2i_ 4.\\4.^ /^^^ —=——— ^vx^— 10 oT 'sc^ o_^ I • 1 ^ j^ <# 1 )ARY STELAE. Plate XXVII. IV ^-^ => <=> --—> 111^" II tiSi/ s 'Ill ' ^^rTf-^Hll ST „ 0'=. S I o I );i 1 ,=> 1 '^ffPMi^fAiMlDIt o T inn tr-D 1 1 O ] m t po 1 1 Q f ^ 01 Tiiiin i# v=^ 'm ^^ w ;f-^-4l U A 'omm n ^ iCi SIC R m El Amarna V. TEXT OF BOUNDA '1- S " —' ' - "" " " ' PI.. . f« AAATVV J—. ^ u (z:— ^^1 -)p A B © -)ci R -)Q 16 >:^§i^^n-€t^-:s3[^^?— _!Q, -M ^'^LC- ¥^f^j^.^ -)'^ ® -)Ki( 18 m%m\S. Kill ygPSfig, ^f?/r?Mf '^gMfeA f.^ fl4lX4»i; iQi. "©" f#lr; @. .jCf^ 4^- ei^ 20 mi Mr"^^T°)^-p^°K(va^'rri?s^g7§PSf^g;x??fei«^i ^a?^ -w 5»iffi. _^1 -r]_^^_[ ai I ^Q I IfP^PfXfPXI H 4\\'MWM^IWMM: '/////> ' ^ i& iii~Q. J-'^lll 1® M4jL. - Ill r# @ -UUA^A.:- . !Y STELAE {Continued.) Plate XXVIII. 13 — ® '^psl-^ ^%^m~£i%n °^f -[ ] •:^S<. -||iP/fP. .)q. _(!9 o"-' C ,]- lM2i)p -t T Hrr£-^4g^^i^^| u 1 lyi -E' -U °"'- ] B -X ..® a:? a fC^^ N 17 19 III III muummm^ I X 1 :-£rp7fp^fLt^>^?fl?!fl^i I _^r iQi?' ZX3/1 -)ci ii l.,?^=iMi/4S°«nw£.fiiSl)i:^»&t3W^»fi*i#eiSss - -^-fl§pQ?lm.^ULf— ^^ -®r -^- i?V- ^'xir BSMtTffS-^P^^ls^FCPi -^r 2.S A- "P Ln,«|^.^ tl_^ .^XCI^P Ams.o^-^^i^\yiTr 4^- Tjsr ^^\_=i'S> € (i>'WP30i')-^ s tp^flt.lfn? ^^'S?P^!Mt^^^p^?l?i:s^rp => 9 -^-- N ^1 '/jT^f/. :^^^:r^^TN[ i^y o m its oi§P^fefeJ -[omitsj- [ B =>e^. ^^^ 1 1 El Amarna V. STE V XV XX will A /l 1 r=^ •« I (5, ^^^ 9 I 1 ° ^Oj I 4, III Aim , Q f. r I I III "II i> fj T- ^> x^^j ^ I I 1 I I o O I I I I _X(i, rj /\ A O L ti Li I hi 1 1. 1 Ol D 'o' I) ^ ' O GO o -^ 3 > fi) O ? I I H? ^ - D v° I.!'1~1 liSfl 15 .n- ,^ ', ° ° O ^ 2J >. Ill O o I ?1 XVfl 1! SJ;-^ ~^3 ~o~ D O O I' 'i"i 1 I 9 I T r_j Mz O I •(>^ -Z ^\ O O 7 X»l o «? I > 1 n -^ Q r -s\ ^] I 1 ^ ::;rT TV I rryjH ^-^^ ^'''^\Ll'^' =ti ,J>^ k\^"WV>o' :]Ur ijM " i «^i ^ . O K?XR.^°^i o ^; U' 1> i^.'^i'ij^irA'^^rJ • uooooo X^§» 1 I ' I D —- ^ il^P 7^- U I I O ' 9 .V^l o D o "nr O _^ 1 o ^ToMm. A„?yCIU? "'13- KsO o I 10 \ pr ^jcr.o^jjj^fepi>-?t^i_j V. ^IrS-^^ .^mm^hi^'^.^'^ii'^'i'omst -Xkl ^ i?ts^°i M i?f?-\^r->E=gi s ^0° -.' i^^'sxfoxwjii^?} 5'eflfe i LA K. Plate XXIX. O jn El Amarna V, STELA K -[L HI W^]^JX ^f wJ::^^"!0^e1g'. gn .'^c-w \r j-i vV "" f ^^ rx^g-x^^ jidfe; .^ k rAt ?j? ' ? oAll^U 5^Mll\Silil^!SlM!lfM±:^ K" s:\T2?te!\MS5,a>^ ^ ^'^^i^JC ;^yBiyn.^^"yAir..r'-'Jv!:z!:fl; i-1 ll J ^fir .sC^^--Wi>]^V^ii: ^P"H^ ?-.^-->j = OQ 20 r.^ P^ ~~2. flL (H «§M. ' ' s i I7.V_' , , I J , Cmfl'&?fei'^^-''^> k^L^ivSIt-^^" fl^fl t- — 1 {eontinuaticn,}. Plate XXX. "Tit7 _3 ?o. :- J-JtQal m, XS;3iS5A\; c^ O s^->"'j.prw&'i>p?'-i'' .^^ ^f-_ O >^^V / €^^oA -^= r+8 s-;; ^ ..,. ,—^z^ ^|-M\- 15 O. x^i^r h^M'^n^'s-.e ^o^::^c-i^^V- t^XMat^^^^K^' ^^ ^^Mfljfl ^^ IkXSSiiySxfl 4rtl4^^(pm;ifl^KX '^ I o • r-.V<'^)s i^mK&z^ m\T. ?ib] A« V. , :i-^ .i. [Vw^ PfcQa „ /i Hill'-- 1I 1 Xlo, 'J^ ^ 20 l^4{h\\^ ^l! ii^ ^« I I II ;V s!) ^. A c : o / •;: I I x«:v/ i| 1 I ^.Q/^ K -.^.^ O ^ _ ^v A 1,^111 25 9 21c II I > 30 y J\\ ^2^ "\'-- V n ttS^ / O \\ x\ g=> I c F<:^W -^ no i ^.^q, oV .•4. ^?;;?? i^. ;i OiA^U ^ 35 a,C^> M ^ a «> ^ji .^'-^c fji 1 ^ \ r \' \ m. xi\ ^n^>r^^j^El XK^ r- 40 El Amarna V. STEI ^/C^'f^^^f'-'fe-; ri ..j^A "ilh REMAINS OF LINES 43-57. Plate XXXI. XX XV C3 (1 !! I // o o /} 1 1 + El Amarna V. STELA \'^ :i O . hi. h !, Wi^^P O i| 1 PSMilUiPfS^:. '°^|"*: niW-yii-O C2.1 t^ ^=>o ^Bi^jyEl !>S&r^.^;tft"'.'^5^J? ^i.<,'^'r^^X=i ^^A''^ I 1 Ai 'o I W / 1/ fi- ui j:^^ o ' (continuation). Plate XXXII. — I ^ y —>il "j. ^-^^'.li-^l = J- 1 ^ O 1^"^^- 1 9 ^9?;i:^ 15 W^ _c^JE. f '^PST^P.-iML^MfSfeiV^ -^-v?c°?s^„^A| .^^^ w?^1c§|)s^g-,-^i^":iiPi:rA-ppjp^ , '4'hor4'- ?J^^ _pp ^o. /-^ ^gr-'^:wp^''""r O ^--3&liP-;t-gP5;i fir ^§PSs;/^V„"^gr-1.^nn^ P^fw. O ^3 ywMMi^ yuW"^ /VwSAA , ' 20 ^",1 °IL<^ :e'{r°rfife;'l :, ^ ^,=!?l€?>^ ewa ^^ ^^^ ^ /' O /S. -p^. f.L C^ O I^P. ^ i=i3 OK .- !M' o - -^ /f 35 -^ ^'^^XC' ''^^^'^ ~ o V y> " L o ^-^PS^s:o _ /v £2» £=i I I.I' jfS^ PP.;/ (; o ^ o [ !<-' 1 S El Amarna V. BOUNDARY STELAE. Plate XXXIII. 0'^ 90 o O -& ^3 o 1 n n n U U u u m 1 o n 10 .n <=i HI O /f=^ 'J;O O o 4^1 ^1!!!^ 1 A? lo \3 So 1^ o 1 ^ ur IT J 1 O O ITTT ^11 To LL STELA A -VERTICAL COLUMNS. STELA N-UPPER PART. Scale i WMM3) ST • x(i;%% — of^^^::::;} SiU- 1 ^11 El Amarna V. Plate XXXIV. < < u_i H CO Ll o z < CO Hi O »|0 i o.'yi < o d 5§i(iC5^i55E^i^ I- > f#i////„illlli\#* EL AMARNA V TOMBS 14 AND 21 PLATE XXXV Z ou. < X CM 00 os. I- occ DC HI EL AMARNA V PLATE XXXVI t,~ - MAY iN. Thickness} STELA J. TOMB 22 STATUES (Stela AJ PLATE XXXVII BOUNDARY STELAE EL AMARNA V < -I 111 3 < _l LU EL AMARNA V STELA K PLATE XXXVIII EL AMARNA V STELA S PLATE XXXIX EL AMARNA V BOUNDARY STELAE PLATE XL STELA S STELA N EL AMARNA V BOUNDARY STELAE PLATE XLI SITE OF STELA Q k i WB:^ ' "'^•~%/i. _ «K STELA A EL AMARNA V BOUNDARY STELAE PLATE XLII 5 ui EL AMARNA V STELA A PLATE XLIII p,.^.- > EL AMARNA V PLATE XLIV < LJ I- z iLl s o < < LlI I- UJ I- > cc UJ o a. I— jZ CO ti. ^ UJ CO 2 ^ : PUBLICATIONS OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. I.—THE STOEE CITY OP PITHOM AND THE XIV.—DEIR EL BAHARI. Part II. Memoir for 1894-5. ROUTE OF THE EXODUS. Memoir for 1883-4. By Edouaed Naville. Plates XXV.-LV. 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