AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 2 August / September 2003 Volume 15 Number 7 Publisher’s Commentary 5 Blue Line There are no uniforms that are Magazine ‘uniform’ today 12A-4981 Hwy 7 East Ste 254 Markham, ON L3R 1N1 Partners in Policing 7 Halifax Ph: 905 640-3048 Fax: 905 640-7547 CACP Trade Show Guide 10 eMail: [email protected] Floor Plan and Exibitor List — Publisher — Morley S. Lymburner Police Order of Merit 14 eMail: [email protected] appointees invested — General Manager — DEEP BLUE 16 Mary Lymburner, M.Ed. Give me diversity for $500 Alex eMail: [email protected] Sexual exploitation of children 18 — Editor — Mark Reesor eMail: [email protected] VISA cracks down on child pornography 22 — News Editor — PRIME to link all BC police 23 Les Linder eMail: [email protected] Psychopathic criminals are 25 the most mobile — Advertising — Mary Lymburner Police task forces search for guns 26 As the host agency of the Canadian Asso- Dean Clarke ciation of Chiefs of Police 2003 Conference, Bob Murray eMail: [email protected] Amber program alerts public quickly 28 (HRP) is working co- operatively with other law enforcement agen- — Pre-press Production — Grow houses present many hazards 29 cies in its community to plan and host this year’s Del Wall When one lies dying 30 forum for Canada’s police leaders. As HRP — Contributing Editors — Arming Canadian law enforcement officers Public Affairs Supervisor Theresa Rath Brien Communication Skills Terry Barker tells us, a cooperative spirit is nothing new for Police Management James Clark US tests facial recognition systems 31 the police agencies serving the Halifax area, Tactical Firearms Dave Brown which is policed by the RCMP as well as city Technology Tom Rataj CASE LAW 34 Psychology Dorothy Cotton • ID request doesn’t necessarily create police — and if you’re heading to the 98th an- Case Law Mike Novakowski detention nual CACP Conference, be sure to have a look Blue Line Magazine is published monthly, September to June, by • Priority one call justifies warrantless entry at the floor plan and advertisers list. Blue Line Magazine Incorporated with a mailing address of: • It’s what the officer considers that counts Halifax is hosting the conference in 12A - 4981 Hwy. 7 East, Ste. 254, memory of former chief David McKinnon, Markham, , L3R 1N1. Persuading is better than forcing 36 Individual magazines are $3.50 each. Subscriptions are $25.00 who lost a long and courageous battle with brain per year or $40.00 for 2 years. (Foreign - $50.00 U.S.) cancer in May. As East Coast correspondent All material submitted for publication becomes the property of Blue Intimate adversaries 38 Line Magazine unless other arrangements have been made with the Assessing the threat in domestic violence Danette Dooley tells us, hundreds of condo- publisher prior to publshing. cases - part two The authors, advisors and Publisher accept no liability whatsoever lences flooded into the force in the wake of the for any injuries to persons or property resulting from the application or popular chief’s death. adoption of any of the procedures, tactics or considerations presented in Canada could become ‘Colombia’ 40 this magazine. Readers are cautioned and advised that articles presented of the north Doctor Dorothy takes a look at diversity; herein are edited and supplied for your personal awareness and should we have another in our continuing series of not be used for further action until appropriate advice and guidance is received from a supervisor, Crown Attorney or other person in authority. New gas masks offer full protection 42 Criminal Intelligence Service of Canada review Established in 1988, Blue Line Magazine is an independent publication designed to inform, entertain, educate and upgrade the skills of organized crime; West Coast correspondent of those involved in the law enforcement profession. It has no direct BOOK REVIEW 44 Elvin Klassen tells us how PRIME (Police control from a law enforcement agency and its opinions and articles do not Books give comprehensive look at terrorism necessarily reflect the opinions of any government, police, or law Records Information Management Environ- enforcement agency. ment) will link BC police from one end of the ©2003 - All articles are protected by copyright. No part of this Crisis Communications 101: Part II 47 publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any PEP and CAP principles province to the other and reports on a study means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission. suggesting our most dangerous criminals are The predatory script 50 also our most mobile. Internet activity is monitored and use or reposting of material on The lures predators use to seduce the Internet is restricted. Kathryn Lymburner children and parents updates us on the Amber Alert program; former drug enforcement Federal bill would change 53 officer and now fire investigator Mariano drug enforcement Perini This publication is a private venture and receives no tells us about the dangers of marijuana subsidy or grant from any level of government. grow houses; Chris Butler weighs in on the — Affiliations — PRODUCT NEWS 54 arming of park wardens issue; Mike Novakowski has three case laws; Calgary Po- International Association of Law Enforcement Planners COMING EVENTS 55 Canadian Advertising Rates & Data lice Staff Sergeant Dan Mullen looks at ways International Police Association Are you passionate about policing? 56 police officers can resolve while still maintain- The Police Leadership Forum ing law and order — persuading rather than The Canadian Press Newswire PERSONAL COMPUTING 60 forcing; Heather Gray concludes her series on Teaching good computing habits Printed in Canada by Janson Printing Service assessing the threat in domestic violence cases ISSN #0847 8538 BACK OF THE BOOK 62 and Judy Pal has the second part of her crisis Canada Post - Canadian Publications Mail The thin blue line must rise with honour communications series - this month she looks Product Sales Agreement No. 176796 and distinction at the principals of PEP and CAP.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 3

There are no uniforms that are ‘uniform’ today but back then rules came first over obvious ing is acceptable because they all have one thing by Jim Clark safety. in common — the word police somewhere on There was a great deal of discussion and This brings me to the uniform issue. By the uniform, but does law enforcement still have concern at a recent Quebec conference that definition, uniform suggests common, identi- the sole right to use that word? There’s a popu- some security officer’s uniforms could be con- fiable clothing worn by all officers. I was lar rock band known as ‘The Police’ and police fused with those worn by police. Clearly, the taught the importance of being properly turned uniforms and badges are sold at flea markets. message that I heard was that police want some out, if for no other reason than to ensure that The last time I watched police dealing with a sort of restriction on the type of uniforms secu- people would know who they were dealing large, disorderly crowd on the news, I counted rity officers can wear. with. There were cases in which those charged six different uniforms on the officers dealing This issue has sparked much discussion with assaulting or obstructing the police would with the problem. within the security field. When I joined the argue that they didn’t realize they were assault- This brings us back to the issue of security police in the early 60’s (yes I know, I’m one of ing a police officer. officers and the concern they look too much those dinosaurs) officers were required to come This brings us up to today’s police. Some like police officers. I can appreciate some of to work in uniform. They weren’t allowed to forces have allowed uniformed equipment to the concerns raised by police but they must get carry parcels while wearing it, nor could they expand to the point that confusion could easily their own act together before they can expect carry a lunch into the station while on duty. I be a defense to someone charged with assault- any reasonable action in this area. know this will have most readers shaking their ing a police officer. Specialized units have, for There is a need to review all police equip- heads, but you must remember that our super- very valid reasons, changed some of their uni- ment, including the clothing officers wear. A visors were all Second World War veterans and forms to allow for better responses. Others have standard must be set which doesn’t allow for the rules they followed were written at the turn been allowed to make changes so they could differences simply to designate a different unit of the century. be identified as a separate unit. — traffic as opposed to regular patrol officers, There were other rules you would find un- We have uniforms that include peaked, fur, for example. The only exception should be spe- acceptable today. We weren’t allowed to add baseball and wide brim caps — and in many cialized units which can show a need for dif- or remove any type of equipment to police is- cases, no caps. There’s white, blue and black ferent clothing. Officers should be proud of the sued vehicles, for example. In 1963 I and many shirts; long, short, bike and motorcycle pants; general uniform, not some additional badge other officers rode motorcycles that weren’t cloth, leather and nylon coats and short and long which identifies a special unit. jackets. When I chaired the clothing and equip- equipped with rear view mirrors. Some bought Jim Clark is a former Deputy Chief of the Metropolitan and installed their own mirrors but were soon ment committee in the early 90’s, there were Police Service and currently the president of Monad ordered to remove them by their sergeant. To- 16 different types of footwear. Security Consultants. He can be reached at day this would be a health and safety issue, Some would argue that this variety of cloth- [email protected]

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 5

zations have been forming partnerships for is shared; HPS, the by Theresa Rath Brien many years in an effort to address organized RCMP and CCRA crime in Halifax,” says HRP Chief Frank A. have members on an A cooperative spirit is nothing new for the Beazley. integrated intelli- police agencies serving the citizens of the Hali- The Airport Joint Forces Operation (JFO) gence unit and HPS fax region, one of the few municipalities in is just one example; HRP, the Dartmouth Po- and the RCMP have Canada with two police services — Halifax lice Service and the RCMP worked jointly at an integrated vice Regional Police (HRP) and the Halifax detach- the Halifax International Airport to gather in- unit and Joint Prosti- ment of the RCMP. They work closely with telligence. tution Task Force and each other, the military and CN police and other The collaborative approach to policing was collaborate in the related federal and municipal agencies, includ- formalized in 1978, which led to the first for- provincial Crime Chief Frank A. Beazley ing Canada Customs and Revenue Agency mal joint investigation and the formation of the Stoppers program. (CCRA) and the port and airport authorities. first full-time integrated unit. Recognizing that Halifax Regional Police was formed in Evidence of these partnerships can be the drug trade transcends police jurisdictions, 1996 with the amalgamation of the Bedford, traced back several decades. The RCMP and the agencies also formed the Drug Joint Forces Dartmouth and Halifax municipal police depart- former municipal police agencies that now Operation, which still exists today, to target high ments. “Prior to regionalization, it was almost make up HRP began partnering on specific level dealers. as if the bridge that spans the criminal investigations and sharing intelligence The second full-time inter-agency policing separated the three police agencies in the area information in the 1970s. In fact, Halifax area project was born after area agencies assigned and created silos, rather than joining us,” police agencies began sharing information members to work full-time at the Criminal In- Beazley recalls. “There is no question that we when intelligence networks were only in their telligence Service of Nova Scotia (CISNS) in operate more effectively and efficiently today infancy. the late 1980s. Today, the RCMP, HPS, Military than we did singly and that only benefits our “Due to the uniqueness of the city’s geog- Police and CCRA each have full-time representa- community.” raphy, our police agencies and affiliated organi- tives assigned to CISNS to ensure intelligence Beazley says he’s working to further

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 7 AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 8 ship to deliver the best investigations possible and the highest level of service to the commu- nity we serve. They truly prove that we are stronger together than we ever could be apart.” It’s no surprise that many of the partners who pride themselves on policing the region of Hali- fax are also helping to coordinate the CACP con- ference for Canada’s leaders in policing. Both the RCMP and Military Police are proud spon- The Halifax Regional Municipality is one of the few in sors and have members sitting on the organiz- Canada contracted to two police agencies. The three major ing committee for the event, which is always a communities are policed by the Halifax Regional Police forum for sharing information and forming uni- while all else use the services of the RCMP. Shown above fied positions on Canadian policing issues. are HRP Cst. Dennis Crowell, RCMP Cst. Mike MacAlpine, “CACP is an organization which certainly HRP Cst. Bob Merrick, RCMP Cst. Shawn Smith. provides an opportunity for police in Canada to learn and grow with one another,” said already see the benefits of the program and en- Beazley, “CACP 2003 presents an opportunity courages other officers will participate. for us to enhance policing in our own commu- “I have gained numerous positive benefits nity, not to mention the occasion to showcase from working with Halifax Regional Police and both our Maritime hospitality and our partner- two stand out the most - development of my ur- ships in policing.” ban policing skills and the opportunity to work in another police environment where the mem- bers have such pride and a high level of profes- sionalism. I think of this organization as a well- oiled machine, just like the RCMP,” says Smith. Cst. Art Merrick, who’s been with HRP for 31 years, has similar comments about his strengthen the relationship with the RCMP time with the RCMP. “The officer exchange Halifax Detachment, a partnership that resulted program is truly an innovative approach to after amalgamation because both agencies were exchanging current information and technol- policing the areas that formed the Halifax Re- ogy and enhancing understanding between the gional Municipality. HRP serves citizens in the RCMP and Halifax Regional Police uniformed core city and the RCMP polices the suburban members,” he says. area. The two agencies already hold a daily HRP also has a close partnership with the conference call to ensure that timely and accu- Halifax Port Authority and has policed the port rate operational information is being shared and under contract since 1998. Halifax is the only a study is underway to review ways they can Canadian port that has a dedicated ports unit expand their existing partnerships and further and is policed by a municipal agency. Stationed integrate. in a satellite office, the unit cooperates with “By analyzing two first class police serv- other government agencies, especially CCRA ices, we are striving to create enhanced serv- and the coast guard, to investigate crime on the ices in policing for the community we serve. If waterfront and conduct extensive investigations we can create some efficiencies by working into organized crime. more closely and communicating more effec- HRP also works in partnership with the tively with the Halifax Detachment of the military police, one of the city’s founding po- RCMP, then we can free up officers to go where lice agencies, to patrol the shore area. When they are needed most,” says Beazley. “Overall, visiting ships are docked at the Halifax Har- the closer we become, the stronger we will be bour, it’s not uncommon for military police of- in jointly policing our community.” ficers to assist in HRP’s jurisdiction. The two The officer exchange program is one way agencies also share training programs and fa- the agencies are trying to foster closer ties. cilities, allowing each to learn and benefit from Two RCMP officers switched roles with two the other. HRP officers in February for a one year pe- Officers and the community benefit greatly riod. The goal of the program is to enhance from all this cooperation, notes Beazley. communications and understanding between “Partnerships in policing bring resources the organizations. together, allow us to share intelligence to tar- While only half way into his term, Cst. Shaun get organized crime and create efficiencies for Smith, who’s been with the RCMP 10 years, can all organizations who are part of the relation-

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 9 EXHIBIT FLOOR PLAN CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE 98th ANNUAL CONFERENCE Halifax Metro Centre 5284 Duke Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia August 24 - 26, 2003

Laerdal Medical Canada 601 Law Enforcement Torch Run 200 Logical Sequence 507 Maritect 606 Maritime Services Police & Security 503 Martin & Leveque 607 McKenzie Marketing 903 MD Charlton 419,514 Med-Eng Systems Inc 314 Medtronic Physio-Control 513 Mercury Marine 321 Michaels of Oregon 211 Microsoft Canada 906,907 Mine Safety Appliances (MSA) 417 National Crime Prevention Centre 316 National Missing Children Services 307 National Police Services 306,308,310 Nelmar Security Packaging 712 NineOneOne Outerwear 514 Novo Technologie 600 Ontario Sex Offender Registry 708 Operation ID 615 Pacific Safety Products 333 ADT Security Services Canada 322 Dack’s Shoes 319 Panasonic 709 AGNOVI Corporation 105 davTech 508 Positron 208 Advance Interactive Systems 900 - 902 Decatur Electronics 715 Primex Security Systems 311 Alubox 309 Demand Products 804 Printrak Motorola 707,806 Atlantic Police Academy 413 Diagnostix 206 P W Allen 214 Atlantic Police & Security Supply 217 Diaphonics 710 Qunara 412 Aveltech 602 Dictaphone Canada 406 R Nicholls Distributors 810-819 Bank of Canada 1004 Eurocopter 808,809 RCMP Quarterly 702 Blue Line Magazine 1003 ESRI Canada 318 Rosborough Boats 801 BMW Motorrad Canada 711 Evin Industries 216 Second Chance Body Armor 605 Bombardier 701,703,800,802 FATS 706 Shred-It 504 Brault & Bouthillier 713 Fintrac 414 Sierra Wireless 604 Business Watch International 609 Ford of Canada 401,403,500,502 Simunition 515,614,1001,1002 CACP 512 Fred Deeley Imports 807 Solutions 317 CACP Traffic Committee 101 Garda of Canada 415 Stop Tech 215 CALEA 408 G E Ion Track 209 Symbol Technologies Canada 904 Canada Law Book 704 General Dynamics Canada 505 Syscon Justice Systems 705 Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics 714 GlobalStar Canada 320 Teletron 611,613 Canadian Firearms Centre 405 210 Templar 313 Canadian Police College 102 General Dynamics 300-305,400,402,404 1006 Canadian Police Research Centre 207 Gordon Contract Uniform & Footwear 407 University College of Cape Breton 416 Canadian Safety Equipment 1000 Groen Brothers Aviation 104 Vancouver Police 411 CanRep Inc 501 Hi Tec Intervention 409 Versaterm 506 Code 3 212,312 Highway Help Program 103 Viking Metals & Marine 603 CommandForce 317 Integral Designs 205 Whelen Canada 509,511,608,610 Current Corporation 612 Insurance Bureau of Canada 1005 Youth Justice 213 CVDS 315 i2 410 Zee Medical Services 418

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 10 Blue Line Advertisers at the CACP Trade Show

Advance Interactive Systems CALEA are very demanding. Adequate preparation of po- See advertisement page 23 See advertisement page 20 lice managers now can develop the potential of per- The Prisim Judgment Simulation training sys- The Commission on Accreditation for Law sonnel who will provide leadership in the future. Our tem, featuring the patented ShootBack cannon, pro- Enforcement Agencies (CALEA), with representa- course authors and instructors are leading experts vides immediate feedback to trainees and signifi- tion from Canada and the United States, establishes in their fields. Students have the opportunity to study cantly impacts the effectiveness of law enforcement voluntary standards for law enforcement, public safety at home or while they travel, without having to at- training. The Prisim simulator has been recognized communications agencies, and training academies in tend regular classes. in USA Today, The New York Times, ABC World North America. CALEA presents an opportunity for davTECH Analytical Services News Tonight, NBC Today Show, CBS Morning agencies to evaluate and improve their operations and See advertisement page 36 Show, and many others. effectiveness. Accredited agencies reduce exposure davTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Inc. to liability and increase community involvement. Ac- provides Sales, Service, Engineering and Consult- Atlantic Police & Security creditation is based on compliance with standards that ing Services to customers throughout Canada, the See advertisement page 5 represent accountability. To the community, local gov- United States and Asia. We are Canadian exclusive Atlantic Police & Security is continuing it’s ernment, and agency employees; standards build distributors for McCoy’s Law Line, Laser Atlanta growth throughout the Canadian market with some trust. The accreditation award is an independent veri- Optics, NPAS, MEDTOX Diagnostics, Akers Labo- of the most innovative products in Law Enforcement. fication of agency excellence. ratories, Intoximeters, Guth Labs, RepCo, Roche, Starting with smallest moving radar in the world, the and P.A.S. Systems. Bee III, with it’s exclusive ASD technology for Sta- Canada Law Book See advertisement page 31 Our operating divisions in which we service our tionary lane selection and user friendly Speedom- As one of Canada’s foremost legal publishers customer base of 1200 plus clients include; eter Interface capability. Also featured is the buzz of a) TRAFFIC SAFETY PRODUCTS (Radar, Lidar & Speed the Pepper Spray world right now, Sabre Red. With since1855, Canada Law Book has established it- self as an industry leader, publishing some of the Trailers sales & certified service): McCoy’s Law Line, it’s potent 2,000,000 SHU’s, natural orange colour, Laser Atlanta Optics b) ALCOHOL DETECTION DEVICES: and ability to fire upside down - this is the OC less- finest legal resources available. Our continued com- mitment to excellence helps to ensure you meet your Intoximeters, NPAS, PAS Systems, Guth Labs, than-lethal product that could save your officers from RepCo c) SUBSTANCE ABUSE TESTING: Medtox Diag- escalating situations to more severe weaponry. law enforcement responsibilities both knowledgeably and confidently every day. Enlist Martin’s Annual nostics, Akers Labs d) Media Services: Silent Wit- – Police Edition, Martin’s Pocket ness, Sony, Gyyr. Blue Line Magazine Criminal Code, Police Legal Access System (PLAS) See advertisement page 47 Decatur Electronics on CD-ROM, the new Youth Criminal Justice Act Blue Line Magazine is Canada’s national law See advertisement page 41 Manual and, coming soon, Prosecuting and Defend- enforcement magazine, read by the full spectrum of Decatur Electronics, Inc. designs, manufactures ing Drug Offences, as your ammunition to making a the industry from management to front line person- and markets the finest speed measurement products difference in the line of duty. Our word is the law. nel. For 16 years, Blue Line has continuously formed and traffic safety equipment in the world. The radar a powerful relationship with its readership, delivering Carruthers Shaw and Partners products are used for law enforcement, sports, indus- unbiased editorial content while reporting on the lat- Limited trial/OEM and scientific applications. The radar speed est trends and technologies shaping Canadian Law See advertisement page 30 message trailers are the finest quality and most rug- Enforcement. Blue Line’s complete multi-media pack- Carruthers Shaw and Partners Limited, Ar- ged in the industry, with extra-bright LED characters age includes Blue Line Magazine, Blue Line News chitects is a full service architectural and consult- and the ability to display over 200 preprogrammed Week, Blue Line Online, and Blue Line Trade Show. ing firm that specializes in the planning and design and additional 200 user-programmed messages. of justice facilities. Our work includes Facility Mas- Dictaphone Canada BMW Motorrad Canada ter Planning and Needs Analysis ranging from plans See advertisement page 55 See advertisement page 27 serving entire communities, to the design of specific A division of Dictaphone Corporation, the BMW will be presenting some of our models new facilities, across Canada. The firm’s experience Dictaphone Communications Recording Systems which have many applications including police, with police and justice training buildings is also ex- Group (CRS) is a leading provider of communications paramedic, rescue work and other patrol duties. BMW tensive and includes the latest technology in train- recording and quality monitoring systems for public Authority Motorcycles offer superior performance, ing facilities, including gun ranges. Our work re- safety, financial services, and call centers. Dictaphone safety, and low cost of maintenance. In addition to flects an abiding concern for safe, secure, and flex- CRS principal product is the Freedom network appli- some of the many standard features like ABS, dual ible buildings which provide an excellent environ- ance recording system. The Freedom system’s revo- batteries, heated grips, adjustable electric windshield, ment for both the police and the public. lutionary design gives call centers all types of new and variable-height rider’s seat, you can also custom CommandForce found freedom to access and store their voice infor- order specialized options such as sirens and front and See advertisement page 35 mation wherever, whenever, and however they want. rear flashing light systems in red or blue. CommandForce is a data management prod- Eurocopter Canada Business Watch International uct that was developed in conjunction with a group See advertisement page 64 See advertisement page 43 of municipal Police Services, who were frustrated Eurocopter Canada Limited has been manu- Our expertise is data management. We have de- with the software options available to them. Many facturing in Canada since 1984 in Fort Erie, Ontario, veloped an internet-based program for collecting, stor- RMS solutions exist, but the costs of purchasing and/ and currently employs 170 people. The facilities in- ing and delivering transaction information gathered in or implementation are prohibitive, or the products clude the main plant with 100,000 sq. ft. of space, pawn shops and secondhand goods businesses. inadequate. located on approximately 165 acres of land. The Our program addresses the police officer’s need CommandForce efficiently and cost-effectively wide range of multi-purpose helicopters include, the for improved accuracy, quantity, relevancy and time- manages data, forms, tasks, and reports. Utilizing AS 350 and AS 355 through to the BO 105 and BK liness of transaction information. the latest software technologies, this product can be 117 to the Panther and the Cougar MK2. New heli- At the same time, police want a system that is scaled to handle any size of organization. copters just introduced to the product line are the simple to use. Applying modern technology to in- Ease of use, time-saving reporting, MS Office EC 135 light twin engine , the EC 120 light single vestigate transactions in the pawn and second-hand integration, and the ability to share data across indi- engine, the EC 145 medium twin engine and the EC industries will, in turn, help in the fight against the vidual police services sets this product apart. 155 medium twin engine helicopters. many other crimes and social problems linked to Eurocopter Canada provides full customer serv- property theft. See advertisement page 35 ice for over 300 Eurocopter helicopters in Canada. The BWI Automated Reporting System links The Certificate in Police Leadership Program Eurocopter Canada has 100% commitment to cus- police services to a real-time database that displays is a quality distance-education program that provides tomer satisfaction, and maintains warehouses in Fort information on transactions occurring in pawn and practical solutions for the development of police per- Erie, and Vancouver to provide nationwide second-hand businesses. sonnel. The challenges facing police leaders today spares and technical support.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 11 Ford of Canada LIFEPAK 500 is the most widely used AED ever pro- our newest model the CF-50. For more information on See advertisement page 34 duced with more than 100,000 units in use, and the the Toughbook lineup, drop by our booth. new LIFEPAK 500-DPS (Defibrillator Public Safety) was Glock P.W. Allen & Company built specifically for law enforcement, in non-reflective See advertisement page 45 See advertisement page 44 charcoal black and the toughest specs in the industry. GLOCK pistols are the perfect combination of re- P.W. Allen & Company Ltd. are designers and Police use of AEDs has shown to double survival rates manufacturers of a wide range of specialist security liability and accuracy. Their high-tech engineering and (9.0% to 17.6% in Miami-Dade County), and police construction create a handgun that can stand up to equipment for EOD/IEDD, Contraband Detection, Se- forces in Canada are now committing to AED use with curity Search, Night Vision, Surveillance and Crime more punishment than even the most unforgiving con- the LIFEPAK 500 as their AED of choice. ditions can generate. When you investigate the indi- Scene Investigation. An established supplier to many police departments and agencies across Canada and vidual advantages of a GLOCK, you’ll see that it will Michael’s of Oregon outperform whatever you’re shooting now. the US, the Company’s blend of technical and opera- See advertisement page 6 With GLOCK’s consistent trigger pull and excel- tional experience delivers effective, professional solu- Kydex Tactical Holsters from Uncle Mike’s Law lent pointability, there’s a very good chance you’ll hit tions for threats to security at all levels. Enforcement feature injection molded Kydex con- what you’re aiming at. Considering the care and inge- struction, which ensures high quality and performance. Qunara Inc nuity with which it is built, there’s a very good chance With a fully-adjustable belt loop and leg, Kydex Tacti- Qunara is a leading e-Business company fo- you’ll be hitting your targets for a long, long time. cal Holsters offer users a customized fit that positions cused on delivering Internet-enabled solutions and Gordon Contract Footwear the firearm below a raid jacket or tactical body armor. managed services. Qunara possesses proven exper- See advertisement page 15 The velcro-adjustable leg strap includes an elastic tise in Risk Management and IT Security, Content, We pride ourselves on being the best supplier of segment for comfort and firearm security. Information and Knowledge Management and Man- Police, Security and Correctional Service footwear aged Services. Qunara’s integrated end-to-end solu- in Canada. Please ask any one of our customers for a MSA Canada tions are delivered through business strategy and in- reference (including): Halifax, York, Durham, Hamilton See advertisement page 24 formation technology consulting, infrastructure pro- Wentworth and Niagara Regional Police; Fredericton, Mine Safety Appliances Company, MSA, is the fessional services, application development and sys- Ottawa, Hull, Toronto, , Saskatoon and largest company dedicated to producing a complete tems integration and integrated technology solutions. Saanich Police Services; Ontario Provincial Police; range of equipment and systems for workers and plant Qunara’s broad capabilities are supported by strate- Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, or Al- protection. MSA is a global company with 27 operating gic technology partners who value expertise in deliv- berta Correctional Services. If we currently supply your companies, serving customers on five continents. Our ering customized, advanced-technology solutions. department thank you. If not, please give us the oppor- products help protect lives in more than 120 countries. With offices in Winnipeg, Halifax, Moncton, Toronto, tunity to provide you with the best product, price and These products are used by major Law-Enforcement Ottawa and Calgary, Qunara Inc is a wholly owned service in the industry. agencies throughout North America and include respi- subsidiary of Manitoba Telecom Services Inc. For rators, respirator cartridges, gas masks, riot control more information call 1-888-783-5555 or visit Laerdal Medical Canada products, fire helmets, shields, self-contained breath- www.qunara.com. See advertisement page 48 ing apparatus (SCBA), thermal imaging cameras, hard R Nicholls Distributors Inc The Laerdal Company was established in 1940. hats, head protection, fall protection products, har- During our first two decades, we created innovative See advertisement page 21 nesses, lanyards, lifelines, confined space equipment, Included in the leading edge products Nicholls toys and books for children. In 1960, with the intro- training, consulting services, hearing protection, eye & duction of the Resusci Anne manikin, our company will be featuring this year is the MP7 PDW from Heck- face protection, monitors, portable instruments, and per- ler and Koch. The PDW offers the firepower of a dedicated itself to advancing the cause of resuscita- manent gas detection equipment. tion and emergency care. Today, Laerdal Medical is submachine gun, medium range capabilities of an as- sault rifle and pistol-like close combat dedicated to helping save lives with products for CPR Nine-One-One Outerwear Training, Airway Management, Advanced Life Sup- dimensions…The Digital Eyewitness once again See advertisement page 53 port Training, Spinal Motion Restriction, Trauma Train- shows that Kustom Signals is the In-car Video mar- Nine-One-One, Canada’s premiere outerwear ing, Monitoring and Defibrillation. Our commitment is ket leader. This digital solution is revolutionizing In- brand has been serving law enforcement, security and to every health professional and volunteer who has car Video...The Hindi baton cap is one more reason emergency services across North America for over learned how to save the life of a family member, friend the Autolock baton from Monadnock is the premier 15 years. We are committed to manufacturing quality or stranger in need. solution in retractable batons. The Hindi cap adds and construct our product line utilizing the latest in- functionality and aids in the retention of retractable Maritime Services novations in fabric and findings researched and tested batons…There is no other training suit that provides See advertisement page 33 to meet the performance expectations of customers protection against as wide a range of less lethal mu- Maritime Services Police and Fire Section is a and industry standards. nitions as the Pine Tree’s Simulation Training. Pine division of the Triton Marine Group located in Vancou- Tree’s Defender 20 gauge less lethal firearm and the ver, BC. The Raytheon Commercial Infrared group of Novo Technologies world’s first level IV retention holster, the Raptor, will products is distributed in Canada by Maritime Serv- See advertisement page 38 also be featured in the Nicholls booth. ices. 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AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 12 A true leader with a community vision by Dannette Dooley qualities and commitment of The police are the public and those dedicated to law en- the public are the police. forcement and dedicated to — Sir Robert Peel, 1829 making our community a better and safer place.” It is our job to be receptive McKinnon’s work and reactive to the needs of against organized crime was the community and show the recognized last year when he citizens whom we serve ex- was made one of the first six actly how we are doing it. officers of the Order of Merit — Halifax Police Chief of the Police Forces. He also David P. McKinnon, 1999 received the Police Exem- plary Service and Queen’s Halifax Regional Police Golden Jubilee medals. Chief David P. McKinnon Brockville Police Serv- died in hospital May 17 af- ice Chief Barry V. King ter a long and courageous posted the following on battle with brain cancer. The HRP’s web site: hundreds of condolences Having just returned Chief David P. McKinnon from vacation out of the posted on the force’s web 1949 — 2003 site made it clear the city lost country, I was saddened to a great man and the policing community a su- learn of the passing of Dave. As a member of perb leader. the Board of CACP, I was fortunate to work “He was a true leader with a vision and more closely with Dave and very much re- helped to make Halifax Regional Police the spected him as an individual and colleague. organization that it is today,” said new Chief Even after first taking ill, he attended a CACP Frank A. Beazley. meeting, ever the stalwart professional who Glancing through the condolence messages loved policing as he did his family. Please pass gives you an idea of just how many lives this on my personal condolences to Dave’s family man has touched. There are postings from po- and accept the thoughts and prayers of all mem- lice officers as far away as Holland, govern- bers of the Brockville Police Service for each ment officials, parents of officers, civilian staff of the grieving members of Halifax Police Serv- and civilians. ice. While we all mourn his loss, policing in Some messages speak of how the chief will general and Halifax in particular are benefac- be missed, others about how he will be remem- tors of his influence and vision. bered. All convey the same message — that he Former secretary Irene Dockendorff ex- was a superb leader, mentor, father, husband pressed her deep sympathy to the McKinnon and friend. family: McKinnon joined the Halifax Police De- I share in your sorrow; my heart is aching partment in 1969 and served in all aspects of for you. I worked for Chief McKinnon when he policing. He was promoted to superintendent of was deputy ; he was so kind to me field operations in 1987, deputy chief in 1995 and and such a beautiful person to work for. I was chief of the regional force, made up of the former his secretary for nearly a year. I enjoyed work- Halifax, Dartmouth and Bedford police depart- ing for Mr. McKinnon, he was a very unique ments, in 1998, succeeding Vince MacDonald. person, and I found it was very rewarding to work A past president of the Nova Scotia Chiefs for such a professional/dedicated gentleman. My of Police Association and long-time member thoughts are with you all, the McKinnon family of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Po- and Halifax Police at this sad time. lice, McKinnon served on CACP’s board of M. Grady summed up the thoughts of many directors and law amendments, organized crime when he wrote: and police committees. He was also chairman “Please accept my condolences on the of the Canadian Police College advisory com- passing of Chief McKinnon. He was an inspi- mittee and a member of the International Asso- ration to me and I am truly sorry that we have ciation of Police Planners. lost a man of his integrity and character. What Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner a difference it would make if we all could have and CACP President Gwen Boniface will re- more people like him in our public and pri- member McKinnon as a man who was always vate lives; someone with such true leadership ready to step up to the plate to take on tasks but qualities. As another great leader once said, did so in an unassuming manner. ‘we make a living by what we get, we make a “You name it and David has been there. life by what we give.’” He was a great contributor at all levels,” she In giving of himself so freely, McKinnon said. “He had a quiet way about him and you leaves a legacy of a life lived to the fullest and only fully understand his contribution when will be remembered in policing circles for many you reflect back... years to come. “It’s important for officers within his de- Memorial donations may be made to the partment to know about the tremendous con- Palliative Care Unit of the Queen Elizabeth II tribution David made at the national level in Hospital, VG Site, 1278 Tower Road, Halifax, addition to his job as Chief of Halifax Regional. Nova Scotia, B3H 2Y9. He will certainly be missed by all of us.” Halifax Mayor Peter Kelly remembered Dannette Dooley is Blue Line Magazine’s east coast writer McKinnon as an officer “who embodied all the and can be contacted at [email protected].

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 13 Police Order of Merit appointees invested Thirty three new members of the chaplaincy programs and has championed re- Chief Edgar A. MacLeod, O.O.M. Order of Merit of the Police Forces lations with the black and aboriginal commu- Cape Breton Regional Police, Sydney received their membership insig- nities of Nova Scotia. MacLeod has displayed the high- nias from Governor General Asst. Comm. Kenneth D. Byrt, O.O.M. est level of professionalism, bring- Adrienne Clarkson in a ceremony RCMP, Ottawa ing about progressive changes in in Ottawa in April. Throughout his extensive and diver- policing on local, regional, national, The order was approved by the sified career, Byrt has made signifi- and international levels. He epito- Queen in October 2000; appoint- cant contributions to citizens and mizes the values promoted through- ments recognize conspicuous merit policing partners, from the local to out the police community. and exceptional service by police the international level. He has al- force members and employees whose contribu- ways exemplified the highest stand- Dep. Comm. Maurice Pilon, O.O.M. tions extend beyond protecting the community. ards of honesty, integrity, compassion, respect, OPP, Orillia All candidates for admission should be of professionalism and accountability. irreproachable character, exemplified by good Pilon has given exemplary service conduct, industry and efficiency that serves as Dep. Comm. René Charbonneau, O.O.M. and shown dedication and leader- a model for others. RCMP, Ottawa ship throughout his distinguished Nominations can be submitted to the Ca- Charbonneau’s exceptional abilities career, thereby providing a safer nadian Association of Chiefs of Police (582 as a leader, and clear judgment and and more secure environment for Somerset Street West, Ottawa, ON K1R 5K2) diplomacy has brought honour to the citizens of Ontario and Canada. by Sept. 15, 2003. Canada and the RCMP. Through his More information and nomination forms forward-looking vision, he has suc- Asst. Comm. Tim J. Quigley, O.O.M. are available at www.cacp.ca. ceeded in reconciling the divergent RCMP, Fredericton interests of many police departments, for the Throughout his long and distin- —Commanders— guished career, Quigley has made sig- Chief , C.O.M. benefit of Canadians. nificant contributions towards im- Dep. Comm. A. Vaughn Collins, O.O.M. proving the effectiveness of policing Fantino is recognized internation- OPP, Orillia ally for his unparalleled work on services in Canada and ensuring the Collins has shown distinguished such policing issues as organized safety and security of its citizens. commitment and a career-long de- crime, community policing and votion to public safety. This has child exploitation. Currently chief Asst. Comm. Freeman C. Sheppard, O.O.M. been reflected through his exem- of the Toronto Police Service and RCMP, London plary leadership in developing and chair of the International Associa- Sheppard has distinguished himself implementing strategies that target tion of Chiefs of Police World Regional Office, through his foresight, actions, dedi- organized crime and terrorism. Fantino has also held various administrative po- cation, and convictions. He has en- sitions in a number of provincial, national and sured the optimal use of partner- Dep. Comm. Stephen Allan Duncan, O.O.M. international policing leadership organizations. ships and information-sharing RCMP, Regina among Ontario law-enforcement Dep. Comm. J. Terry Ryan, C.O.M. Duncan has demonstrated selfless agencies, thus contributing greatly to the RCMP, Halifax devotion to duty in serving Cana- Ryan has distinguished himself as dians during his distinguished ca- RCMP’s priority of ensuring safer homes and a forward-thinking, innovative per- reer, not only as a police officer but communities. son of action. Through leadership also as a private citizen of the com- and vision, he has significantly in- munities in which he has lived. Chief Supt. Benedetto Soave, O.O.M. fluenced policing techniques, strat- RCMP, Toronto egies and legislation within the po- Chief Barry V. King, O.O.M. Soave has shown outstanding lead- lice community, nationally and internationally. OPP, Brockville ership and commitment to an ef- King has demonstrated unfailing fective, integrated response in the Chief Michel Sarrazin, C.O.M. leadership and commitment to his international fight against organ- Montréal Police Department peers, the communities he has ized crime. Through his public involvement, served and a wide variety of volun- Sarrazin has significantly enhanced teer organizations. Chief Glenn M. Stannard, O.O.M. the image of the Montréal Police Department and the police commu- nity as a whole. Known for his courage, commit- Det. Supt. Kathryn Jane Lines, O.O.M. ment and energy, Stannard’s profes- OPP, Orillia sionalism and example have earned —Officers— Lines has made exemplary contri- Chief Vincent Thomas Bevan, O.O.M. the respect of members and his butions to establishing and promot- community. He has demonstrated ing concepts in behavioural sci- Bevan has played an inspiring role leadership and creativity while ences and concepts that enhance maintaining the highest ethical standards. through his devotion to the police public safety and victim assistance. force, along with his dedication to the betterment of those less fortu- Asst. Comm. Lawrence G. Warren, O.O.M. RCMP, St. John’s nate in our society. Dep. Comm. Garry James Loeppky, O.O.M. Warren has advanced policing and Asst. Comm. Dwight L. Bishop, O.O.M. RCMP, Ottawa improved community well-being RCMP, Halifax Loeppky is a respected leader who Bishop has advanced policing has made significant contributions throughout his career, most nota- throughout his career with strong to improving policing services at bly in his home province of New- leadership, motivational skills and both the national and international foundland and Labrador. His lead- high ethical standards. He has levels. He has contributed consid- ership has given the impetus for championed initiatives within the erably to communities in which he quality, community-oriented policing based on RCMP employee assistance and has lived, improving each of them. partnerships.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 14 Vincent Westwick, O.O.M. Insp. Robert F. Purcell, M.O.M. Insp. Ronald Keith Sherwood, M.O.M. Ottawa Police Service RCMP RCMP, Halifax As legal advisor, Westwick has Purcell has demonstrated profes- Sherwood is renowned for his tre- demonstrated unwavering commit- sionalism and dedication to duty, in mendous integrity and dedication. ment and dedication to the police particular by using the ‘measured He leads by example and has con- approach’ to peacefully conclude community. He has always exhib- tributed in a tangible way to the vi- ited a strong work ethic and his numerous high-risk incidents of sions and goals of Canadian polic- leadership and many initiatives civil disobedience in Nova Scotia have been instrumental in advancing policing. between 1996 and 2000. ing through his charitable efforts and work with international tattoo societies. S/Sgt. Robert M. Ralph, M.O.M. —Members— Ottawa Police Service Supt. Ward D. Clapham, M.O.M. Ralph is a proven leader and re- RCMP, Richmond spected and dedicated member of Dep. Chief Cst. Paul N. Tinsley, M.O.M. Clapham practically embodies the his community. He is known for Abbotsford Police Department RCMP’s mission, vision and values. creative innovation and strong com- Through his commitment and lead- His contributions to community po- mitment to establishing progressive ership, Tinsley has inspired police licing have positively impacted po- partnerships in policing and community devel- officers throughout BC. His dedi- licing nationally and internationally. opment at the local, regional and national lev- cation to developing codes of eth- He is an outstanding leader, an ex- els. He is a credit to the policing profession and ics and teaching about their impor- emplary ambassador and, to many, a role model. an exceptional role model. tance has enhanced the integrity of Dep. Chief Fred J. Rayner, M.O.M. policing and served the public good. Chief Terence G. Coleman, M.O.M. Moose Jaw Police Service Rayner has made significant, ongo- Coleman is an ardent advocate and ing contributions to developing and practitioner of contemporary polic- Insp. Glenn Trivett, M.O.M. implementing activities to improve OPP, Orillia ing and strategic planning. He has community policing. He has fostered advanced provincial and national ini- Trivett has made outstanding con- positive relationships between police tributions to First Nations policing tiatives such as the National Crime agencies at the local, regional, and Prevention Centre’s Community national levels. through training development, earn- Mobilization Program and has sig- ing respect for his commitment and nificantly contributed to various local commu- Sgt. Kevin T. Scott, M.O.M. dedication. He works closely with New Glasgow Police Service nities. others in designing innovative Scott’s constant dedication and learning experiences for native Lt. Norman Couillard, M.O.M. commitment are exceptional. He has counselled individuals in crisis, youth using traditional teachings to build self- Montréal Police Department esteem and relationship skills. He has been the Couillard’s contribution to commu- preventing numerous suicides, and is a recognized international leader catalyst in defining the role of police and en- nications stands as testimony to his hancing suicide intervention partnerships. outstanding performance and in critical incident stress control. achievements as a police officer. For him, the right to information is a commitment, transparency is an article of faith and the image of police forces is a religion.

Cpl. Leslie Charles Murray Dell, M.O.M. RCMP, Charlottetown Dell has provided the highest qual- ity of police service, compassion and dedication to a wide range of communities and clients within Canada and the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He has also done commendable work in PEI to pro- tect the rights and dignity of children.

Cst. Henry Charles Hollinger, M.O.M. Hollinger has shown unswerving commitment to building strong re- lationships with the city’s Asian communities and is recognized in- ternationally as an expert on organ- ized crime in Asian countries.

Chief Gary Edward Nicholls, M.O.M. Niagara Regional Police Service Nicholls has led by example and worked tirelessly to continuously improve relations between the po- lice and community. His life-long work is testimony to his diligence, devotion to duty and love of com- munity — particularly the citizens of, and visitors to, the Niagara Region.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 15 Give me diversity for $500, Alex ing a book. No one spoke to her. You can’t treat them all the same. • Extensive research has shown that the expres- by Dr. Dorothy Cotton, Ph. D., Psych. The problem is that it’s hard to figure out sion ‘familiarity breeds contempt’ is not ac- exactly how to treat someone you’re not famil- And now, ladies and gentlemen, for this curate. In general, the more exposure we have iar with them. As a psychologist, I know it’s month’s column, we’re going to play Jeopardy. to something, the more positive we feel about human nature to be at best a little apprehensive I’ll give you the answers and you have to guess it. Think about the latest styles — or better and at worse downright phobic of people and what the question is. I’m going to make it easy yet, last year’s styles. Remember how you things we’re unfamiliar with — and ‘unfamil- for you and give you plenty of answers. hated them when you first saw them? Then iar’ generally means ‘not like me.’ • True confessions: When I was in university, you got used to them and now they seem fine, The hitch, of course, is that most of the peo- back a thousand years ago, one of my most but THIS year’s styles are new and unfamil- ple we deal with are not like us in many ways. So embarrassing moments was the time I scraped iar and you probably don’t much like them. what are we to do? I suppose we could all take together enough nerve to ask the two black • When I went to Japan on business a few years lessons in ‘cultural competence (aka ‘diversity guys I knew from Trinidad what their native ago, I took lots of business cards and gifts training’) — actually, that’s not such a bad idea. language was. I knew they spoke English when because they’re big on those things — way Much as most of us would like to hide our heads they were talking to me but I had no idea what more so than here. Not having gifts and busi- under the apparently neutral “I treat everyone the they were speaking when I overheard them ness cards would have been a BIG faux pas. same” point of view, the fact of the matter is that talking to each other. The answer, in case Fortunately, I found this out before I went we don’t all WANT to be treated the same — and you’re as dumb as I was, is that they were from a Japanese friend. that’s because we aren’t all the same. speaking English all along. I just didn’t know, • Politicians and advertisers know that ‘the me- So let’s hear it for diversity. A more diverse since I had never met anyone from Trinidad dium is the message,’ as the saying goes. I police community will make your jobs — and and couldn’t understand a word they said. am most likely to listen to, be influenced by learning how to deal with a clientele that’s dif- • More true confessions: When I was in grad and/or have faith in views, opinions or infor- ferent from you — easier, and will also enrich school (ALMOST a thousand years ago), I mation from people whom I perceive to be your lives. The next time you go to work, take made a new best friend — until she admitted similar to me. a look at your colleagues. Who is most differ- to me that she was (gasp) a lesbian. I avoided I could go on (and on) but I’d run out of space. ent from you? Perhaps their way of life puz- her like the plague after that. Did you figure out the question yet? It is: Why is zles you or their customs and habits make you • I did a ride-along with an out of town police diversity in policing a good and necessary thing? a little uncomfortable. Look for the person you service a while back. I arrived early and waited Now cut that out — I can hear you groan- never play cards with or invite out for a drink. in the lunch room until the shift began. There ing. Political correctness raises its ugly head My advice is to spend a lot of time with were about a dozen people coming on shift. — is that what you think? You’re wrong; I’m this person. Consider it a learning experience. About six males were playing cards and an- not very good at being politically correct, but other five were standing nearby watching them. I’ll tell you something I’ve learned in my many Dr. Dorothy Cotton is Blue Line’s Psychology columnist One female was seated at the next table, read- years as a psychologist — people are different. and she can be reached at [email protected].

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 16 Federal Martin Cauchon says his department is developing a way for police to prove whether someone was smoking marijuana and driving. Cauchon suggested the test could involve a combination of blood samples and training of police officers to visually tell whether someone is impaired by marijuana.

A jury found Robert Sand guilty of first-degree murder in the death of RCMP Cst. Dennis Strongquill while his girlfriend Laurie Bell was convicted of manslaughter. The jury of seven women and five men took nearly seven hours to reach a decision after a trial that took two months. First-degree murder comes with a mandatory life sentence with no possibility of parole for 25 years.

Halifax Cst. Carol Campbell-Waugh has lost a legal battle to claim defamation damages against two in a controversial race-related case involving three black school girls. A three-judge panel of the Supreme Court of Canada refused to review the claim by Cst. Carol Campbell- Waugh. She was initially awarded $240,000 in damages - the highest defamation award in Nova Scotia history - but the verdict was overturned by the provincial court of appeal.

An RCMP officer with 14 years service was killed in June in a highway accident southeast of Edmonton. Cst. Gus Maurice was in an unmarked police vehicle when it collided with a dump truck a few kilometres south of Sherwood Park. The 35- year-old man had been posted to the Strathcona County detachment for the past three years. Maurice had been working with the detachment’s traffic services unit and was on duty at the time of his death. The driver of the truck was taken to hospital with non-life threatening injuries.

Deputy Commissioner J. G. Harper Boucher assumed regional command of the RCMP for Atlantic Canada in a ceremony held in June in Halifax. He takes over from Deputy Commissioner J.T.G. (Terry) Ryan. A New Brunswick native, Boucher arrives at his new post from Regina, where he was Commanding Officer of F Division in Saskatchewan. Ryan is retiring after more than 40 years of service, including the last six as deputy commissioner for the Atlantic region.

Montgomery County Police Chief Charles Moose, who led the three-week hunt for the Washington-area sniper, resigned in June after a clash with county politicians over his upcoming book on the investigation. In March, the county ethics commission ordered him to drop the book project and barred him serving as a consultant on a movie about the sniper case, saying a county employee may not profit on the side from his offi- cial duties. The commission also said the book could undermine the prosecution in the sniper case. Moose appealed in state court and also filed a federal lawsuit claiming his free speech rights were being violated.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 17 Sexual exploitation of children by the Criminal Intelligence ating web sites pornography are coordinated through CISCs Service Canada - 2002 Report that distribute central bureau and Interpol Ottawa. The number child pornogra- of requests for assistance has increased dramati- The sexual exploitation of phy or setting up cally, from 245 in 2000 to 419 in 2001 and an children (SEOC) is an ongoing sophisticated estimated 900 last year. These requests origi- nate from national and international police concern to Canadians. While and clandestine networks for agencies and hotlines established to report public education and awareness those who share crimes against children. campaigns have focused atten- their passion for Considering the vast number of Internet tion to this issue, it still occurs it. Investigators users and huge expansion of web sites and chat with alarming frequency. want to pros- rooms devoted to child pornography, it’s likely Almost daily media reports ecute the pos- the number of requests for assistance will con- detail sexual exploitation sessors, creators tinue to rise. against one of society’s most and distributors Canadian law enforcement, public interest vulnerable groups; unfortunately, many cases of this material. groups, private industry and government rep- go unreported until long after the crimes were Child pornography is not a victimless crime. resentatives are working together to develop committed. The reasons for this vary — in some A child is not only victimized when the photo is new public awareness and educational cam- instances, the victim trusts the adult offender; initially captured, but repeatedly as it’s shared with paigns. Both children and parents need to be in other cases, the victim is groomed into be- others around the world and continues to surface. aware of the potential dangers. lieving that he or she has participated in nor- Some police behavioural scientists feel An integrated investigative unit formed in mal behaviour. that people who view such material do so only Manitoba in 2001 has made several arrests, Sometimes the victim is contacted via e- because they wish to have sex with children. mainly for possessing or attempting to possess mail or in a chat room and doesn’t realize the It acts as a catalyst, encouraging them to be- child pornography. A charge of making child potential danger until it’s too late. In most in- come abusers. pornography was successfully prosecuted in stances, the offender tells them to keep their Investigators face great challenges in at- one instance and an individual who had more than 375,000 electronically stored images of activities secret. tempting to identify victims. Law enforcement in G8 member countries are working to estab- child pornography was arrested in a major in- Recognizing the need to combat and pre- lish an international child pornography data- vestigation. vent these horrible crimes, police have made base that would contain general information on SEOC a national priority. Criminal Intelligence both victims and offenders. The goal would be Child sex tourism Service Canada (CISC), which has over 380 to provide a central search point when attempt- A number of countries are becoming in- law enforcement member agencies, initiated a ing to identify victims and track known offend- creasingly popular destinations for individuals national coordinated strategy in 1998 focusing ers. A pilot project is being studied by the Eu- wishing to have sex with children. on child pornography, prostitution and sex tour- ropean Union. Amendments made to the Criminal Code in ism (Canadians who exploit children in foreign The large number of images available on 1997 extended the jurisdiction of Canadian countries). Other partners include Interpol, the the Internet allows individuals to obtain vast courts to acts of sexual exploitation of children RCMP, Canada Customs and Revenue Agency collections quickly and with much less effort committed by Canadians outside of the country. (CCRA) and other federal departments, provin- than conventional methods of distribution and The law distinguishes between commercial cial and municipal police forces and US and has largely replaced them. Police report the (e.g. child prostitution) and non-commercial international agencies. number of images retrieved from seized com- sexual exploitation. Bill C-15A, passed last puter hard drives during authorized searches has year, now permits prosecutions in non-commer- Child pornography and the increased dramatically. It’s not uncommon to cial cases even when the country where the Internet find caches of images well into the thousands. crime occurred doesn’t formally request it. The global information highway, easily They further note an increase in the level of Canada is one of 24 countries which has this accessed in homes, workplaces, schools, librar- violence depicted in these pornographic images. extraterritorial legislation, but no charges have ies and cyber cafes, allows people to commu- The number of investigations involving been pursued to date. nicate with others around the world with little child pornography on the Internet continues to effort. While this borderless access has many rise. Officers require specialized knowledge and Child prostitution advantages, it also allows those who would skills and investigations have become increas- Child prostitution is an issue of concern to sexually exploit children to communicate with ingly complex due to their multi-national and law enforcement across Canada. The average like-minded individuals and locate children. jurisdictional nature. age of children involved is 14, which happens Others use the Internet for profit by cre- International investigations relating to child to be the age of consent. Debates are ongoing as to whether children of this age are mature enough to make appropriate decisions about sexual activity. Many child prostitutes have serious drug or alcohol addictions and it’s believed organ- ized crime is involved. Several provinces have either enacted or initiated legislation or pro- grams designed to tackle this issue. A recent Ontario investigation into child prostitution led to the arrests of 12 individuals and a significant seizure of cash and property. Several individuals were charged and a bawdy house closed in a separate investigation in At- lantic Canada.

Legislative responses A portion of Bill C-15, referred to as the . . . continued page 20

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 18 AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 19 Omnibus Crime Bill, related to the sexual ex- ing child sex tours and a sophisticated network ploitation of children through the Internet and collecting and distributing child pornography Second police/mental sex tourism. In an effort to speed up its pas- on the Internet. sage, it was divided into two bills, with C-15A Revisions and amendments to s. 467(1) of health conference containing the proposed new offences and the Criminal Code (participation in a criminal amendments to existing laws on child sexual organization), which came into effect in early by Dorothy Cotton exploitation. 2002, include new offences and tougher sen- The bill was passed and came into force July tences for those found to be involved in or- The highly successful 23, 2002. Examples of new offences include: ganized crime activity. Bill C-24 also ex- first annual conference • making child pornography available on the panded the range of offences associated to on police/mental health Internet (including web sites that have links criminal organizations under s.467 (which pre- liaison in Montreal last to child pornography sites) viously included indictable offences punish- fall left little doubt in • transmitting and exporting child able by five years or more) to now include all anyone’s mind that a se- pornography over the Internet or possessing serious crimes. These new provisions could quel was in order. it for that purpose now be applied to future SEOC investigations, The second conference, coordinated by These each carry a maximum penalty of ten should it be determined that there is an organ- the Canadian National Committee for Po- years imprisonment. Knowingly accessing ized crime connection. lice/Mental Health Liaison (an affiliate of child pornography sites is punishable by up to the CACP Human Resources Committee) five years in prison, as is one of the most sig- Outlook and hosted by the Moose Jaw Police Serv- nificant elements of the new law, the much an- SEOC investigators will continue to be ice, will be held in Saskatoon Oct. 26-27. ticipated luring offence. Complaints involving challenged by the exponential increase in re- The theme relates to teaching, training, this crime type have been more frequently re- quests to investigate complaints relating to child education and learning and will focus on: ported over the past few years. pornography on the Internet and will test the • What officers need to know about indi- Ontario’s sex offender registry, the first in the new tools offered by Bill C15A, particularly country, has information on convicted sex offend- the Internet luring provision. Law enforce- viduals with mental illness ers residing in the province and the federal gov- ment agencies will explore creating integrated • Knowledge and skills that actually make ernment is promising legislation to establish a teams to best use limited resources and take a difference in the way police carry out national registry. It has already funded significant advantage of investigative expertise in combat- every day duties upgrades to the Canadian Police Information Cen- ing the sexual exploitation of children. • How to best teach what people need to tre database, which will assist police in capturing know data on convicted sex offenders. This article is part of a Criminal Intelligence Service The line-up includes speakers from coast of Canada review of targeted organized crime groups to coast — BC, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Que- Some may not initially associate child and their activities, based on intelligence and sexual exploitation with organized crime, how- investigation reports from Canadian and international bec and Newfoundland. ever several past investigations have demon- enforcement agencies. Blue Line Magazine is running Participants will have the opportunity to strated links, including an organization coordi- a series of monthly articles based on the CISC’s 2002 hear first hand from an officer involved in final report. Go to www.cisc.gc.ca for more. nating a child prostitution ring, a group arrang- the kind of incident we all hope never oc- curs — the shooting death of a mentally ill individual. Also on the agenda: • A systematic look at inquests over the last ten years and the experience of those in- volved in them. Several agencies with well developed training programs will talk about what needs to be included, what works — and what doesn’t. • Training — some specific to mental ill- ness and some that is more generic — use of force, de-escalation techniques and communication skills, for example. • General information, such as mental health terms to help you ‘talk the talk’ when deal- ing with the mental health system • Training in cyberspace • Learning by doing, using a simulator to make things real Every police service’s experience in in- teracting with the mentally ill and mental health system is a little different and we have a long way to go before we develop a full understanding. Whether you’re teaching re- cruits or advanced patrol techniques — or something in between — one thing’s becom- ing increasingly clear though — all police officers need a basic level of understanding and competency to deal with the increasing number of calls that involve emotionally disturbed individuals. Wondering how to accomplish this in your police service? See you in Saskatoon on October 26-27, 2003. Head to www.pmhl.ca for details and registration information.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 20

Visa cracks down on child pornography Stamping out child pornography – can begin a criminal investigation. Child por- by Gord Jamieson a co-operative effort nographers will no longer be able to hide by Combating child pornography can only be moving from site to site because they will be Visa has joined the fight against child done through the co-operation and assistance of immediately identified once they post their Visa pornography on the Internet, serving notice many organizations – law enforcement, payment payment method. that it will cut off payment acceptance privi- card associations, international child protection In the year that this program has been run- leges to anyone providing material online that agencies and others. The actions of one country ning, about 80 percent of the 400 web sites exploits children. or the enactment of one law is not enough. we’ve identified as selling child pornography Child pornography on the Internet — still Legislation alone will not solve the prob- have either been shut down by law enforcement photos and video produced, collected, and sold lem of illegal content on the Internet. Govern- or had their Visa privileges terminated. In fact, ments, law enforcement officers and industry must pedophiles are openly complaining in chat by pedophiles, to pedophiles — has a devastat- find solutions that transcend national boundaries. rooms about how difficult it has become to find ing effect on children. Visa, a leader in Internet based payments, web sites that cater to their perverse needs. Images were originally traded in chat rooms, takes this call to action very seriously and is While our progress has been satisfying, this with no money changing hands. More recently, working aggressively here and around the world success hasn’t made us complacent. The fight web sites have sprung up which sell access to to isolate and shut down child pornography on continues more vigorously every day. material. This has very quickly become a multi- the Internet. Clearly, we do not want to be as- million dollar, global scourge. It was inevitable sociated with such an activity. Together, we can do more that electronic payment would become popular Our proactive and un-yielding stance goes We will continue to assist police in identi- in this criminal underworld and credit cards well beyond the issue of protecting a great fying child pornography web sites, evaluate quickly became the method of choice. brand. We are trying to put child pornogra- other illegal activity on the Internet and work The Internet is an unprecedented mix of phers permanently out of business and behind with industry and law enforcement to make the creativity, convenience and content but it also bars and will absolutely not tolerate the use of web a safer place for everyone. We’ve made a provides some of the worst of what humanity our product for this type of activity. This goal large, global investment to fight this criminal has to offer with an international platform. It’s has been translated into concrete action on activity – but we cannot do this alone. a culture that lurks in the shadows, hidden away many fronts. Governments and police around the world, on the obscure fringes of society. other payment systems and financial institutions, Child pornographers and pedophiles come What we’re doing schools and families need to consider what ef- from all walks of life, according to the National We hired the international consulting firm fective actions they can take in this battle. Centre for Missing or Exploited Children, and InteCap to actively monitor more than one mil- many have occupations which bring them into lion web pages and ensure our products are not Risk and Security Director Gord Jamieson is the lead contact on all major frequent contact with children. They often hold accepted at child pornography sites. Visa ter- Visa credit card fraud investigations in respected positions within their community and minates a merchant’s acceptance privileges on Canada. He can be reached at have concealed their interest in child pornog- a regional and a global basis if they engage in [email protected] or 416-860-3872. raphy for years. these unlawful sales and notifies police so they

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 22 PRIME to link all British Columbia police by Elvin Klassen analyzing information,” says crime. As an example, he cites a Jamie Graham, chair of the B.C. case several years ago when a British Columbia is implementing Canada’s Association of Chiefs of Police man was stopped and checked first province-wide, online police information and chief of the Vancouver Po- by police. They released him system. lice Department. “PRIME is a since there were no outstanding The Police Records Information Manage- powerful weapon in the fight warrants, not knowing that he ment Environment (PRIME) will enhance pub- against crime, allowing police was under court order prohibit- lic safety and improve law enforcement across to process information much ing him from being in the area the province by connecting every municipal more effectively. It will also al- because his ex-wife lived there. police department and RCMP detachment. That low police more time for front- She was killed a few hours later. will allow information about criminals and line work in the community.” PRIME, which is projected crimes to be shared within minutes, according PRIME was tested in to cost between $14 and $20 to BC Solicitor General Rich Coleman, who Greater Victoria, Port Moody, million plus annual operating says the system is, to his knowledge, the first Richmond and Vancouver and costs of $200 to $300 per officer, of its kind in North America. officers raved about its benefits. features one-time data entry. A “PRIME will transform the way police Bob Taylor of the 911 call taker will enter the ini- work, making it easier to get up-to-the-minute Vancouver Police Department Rich Coleman tial information, followed by ad- information on criminals and to track patterns calls the system “perhaps the ditional information from the of crime anywhere in the province,” says biggest revolution in the way we do business police dispatcher, officers attending the inci- Coleman. “Criminals almost always leave clues we’ve ever experienced.” dent and finally, the follow up investigators. at the scene of a crime and the more effectively Instead of sharing notes with adjacent de- Stolen or lost property can be entered into you can match the details of one crime scene partments or phoning a colleague about possi- the system within minutes, using in-car com- with the details of another, the faster you can ble similarities in cases, officers will now have puters, which can also be used to access in- catch a criminal.” access to information the moment it’s entered formation on suspects and crimes, reports and Until now, B.C.’s police departments have on a laptop computer in police cars and in of- mug shots. used a variety of different computer and data fices. Information about a vehicle, the history “The only people who won’t be happy about systems. Victoria Police Chief Paul Battershill of complaints about a residence or the police this system will be the criminals because we’re says the system, which the government prom- record of a person stopped for questioning will going to catch them quicker,” Coleman says. ises to have up and running across the prov- be available instantly. ince within a year, is “one of the most impor- Coleman, a former RCMP officer, says Elvin Klassen is Blue Line Magazine’s west coast correspondent. If you have a story of interest, he can tant milestones in policing in this province.” PRIME will transform the way police work be- be contacted at [email protected] . “Police work is about collecting and cause it will allow them to track patterns of

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 23 AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 24 Psychopathic criminals are the most mobile Street racers are by Elvin Klassen killing machines Canada’s most dangerous crimi- Road racing is becoming an increasing nals are also the most mobile, accord- problem that’s glamorized by recent Holly- ing to a British Columbia study of 311 male offenders serving sentences of wood films, according to Toronto Police two years or longer. Chief Julian Fantino. Prisoners exhibiting the most se- “Drivers trying to emulate stunts por- rious psychopathic behaviour were al- trayed on film can have catastrophic conse- most twice as mobile as the general quences,” Fantino said. “There have been criminal population, the study found. Dangerous psychopaths were con- six racing related deaths in the GTA recently, victed of criminal offences in an av- including one in Toronto.” erage of 8.3 cities and 2.6 provinces, A special combined unit involving po- compared with 4.7 cities and 1.5 prov- lice and representatives from various gov- inces for non-psychopaths. Criminal records were reviewed ernment agencies recently embarked on a to provide information on the places project known as ERASE – Eliminate Rac- crimes were committed and the dis- Sarah Hunter ing Activities on Streets Everywhere – to tance between them, providing re- combat road racing. searchers with an offender’s mobility profile. keeping track of travelling offenders is a chal- In less than two weeks, police had al- Sarah Hunter of the RCMP Crisis Interven- lenge since “it is a never ending dilemma for tion Unit conducted and wrote the study as part police officers to communicate properly, not ready charged motorists with 485 highway of her BA degree. She was supervised by James just with computer systems but with the shar- traffic and 15 criminal offences. Hemphill, Simon Fraser University (SFU) as- ing of information.” “Despite the success of this campaign, sociate criminology professor Gail Anderson The British Columbia government is intro- street racing continues,” Fantino said, add- and University of British Columbia professor ducing a Police Records Information Manage- ing racers “spend a lot of money to go out emeritus Robert Hare, a pioneer in psychopa- ment Environment (PRIME) program, which thy research. it promises will allow all police departments in and kill people... they are killing machines.” “This has potential implications for law the province to share information within a year. Some of these cars can do in excess of enforcement,” says Hemphill, a forensic psy- “By demonstrating that psychopaths are 200 kilometres an hour and innocent people chologist and adjunct professor of psychology geographically mobile, it is hoped that this will are often killed or injured because of racers’ at SFU. “It certainly makes it harder to track attract attention to the importance of tracking reckless behaviour. the offender. If someone is psychopathic and offender movements beyond jurisdictional moving around more, it means different juris- boundaries,” says Hunter. “The results have “These vehicles are a danger to every- dictions have to be able to talk with each other.” practical implications for conducting recidivism one on the road,” he said. “We need to get Hunter says it’s imperative police under- studies and for police investigations.” the message out to young people that it’s an stand this type of offender’s behaviour, noting extremely dangerous and obviously inappro- that “when psychopathy is combined with mo- bility, it presents a dangerous combination for For more information, contact Sarah Hunter, who works priate activity... there are consequences all out of the North Vancouver RCMP Detachment, at too often that result in tragedy.” both law enforcement and potential victims”. [email protected] or 604-833-2427. The problem is even larger than the crimi- nal records indicate, he says, noting that some research estimates offenders may commit seven times the number of crimes they’re charged with. The relationship between psychopathy and mobility makes intuitive sense when one con- siders some of the fundamental characteristics, says Hunter. Psychopaths are often described as charming and manipulative but lacking emotion. They may be nomadic because of their impul- siveness and tendency to get bored. They’re known to be irresponsible and develop unstable relationships and their desire for excitement leads them into different environments. On the biological level, Hemphill cites stud- ies which show psychopaths like “moving around and having indiscriminate sex with lots of people, being irresponsible and not raising the kids.” ViCLAS (violent crime linkage analysis system), the RCMP’s national database of fed- eral offences, collects information on serial of- fences, though some fall through the cracks, such as those committing crimes in the US and other countries. Vancouver Police Chief Jamie Graham says

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 25 Police task forces search for guns Police have made some of the largest weap- ons seizures in Canadian history this year, inter- cepting thousands of weapons, including rocket propelled grenades and anti-tank missiles. Steinbach and Winnipeg RCMP, with as- sistance from the National Weapons Enforce- ment Support Team, raided four homes in Win- nipeg in February, seizing 197 guns. Three Manitoba men were charged with numerous firearms-related charges. Although the suspects have no known links to organized crime, one of them was accused of weapon trafficking. Mounties seized 87 rifles, 32 shotguns, 78 handguns, 58 gun parts - including magazines and trigger mechanisms - and thousands of rounds of ammunition. The operation began in fall 2002 when the RCMP Customs and Excise Section launched an investigation based on information from an unnamed source. Months before, police made two other substantial gun busts, seizing 26 weapons from a St. Boniface home and 335 weapons from a Fort Rouge home. In Toronto, 13 people were arrested during raids made in April that turned up a bazooka, rocket propelled grenade launcher, light anti- tank missile and hundreds of guns. Charles Yanover, 57, who has served time for a plot to overthrow the government of Dominica and a plan to assassinate the president of South Ko- rea in the 1980’s, was among the 13 charged. United Sports Shooting Range in Gormley, ON and owners Leon Kruger, 34, and Robert Weibburg, 40, were also charged as part of the 14-month undercover probe by the Provincial Weapons Enforcement Unit. Police alleged the accused were conspir- ing to convert legally obtained handguns, strip off the serial numbers and sell them on the street. The group were also allegedly selling Second World War-era Sten machine guns, 50 of which were seized in the raids. While some of the weapons were being sold around clothing. Beaton said Calgary’s gang task force, to collectors, the guns - many equipped with The seizure also included handguns, four which grew from 25 officers when established silencers, were meant for criminals. grenades, about nine kilograms of black pow- in January to 55 currently, has arrested 72 peo- The probe, named “Project PUN”, wrapped der, switchblade knives, a Stinger Pen Pistol ple with gang ties on 319 charges over a six- up with a series of additional raids and searches, and other items. month span. nine considered dangerous enough to require While customs officials were searching one Task force officers were picked from tactical police team involvement. An additional of the trucks, a male driver fled, but was stopped around the police service and returned to their 1,000 guns, some of which may have been le- by US Customs. Three women in the minivan regular duties after the operation concluded, gally registered, were recovered. were not charged. leaving the original seven-member gang unit In May, more than 100 weapons, including Among the weapons were a .223-calibre to work in conjunction with the provincial unit. submachine-guns and grenades, were seized Remington assault rifle, a Cobray submachine- “The majority of the people we were after after a search by Canada Customs officers at gun with silencer and another gun resembling we got, now we’ll go around and clean up the the Lacolle border crossing about 60 kilome- an AK-47. Claude Lussier, operations chief for fringe players,’’ Beaton was quoted as saying, tres south of Montreal. customs at Lacolle, said it was the largest arms referring to the two street gangs targeted by cops. The weapons were found in a minivan and seizure in the 23 years he has worked there. While police were happy with the number two cube vans from Connecticut that were About one month later, a cache of automatic of arrests, charges and seizures made over the crossing into Quebec. The occupants of the rifles, handguns, bullet-proof vests, $3 million past six months, Beaton pointed out there is still vehicles said they were travelling to Alaska, worth of drugs and nearly $200,000 was taken much left to be done, as the raid was only on police said. from two rival gangs after a massive raid was two out of 24 identified organized crime groups. A customs officer decided to search the wrapped up in Calgary. He was pleased with the provincial gov- vans thoroughly when the lead driver said he Police seized weapons, drugs and cash in a ernment’s commitment to combat organized had nothing to declare and then remembered city-wide sting that resulted in the arrest of 10 crime, saying it will allow officers to crack he had “a few rifles,’’ said Claude Lussier, op- people who were charged with 22 offences, said down on local criminals who also operate na- erations chief for customs at Lacolle. The se- Calgary Police Chief Jack Beaton. tionally and internationally. rial numbers given by the man did not match The raids came the same day Alberta So- The provincial unit is expected to consist his written statement. During their search, of- licitor General Heather Forsyth announced of 32 officers from Calgary, Edmonton and ficers found about 100 weapons, including $3.5 million in funding to set up a provincial the RCMP and will have federal and interna- many hunting rifles with telescopic sights, police unit to target organized crime groups tional components, which police have not yet stashed in a refrigerator, a freezer, furniture and and street gangs. made public.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 26 Police officer now a criminal A police officer who wished to remain anonymous sent this letter to Saskatoon MP Garry Breitkreuz about his experiences dealing with the Canadian Firearms Centre. Blue Line Magazine feels it is good food for thought.

Due to my profession (police officer), I I asked her how she came up with that registered all of my firearms just before brilliant idea since I did not have in my the Dec. 31 deadline. I re- possession a certificate for ceived letters of confir- the particular firearm and mation saying that I did since no further exten- not have to do any- sion had been granted thing else. I received by Cauchon or most of the certifi- Easter. She said that cates immediately, if I was stopped by with one coming in late the police that I could sim- May. On two different occa- ply explain to them that I had sions I called the CFC inquiring applied but had not yet received about my last registration certificate. my certificate. On both occasions I was simply told I explained to her that she was al- that “we have until the end of June to get most counselling me in committing an those to you and we will have them out by offence and that the only reason that I then,” and was told not to worry. wasn’t worried about charges is the fact that Well, here it is July 2nd, and yep, you Ontario policemen will not be enforcing this guessed it, I am a criminal. I called the CFC legislation. She informed me that the police today and spoke to one of the employees. I WOULD be enforcing this in Ontario. She asked to get her information, such as her seemed disappointed when I told her to check name and birthday, so that she could be the caller ID on her phone as I was calling charged as being an accomplice since they from work from a police station. have assisted in my becoming a criminal. Again there was silence on the phone for After a moment of silence she informed me a while. The Firearms Registry people have that she would not do this and that “just be- made me, a police officer of 15 years and cause I had not gotten the certificate does the member of our police pistol team, a crimi- not mean I am a criminal”. nal due to their incompetence.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 27 Amber program alerts public quickly by Kathryn Lymburner There have been a large number of high profile missing children and child abduction cases here and in the US in recent months. This isn’t a new problem; there were 66,532 Canadian children reported missing last year; 464 of those were abducted by a stranger or parent and it’s these cases that the Amber Alert program was designed to combat. The most notable case in either country was Elizabeth Smart, a teenager abducted from her parents suburban Salt Lake City, Utah home in the middle of the night in June, 2002. It was only after nine months of searching and a lot of media coverage that two citizens recognized her and called police. The Smart case is unusual. The first 24 hours in a child abduction is crucial in finding the vic- tim. In many cases, if they’re not found during this period, the search turns into a recovery. A 10-year old Toronto girl, Holly Jones, was An Amber Alert with the vehicle make and abducted and brutally murdered by an unknown license and description of the suspect and child killer in mid May. The city used Amber Alert to was issued. A man in the area heard it and phoned spread the word, flooding airwaves and elec- his wife to tell her about it. Moments later she tronic road signs in the hope that someone had saw the suspect vehicle and called police, who seen her. It was only the second time in the city’s were able to apprehend the suspect and return history that the still relatively new program was the child back to its elated mother. invoked to try and find a missing child. The program and new legislation make it It was first used in March 2002 to search easier for law enforcement and the media to for two-year-old Alexis Currie. She had been work together to get information about miss- dio Managers responded by teaming up with kidnapped by her father and was later found ing children to the community faster using ra- local police to develop an innovative early with her throat cut in a wooded area east of dio, TV and new media sources. The hope is warning system to help find abducted children. Toronto. He was sentenced to life in prison for that the sooner the information gets out, the Although each area’s Amber Alert program the crime. Although neither case had a happy sooner the missing child will be found. uses different criteria, the National Center for ending, Toronto police are optimistic that the Amber Alert is named after Amber Missing and Exploited Children suggests three program will be as successful here as it’s been Hagerman, a nine-year-old Arlington, Texas girl criteria should be met before an alert is activated. in the US. kidnapped in 1996 while riding her bicycle and • law enforcement confirms a child has been One such success story occurred in later brutally murdered. This tragedy shook the abducted Covington, Georgia where a woman contacted entire community. Residents contacted radio • law enforcement believes the circumstances authorities when her boyfriend failed to return stations in the Dallas area and suggested they surrounding the abduction indicate the child home with her 16-month-old son from daycare. broadcast special alerts so that future incidents is in danger of serious bodily harm or death A background check showed the boyfriend had could be prevented. • there is enough descriptive information about a history of severe drug abuse. The Dallas/Fort Worth Association of Ra- the child, abductor and suspect’s vehicle to be- lieve an immediate broadcast alert will help. If these criteria are met, alert information, including a description and pictures of the miss- ing child, the suspected abductor, vehicle descrip- tion and anything else that’s pertinent, is gath- ered and sent out through the Emergency Alert System (EAS), primarily to electronic media. It’s also posted on electronic traffic signs. Not everyone likes the program. Some feel it has the potential to create mayhem and stir up vigilante hysteria, which could lead to dan- gerous car chases and actions by civilians. Too many alerts could dilute their impact, causing the public to become apathetic, and critics also worry the system requires a lot of infrastruc- ture, planning and regulation for little return. The program varies even among local juris- dictions, which can lead to misinformation and confusion if an alert is issued over a wide area. Some have proposed setting national stand- ards for Amber programs and strict guidelines so alerts are not overused.

For more information on the Amber Alert program, contact the Centre for Missing and Exploited Children at www.missingkids.org or 703-274-3900. The RCMP’s Missing Children’s Registry — www.ourmissingchildren.ca — has further statistical information.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 28 Grow houses present many hazards by Mariano Perini intestinal distress, central nervous system As a drug enforcement unit officer, and cardiac effects and inhaling them irri- I have investigated numerous marijuana tates the respiratory track. grow houses and have seen first hand Irritation, redness, itching and pain can how these dangerous and illegal opera- result from contact with skin. Getting them tions are set up and run. in your eyes may cause blurred vision, I now investigate these from a fire, burns and even permanent damage. first responder and public safety perspec- In the event of a fire, these chemi- tive as a member of the fire marshal’s cals contain ingredients that can accel- office. The structures of houses fully erate burning and heat may cause the dedicated to growing hydroponic mari- containers they’re in to explode. juana have been modified and altered, The use of proper protection should se- creating a fire risk. Chemicals used to encour- • Ballasts for the grow lights are often installed riously be examined and considered before en- age plant growth increase the risk, make fires on a make-shift shelf with no protection, with tering and dismantling this operations. worse and are hazardous to human health. condensers attached nearby. Large fans and flexible tubing are placed • Electrical systems are often overloaded, throughout the house to ventilate grow rooms. Electrical which may cause the electrical transformer Every house I have attended had several large The electricity used to supply the fans and (green box) to overheat and ignite (this has holes cut through the floors right up to the attic. lights in grow houses is usually illegally ob- happened recently in southern Ontario.) Doing this altered the building performance and tained by tapping into the cable before it • High intensity lights produce intense heat and the fire rating of building materials, allowing the reaches the meter and main panel for the are often located close to combustible mate- fire to spread at a faster rate. This is an example house. A hole is often drilled into the founda- rials. If the bulb breaks, small particulates can of how the community is put at a greater risk. In tion and the wires are spliced and fed to an- transfer heat to combustible material and ig- the event of a fire, evacuation of nearby resi- other panel. This jeopardizes the safety of op- nite a fire. dents should be seriously considered. erators and neighbours because: • The improper wiring practices used in many • Live wires leading to pirated electrical pan- grow houses dramatically increases the risk els are often simply joined together with elec- of shock or fire. Mariano Perini is an investigator with the Ontario Fire Marshal’s office and was formerly a detective trical tape, creating a shock hazard. Poor con- attached to the Durham Regional Police Service drug nections can also overheat, triggering a fire. Chemical hazards enforcement unit. He’s a court qualified expert on the risks • The wires are left hanging and not secured in Severe medical side effects can occur from and dangers grow operations pose to first responders and an electrical box, presenting a tripping and exposure to chemicals used to encourage plant the community. Mariano Perini can be contacted at [email protected]. electrocution hazard to first responders. growth. Ingestion causes abdominal pain, gastro

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 29 When one lies dying Arming Canadian law enforcement officers by Chris Butler officer for the risks and provided equipment which was adequate for the task. The RCMP Having closely followed Canada’s na- was charged with six violations of the Canada tional park wardens and customs officer’s at- Labour Code, including failing to ensure the tempt to obtain sidearms, my frustration has officer was properly trained and equipped for mounted over the ineptitude with which this the task his employer required of him. matter is handled and subsequent ‘sidestep- The court determined that an employer ping’ by individuals involved in the process. has the obligation to “take every precaution Having recently read Steve Hess’s letter in reasonable in the circumstances for the pro- the March 2003 Blue Line, I feel compelled tection of the worker.” In addition, the pre- to sound in on this issue. cautions must be measured against “stand- I was involved in the ap- ards set by credible outside organizations peal to the labour code ruling that wardens where regulations have not been promulgated were law enforcement officers and, as such, under the Occupational Health and Safety were at risk and must either stop law enforce- Act” (Carriere v. Canada, Federal Court of ment duties or be issued the proper protective Canada – Trial Division, 2001). equipment, namely sidearms. I was called as A quick review of industry standards (oc- an expert witness on behalf of the warden serv- cupations with same or similar tasks): ice in favour of the arming application. Hav- • Alberta Fish and Wildlife Service (wildlife ing been a park ranger for six years prior to resource management) – armed my 13 years as a police officer, I’m in a unique • Alberta provincial park rangers (resource position to comment on the risks associated to armour does — stop bullets. and park management) – armed both occupations. Parks Canada is telling wardens to go back • Saskatchewan Environment and Resource The presiding hearing officer ruled that the to law enforcement and use the risk reduction Management officers – armed labour code inspector’s definition of risk wasn’t model to stay safe, but just in case it doesn’t • Environment Canada wildlife enforcement of- applicable to warden service duties and rejected and you get shot, here’s ballistic armour. This ficers - armed the appeal. Instead of the matter being based on is an admission by the employing agency that • Fisheries and Oceans officers (wildlife and the obvious fact that park wardens are uniformed wardens face a potential risk of being shot de- fishery protection) – armed visible agents of social control and, as such, risk spite the ‘low level’ of law enforcement duties I could go on. facing spontaneous human aggression, it was that they engage in; issuing body armour is an If Parks Canada doesn’t expect wardens to simply dismissed as an error in interpreting and attempt to mitigate this risk. face spontaneous human aggression, it wouldn’t defining the term. An easy out – no guns. The absurdity of this issue can be charac- issue handcuffs, OC spray or impact weapons The ‘Hess’ report, which I have had the terized by the following example: and provide use of force training. If it was sat- pleasure to read ad nauseam, indicates a ‘risk- A park warden recently took a leave of ab- isfied beyond a doubt that a warden wouldn’t reduction model’ that basically provides a ‘risk sence to work as an outfitter-guide in BC and be shot, it wouldn’t issue body armour — and formula.’ Wardens can use it to determine which was surprised to learn that he could apply to carry yet it fails to issue the most critical piece of law enforcement tasks they can perform (low a sidearm. He did so and was granted the au- safety equipment – a sidearm. risk) and which they’re not properly equipped thority. When performing duties in the same Wait a minute, you say – what about the to handle (high risk). They aren’t required or wilderness area, park wardens — federally ap- Hess report’s risk reduction model? If wardens obligated to intervene in high risk situations, but pointed peace officers — are prohibited from use this formula, can’t they avoid risk? Surely will have the good fortune to plug all the vari- carrying sidearms. When (if?) this warden re- a traffic stop for resource management enforce- ables into the mystical formula and, once deter- turns to work as a peace officer and puts his uni- ment purposes, absent any obvious risk factors, mining that the risk is too high, call in armed form on, he will lose the right to carry a sidearm. is categorized ‘low risk?’ police to intervene or resolve the incident. If one were to look up the word ‘irony’ in the Let’s ask special Cst. Michael McKenna, the Based on this model, wardens are return- dictionary, you will find the warden’s picture. unarmed Grande Prairie who ing to low risk enforcement duties but curiously, The estate of an RCMP diver who died dur- stopped a pickup truck for a minor traffic viola- are issued ballistic armour. WHAT! Back up ing an underwater drug search of a vessel in 1997 tion in March. There were no threat indicators the bus! Issuing body armour is an obvious rec- sued the federal government. At issue was or elevated risk factors – just a ‘low risk’ (no ognition of the fact that wardens may face the whether the employing agency identified the risk such thing) traffic stop. The driver spontaneously risk of being shot in the line of duty. That’s what associated with the task, advised and trained the produced a rifle and fired at McKenna. Shots penetrated the fender, door, windshield and side window and even struck the drivers seat and headrest but, miraculously, missed the consta- ble, who fled and advised the RCMP of this high- risk (how could it be!) situation. The driver shot and killed himself before police arrived. When will the Canadian government look beyond its political philosophies of firearms? When can our more than 3,000 unarmed cus- toms officers stop looking at their armed US counterparts, who are only yards away and per- forming the same task they are? When will our more than 400 park wardens be issued sidearms, enabling them to safely carry out the tasks so- ciety demands of them? Sadly, having been closely involved in this process, I think I know the answer — when one lies dying.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 30 US tests facial recognition systems A large scale evaluation • Given reasonable controlled of automatic face recognition indoor lighting, the current technology by the US Gov- state of the art in face recog- ernment shows the systems nition is 90% verification at a work much better indoors. one per cent false accept rate The best of the ten sys- • Watch list performance de- tems tested verified 90 per creases as a function of size cent of images taken indoors, – performance using with a false acceptance rate smaller watch lists is bet- of one per cent, and were not ter than performance using significantly affected by nor- larger watch lists mal changes in lighting. The • In face recognition applica- recognition rate for images tions, accommodations captured outdoors dropped to should be made for demo- 50 per cent, with the same false accept rate. graphic information since characteristics such A very important question for real-world as age and sex can significantly affect per- applications is how quickly performance de- formance creases as new images are compared to an ag- • Males are easier to recognize than females ing database. Performance degraded at about • Younger people are harder to recognize than five per cent a year for the best systems. older people Another question looked at was how data- • Outdoor face recognition performance needs base and watch list sizes affect performance. The improvement The primary objective of the evaluation found the top-rank identification rate Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) 2002 was 85 per cent on a database of 800 people but was to provide performance measures for as- dropped to 83 per cent with 1,600 people and 73 sessing the ability of automatic face recogni- per cent with 37,437 people. For every doubling tion systems to meet real-world requirements. of database size, performance decreases by two The heart of the evaluation was the high com- to three overall percentage points. putational intensity test (HCInt), which con- A similar effect was observed with watch sisted of 121,589 operational images of 37,437 lists. The identification and detection rate of people taken from the US State Department’s the best system was 77 per cent at a false alarm Mexican non-immigrant visa archive. rate of one per cent for a watch list of 25 peo- ple but dropped to 69 per cent when the list Go to http://www.frvt.org/FRVT2002/documents.htm for increased to 300 people. the full evaluation report and technical appendices. The effect of demographics on performance was examined for the first time. It was discov- ered that the best systems recognized males six to nine per cent more often that females and worked better with older people. Sixty two per cent of 18 to 22 year olds were identified but the recognition rate rose to 74 per cent with 38 to 42 year olds. Average performance increased approxi- mately five per cent for every ten years increase in age through 63. All rates were computed from a database of 37,437 individuals. To summarize the key findings:

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 31 ID request doesn’t necessarily create detention by Mike Novakowski to answer police questions. In particular, he self, even if it is from police officers and even if concluded that a pedestrian stopped by police it is a request for identifying information. Not every conversa- for a computer identity check is subject to “an Furthermore: tion with police amounts atmosphere of oppression.” The evidence ob- We have not yet reached a situation where a to a detention, even when tained from the stop was excluded. compulsion to comply will be inferred simply an officer asks for identi- The Crown appealed. The Manitoba Court because the request comes from a police officer fication, Manitoba’s top of Queen’s Bench overturned the acquittal, rea- or that a compulsion to respond should be pre- court has held. soning that the accused failed to demonstrate sumed unless the Crown can show evidence of In R. v. C.R.H., 2003 any compulsion to comply with a direction or informed consent. It is true that the very nature MBCA 38, officers on rou- demand. There was no evidence of a command, of the police function and the circumstances tine vehicle patrol at 1:20 order or direction for the accused to approach which often bring the police into contact with am spotted the accused and the police car or to remain while the CPIC query individuals introduce an element of authority into his two companions walk- was completed. Nor did the accused testify that a request made by a police officer. Certainly, ing on the sidewalk in a resi- he believed there was no option but to answer there is a power imbalance between police and dential neighbourhood. They stopped abreast the police questions. citizens, but that cannot mean that police can the three young men and one officer said, Further, the court found there was no s.8 never ask questions. Instead, the power imbal- through the open window, “hi, how’s it going? Charter breach when the police ran the name ance should be one of the factors to be consid- Where are you guys headed?” on CPIC. The information in the police com- ered in an analysis of the interaction and a con- The youths went over to the car and were puter wasn’t personal and the accused could not sequent determination of whether there was a asked for their names, birth dates, addresses, claim a privacy interest in his probation order compulsion to comply. (references omitted) and phone numbers. The officers remained that would exclude the right of police access. Although “a pedestrian has the expectation in the car. One engaged the trio in casual The accused appealed to the Manitoba of complete freedom of movement” where no conversation while the other queried their Court of Appeal, arguing that he was arbitrar- crime has been committed or when there is no names on CPIC and learned the accused was ily detained (s.9 Charter), wasn’t informed of investigation taking place, “so long as police breaching his probation curfew. He was ar- his right to counsel (s.10(b) Charter) and that officers merely question citizens and do not rested and charged. the request for identification and computer interfere with individual liberties by detain- At trial for breach of probation, the Mani- search violated his right to be secure against ing them, such pro-active policing should not toba Provincial Court Judge ruled the accused unreasonable search and seizure (s.8 Charter). be prohibited.” The court concluded that there is no bright had been arbitrarily detained, contrary to s.9 of Detention the Charter. Further, he concluded his right to line rule that a detention can be assumed when Rendering the unanimous judgment, Jus- the police approach a pedestrian. Since there be secure against unreasonable search and sei- tice Steel began the analysis by assessing zure under s.8 had been infringed when police was no detention, the right to counsel wasn’t whether there was a detention. Before the right engaged nor was there a need to enquire into requested personal information (identification) s.10 to counsel under is triggered or the arbi- its arbitrariness. and checked on it. trariness of a detention is considered under s.9, In his view, the accused was detained be- it must first be determined that a detention oc- Search and seizure cause, unless there’s evidence of informed con- curred. Under the Charter, this may occur in In addressing the accused’s additional ar- sent, it’s presumed that a person is compelled one of three ways: gument that the CPIC computer search violated • Deprivation of liberty by physical restraint his s.8 Charter right to be secure against unrea- Counselling offered • State control through a direction or demand sonable search and seizure, the court held: which prevents/impedes access to counsel and The implications for law enforcement of a The twelve jurors who spent two months hear- failure or non-compliance may result in sig- finding that access by the police to CPIC com- ing about the cold-blooded shooting of RCMP nificant legal consequences puter information engages Charter rights are Cst. Dennis Strongquill have been offered coun- • Submitting to a state direction or demand in significant. I do not need to enter into that dis- selling to deal with any post-traumatic stress they which the person reasonably perceives they have cussion. For the purposes of this case, I would may have from participating in the murder trial. no choice but to comply, even though there is dismiss this ground of appeal for substantially is offering the counselling no criminal liability for failing to do so (com- the same reasons as the (Queen’s Bench). The as part of a pilot project. The seven women and monly referred to as ‘psychological detention’) accused’s probation order was a public record, five men that made up the jury found Robert Sand, Steel noted that police can question any- as was his criminal record information main- 24, guilty of first-degree murder in June. He was one they believe may have information while tained by the police. The place where the infor- investigating an offence. They cannot compel mation was obtained was a computer main- sentenced to life in prison with no chance of pa- answers but “the mere fact of a conversation tained by the obtaining party itself; namely, the role for 25 years. They found his lover, Laurie Bell, between a citizen and a police officer does not police service. The police database is not an 21, guilty of manslaughter. As the jury decided raise a presumption of detention.” area in which the accused can assert a privacy Sand’s and Bell’s fate, they viewed hundreds of The court must look beyond the fact of an interest that would exclude the right of access photographs and listened to dramatic police au- officer/citizen encounter and examine the “en- of the police. dio of the officer’s final minutes. tire relationship between the questioner and In dismissing the appeal, the court con- At times, some jurors seemed close to tears the person being questioned,” including the cluded that both the purpose and motive of the when looking at the pictures. The program comes reasonableness of the questionee’s subjective police must be considered in determining what from the growing recognition that the courts belief. For example, “the personal circum- impact the citizen/police interaction had on the aren’t sensitive enough to the stress jurors face stances of the accused, such as age, intelli- person’s reasonable expectation to comply. It when deciding whether or not someone should gence and level of sophistication” may be con- is incorrect to infer a presumption of compul- be sent to prison. sidered. He continued: sion simply because there was an encounter The jurors will be told to watch for symp- The accused argues that the request for with police. As noted by Steel, “the overall situ- toms of post traumatic stress syndrome, such identification from police officers creates an ation must be evaluated having regard to what as inability to sleep. Justice officials declined to inference that the accused reasonably believed is said and done, in what manner, in what loca- comment on the specifics of the program saying he had no other choice but to comply. At that tion and for what purpose.” it is still being flushed out. Similar programs are point, it is submitted, the onus shifts onto the Go to www.canlii.org to see the complete case. used in other provinces and in the US. Crown to prove informed consent. I do not agree. There must be more than the request it- Contact Mike Novakowski at [email protected].

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 32 Priority one call justifies warrantless entry A police officer’s duty to protect life jus- have been in jeopardy.” A warrant wasn’t nec- The dispatch call upon which the police of- tifies entering a private premise to search for essary to enter and the 52 flaps of heroin and ficers were acting suggested that the reported injured people, even if they look for other 150 flaps of cocaine were found in plain view. activity was occurring in either room 201 or things during their search, the BC Court of The judge rejected the accused’s submis- 202. I do not think that it can reasonably (be) Appeal has declared. sion that his right to be se- said in the circumstances In R. v. Brown, 2003 BCCA 141, police re- cure from unreasonable that the officers had com- ceived a 911 ‘priority one’ call from a pay phone search was infringed and he pleted the execution of located across the street from a hotel. The caller was convicted. The accused their general duty to pro- said a man had been stabbed and that there was appealed to the BC Court of tect life until they had sat- a man with a gun in room 201 or 202. Appeal arguing, in part, that isfied themselves that there The information couldn’t be confirmed; two the trial judge erred in find- was no potentially danger- police officers responded and were told by the ing the entry and search of ous assailant nor any in- desk clerk that 201 was occupied but 202 was the room lawful. jured victim in either of the vacant. With handguns drawn, they knocked on Although conceding rooms or in any place the door of 201 and announced their presence. that police were acting in nearby to which their in- The accused opened the door and was taken the course of their general vestigation of the two into custody. duty to protect life, he ar- rooms might have led Although the room was small and police gued that their duty was dis- them. could see no one else in the room that consti- charged when they looked In my view, the evidence tuted a threat, they testified they entered to into the room and determined no one else was supports the trial judge’s conclusion that the check for injured persons and look for weap- present. He contended that when the police dis- officers were justified in entering room 201 for ons, signs of struggle, blood or other evidence covered the drugs, they had exceeded the scope the purposes that they described in their testi- of a crime. One officer saw drugs on a bed, of their protective duty and were engaged in a mony. Those purposes were within the scope of continued his search and found more drugs in secondary search for evidence, which required their general duty to protect life and their ac- a partially open dresser drawer. The accused a warrant. tions were, accordingly, authorized by law. The was charged with possession of a controlled In rejecting the submission, Justice Smith, suggestion that there were two separate substance for the purpose of trafficking. writing for the unanimous court, stated: searches for different purposes is an artificial The trial judge concluded that “police I am not persuaded that the trial judge one in the circumstances. would have been remiss in their duty had they misapprehended the evidence or that he erred The conviction was upheld and the appeal not entered the room to look for someone who in failing to treat these events as two discrete dismissed. Go to www.courts.gov.bc.ca for the may have been stabbed and whose life might searches of the room for different purposes. complete case.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 33 It’s what the officer considers that counts by Mike Novakowski wasn’t arbitrary, random or without foundation. trary under s.9 when an officer “acts in accord- The only relevant factors to consider when The judge accepted that police may make stops ance with statutory or common law authority deciding if an officer had articulable cause to if they have an articulable cause, allowed the and has articulable cause.” In this case, the of- make a stop are those they contemplate at the appeal and ordered a new trial, stating: ficer stopped the accused because he believed time, the PEI Court of Appeal has ruled. There were three specific, objective, discern- s.190(1) HTA had been violated when he ob- In R. v. Coles, 2003 PESCAD 3, a police able facts, namely the slow driving, the early sig- served a pedestrian just step on to the crosswalk. officer stopped a driver going well below the nalling and the alleged failure to yield that However, to breach s.190(1) the pedestrian posted limit who signalled well in advance of a caused the police officer to select the (accused’s) has to be on or so near the motorists half of the turn and went through a crosswalk just as a pe- vehicle. It wasn’t a hunch. It wasn’t a random roadway as to constitute a danger, which was destrian entered. He intended to just give a stop. There was a rational foundation for the de- not the case. Furthermore, s.10(1)(c) and (d) warning but, after talking to him, formed suffi- tention. It wasn’t a(n) arbitrary detention… of the act weren’t applicable. None of the spe- cient grounds to demand breath samples, which I am of the opinion that the three specific cific purposes in s.10(1)(c) (directing traffic in turned out to be in excess of the 80mg% limit. and articulable observations, when taken to- an emergency/expediting traffic/ensuring high- The motorist was charged with impaired gether with rational inferences from those facts, way safety) were present, nor did the officer driving. At trial, his detention was ruled arbi- would constitute objectively discernible facts have a reasonable belief that the vehicle was trary, contrary to s.9 of the Charter, because he and provide reasonable grounds to suspect the being operated illegally, which would have per- was stopped without authorization or reason- driver to be impaired. The fact that, subjectively, mitted a stop under s.10(1)(d). His belief in a able cause. Evidence of impairment and analy- the officer did not connect the three observa- s.190 contravention wasn’t reasonable since it sis were excluded and the accused acquitted. tions and suspect impairment does not preclude was based on a misunderstanding of the law. The Crown appealed to the PEI Supreme finding, on an objective analysis, that there were Since that was the officer’s only reason for Court (R. v. Coles, 2003 PEISCTD 36), which grounds to suspect impairment, and therefore, the stop, his “ignorance of the law could not found the detention lawful and ordered a new grounds to stop the (accused). provide reasonable cause for him to detain the trial, concluding the authority to stop the vehi- Dissatisfied, the accused appealed to the (accused).” Nor could a court use factors, al- cle could arise from either statute or articulable PEI Supreme Court Appeal Division, seeking though objective, that weren’t considered at the cause at common law. In this case, the officer to have the judgement reversed. He submitted time of the stop. Justice Mitchell wrote: had a reasonable belief the vehicle was being that the officer acted arbitrarily because he had Detaining a person on the highway may be operated contrary to the Highway Traffic Act neither lawful authority (statutory or common justified even though it does not result in any (HTA), honestly believing the accused failed law) to stop the vehicle or an articulable cause. charge or conviction, provided that prior to do- to yield to a pedestrian under s.190(1) HTA. The court agreed and ruled in his favour. ing so the officer has reasonable cause to sus- Furthermore, s.10(1)(c) of the act permits pect the detainee is implicated in a violation of an officer to direct traffic to ensure safety and Arbitrary detention the HTA or the Criminal Code. However here, stop a motorist if they believe their actions are Chief Justice Mitchell, writing for the two prior to the detention, the officer had no basis to a public safety hazard, so stopping the accused to one majority, noted a detention isn’t arbi- suspect a violation of the Criminal Code and

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 34 should have known there was no violation of the to the Highway Traffic Act, does not require HTA. A detention that would otherwise be un- proof the police officer’s belief be correct in constitutional cannot be rendered lawful on the that grounds must exist to charge and convict basis of what was found after or as a result of it. the driver for a violation of the act. Attempts to justify unconstitutional acts by that Drivers are stopped many times by police type of ex post facto analysis is repeatedly criti- out of interest for public safety. Some are not cized by the Supreme Court of Canada… charged with violations of the act and, even I disagree with the (PEI Supreme Court) when they are charged with a violation, a con- judge’s statement… to the effect that a deten- viction may not result because at law it wasn’t tion would be justified so long as grounds ex- possible to establish a violation. In those cir- isted, even though the officer did not utilize them cumstances, the driver’s rights under s.9 of the in making his decision to stop the appellant. In Charter could not be said to be violated as long my view, the grounds must have existed in the as the police officer had a reasonable belief, mind of the officer and influenced his belief founded on objective criteria, there was a vio- at the time of the detention, otherwise his ac- lation or a public safety issue. tions would not be justified. In this context, it is useful to remember the An officer could not afterwards rely on fac- right to move about in a motor vehicle is not a tors he did not consider as grounds at the time fundamental liberty. It is a licensed activity of the detention. A detention would be nonethe- which, for the protection of the public, is subject less arbitrary if it turns out the officer might have to regulation and control. If a citizen is exercis- had grounds, had he only taken into account ing his or her right to participate in this licensed certain other factors that existed but that he did activity in accord with the relevant law, the indi- not in fact consider at all. The question is whether vidual’s right under s. 9 is to be respected. How- the officer acted on reasonable grounds, not ever, when an agent of the state has a reason- whether there were such grounds available. able belief this is not so and holds a reasonable The purpose of s. 9 of the Charter is to pre- belief there is a danger being posed to the pub- vent agents of the state from interfering with a lic, the individual’s right under s. 9 of the Char- person’s freedom of movement without their act- ter yields to the right of the state to protect the ing on reasonable cause. Just as a police officer public by the enforcement of the law. must satisfy him or herself that there are valid Despite McQuaid’s opinion, the majority grounds for conducting a search before carry- granted leave to appeal and the verdict of the ing it out, so too an officer must also satisfy him trial judge acquitting the accused was restored. or herself that grounds exist for a detention be- The complete case is available on-line at http:/ fore detaining. There is both a subjective and an /www.canlii.org/pe/cas/pescad/2003/ objective aspect. The officer must have reasons 2003pescad3.html. for his belief, and those same reasons must be reasonably capable of supporting such belief (references omitted, emphasis added). Justice McQuaid disagreed, arguing the of- ficer could stop the accused under either s.10(1)(c) or (d) or on the basis of articulable cause and a reasonable belief the accused con- travened s.190(1) HTA, even though a close read- ing of the section would have precluded a con- viction. Proceeding through the crosswalk also jeopardized public safety, he said, concluding that articulable cause, the minimum standard jus- tifying interference with a citizen’s right to move freely about, existed, stating: The inference from all the evidence of the police officer is that while the incident at the crosswalk was the defining reason for the deten- tion, the police officer had two additional rea- sons to be concerned the appellant might be a public safety menace as he drove along Euston Street/Brighton Road. He was driving much slower than the posted speed limit and he was tentative in the use of his signalling devices. These two facts alerted the police officer to the operation of the motor vehicle and while they were not the reason he stopped the appellant, they constitute evidence the officer had an ob- jective belief there was a public safety issue that would justify the detention of the appellant. The purpose of s. 9 of the Charter is to al- low citizens to move about freely without the threat of being detained by agents of the state in the absence of some reasonable belief they have violated the law. As (the Supreme Court judge) points out in… his reasons for judgment, an assessment of the police officer’s reasonable belief that a vehicle is being operated contrary

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 35 Persuading is better than forcing by Dan Mullan the underlying issue of the complaint involves communication.” Is it enough to rely upon dis- McNeil also observed that officers cited pute resolution skills to often remain positional through the mediation solve conflict between process. “Often the citizen is just wanting to be police and citizens after heard. They are merely seeking an apology... the fact — or are there something that many officers say they are not steps we can take to willing to give.” avoid such conflict before McNeil believed many of the situations it happens? could have been avoided by better officer Consider what options police officers have self-management and by responding instead available to help effectively resolve conflict of imposing. through persuasion and compliance while In investigating several such complaint al- minimizing the likelihood of escalation. up being named in a complaint. legations, I noticed that, when met with opposi- As police, we spend much of our workday As an Internal Affairs staff sergeant with tion or resistance, officers genuinely believed assuming the role of peacekeeper, taking on the the Calgary Police Service (CPS) Professional they had no other option than to respond with responsibility of resolving conflict between oth- Standards Section, I was responsible for super- force. In essence, they frequently find themselves ers or maintaining law and order. Frequently vising five detectives who investigated formal drawn into conflict in the form of win-lose com- our interaction with citizens involves interview- complaints against officers and allegations of petition. Due to inadequate emphasis on officer- ing, questioning, confrontation or arrest. Un- criminal wrong-doing. I soon realized that I was violator communication in most police training less a person has called us for help, they will seeing the same scenarios over and over; citi- academies, few police have developed the com- view most interactions with an officer as an zens would file formal complaints against of- munication skills necessary to change behaviour unpleasant event. ficers for their actions and demeanor in detain- or gain compliance through persuasion. We carry several tools to use when facing ing or arresting them. I’ve been a member of the CPS Hostage opposition; handcuffs, baton, pepper spray and I analyzed all 2000 and 2001 misconduct Negotiation Team since 1994 and have com- sidearm have become synonymous with our allegations against CPS members and found the pleted specialized training in conflict manage- badge and uniform. In order for us to ‘win,’ we three most common were discreditable conduct ment. I developed and presented training on lis- feel it’s sometimes necessary to rely on our tools (41 per cent of complaints), unlawful or un- tening skills for communications officers and and to use force to restore order, but doing so is necessary exercise of authority (34 per cent) communication in conflict, with the focus on often criticized and second guessed by the pub- and neglect of duty (20 per cent). Application teaching responding techniques and skills for lic. The Monday morning quarterback has the of force, detention, profanity and unlawful dealing with conflict. luxury of time to consider options and look at search and seizure were the most common sub- Although these workshops provide a basic the implications of choosing a particular course jects mentioned. introduction to some very important and use- of action. Most often, police officers must re- I asked mediator Barbara McNeil whether ful techniques, I feel they merely scratch the spond to volatile situations in seconds. she noted similarities in allegations she han- surface. There’s a definite need for an effective We risk being taken to task over our rea- dled. Many complainants alleged inappropri- curriculum to provide all street and communi- sons for choosing a particular action when we ate police behaviour or actions perceived as too cations officers with specific training in using exude a more commanding and directive per- severe for the circumstances, she said, and felt social influence and communication skills as sonae. This is even more likely if we deem it they weren’t listened to, were addressed harshly an alternative to force. necessary to use force. Such interpersonal con- or treated too abruptly. In his article Tactics and talk: Hand in flict in essence becomes a ‘win-lose’ competi- “Police officers in mediation realize that it’s glove, psychologist and crisis negotiation tion and the person who ends up acceding to a big step for citizens to pursue a course that trainer Dr. Mike Webster states: the other often doesn’t accept or agree with the results in face to face discussion, particularly As a method of conflict management suc- outcome. Consequently, the officer that has following what they view as a tense interaction cessful (communication) derives from the abil- imposed his/her position on a citizen may end that precipitated the complaint. Almost always ity to contrast the benefits of agreement with

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 36 the costs of disagreement. Agreement does not munication as a force option. come from the ability to force the other party Thompson, principal instructor with Com- into submission. The application of power is munication Strategies Inc. and a former associ- paradoxical. The harder we make it for the sub- ate professor of English, says that “the ability to ject to disagree, the harder we make it for him communicate with the public is the most impor- to agree. When we apply our power, we force tant skill an officer can possess, both for his own the subject to defend. The more power we ap- safety and for the greater good of the social com- ply, the more he must defend. People find it dif- munity. Verbal Judo does not suggest that physi- ficult to agree under pressure, as it looks and cal force is never necessary. Force is sometimes feels to them as if they are giving in. quite necessary and proper, but words are more Effective persuasion techniques designed powerful, when correctly used, than is often be- to get a subject to comply or agree frequently lieved. To put it another way, if you know the results in their buying into your solution. Even limits of words skilfully used, you know more though it’s not their idea directly, they’re not precisely when force is needed.” having it forced on them. It’s basic human na- In the 1993 follow up book Verbal Judo – ture to respond with reciprocity to the manner the gentle art of persuasion, Thompson and in which we’re treated. When someone uses Jerry Jenkins define persuasion as generating courtesy, we respond in kind; when someone voluntary compliance. Voluntary implies there takes a more adversarial approach, we become is choice and compliance implies agreement. competitive and often resist. The authors describe persuasion as a five-stage We frequently have to make quick decisions process discovered “the hard way” by police: and rely on our training to determine the amount • Ask (ethical appeal) of force necessary in a particular situation and • Set context (reasonable appeal) to ensure the action we’re taking is reasonable • Present options (personal appeal) and justifiable. Some form of the ‘action im- • Confirm (practical appeal - consequences) perative’ (is the planned action necessary, risk • Act (determination of appropriate action) effective and acceptable?) is used by most Ca- In his 1991 book Getting past no – nego- nadian police forces. tiating your way from confrontation to coop- Alternatives to using force are nothing new. eration, William Ury, co-founder of Harvard Using intelligence, for example, has been con- University’s program on negotiation, writes sidered by many powerful and knowledgeable that “human beings are reaction machines. people over the ages. Martial arts expert Bruce The most natural thing to do when confronted Lee believed that “you and your opponent are with a difficult situation is to react – to act one. There is a coexisting relationship between without thinking. you. You coexist with your opponent and be- “There are three common reactions: strik- come his complement, absorbing his attack and ing back, giving in and breaking off. Often using his force to overcome him.” the other side is trying to make you react. The Italian statesman and political philosopher first casualty of an attack is your objectivity – Niccolo Machiavelli wrote in The Prince in the the faculty you need most to (communicate) 1500’s that “man is neither good nor evil; he effectively. Much of your opponent’s power is, rather, an animal that can be effectively con- derives from the ability to make you react. trolled by combining force and intelligence.” Even if reacting doesn’t lead to a gross error Around 500 BC, Chinese general Tzu Sun- on your part, it feeds the unproductive cycle Tzu wrote in The art of war that “to win one of action and reaction.” hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the highest skill. To subdue the enemy without Conclusion fighting is the highest skill. All warfare is based The organizational benefits of enhanced com- on deception. The supreme principle of war is munication training for police are significant: to defeat the enemy without fighting.” • fewer formal and informal citizen complaints It takes a lot of confidence and savvy to • fewer police misconduct investigations choose intelligence over force when facing re- • increased officer effectiveness sistance or aggression and to know when per- • re-training opportunities for high-risk officers suasion will be more effective than physical • more favourable public image of the po- force in changing a subject’s behaviour. The lice service skill comes in learning how to control your re- On an individual level, effective commu- action and select the most appropriate response nication training enhances officer ability to: to a wide variety of street incidents. • control their own emotion, perspective and bias There are times when using force is com- • analyze situations objectively and create an pletely justifiable and the use of a less confron- environment where influence can be effective tational strategy would place the police officer • develop verbal strategies and resolve prob- at risk of injury or death. Knowing how to in- lems on the street with flexible and alterna- terpret a situation and how a subject will react tive techniques is crucial in achieving the desired outcome. • develop greater self-confidence and self-respect In his 1983 book Verbal Judo – words as a • improve safety force option, George Thompson defines rheto- Clearly, greater emphasis needs to be placed ric as the art of selecting the best available ver- on teaching communication and problem solv- bal means of communication at any given in- ing skills as an alternative to using force. stant. He details “five elements of rhetoric” as Calgary Police Staff Sergeant Dan Mullan can be a process by which a person may gain the nec- reached at [email protected]. He acknowledges essary confidence and savvy to rely on com- several sources as background for this article.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 37 Intimate adversaries Assessing the threat in domestic violence cases - part two

likely to escalate and thus war- rant the most attention. Leav- ing decision-making entirely up to front-line officers who respond to domestic violence calls is an unscientific ap- proach that depends on a great many variables falling into place. Front-line officers rarely have a fundamental un- derstanding of domestic vio- lence and stalking dynamics, options for all involved, how best to proceed and what relevant factors go into conducting a true threat assessment. This isn’t taught at police colleges and even seasoned officers have vastly differing, and therefore very sub- jective, opinions about how to respond to domes- tic violence and stalking complaints. Gavin de Becker consulted on both the criminal and civil cases against OJ Simpson. by Heather Gray erty and to her – as his property), threatening In an excerpt from his best selling book The her (numerous times and at least once with a Gift of Fear, he illustrates how easily people’s Stalking, by its very nature, is a predatory gun), terrorizing and stalking her (repeatedly, subjective and often differing perspectives crime which reduces the victim’s status to that relentlessly, overtly as well as covertly) — puts make it hard to accurately measure the present- of a mere object in the mind of the perpetra- him squarely in the centre of the predictive cir- ing danger: tor. The same holds true in many domestic vio- cle for spousal murder. The relationship between violence and lence situations. Simpson was killing Nicole for years – she death is no longer apparent to them. One It’s important to remember that there will finally died on June 12th — Scott Gordon, woman who’d been at a shelter and then re- likely be a multitude of stalking behaviours evi- former lead district attorney and now chair of turned to her abuser gives us a good example: dent in a relationship, even before actual, overt the Los Angeles Domestic Violence Council. She called the shelter late one night to ask if violence surfaces. These are the seeds of power, she could come back. As always, the first ques- control, domination and subjugation, which de- Relational model of stated tion the counselor asked was “are you in dan- personalize the victim. As a group, spousal threats ger now?” The woman said no. Later in the stalkers are the most likely to kill. Threatening words are an extremely high call the woman added, almost as an aside, that The perpetrator focuses on complete domi- predictor in intimate relationships. We know her husband was outside the room with a gun. nation in a relationship; that and power are that actual stated threats in intimate relation- Hadn’t she just a moment earlier said she wasn’t the compelling motivators. The desires of the ships are far more likely to be acted upon than in danger? To her, if she was in the same room person they’re dominating do not enter into those issued in casual, boss/subordinate and co- with the gun or the gun was being held to her the equation. worker/co-worker relationships. These may head, {then} she would be in danger. Many domestic violence situations involve take various forms, including veiled, indirect One of the world’s leading authorities on stalking behaviours while the couple is still to- or even third party threats. predicting violent behaviour, de Becker devel- gether since, in many cases, the domination/ When dealing with adults who threaten, we oped the Mosaic system of threat assessment. ownership dynamic is formed very early in the need to be aware that this may be the only warn- Simply put, it’s a computer-assisted assessment relationship. This will often intensify and be- ing sign (pre-incident indicator) that we’ll get. method that organizes and expresses research come extremely dangerous when the victim Adults typically keep their cards close to their and expert opinion so that it can be practically leaves; the perpetrator will feel justifiably in- chests, far more than teenagers, who act out applied to individual assessments. dignant when they exercise their autonomy. similarly. Adults are far better at keeping their The system uses 48 key questions, each intentions secret and are less likely to tell oth- carefully weighted based on its value in the fi- OJ Simpson ers of their plans. They may, however, make nal equation, to calculate the value of answers The most famous (or infamous) domestic passing references in the form of one-liners or — on a scale of one to 10 — selected by the violence homicide in recent memory has to be statements that they could pass off as jokes if assessor. The assessment also receives an IQ that of Nicole Brown Simpson. OJ Simpson’s pressed about their intent. (Information Quotient) score — a value out of defence team pitched the argument that just a possible 200 — which indicates the amount because he beat Nicole doesn’t necessarily MOSAIC® threat analysis system of available information inputted into the pro- mean he killed her. Perhaps, but consider this Naturally, one of the challenges for police gram. The higher the score, the more informa- — breaking into her home (invading her space in allocating resources is determining which do- tion went into the analysis. and indicating that he felt entitled to the prop- mestic violence and stalking cases are most At each point during the assessment, Mo-

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 38 saic offers information from an extensive li- brary of research, publications, databases, case histories and training videos produced by lead- ing experts in threat assessment, behavioural sciences, criminal investigation, law enforce- ment and psychology. The system was designed to enhance the safety and well-being of victims, encourage fair and consistent assessments, discourage over-re- action to threats and highlight factors that might otherwise go unnoticed. It’s a threat analysis system that organizes details about a case and helps the assessor compare the present situation to past cases where the outcome is known.

In conclusion Our collective challenge is to correctly identify the key escalation points in domestic violence and stalking cases on their way to be- coming lethal. Developing effective protocols which can be administered early in the crimi- nal justice process channels high-risk cases to- wards proper interventions and puts us well on our way to saving precious lives. We need to focus our attention and put our efforts and resources into preventive rather than responsive and reactionary programs. Effec- tively developed and administered protocols work to reduce lethality by identifying the nu- ances of those who pose the highest risk, thus allowing for appropriate intervention.

Heather Gray can be reached at 866-988-2484 or [email protected].

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 39 Canada could become ‘Colombia of the north’ The establishment of marijuana grow op- York Superintendent Randy Horne said a erations in residential neighbourhoods by or- great deal of the marijuana grown in Canada is ganized crime groups has reached epidemic now being exported to the United States. proportions, a meeting of Ontario police chiefs “This is a huge export business for was told. Canada,” he said. “If is was a legitimate busi- Detective Mike Flynn ness it would be our third largest export.” said intelligence reports indicate there are some Statistics show US border agents seized 50,000 marijuana growing operations in homes 9,477 kilograms of marijuana last year at land across Canada, including 15,000 in Ontario and border crossings compared to 1,202 kilograms 10,000 throughout the Greater Toronto Area. in 2001 and 938 kilograms in 2000. Flynn said it’s a national problem that be- York Police Chief Armand LaBarge said the gan a decade ago in British Columbia and has marijuana being grown today is much stronger now reached Nova Scotia. than the cannabis that was available in the 1960s He said a typical grow house produces and it’s also contaminated with various types about 1,600 plants a year and generates about of pesticides and chemicals. $1.6 million. York Regional Owen Sound “Young people are digesting this into their “This is a problem that’s not going to go Police Chief Police Chief lungs,” he said. away,” Flynn said. “There’s just too much Armand LaBarge Tom Kaye Markham Mayor said mari- money to be made.” juana grow operations add $50 to the cost of Most of the grow operations set up in BC, Flynn told delegates attending the Ontario insurance for every person in Ontario and de- Saskatchewan and Ontario are operated by Association of Chiefs of Police conference crease the value of housing in a community. Asian gangs, he said, adding native gangs con- north of Toronto that there have been homi- “It has a tremendous negative impact,” trol marijuana grow operations throughout cides, home invasions and associated he said. Manitoba and outlaw biker as well as Asian with grow operations, including the theft of David Tsubouchi, chair of the management gangs operate the grow houses in Quebec. millions of dollars of electricity. board of the Ontario cabinet, told delegates a cooperative effort is needed to combat grow houses and said strategies have to be used to take the profit away from those in organized crime Feds slammed for delaying sex registry who are involved in the growing of marijuana. A national sex offenders regis- one of those people could move to Liberal Member of Parliament, Dan try that includes the names and a city in Ontario and we would not McTeague urged chiefs to contact their local photographs of anyone convicted know.” federal politicians and outline the extend of the of sexual crimes should be set up Runciman said a check of the concerns in their various communities. immediately, says , registry following the slaying of “We don’t want Canada becoming the Co- Ontario’s minister of Public Safety 10-year-old Holly Jones, which lombia of the north,” he said. and Security. received national attention, Delegates from 68 Ontario police agencies Speaking at the Ontario Asso- showed some 700 sex offenders at the conference issued an open letter sharply ciation of Chiefs of Police Confer- are currently living in Toronto. criticizing elected officials for failing to act on ence, Runciman said the federal The government gave Toronto a recent court decision that effectively has le- government has dragged its feet on Bob Runciman police $700,000 for a pilot pro- galized marijuana in Canada. establishing a national sex offend- gram to determine what impact Various chiefs, including Toronto police ers registry and the proposed legislation falls more intensive monitoring will have on these chief Julian Fantino, made public statements desperately short of what’s needed to protect individuals. that police would no longer investigate people communities. He said the sex offenders will be checked for possession of small amounts of marijuana. He said the federal government proposed on a regular basis to determine if they pose a The letter from police chiefs said the mes- a sex registry that didn’t include photographs threat to the community. If successful in re- sage created by this court decision is disturb- of the individuals or records of those currently ducing the number of sex offences, the pro- ing. “Police have been left with no legisla- in prison for sex offences, but the legislation gram may be expanded. tive authority for action as they strive to ful- wasn’t passed before Parliament recessed for Runciman said the province decided to fil their duties to serve and protect the citi- the summer. set up its own data base when the federal gov- zens of Ontario.” Ontario Premier also sharply ernment ignored a request to establish a na- They said evidence clearly indicates that criticized the federal government for adjourn- tional sex offender registry from a jury prob- organized crime is heavily involved in mari- ing Parliament without setting up a registry. ing a 1988 slaying by a pedophile. juana grow operations and there is also a de- “They will get to the issue of child pro- “I believe our government took the right gree of violence. tection after they’ve gotten over the high of approach,” he said. “We put the rights of vic- Owen Sound Police Chief Tom Kaye was decriminalizing marijuana,” he said, referring tims and law abiding citizens before the rights also concerned that simple possession of mari- to recent federal legislation that allows peo- of convicted sex offenders.” juana is no longer an offence and urged people ple to possess small amounts of pot. In his address to police chiefs, Runciman to demand politicians end the state of limbo That sentiment was echoed by Toronto Po- also criticized the federal government for police now find themselves in. lice Chief Julian Fantino, who said that “de- decriminalizing Canada’s marijuana laws, “We envision the need for more of this spite all the issues we are having and the vul- saying it’s going to create serious problems product as more people will start openly using nerability of children, the issue seems to be at the Canada-United States border, increase marijuana,” he said. “We will see more violence on the back burner.” the number of people driving while impaired and proliferation of the organized crime to try The Ontario government set up a sex reg- on drugs and encourage more people to pro- to supply the increased demand.” istry two years ago listing the names, descrip- duce marijuana. He said they also have serious concerns that tions, home addresses and photographs of “Canada has already become the number more people will be operating vehicles under 5,800 sex offenders in the province, but one supplier of high grade marijuana to the the influence of marijuana as well as equipment doesn’t have information on people convicted U.S.,” he said. at job sites. of sex crimes in other provinces. “This is not the type of activity the fed- “The mind boggles when you start to think “Think about the thousands of sex offend- eral government should be welcoming in our about people who are under the influence of ers in jail outside of Ontario,” he said. “Any communities through lax drug laws,” he said. this substance illegally in this province and the danger that is posed to people.”

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 40 AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 41 New gas masks offer full protection by Manish Gupta Targeting police, fire and ambulance personnel Canister Test Challenge and Test Breakthrough Concentrations Gas masks which meet a new isn’t new; it was seen in Concentration (ppm) safety standard will protect against Northern Ireland and, Test Breakthrough chemical, biological, radiological and more recently, the Middle Ammonia 2,500 12.5 nuclear threats. East and further shows Cyanogen Chloride 300 2 Manufacturers have traditionally the need for a true CBRN Cyclohexane 2,600 10 developed separate respirators and gas mask. Police cannot Formaldehyde 500 1 clothing for industry and the military. just change masks if a Hydrogen cyanide 940 4.71 Military products protect against chemi- threat at an emergency scene Hydrogen sulfide 1,000 5 cal and nerve warfare agents and many meet is incorrectly identified or sud- Nitrogen dioxide 200 1 ppm N0 or 25 ppm N02 the Chemical Agent Safety and Health Policy denly changes. Phosogene 250 1.25 Action Committee (CASHPAC) standard, but Gas masks are approved as either Phosphine 300 0.3 aren’t promoted to police. Industrial products short (15, 30 or 45 minutes) or long Sulphur Dioxide 1,500 5 1 are designed to protect against chemicals such duration (60, 90 or 120 minutes) de- Sum of HCN and C2N2 2 Nitrogen Dioxide breakthrough is monitored for both N0 and N0. as ammonia and chlorine but not other threats. vices; anything longer would most 2 The breakthrough is determined by which quantity, N0 or N0, reaches Terrorists are more likely to place a bomb likely be back or chest mounted be- 2 on a chlorine tanker or use easy to find indus- cause of the large amounts of carbon breakthrough first. trial chemicals, which are transported in tanker fill required. trucks everyday, than to make a Sarin bomb in Service life testing is done at both tradi- not as a SCBA substitute). a basement. You never know what they may tional (64 LPM) and high flow (100 LPM), Thirteen biological and 16 radiological use though; using a military gas mask in a ter- which could be experienced during escape. The contaminants were also identified — they’re rorist situation or an industrial mask when nerve devices are tested for a minimum of 15 min- considered particulates so a P100 particulate agents may be present doesn’t make sense. utes under hot and cold temperatures, high hu- HEPA is required. Government and industry representatives midity, vibration and dropping in tests designed Permeation and penetration testing is done met at NIOSH (National Institute for Occupa- to simulate the real world conditions that gas by exposing the gas mask/canister assembly to tional Safety and Health) in 1999 to bridge this masks are used and stored in. 50 mg/m3 of sulphur mustard, a very invasive disconnect. The new standard, issued in March, More than 150 of the many chemicals trans- chemical, for six hours. In the seventh hour, .43 addresses both military and industrial scenarios ported and used in industry today were identi- to .86 ml of liquid sulphur mustard droplets are and is a true Chemical Biological Radiological fied as TIMs (toxic industrial materials). These placed in the face piece to simulate splash and Nuclear (CBRN) gas mask. were broken down into their categories and the test is continued for two more hours. NIOSH created NPPTL (National Personal families to come up with a list of ten TRGs Another test exposes the gas mask/canis- Protective Technology Laboratory), a new body (test representative gases). The sense was that ter assembly to 210 mg of Sarin, a very pen- which works with the Edgewood Arsenal (near if you can pick the most difficult gas within a etrating chemical that will find even the small- Baltimore), to certify respirators to the new family, you can protect against the others. est opening, for eight hours. standard, which defines two environments: The test levels are extremely high. Ammo- Experience has shown Hycar rubber or butyl • Warm zone: activities done at a distance, in- nia has an IDLH (immediately dangerous to life will likely pass these very aggressive tests but cluding support, decontamination, rescue, and health) of 300 ppm, a level which tradi- materials like silicone will require a ‘second and/or recovery, after levels have stabilized. tionally required a SCBA (self-contained skin,’ such as a hood, to protect the face piece. • Crisis provision (hot zone): short duration use breathing apparatus). Gas masks meeting the Meeting the new standard’s more stringent and high physical demand; included because new standard can be used for 15 minutes at more requirements requires a much larger canister terrorists could use a secondary device which than eight times the IDLH (while CBRN masks — up to five inches and 500 grams. wouldn’t be activated until first responders ar- are tested to extremely high contamination lev- A normal industrial gas mask has a fit fac- rive at the scene. els, they’re intended for crisis situations and tor, now referred to as laboratory respirator pro- tection level (LRPL), of 50 and most agencies require a minimum level of 500 for their tests. The CBRN standard requires a LRPL of 2000, giving users an extremely good seal, and a field of view of not less than 90 per cent, using an American Medical Association test method. The new standard also governs interoperability. Many manufacturers donated equipment to New York City for the clean up at Ground Zero. Since each company uses dif- ferent connectors, rescuers ran into problems trying to match up cartridges and respirators. All CBRN masks must use 40mm canister threads so if you’re using a MSA Millennium gas mask in an emergency situation, for exam- ple, and can only find another manufacturers CBRN canister, it will fit and provide protec- tion. Note that mixing and matching isn’t ad- vised during regular use and manufacturers only test masks with their own canister brand. The new standard was issued March 7 and NIOSH began accepting manufacturer applica- tions March 24 so the first CBRN approved gas masks should begin hitting the market this month.

Manish Gupta, CRSP, CSP, is Northern North American Product Sales Manager with MSA Canada.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 42 Sniffers detect tiny amounts of drugs

There are a number of products on analyze either particle or vapour samples. the market that will detect marijuana The company says it operates without a ra- and other drugs in minute quantities. dioactive source, eliminating operator, en- When narcotics or explosives are vironmental and regulatory concerns. The handled, they leave microscopic par- 2000 uses samples taken using a cotton glove, ticles behind on the hands and clothes. which are inserted into a sampling port. Results Anyone who touches these surfaces are are indicated on an LCD display and audio alarm highly susceptible to being contaminated and by a volume-adjustable audio alarm, mak- with these particles. Steering wheels, door han- ing detection a simple one-step process. dles, suitcase latches, even pocket change may Other products include DrugWipe, which all harbour microscopic traces which could in- can pick up invisible traces of drugs on skin dicate their presence. around the openings of suspect closed compart- and almost any other surface and can detect as Narcotics and explosives, by their nature, ments, containers or packages. It identifies the little as 2.5 to 10 nanograms of a drug (one na- also give off minute amounts of vapour that substance and its relative alarm strength; some nogram is one-billionth of a gram) and drug contain traces of the substance. When they’re models shows both visual and audible indica- detection field test kits. packaged for handling or transportation, these tions and can store and print the analysis for Mistral says the “on the spot” reaction of vapours may be trapped in the packaging, and use in court. its field kits ensure a convenient, fast and effi- can build up to detectable levels. If hidden in GE’s handheld ‘VaporTracer’ weighs just cient testing process without glass ampoules, trunk of a car, they can give off enough vapour seven pounds but detects all common narcotics spatulas or a waiting period, since results ap- to be detected from the outside of the car, even and explosives, including heroin, cocaine, RDX, pear in seconds. It says no special training is without opening the trunk. PETN, TNT and dynamite. It has a 90-minute required and its product is non-toxic, non-car- Trace detection technology uses the tiny fast recharge battery, with the six-hour battery cinogenic and environmentally friendly. amounts of vapours given off and the micro- pack as an option, automatic calibration, self- NIK Public Safety claims its Narcotics scopic particles left behind when narcotics and diagnostics. The company claims it’s the most Identification Kit is the only international stand- explosives contraband are packaged and handled. sensitive portable vapour detection system avail- ard for field testing suspicious substances and The analyzer technology is quite sophisti- able and has the latest technology available. the only field test that has been awarded the cated but simple to use, fast, accurate and sen- Scintrex Trace Corp. claims its Sabre 2000 ISO 9002 certification. The company says its sitive. One model can detect quantities as small is the only hand held instrument independently kits use state-of-the-art wet chemistry and pre- as a billionth of a gram — the equivalent of capable of detecting and identifying more than sumptively identifies the most commonly en- dissolving a single packet of sugar in 100 Ol- 40 explosive, chemical agent and narcotic sub- countered narcotic and street drugs. ympic-size swimming pools. stances. It weights under 5.8 pounds and includes The analyzer is used to “sniff” the air a battery with over 90 minutes of power and can For more information go to BlueLinks at www.blueline.ca.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 43 Books give comprehensive look at terrorism beyond our borders Title: Preparing for Terrorism: An Emergency for potential terror- Guide ists. This book pro- Author: George Buck vides a very com- Publisher: Delmar Thomson Learning plete description and outline of the Title: Preparing for Biological Terrorism nature of terrorism. Author: George Buck In Biological Publisher: Delmar Thomson Learning Terrorism, Buck first outlines the se- Reviewed by Andrew Rennox verity of the threat Since 9-11, there’s been a growing public and then very and governmental concern about terrorism, a briefly looks at the subject author George Buck tackles in two very chemicals used by thorough books, Preparing for Terrorism: An biological terrorists, Emergency Services Guide and Preparing for such as the sarin gas Biological Terrorism. released in the To- Editing is the key to success when writing kyo subway attack. The author also describes, in Biological Terrorism, which makes them very books on such a wide ranging topic. The au- in depth, the psychological nature of terrorists easy to understand and follow. I also found the thor must decide what is important and what and suggests models for dealing with biological glossary very helpful because of the scientific requires only brief discussion. This is where attacks and epidemics. Although the books de- nature of the topic and my limited knowledge Buck’s books succeed. Although both cover scribe methods used in the US, they can be used of the subject. related topics, there’s very little overlap; you by any nation wanting to build a terrorism re- A long series of appendices follow at the could read both cover to cover and not feel sponse system. end of the book, which again include great de- you’d read the same thing twice. These books have one similarity — a sim- tail and also a look at Israel’s fixed hospital In Preparing for Terrorism, Buck describes ple and practical layout which makes it easy to decontamination system. several past attacks, including the Oklahoma City quickly find specific topics without having to Both books succeed in format and content bombing and the first attack on the World Trade wade through a lot of pages. Both succeed as and everyone, regardless of their education or Center. He underlines the threat posed by do- reference books because of their format and the previous knowledge of the topic, can learn from mestic terrorism, which has receives less atten- brevity of the author. Buck uses simple images them because of their broad coverage of the topic tion post 9-11, when the focus shifted to looking to help explain the sometimes complex models and their comprehensive look at terrorism.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 44 Criminals know the best place to hide a vehicle’s history Alberta is one of the easiest places in North places to hide a vehicle’s past. the VIN off a vehicle in one jurisdiction and America for criminals to hide the history of au- Alberta privatized its vehicle registries in use it to register a stolen vehicle that is the same tomobiles, say police and auto industry officials. 1993-94 and there are now 223 offices in the make and model in another jurisdiction. They claim criminals are using flaws in Al- province. The anti-theft committee says staff Manitoba and Saskatchewan now have pro- berta’s privatized vehicle registry offices to in those offices must be required to make a grams to help motorists install anti-theft devices sanitize auto registrations, removing past his- visual inspection of vehicles being registered in their vehicles, while British Columbia has tories of theft, mileage and collisions. The Al- and to confirm that the VIN on the vehicle’s established an integrated police unit to investi- berta Auto Theft Prevention Committee, a coa- dash matches the vehicle’s make and model. gate auto thefts on the Lower Mainland. lition of police and industry officials, says Al- They also want to see mandatory reporting Cst. Enzo Nadalin of B.C.’s integrated mu- berta is “the destination province” for those who of odometer readings when vehicles are regis- nicipal-provincial auto crime team said the unit traffic in stolen autos and vehicles with false tered. Edwards, the IBC investigator, said tight- was created in 1998 because of a 100 per cent vehicle identification numbers and rolled-back ening registration procedures and enhancing increase in auto thefts over the last decade. odometers. The committee has called for an links with other jurisdictions could also help “I am a little embarrassed about the rate. improvement of regulations. crack down on the cloning of vehicle identifi- We’ve let it get out of control,” Nadalin was More than 170,000 vehicles were stolen in cation numbers. He said some criminals record quoted as saying. Canada in 2001 - a per capita rate that is 26 per cent higher than in the United States, accord- ing to Statistics Canada. Edmonton and Calgary were among the top 10 worst cities for car thefts, based on thefts per 100,000 people. Toronto wasn’t even on the list. Whattam, who heads the RCMP’s north- ern Alberta auto theft unit, said 30 to 40 vehi- cles are stolen daily in the province, costing Albertans about $60 million a year. Hugh MacDonald, a member of the Oppo- sition Liberals, said the province has known about problems with the private registries for at least two years but has been slow to act. Pro- vincial officials said they are taking the con- cerns of the committee seriously, but they re- ject the claim that Alberta is one of the easiest Jury gives verdict in Crown Vic lawsuit

A jury in New Jersey has handed down a $1.9 million (US) verdict against Ford Mo- tor Company. The verdict came for a police officer’s widow in July who blames his crash and death on a defect in his Crown Victoria cruiser. Officer Vincent Brock was respond- ing to a false report of gunshots at a restau- rant when his car struck a utility pole in November 1993. Brock’s wife, Diane, sued Ford, saying that the car had a defect that made it hard to steer through turns at higher speeds. She said the company knew about the problem and didn’t do anything to fix it. Kathleen Vokes, a Ford spokeswoman, said the com- pany hadn’t decided whether it would ap- peal yesterday’s verdict. Kathleen Vokes, a Ford spokesperson, said the company offers its condolences to Brock’s family, but added that the accident was caused by driver error. As of mid-July, Ford had not yet decided whether it would appeal the verdict. Crown Victorias are used by many police services in the US and Canada.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 45 Toronto gets funding A man who escaped from the same jail James Barton Chase of St. George was twice within a month will be spending more found guilty in June for failing to open his in- for 251 officers time in prison. vestment-business books for Canada Customs Joseph Hill, 36, broke out of jail for the and Revenue agents. His defence hinged on the The Ontario government gave first time on Sept. 10, 2002, when he used a interpretation of the word “person” in the In- a cheque for nearly $5 mil- hacksaw to cut a padlock on a window, then come Tax Act. Barton was represented by David lion in July to the Toronto climb up to the roof of the nearby Walkerton Lindsay, a BC man crusading to eliminate in- Police Service. jail and go over a 6.5-metre wall. come tax. Bob Runciman, the Police arrested him at a friend’s place Lindsay told a Saint John court that Chase province’s minister of public safety and security, gave the shortly after. A month later he used it to cut wasn’t a person — but rather “a fully liable, flesh-and-blood man.” He said a “person” was money to Toronto police Chief Julian Fantino, through bars on a security window, another steel along with the keys to a maximum-security bar and then climbed a wire mesh fence. He a fictitious entity created by law. The judge said the argument violates com- bus for the transportation of prisoners. and two others who escaped with him covered The money includes $3.1 million for mon sense, and ordered the trial to proceed. the razor wire on the top of the wall with blan- 251 new police officers. kets and jumped to the ground below. Chase was found guilty and fined three-thou- “This money guarantees more commu- sand dollars. However, Hill wasn’t so lucky, he broke nity patrols, better traffic enforcement, both his ankles. He then hobbled a few blocks *** stronger drug and street crime enforcement to a nearby church where police found him a Coquitlam RCMP got a surprise in June and more school outreach programs,” few hours later in agony. Hill, who pleaded when they searched a 19-year-old prisoner who Runciman was quoted as saying. guilty to 14 charges including break and enter, had been arrested on an outstanding warrant. Fantino said the money will have an im- The man was searched before being put into a pact on the front lines, where both new offic- theft, and escaping custody, was sentenced to ers and new equipment are needed. He added cell, but he was searched again when officers seven months in prison, in addition to the time that the funding will allow the service to uti- he served waiting for trial. He was also sen- learned he had a history of violence. lize personnel in a more efficient manner. tenced to 18 months of probation and is pro- A body search was then made which re- A promise for a new police helicopter hibited from possessing all weapons and fire- vealed a small calibre unloaded handgun and was repeated by Runciman, but Fantino said arms for 10 years. He must also submit a sam- three bullets hidden in the man’s underwear. private-sector money is still being sought ple of his DNA. He now faces weapons offences in addition to to fully fund the program. charges from the earlier incident. A day earlier, “I’m holding a minister to his word and *** Cameron Ward filed a class action law- obviously he’s well in tune with that,” A judge wasn’t buying a New Brunswick suit against the Vancouver police, claiming rou- Fantino was quoted as saying. “It’ll be com- man’s argument that he can’t be prosecuted for tine strip searches in jail violate the Charter of ing - it’s just a matter of time.” tax crimes because he’s not a “person.” Rights and Freedoms.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 46 Crisis Communications 101: Part II PEP and CAP principles by Judy Pal Any police officer worth their badge knows how to take control of a situation gone bad — the traf- fic stop that turns violent or the do- mestic that becomes an armed standoff — but what does your de- partment tell the public when something goes wrong? Perhaps officers conduct a massive drug raid — on the wrong house, or a constable shoots a young person thought to be carry- ing a loaded handgun — which turns out to be a toy. The anthrax hoaxes that cident could have happened. Then, you will spiralled out of control after 9/11 or a police address the issue of action the department will officer charged with sexual harassment are other take (shooting team investigation, etc.) and fi- examples. Now is not the time to shut out the nally, you have an opportunity to convey an im- media or the public; instead, employ two very portant message about the scope of the situa- simple principles of crisis communications – tion (perspective) and craft some strong mes- PEP and CAP. sages about the tragic hazard these toys present. When a crisis involves harm, people’s feel- Many departments faced the third scenario ings and emotions overpower fact. In most about a year ago. The public and media were in cases, that feeling is fear. What you say in the a frenzy during the anthrax scares after 9/11. first few hours, or even minutes, sets the course Although frustrating for emergency services for how you and your department will be per- personnel, it was important to deal with the ceived during the entire incident. Remember, public’s fear. Concern for the safety of citizens the public is looking to its police for guidance, was number one, evacuating areas and testing reassurance and leadership. You are the higher substances came secondary (action) and finally, authority they seek direction from. putting the incidents into perspective helped That being said, when developing your allay those fears. Sometimes humour works messages to the media (and in turn the public), here. One police PIO was quoted as saying keep PEP (people, environment and property) “we’re not going to send the HAZ-MAT team in mind. There’s a popular crisis communica- out every time someone drops a Timbit on the tions chart that shows basic overall community sidewalk.” It put people’s fears into perspec- priorities. It starts with personal health and tive and gave the media a bit of a wake-up call safety and ends with economic considerations. in an effort to stop the self-perpetuating fear Conversely, corporate priorities often be- factor that was developing. gin with economic considerations and end with In our last scenario, where an officer is health and safety. When crafting your message, criminally charged, you must remember that make sure the first thing out of your PIO’s (pub- police are held to a higher degree of account- lic information officer) mouth is the concern ability than the rest of the public; your depart- your department has for the safety and security ment’s honest and heart-felt messages of con- of the people involved. The second message cern must be first and foremost. You must tell can focus on environmental issues; property or the public what action can and will be taken to economic concerns should be last. address the situation and then carefully put That goes hand-in-hand with the second things in perspective. This scenario is not for principle, CAP (concern, action and perspec- the faint of heart, nor can it be justly dealt with tive). It’s been proven that if you show genuine in one paragraph. concern off the top, people will be more apt to Using CAP and PEP can help you build the listen to the rest of your messages. This is ex- foundation for messages your department will tremely important in a crisis situation. have to convey to the public during a crisis. A For example, in our ‘oops, wrong house on good crisis communications program will help the drug raid’ scenario, start by showing empa- maximize the community’s perception of safety thy for the people whose house was raided (con- and security — and minimize damage to your cern), explain how it happened and what ac- organization’s reputation. Are you prepared? tions will be taken to ensure it doesn’t happen again (action) and finally, explain how the situ- Next month: An action guide for crisis ation will be rectified for the victims and pro- communicators and what to say if you or your vide stats on how many raids are done safely organization caused the crisis! without incident (perspective). By keeping CAP in mind in the shooting Judy Pal managed communications for Halifax Regional of the youngster with the toy handgun, you Police for five years. She is a respected public affairs practitioner and an energetic, insightful lecturer and media know the first thing to convey is the depart- trainer. Contact: [email protected] or (902) 483-3055. ment’s concern for the victim and how this in-

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 47

EDMONTON — An Edmonton transit secu- stashed in a locker. ing in risky behaviours such as staying out all rity officer outfoxed an armed man seen board- The guards called police, who seized the night without permission, taking money from ing a transit train in May. drugs. One of the police officers testified that parents and damaging others’ property,” the “One of our bus operators called in to say it didn’t even cross his mind that they would agency reported. he thought someone going into the station had need a search warrant. The Manitoba Court of “Some teens are predisposed to risk-taking a gun,” Ken Koropeski of Edmonton Transit Appeal had ruled that there had been no Char- behaviours that have nothing to do with smok- was quoted as saying. “The man ran up the stairs ter violation because security guards initially ing marijuana and that (drugs) are just coinci- and boarded a train. One of our transit security opened the locker, and that when the drugs were dental to what they are doing.” officers also boarded the train and started what eventually turned over to police it was a trans- seemed to passengers to be a routine proof-of- fer and not a search and seizure. However, the The survey said that “among 16 and 17 year- payment check.” Supreme Court differed. olds who reported staying out all night without When the security officer came to the man “I see no basis for holding that a person’s permission, 72 per cent reported that they had suspected of having the gun, it was discovered reasonable expectation of privacy as to the con- tried smoking marijuana, while the remaining he had no ticket. The man was asked to get off tents of a rented and locked bus depot locker is 28 per cent reported that they had not.” the train at Stadium Station. destroyed merely because a private individual For 16 and 17 year-olds who reported that Koropeski said the officer kept the suspect such as a security guard invades that privacy they had taken money from their parents, 64 talking for seven minutes about the failure to by investigating the contents of the locker,” per cent said they smoked marijuana, “and for produce proof of payment. Edmonton police wrote Madam Justice Louise Arbour. those who reported that they had damaged oth- then arrived at the station and the man was ar- *** ers’ property, 69 per cent reported that they had rested. A search of the suspect found a Colt .45. smoked marijuana.” Charges are pending against a 19-year-old man. PHILADELPHIA — Scientists are develop- ing some new high-tech gear in an attempt to Forty-four per cent of all teens questioned Koropeski praised the unnamed officer for his said they had smoked marijuana in the 12 cool handling of the situation. catch liars in the act. A headband uses near- infrared light to see blood-flow changes in the months prior to the survey. The survey found *** brain. Detectors also use magnetic resonance that some risky behaviours such as stealing TORONTO — Toronto is the parking ticket imaging to take split-second pictures. The re- money from parents and staying out all night capital of Canada. A city official says nearly search focuses on the brain’s prefrontal cortex without permission increased with age. For three million traffic tickets were issued last — the place where people make decisions and example nine per cent of those aged 12 and 13 year. Anthony Fabrizi, the manager of parking where lies originate. in 1996/97 reported staying out all night com- tag operations, says that puts Toronto in the top People wearing the headband are told to pared with 27 per cent of the youth in 2000/01 five for North America. Fabrizi says only New answer some questions truthfully and others now aged 16 and 17. York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta are deceptively. The moment the person makes the The survey also found that symptoms of ahead of Toronto. The tickets amount to about decision to lie, a milliseconds-long burst of depression, anxiety and distress among adoles- 75 dollars. Fabrizi says the city has a collec- blood is read by sensors and shows up as spikes cents increased as they grew older from 1996- tion rate of more than 80 per cent. on a laptop computer. Scientists hope this tech- nology may change that. They also hope to 97 to 2000-01. *** someday be able to use the technology secretly. “In 1996-97, nine per cent of youth aged WINNIPEG - The Supreme Court of Canada Researchers admit it could take several decades 12 and 13 reported having symptoms of depres- has ruled that police showed a “blatant disre- to get it right. sion. By 2000-01, when these same young peo- gard” for Charter rights when they searched a ple were aged 16 and 17, the proportion who bus locker for drugs without a warrant. Legal *** reported having symptoms of depression had experts say the case is significant because it TORONTO — Some teens engage in risky be- more than doubled to 24 per cent.” helps clarify what kind of expectations people haviour as they grow older and sometimes this However, 95 per cent of people aged 16 can have when it comes to privacy. “is associated with marijuana smoking,” Sta- In a unanimous decision, the high court tistics Canada said in a report released in June. and 17 said they were healthy and optimistic acquitted Mervyn Buhay in June who was The agency also found that the majority of about their future. When asked about their aca- charged in 1998 with possession for the pur- teens surveyed said they’re healthy and opti- demic aspirations, 88 per cent of 16 and 17 year- pose of trafficking after marijuana was found mistic about their futures. Among 16 and 17 olds reported that they expected to go beyond in the central bus depot in Winnipeg. Buhay year-olds surveyed in 2000-2001, “the inci- a secondary or high school graduation, and was arrested after security guards at the Winni- dence of marijuana use was 1.8 to 2.6 times more than half said they wished to obtain a peg bus depot suspected that drugs were being higher among youth who reported participat- university degree.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 49 The predatory script The lures predators use to seduce children and parents by Jeff Lancaster trust him. After securing their confi- Sartorini also told the Simpsons that he dence, he asked if he could take thought Katie ‘had what it took’ to become a The majority of child predators develop Jessica to the local watering hole professional child model. While in the bedroom, relationships with their victims. Realistically, with him, suggesting that “if he took a large number of sexually explicit chances are that if anyone is going to harm a she’s anything like my photographs and, when he returned, invited child, they are already active in their life. daughter, she’ll love the the family to his studios in the It’s critical to understand that many preda- water. I promise to take country to further discuss tors will first seduce the parent before they good care of her.” Katie’s potential as a manipulate their child victims. Once you know The groundwork child model. Over the their behaviours, techniques and language they paid off. That afternoon, next two years, he sexu- typically use, you’ll be better prepared to iden- the 42-year-old father of ally abused her in the tify and respond to potential predators. Child four sexually abused privacy of his own stu- predators often use what I refer to as scripting Jessica at the waterhole, less dio, often while her par- behaviour when attempting to seduce parents. than one mile from the farm. ents were sitting in the Knowing the script allows you to identify it and very next room. respond to it earlier in the victimization cycle. Charm Niceness is not a personal- Refusing no Synergy ity trait; it’s a strategy of social Any time a person This behaviour refers to the use of a interaction and a traditional refuses to hear the word shared experience or some other connecting predator scripting technique. This “no” they are attempting device to create a level of trust between approach involves using unsolic- to control you. No should predator and parents. ited friendliness, pleasantry or never be negotiated. It is a John Majors was a 42-year-old farmhand charm. The key word here is unso- complete sentence and should who worked for the Leighton family. The licited. This approach is often called never have to be justified or ex- Leighton’s had a six-year-old daughter, Jessica, the ‘sales script’ because it brings plained. Once you choose to say who spent a lot of her time wandering around to mind images of the traditional no, commit yourself to it; any- the property while her parents were both busy smiling salesman. These guys are thing less is devaluing your with the daily operations of their farm. nice for a reason: they want some- commitment and surrendering Majors had a wife and four young children thing you have. your control. and had worked for the family for six months. John Sartorini was a 37-year-old profes- Joe Stefano was enjoying his first season They knew him as a reliable worker, someone sional photographer hired to take pictures of playing soccer even though, at 10 years of age, who always got the job done and never com- Katie Simpson’s 10th birthday party. During the he was two years younger than most of the other plained but Majors was busy working on other party, he told her parents that he would like to boys and was often a little overwhelmed by the things besides maintaining farm equipment and take some private shots for the family album speed of the game. Still, his coach thought he caring for livestock. The career predator was and wondered if he could take them in the had the makings of a good player. Joe’s parents, busy preparing to secure his next victim. Simpson’s main bedroom, as it had a certain Marty and Felicia, were initially surprised when “Jessica reminds me so much of my young- ambience that would enhance the quality of the coach Terry Spanoff told them he was interested est daughter.” “She’s got that same spark as my photos. He told them children tend to be more in taking their son to an advanced training camp youngest.” “My daughter loves baseball as responsive when their parents aren’t around, for the weekend. Marty and Felicia confessed to well.” but not to worry because he was only going to not seeing the same potential, but thought the This synthetic synergy, applied over a pe- be in the next room so if Katie felt uncomfort- 37-year-old soccer coach must have known what riod of time, helped Majors get the family to able, she could just return to the party. he was talking about. While they were thrilled for their son and thought that the opportunity may never come again, they had to say no because of financial difficulties. Spanoff persisted. He offered to pay the fees and again declared that the boy had immense talent and it would be a waste for him not to attend. Again the family declined the gen- erous offer and again Spanoff persisted. Again they turned him down. Marty and Felicia Stefano declined through lack of money, concerns about their son being away from home for the first time, and even questions about chaperones. At each point, Spanoff refused to hear no, and he had a solution to every concern. Joe Stefano eventually went away for the weekend with Spanoff. There was no soccer camp. Instead, Joe spent a weekend with the 37- year-old child predator in a cabin, 45 miles from his parent’s home, where he was sexually abused.

Information overload In this scripting technique, the predator typically tells you way too much information about themselves or some situation. Much like the sales script, these guys can often seem too good to be true. And just a word of warning, anytime you think that someone is too good to

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 50 be true, chances are you’re right. It’s commonly how others think about them. Everyone wants the Smiths didn’t know was Pete was hoping an intuitive response. Remember to place faith to be liked. Generally, when someone does they’d think exactly that. He wanted them to in your positive safety patterns. something for us, we feel obligated to do some- feel obligated, indebted to him. Sue-Ellen Jameson had just picked up her thing in return. This isn’t necessarily because When the Smith’s regular babysitter gradu- first full time job since the birth of her son, we operate on some social ledger, but because, ated from high school and moved interstate to Jeremy, five years earlier. Since Jeremy’s fa- at a particular level, we don’t want the other attend college, Pete was there to volunteer his ther left her the previous year, Sue-Ellen had person to feel as though we are neglecting the services. He seemed so enthusiastic, so willing been working hard at getting her life back to- relationship, forcing them (perception is a pow- to help. He even reminded the Smiths of every- gether and providing some form of normalcy erful thing) to think less of us. Predators prey thing he’d done for them in the past and how for her young family. When she advertised for on these behaviours. he’d never asked for anything in return. He said a nanny, the last thing she expected was that a The kids called him Uncle Buck because he his payment would be spending time with their man would apply for the job. looked like the character from the movie of the six-year-old twins. John Backgold was 28, single and lived with same name. Even parents like Jack and Emma Later, after several months of abuse, Jack his mother in a neighbouring town. He was Smith called him Buck, though his real name Smith said he felt ‘obligated’ to allow Pete to friendly enough when he arrived at Sue-Ellen’s though was Pete. He worked in the neighbour- care for their kids. Sadly, it’s a relatively com- home for the initial interview, and even though hood doing odd jobs for families, mowing lawns, mon theme. Predators of all types use this tech- she swore she’d never have a male nanny, she repairing busted washing machines, fixing drain- nique to get what they want from their victims, found herself liking Backgold. Besides, he was pipes, and even helping with the groceries. whether those victims are children, girlfriends, very determined to get the job and he seemed com- Pete had done a lot of work for the Smith fortable telling her everything about himself. colleagues or abused wives. family, often without asking for any form of We decide how we feel about any situa- That was the problem. Backgold did tell Sue- payment. He always seemed to be there for them Ellen everything; everything that was needed to tion. We choose the emotional response and when they needed something done. Emma of- sell himself — and he was determined. “I’ve been the subsequent behaviour. It is not decided ten referred to him as the family’s guardian working with kids all my life. I love kids, and for us. Typically, when you allow someone kids love me. There’s nothing I wouldn’t do for a angel, though Jack wasn’t so sure. else to dictate how you feel, you’re surren- child. They’re God’s special gift.” Each time the 32-year-old handyman did dering more than control; you’re handing The hard sell worked. Despite her initial something for the Smiths, he would refuse over something that the controller wants, in concerns, Sue-Ellen hired Backgold to care for payment, saying ‘that’s what friends are for” this case children. her son. Over the next six months, the 28-year- or “a young family needs all the help it can old who ‘loved kids’ proved just how prophetic get to get by.” After several months, the Jeff Lancaster is a former decorated Australian police Smiths began to feel obligated to Pete. He’d officer who now operates a threat management business his claims were. in California and is an internationally published writer and refused any payment, from money to meals, author. This article is from his forthcoming book, Smart Promises that they’d offered him; once, when they felt Parents, Safe Kids: Protecting Children from Predators, The scripting mechanism involves a per- really bad, as though they were taking ad- published by Parenting Press. He’s also the author of The vantage of Pete, they declined his offers of Art of Seduction: Interview and Interrogation Techniques son promising to do something to convince to Solve Any Crime and Desperate Dialogue: another that they’re genuine or have honest and assistance. That only appeared to make Pete Understanding Threats, Intimidation, and Violence. sincere intentions. An openly communicated, seem rejected and even feel unwanted. What unsolicited promise to do something is typically a plea, a desperate attempt to secure belief. Most people allow their actions to speak about who they are and whether their intentions are sin- cere. Our character is the result of our conduct, rarely our communications. Remember how Spanoff, the soccer coach, persisted until the parents eventually caved in and allowed their son to go on what they thought was a camp for talented youth soccer players? Another of the devices he applied was the use of promises. “I promise Joe will be in good hands.” “I promise I won’t let him out of my sight, not even for a minute.” Remember, when someone offers an unso- licited promise, particularly late in a conversa- tion, they are typically displaying signs of des- peration. You need to ask yourself, why is this person so desperate to have this? What do they find so valuable in this thing that you have con- trol over? In this case, the answer speaks for itself. In simple terms, identify the commodity, estimate the value and assess their need.

Tainted obligation This strategy involves the predator helping you in some way so that you will be in emo- tional debt to them. This behaviour generally results in convoluted reciprocal rights, with parents feeling obligated to do something in return at some time in the future. While no one would knowingly hand over the custody of their child to a predator, most people aren’t thinking in terms of predatory behaviour in response to this approach, but are concerned about their own social value. To make that a little clearer, most people care about

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 51 Cause of impairment focus of marijuana case by Mark Reesor all well and good, but the real issue was whether all that smoking was impairing his ability to drive. There can never be a marijuana driving law Robert Langille, a toxicologist with the equivalent to the ‘over 80’ law for alcohol, ex- Centre of Forensic Sciences in Toronto, testi- perts say, because a blood test doesn’t show if fied that studies have shown marijuana can the active ingredient — THC — is impairing a impair driving ability, though not as markedly person’s ability to drive. as alcohol. Typical effects include reduced alert- “What affects driving is what’s in the brain, ness, slower, less accurate reactions to emer- not in the blood,” according to University of To- gency situations and a greater tendency to ronto pharmacology professor Dr. Harold Kalant, weave from side to side. who was quoted in a Canadian Lawyer article. Reimer countered by citing studies show- Brain and blood levels match with alcohol ing drivers who have smoked marijuana are but with marijuana, they’re the same for the marginally safer since they’re less aggressive, first 10 minutes after smoking but aren’t in take less risks and tend to leave more space synch for the next hour or two. between them and the car ahead. Furthermore, A possible solution, says Kalant, would be he said users tend to overestimate their high to pass a law saying that if THC is present in a and underestimate their driving ability, mak- driver’s saliva, he or she has smoked recently ing them less likely to drive. He also called enough to be in the period of peak effect — witnesses who testified that marijuana didn’t THC stays in saliva about 30 minutes to an hour affect his driving ability. after marijuana is smoked. This, along with Crown Attorney Malcolm Lindsay told the physical signs of impairment, could be enough court that there must be an objective test and it grounds for conviction. A saliva test can’t be wasn’t up to Reimer to determine whether he done at the roadside though — a sample has to was impaired. The officer noted physical signs be sent to a lab. suggesting impairment and the fact that Reimer Marijuana appears to be a risk factor. Re- sulted with a superior and made a counter pro- talked himself into being charged was another cent studies of drivers involved in car accidents posal — if Reimer let his girlfriend drive, he’d indicator, Lindsay argued. show that a significant percentage — higher forget the whole incident. That made Reimer Ontario Court Regional Justice Bruce than would exist in the population at large — indignant; unless the police laid a charge, they MacPhee began his verdict by noting that, al- had THC but not alcohol in their blood. couldn’t dictate who could drive — and fur- though marijuana presents many complex legal The question of whether there’s an objec- ther argued that he smokes so much pot that he issues, the question in this case was straightfor- tive test to determine whether a driver is im- had built up a tolerance to it and therefore ward — was Reimer impaired when charged? paired was the central issue in the case of Rick couldn’t be impaired by it. While accepting the Crown toxicologist’s con- Reimer, a retired Ontario lawyer acquitted early “Charge me now,” he reportedly thundered clusion that marijuana can impair, he ruled that this year of an impaired driving charge. to the officer, who complied. there was reasonable doubt whether it was, as Reimer’s case, also recounted in Canadian Reimer, a self-declared “anti-prohibition the defendant argued, his disease or the drug that Lawyer, was unusual in that he has a medical activist,” not only defended himself but acted caused his slow speech, unsteady gait and bal- exemption from entitling him as his own expert witness at trial in the small ance problems. Reimer was acquitted. to smoke marijuana to ease the symptoms of Ontario town of Killaloe, a couple of hours west The victory may yet turn out to be a hol- multiple sclerosis. He was stopped in Febru- of Ottawa. He claimed to have extensively re- low one for Reimer though. MacPhee found as ary, 2002 by an OPP officer who said he no- searched marijuana and its effect on drivers. fact that marijuana can impair and acknowl- ticed the Jeep he was driving strayed over into He walked in from every recess reeking of edged that there were signs Reimer was im- the oncoming lane several times. pot and presented a novel argument to the court, paired — but since it wasn’t clear whether that Reimer stopped, emerged from his vehicle telling the judge that he was under the influ- was due to his disease or a drug (the Criminal in a cloud of smoke and headed toward the ence of marijuana to the same extent as when Code forbids operation of a motor vehicle while cruiser, making no effort to hide the joint he pulled over. If he could smoke and still present “impaired by alcohol or a drug”), it wasn’t nec- was holding, and told the constable he was in a a solid legal defence in court, then surely he essary to make a formal finding. hurry and didn’t want to be charged that day. was also capable of driving a car, he argued. The OPP also wrote a letter to the Ministry He proposed that the officer instead pull him Reimer also pointed out that pot didn’t stop of Transportation asking it to review his license. over the next day, since he continually smoked him from conducting a local radio show, during Since people “too ill to drive” can have their pot from morning to night. which he was required to operate all manner of licenses revoked under the Highway Traffic Act, The constable, who said Reimer’s speech broadcast equipment, or from operating a four Reimer was ordered to visit his doctor to have was slow, gait unsteady and balance off, con- wheel snow blower or a radial arm saw. That was his driving ability assessed.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 52 Federal bill would change drug enforcement by Kathryn Lymburner Two special parliamentary committees re- appropriately resourced national drug strategy leased reports last year on illegal drugs. A Sen- framework which includes prevention, educa- New federal marijuana legislation allows ate committee called on the government to tion, research, rehabilitation and enforcement.” alternative penalties for possessing small adopt an integrated policy addressing the harm- The Ontario Association of Chiefs of Po- amounts of cannabis and tougher sentences ful effects of drug use and a Commons com- lice (OACP) also criticized the government. designed to target large grow operations. mittee urged a renewed federal drug strategy “At a time when the combined efforts of Possession and production will remain il- and decriminalizing possession of small all levels of government are focused on creat- legal under C-38 (Cannabis Reform Bill), which amounts of marijuana. ing healthier lifestyles, preventing smoking, received its first reading May 27, but the ap- The Canadian Association of Chiefs of Po- getting people off drugs, and prolonging life,” proach to enforcement will change: lice (CACP) opposes the move to decriminalize the OACP statement said, “we are shocked that • police will have the discretion to ticket or is- marijuana, stating “it is our position that pos- law enforcement and the citizens of Ontario sue a summons to those possessing more than session, cultivation and trafficking must remain have been left in a state of confusion, uncer- 15 but less than 30 grams offences as defined under the Controlled Drugs tainty and danger over the laws relating to the • there will be more alternative penalties when and Substances Act. We support a renewed, possession of marijuana.” aggravating factors are present, such as posses- sion while committing an indictable offence, operating a motor vehicle or while near a school • new offences with tougher sentences for ille- gal growers. The larger the operation, the greater the penalty, including up to 14 years in prison for anyone found with more than 50 plants, double the old maximum. Ticketing scheme Several new charges will be added to those covered by the Contravention Act, which al- lows tickets to be issued for minor federal of- fences: • possession up to 15 grams will be punishable by a fine of $150 for an adult, $100 for a youth. • possession of one gram or less of hashish is punishable by a $300 fine for an adult ($200 for a youth), with fines for either offence in- creasing to $400 (adult) and $250 (youth) if there are aggravating factors • possession of between 15 and 30 grams of marijuana carries a fine up to $300 (adult) or $200 (youth) or up to $1,000 and/or six months in jail through summary conviction. The parent or guardian would be notified if a person under 18 is ticketed or charged. Current penalties for trafficking in cannabis will not change. International obligations Although legal responses vary, all countries prohibit cannabis in one way or another. Canada is a party to three international conventions deal- ing with illegal drugs which require us to prohibit the production, trafficking, import and export of drugs and provide adequate penalties, including imprisonment, for serious drug offences.

Stats and Facts $150 million The amount that would be saved in court costs each year if marijuana possession was decriminalized, according to Canadian Alli- ance MP Keith Martin. 1961 The year the United Nations made it a vio- lation of international law to legalize marijuana. 600,000 The estimated number of Canadians who have criminal records for marijuana possession, according to the Justice Department. 49,639 The number of people arrested for mari- juana-related crimes in 2001 (possession and other charges), according to Statistics Canada. 30,000 The number of Canadians charged with possessing marijuana in 2000. Less than one per cent The estimated percent- age of Canada’s marijuana users caught by po- lice. More than half get off with a warning.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 53 Armorlite LFT armour Advanced audio logging New unloading station

Novo-technology have recently released NOVOLOG LE, a total recording and archiv- ing solution for law enforcement agencies. NOVOLOG LE is a sophisticated audio log- ging system, able to record, monitor, search, Alloy Welding adds to their Slugmaster series Law Enforcement Training and Supplies is playback and transcribe from a variety of of unloading stations with Cyclone®. Alloy now offering the Armorlite LFT ballistic ar- sources including radio calls, phone lines, Welding says its bi-metal construction and mour. This series of vest was designed with new trunking radio and many more, the company unique triple-baffle design allows Cyclone to fiber from Protective Products Int. to allow for says. Novo-technology uses a modular client- withstand discharges from all handguns, shot- a stitchless product. The company claims their server approach to the design, claiming it can guns, and rifles. Weighing in at just 61 lbs and new vest is lighter, thinner and more flexible be integrated seamlessly with any existing CAD measuring 13"x11"x19", Cyclone can either be than ever before. or communications system. used on a table top or wall mounted with ease. Phoenix tactical vests Phantom / stealth 5.11 tactical shirt graphics

The Phoenix Tactical Vest by Pacific Safety Products is loaded with design features and has No matter what you call them, these graphics Royal Robbins have announced the release of been cited by tactical personnel for its comfort by Artcal Graphics have proven successful in their new series of tactical shirts. Constructed and capability in the field. The Phoenix includes many police services, which use them to mark of tough cotton canvas and triple-stitched for a duty belt for additional load bearing capabil- vehicles destined for traffic duty. Highly vis- strength, the shirts have been designed for du- ity, emergency man down drag strap, suede ible at night-time but hardly visible in day-time, rability right down to the fire-proof melamine lined collar, non-slip shoulder construction for offending drivers may be on the look-out for buttons. Weapon concealing pockets, vented secure rifle butt placement and custom regularly marked vehicles, and often fail to underarms and double layered elbows round out configurable pockets. notice these inconspicuous cars. this stylish yet functional design. Coolmax® Extreme DV100 View-Com Zyoptix waveform Tactical Shirt technology

ISP Marketing introduces the DV100 View- Com, a simple door viewer and intercom sys- LASIK MD’s Zyoptix Custom Wavefront Tac Wear introduces their new CoolMax® Ex- tem. Featuring a wide angle door viewer, a built- technology allows law enforcement profes- treme V-neck and Crewneck T-shirt. CoolMax® in microphone and speaker and an LED opera- sionals a personalized laser vision correction. quickly moves moisture away from the skin and tion indicator, the DV100 runs on 4 AAA bat- Safer and more precise, Zyoptix uses laser does not allow moisture to accumulate. teries and installs anywhere, the company says. technology to map out and correct optical ab- CoolMax® is proven to dry faster than any The DV100 can be installed quickly and easily normalities, resulting in better than 20/20 vi- other fabric, keeping you cool and comfortable. by drilling one 5/8 hole. sion in some patients.

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 54 Aug. 11 - 14, 2003 agency issues. Includes a limited Sept. 14 - 16, 2003 Sgt. Kelly Wood at 2003 North American Vice enrolment firearms and taser ON Traffic Conf. Parking [email protected] or 519- Seminar instructor certification and Workshop/Suppliers Showcase 352-1122. Calgary, AB hands-on and lecture sessions. Barrie, ON For more: www.calgarypolice.ca/ For more information or to Includes 2nd annual golf Oct. 19 - 21, 2003 inside/vice_seminar.html register, go to http:// tournament Sept. 14. For more: 9th Annual Crisis Negotiation www.police.edmonton.ab.ca/ www.otc.org or contact Judy Training Seminar Aug. 11 - 15, 2003 Pages/Conferences/ Woodley at [email protected] or 416- Calgary, AB Anthropological Short Course OfficerSafety/conf/intro1.htm or 598-4138. Features case studies of recent Newmarket, ON call 780-421-3528. hostage/barricade situations and Intensive classroom and field Sept. 22 - 26, 2003 presentations on recent course on processing shallow International Conference on developments in the field, graves and collecting Sept. 9 -11, 2003 Child Exploitation command/negotiation and tactical/ entomological samples. Contact: Reid Technique Seminars Toronto, ON negotiation issues and strategies S/Sgt. Greg Olson, 905-830-0303, Newmarket, ON Presented by the Toronto Police and tactics. Learn from the x7400. Three-Day Reid Technique for Service Sex Crimes Unit. For experience of others in real Child Abuse Investigations more: www.torontopolice.on.ca/ incidents, not training scenarios. Aug. 11 - 15, 2003 seminars, hosted by the York sas, e-mail Runs Sunday to Tuesday. Register Clandestine Lab Investigators Regional Police Service. Contact: [email protected] online at http:// Assoc. Conference Det. Cst. Julie Provis at 905-895- or 416-808-7474. negotiatorseminar.com or contact Calgary, AB 1221, x7882. S/Sgt Dan Mullan at Offers information on Oct. 15 - 17, 2003 [email protected] or investigations, safety, re- Sept. 9 - 11, 2003 OPP Abuse Issues Seminar (403) 519-2394. certification and site safety officer Reid Technique of Interviewing London, ON training event. For more: Vancouver, BC A comprehensive, three-day Oct. 28 - 30, 2003 www.clialabs.com/Conference.htm Three day course, hosted by the training seminar hosted by the OPP Professional Standards Seminar Vancouver Police Department. Western Region Abuse Issues Toronto, ON Aug. 20 - 23, 2003 Contact: Hari Gill at Investigation Unit. Includes 3rd annual, hosted by Toronto Great Lakes Police Motorcycle [email protected] or domestic violence, child abuse, Police Service. Includes lectures, Training Seminar 604-717-3126. sexual deviance, forensic case studies and keynote Oshawa, ON odontology, domestic homicides, addresses. Contact: Three days of training and one-day Sept. 10 - 12, 2003 child deaths and current victims [email protected] rodeo style competition. OPP National Seminar on Sex issues. This will be the first annual or D/Sgt. Jay Frosch at 416-808- Golden Helmets and Toronto Offender Registration training seminar for police and 7745 or Det. Allister Field at 416- Winged Wheels will put on shows. service providers. Contact: A/D/ 808-7739. Contact: Sgt. Jeff Galipeau at 905- Orillia, ON 261-4981or www.glpmts.org to Seminar will deal with sex register or for more. offender registration, classification and assessment in Canada. Aug. 24 - 27, 2003 Opportunity to exchange ideas/ 98th Annual CACP Conference best practices. Contact: Cathy Halifax, NS Meredith, Ontario Sex Offender Hosted by Halifax Regional Registry at 705-329-7474 or Police. [email protected]

Sept. 7 - 10, 2003 Sept. 12 - 14, 2003 Western Canada Officer Safety International Police Diver Conference Symposium Edmonton, AB Hamilton, ON Hosted by the Edmonton Police The 10th annual International Service Officer Safety Unit, this Police Diver Symposium. For four-day event features leading more: www.ipds.org or contact Canadian and US presenters coordinator Rick Rozoski at 905- speaking on critical officer and 574-6817 (phone/fax).

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 55 Are you passionate about policing? by Nina Spencer ing illness or death of a loved one, before peo- humour so you don’t fall victim to those two ple decide to live with more passion and en- dreaded diseases — psychosclerosis (hard- If you won the lottery, what profession ergy. ening of the thinking) and HDS (humour de- would you choose? The vast majority of peo- It may be hard to muster up passion for ficiency syndrome). ple choose something different than what your profession without a significant event, • Perspective: This has everything to do with they’re currently doing; some even say they’d especially if you’re bored, over stressed or how we look at control, which is like the never work again, though I think you’d even- work with (or for) negative people — but it weather — you may not be able to control tually get bored — even Bill Gates works! can be done. it but you can learn to influence, persuade There are plenty of reasons why so many Here are some suggestions for reconnect- and inspire. of us stay in our safe and respectable jobs. If ing with your passion: • Purpose: Ask yourself why you do your job. you find yourself feeling wistful, and know that • Positive self-talk: How we feel about the It’s easy to come up with the quick answers you used to be more passionate about your pro- rhythm of our week tells us a lot about the — money, for example — but dig deeper. For fession, think of the song by Steven Stills — If negative or positive feelings we have for our each answer you come up with, ask yourself you can’t be with the one you love, honey, love work. Do you feel positive or negative the why it’s important to you. the one you’re with... My variation is, if you day before you have to go back to work? Ever • Energy and Enthusiasm: Energy is the can’t be in the job you’d love, honey, love the say ‘thank God its Monday?’ Positive self- groundwork for enthusiasm. The only thing one you’re in! talk is a big part of feeling passion for your more contagious than enthusiasm is the lack Some may think the only way to rekindle profession. of it! Practice daily strategies for taking care passion for their profession is to quit. You don’t • Professional self-worth: Most people don’t of your physical and emotional energy. have to do that but you do have to decide to be realize how much of a contribution they • Persevere: You may be in the right job but passionate! Often times it takes a bolt of light- make. Take note of what abilities come eas- still get into a bit of a periodic funk. Cut your- ning, or a whack on the head, to make us change ily to you and things you can do better than self some slack and persevere. Blue periods our ways. It’s human nature to respond more most people. How have you grown in the disappear sooner or later. Keep the faith. effectively and quickly to pain than to pleas- past year? What’s the most important les- Make a list of the things that you really love ure. That’s why a horse doesn’t get going with- son you learned in the last year and how are about your work. out a giddy up kick! you applying it in your personal and profes- • Relationships: Maintain and expand your cir- Many of us need the spurs to move along. sional life? What are the most difficult things cle of influence. Connect with enthusiastic, It helps if we experience an epiphany, AKA a you accomplish in your job and what are you energized colleagues, in and out of your field, significant emotional event. Interesting that most proud of? to sustain your passion for your profession. the acronym for this is SEE. It often takes • Humour: Do you complain about laughing Answering these questions will also help: SEEing, whether it be a job loss, life threaten- too much at work? Nurture your sense of Who do I enthusiastically talk shop or ex- change professional ideas with? How can I find more people with the same interests as me? Who do I share my professional victories with? Life is change and work is change but passion for your profession and life is optional — and each one of us gets to choose. As author C. S. Lewis said, “make your choice, adventurous stranger. Strike the bell and bide the danger or wonder, ‘til it drives you mad, what would have followed if you had.” Nina Spencer is a motivational, conference and keynote speaker who can be reached at [email protected].

Patch Collector Shows August 16, 2003 Royal Canadian Legion, Calgary, AB Colin Mills - (403) 938-6110 —— September 20, 2003 Niagara Regional Police, Welland, ON Ken MacGregor - [email protected] —— September 27, 2003 Tom Brown Arena, Ottawa, ON Steve Lawrence - [email protected] —— October 26, 2003 Royal Canadian Legion, Rivers, MB Chief Michael Turnbull - [email protected]

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 56 ‘Gypsy’ cops can bring unwanted baggage by John Middleton-Hope The competition to recruit and retain quali- fied police officers has reached the peak of a 25-year cycle — and it’s not just police serv- ices but government and private sector employ- ers vying to replace retiring employees. The replacements are a new generation of officers who tend to be more mobile and like- lier to relocate for new job opportunities. Their loyalty to an organization is motivated by new factors that are only now beginning to be ac- knowledged. Employers who understand this can potentially enhance recruitment and reten- tion of professional candidates that embrace positive organizational values. As a partial response, police services have increased their recruitment of experienced can- didates from other agencies. PEO (Previously Experienced Officers) are defined as officers who have completed a recognized, formal, com- prehensive training program; most also have street experience. These ‘gypsy cops’ are characterized by their movement between police agencies. Although primarily an American phenomenon, this prac- sulted in a disproportionately higher number of recruitment and selection process to predict an tice has also been accepted in Canadian polic- public complaints against their conduct, as com- officer’s predisposition to violent behaviour, yet ing circles as a strategy to hire experience to re- pared with inexperienced recruits. even the preeminent sources of law enforce- place a graying workforce. While they often have There’s little research on the subject and ment information — Department of Justice enormous strengths, these officers also bring none that assesses PEO conduct, though there’s (Canada and US), FBI, Police Foundation, Po- behaviours and cultural identities that are differ- plenty on predicting police corruption. Some lice Executive Research Forum, National In- ent from the agency hiring them. This has re- agencies rely on psychological profiling at the stitute of Justice, IACP and CACP — have no

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 57 information on PEO conduct. competitive. The long-term impacts of greater itinerant officers, but also documents that Hiring experienced police officers isn’t a reliance on and modified training for PEO may conduct and makes the information readily new practice and has been done by many agen- significantly impact policing. This hiring ap- available to other agencies. cies for years as a strategy to replace experience proach raises several questions, including: This is an opportunity to identify, monitor, on the street, but one thing has changed. In the • Are police agencies open and forthright with and track the conduct of police officers and past, if someone with previous experience each other about the conduct of their officers develop an open and equitable process that en- wanted to join a service, they were placed into if they are recruited by another agency? courages movement for skill development or an integrated setting along with new recruits. • Have the high standards of recruitment been opportunity, rather than to avoid further impli- During a normal recruitment and training maintained? cations of inappropriate conduct. Protocols cycle, a service spends 19 of 26 weeks teach- • What are the variables that may contribute to around access to personnel records, waivers ing powers of arrest, report writing, traffic, do- performance issues? signed by applicants for that purpose and in- mestic conflict, ethics, problem-solving and • What are the liabilities that reduction of length demnification for agencies reporting reasons for criminal investigative techniques. This not only and content of training may produce, and are termination would reduce that likelihood — provides the new member with the basic skills the risks of misconduct outweighed by the and combat the tendency of some organizations required but allows them to assimilate into the benefits achieved? to simply get rid of poor performers. agencies’ culture. • Are all police agencies able to compete for the In many jurisdictions, standardized selec- In the late 1990s, many agencies began to same calibre of candidates or is this competi- tion and training are not yet a reality. This is face a significant need for experienced person- tion setting up a tiered system of policing? even more acutely felt by smaller agencies and nel when the many officers hired in the late ’70 Additional research on this issue and a com- Aboriginal police services, who must rely on and ’80s began retiring. This trend, expected prehensive assessment of current hiring prac- previously experienced police officers because to continue through 2006, combined with in- tices for experienced police officers should be the cost and frequency of training is prohibi- creases in authorized strength as urban undertaken. It’s crucial, if for no other reason tive. By creating a national database, we’d al- populations steadily increase, has made it more than to avoid potential liability. Prevention and low access to a pool of potential applicants difficult to appropriately police urban areas. intervention at an early stage is essential for all with a history that can be verified. From an Starting in late 1997, one police service officers who exhibit elevated levels of miscon- officer’s perspective, this approach may offer recruited and hired two classes of previously duct. It’s important to focus new strategies on enhanced career opportunities and allow them experienced officers, chosen from various agen- the earliest stages of employment in order to to market their skills to a wider group of pro- cies across Canada and then trimmed down to ensure member welfare and a service’s integ- spective employers. include only the best, and accelerated their train- rity is retained. Changing demographics and an evolving ing. They went through the same selection proc- By acknowledging that this practice will job market are having an enormous impact on ess as new recruits, including applicant, PARE, continue and likely become more common, police departments forced to contend with in- life saving, driving skills, medical, eye, psy- there are several strategies that the police agen- creased demands, accountability and stiff com- chological, and polygraph testing, along with cies may consider: petition for a generation of applicants vastly background and reference checks, interview- • There must be a greater emphasis put on front- different from those previously hired. Rather ing and board of officers selection. end recruiting, rather than training academies, than being an exception to the rule, gypsy cops The program also focused on ‘hard skills’ field training officers, supervisors and peers are becoming the norm of a highly mobile gen- training to ensure the officers achieved appro- — to identify and work to change problem- eration. Senior managers will be forced to con- priate competency ratings for subject control atic behaviours. The recruiting strategies in tend with an apparent lack of commitment and techniques, driver, training, pepper spray de- place work well to include applicants in a loyalty and a desire to achieve individual suc- ployment and handgun/shotgun proficiency. process that culminates in hiring large num- cesses in a relatively short period . Another aspect focused on provincial statute bers of police officers. As this pool of appli- Without the appropriate safeguards in training and a criminal code refresher course. cants diminishes, it will become even more place, including a commitment from senior This fast track meant that new officers important to retain the integrity of recruiting managers to select only the best available ap- would be put out on the street faster, thereby standards and to focus on those that are criti- plicants, police departments may snatch up reducing the cost of training to the service and cal to predicting success. experience at the expense of integrity. Cau- helping to combat a shortage of qualified per- • Recruitment standards and personnel must re- tion and critical analysis, combined with open sonnel. Previous years of service were pre- flect an organization that truly understands and honest communication between agencies, sumed to provide the PEO with the ability to the current generation of applicants and is not will help avoid a deterioration of ethical stand- ‘hit the ground running.’ swayed by the perception that bigger or more ards that the profession has spent more than Other police agencies in Canada are poised is better. Standards ought not to be dimin- 20 years developing. to copy this approach, enhancing their recruit- ished. It’s important to avoid the temptation There are many reasons that officers leave ment effort with offers of posting location pref- to hire numbers with the belief that natural one agency in favour of another. In some cases erence and salary and benefits that are highly selection will weed out poor candidates while it’s because of career opportunities, advance- the service has warm bodies to fill organiza- ment or higher pay; other times it may be to tional obligations in the interim. The expec- avoid discipline or possible termination. It will tation that the service may get a few years become increasingly important to maintain an out of an individual perpetuates the idea that agency’s integrity through vigilance and open retention is somehow less important than re- communication, ensuring that the best possi- cruitment. A comprehensive ongoing review ble candidates are allowed to migrate between of expectations will ensure standards are rel- services while discouraging obviously problem- evant and appropriate for the job new offic- atic behaviour. ers are expected to perform. If agencies are aware that gypsy cops bring • Full and open disclosure by organizations is baggage that is often better left behind, then critical in isolating and rejecting poor appli- the suggestion that these officers can function cants. While it’s true some applicants simply well in a new organization will have merit. do better in a different organization, the in- stances of this are few and far between. To This article is based on original research Middleton-Hope, further the professionalization of policing, it’s Chief of the Lethbridge Police Service, conducted for a important to develop not only a mechanism Masters degree. He can be reached at jm- [email protected] or 403-330-5085. that opens up dialogue around the conduct of

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 58 AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 59 Teaching good computing habits by Reid Goldsborough not savvy around computers often think that to be savvy they need to know everything. You may be a word processing wizard, Even the geekiest geeks don’t use all the spreadsheet jockey, database guru and com- tools in today’s feature-laden software. munications genius — but what about the Don’t burden trainees with everything sorry sap two cubicles down who starts to you know. If their heads are swimming at sweat every time he boots up his computer. the end of a session, the learning process Many people struggle with computer likely shut down earlier and much of the in- technology, either avoiding learning how to formation you imparted won’t be retained. use it or, more frequently, failing to take full Teach people how to learn on their own. advantage of all its capabilities. So what’s Once they get over the hump and understand the best way to get the computer-resistant how a computer or program ‘thinks,’ they’ll up to speed? be able to solve many problems on their own For the answer to that question, I talked later on. with computer training expert William Don’t think you’re done after you fin- Vanderbilt, director of the Technology Learn- This can involve playing a game such as Soli- ish your instruction. The watchword today ing Group of the Computing Technology In- taire or writing simple letters. “Familiarity can in the computer training industry is that train- dustry Association (www.comptia.org). eliminate fear,” says Vanderbilt. ing is a process, not an event, says Vanderbilt. His tips can be used to help teach anyone Whatever level the trainee is at, don’t start It’s only when a person successfully and repeat- how to maximize productivity around PCs, the person off with a critical project after teach- edly applies their newly learned skills in actual whether in a business, home, or school setting. ing new skills, which will just increase pres- work situations that the training is complete. There’s a psychology to teaching compu- sure and magnify the downside if something You therefore need to make yourself, as a ter skills, says Vanderbilt. The most important goes wrong. mentor, available to your trainee later, through thing to keep in mind is the mentality of the Let people make mistakes. When you’re in-person interaction, the telephone, or e-mail, person you’re mentoring. “More often than helping someone else go to the next stage, it’s he says. not, a person who resists computers is dealing natural to want to take over and do it yourself. Many people providing informal training at some level with fear,” he says. Fear stems Instead, Vanderbilt recommends saying “I’m such as this could benefit from training them- from ignorance. going to stand here and watch you, and if you selves. If you don’t have the skills, you can’t People hear nightmarish stories about com- make a mistake, I’ll correct it.” effectively teach others how to best use the tech- puter disasters and they’re afraid that if they Encourage people to experiment, to ap- nology. Passing along bad habits won’t do much press the wrong key, the computer will blow proach computers as a field to be explored for the bottom line. up, either literally or figuratively. Reassure them rather than a minefield to be avoided. With Vanderbilt says it can be cost-effective to that computers can’t be physically damaged by the right attitude, people learn and grow from bring in people to do formal training. In an or- hitting the wrong key and if data is lost or pro- their mistakes. ganizational setting, one rule of thumb, he says, grams are corrupted, the computer can be re- When moving on to a new program or tech- is to allocate 20 percent of your information stored to its previous condition with backups nique, first provide an overview of its capabili- technology budget to training. or reinstallations. ties and limitations. Many people are compu- With more advanced users, instead of in- One commonly repeated tip with beginners ter underachievers because they treat programs structor-led sessions, CD-ROM tutorials can be is to first get them to do things on the computer they’re comfortable with as jacks of all trades, cost effective. that they’re comfortable with off the computer. using a word processing program to create pres- entations, for example, or a spreadsheet pro- Reid Goldsborough is a syndicated columnist and author gram to build databases. of Straight Talk About the Information Superhighway. He can be reached at [email protected] or http:// Tell people they don’t need to use all of the www.netaxs.com/~reidgold/column. features of a program, says Vanderbilt. People Alberta considering smart roads Alberta is spending $500,000 to would warn drivers of potential haz- study the benefits of creating an intel- ardous conditions and alert mainte- ligent transportation system to improve nance crews safety and decrease congestion. • Broadcasting road information The system would use the through the Internet and radio to help Internet, in-road sensors, real-time travellers plan their trips message boards and other technology • Real-time traveller information and to relay potentially life-saving information speed management signs to drivers. About 400 people were killed and 20,000 The province will study the risks, costs injured in collisions on Alberta roads and high- and benefits of six road-safety technologies: ways last year, according to the Alberta Motor • Road sensors and video cameras to provide Association, which welcomes the study. “Any- instant information to police and emergency thing we can do to improve those numbers will crews, improving response times help,” spokesman Art Price was quoted as say- • Dynamic message signs to display real-time ing, although he added that smart roads can only information warning motorists of collisions do so much to counteract dumb driving habits. or other potential delays or detours “You must keep in mind, the most impor- • Traffic control signals on ramps to improve tant safety feature of any vehicle is the driver... traffic flow and reduce congestion technology can only make our highways so • Road weather information systems which safe — then it’s up to us.”

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 60 Biometrics systems are still unreliable The facial recognition and other biometrics No one technology is go- vent the issuing of multi- technology that police, industry and govern- ing to provide the magic ple driver’s licences to a ment are now adopting is deeply flawed, ac- bullet. People are different single driver (for exam- cording to a US expert. in ways that you could ple), you have to do bio- James L. Wayman of San Jose State Uni- never imagine. They never metrics.” versity says there’s a number of problems with have what you think they Another problem with current technology, including a lack of stand- are going to have where biometrics — definitions ards, legal controversy and accuracy. Iris and you think they are going to and international standards face scanners, for example, have trouble deal- have it.” for biometrics security ing with abnormalities such as damaged irises, For example, he asks, have yet to be settled upon baldness and moving subjects. how would a biometric and there’s little coordina- “There has been great enthusiasm for bio- system handle someone tion between the various metrics since 1961,” Wayman was quoted as with polydactylism (multi- organizations currently saying. “It sounds like such a great idea, but ple digits)? Another prob- testing biometric systems, people fail to understand how difficult it is.” lem — “I have a friend who he says. As an example, he cites US legislation has a hard time with facial There are some small which will require biometric identification on recognition systems: he is scale success stories the travel documents of everyone entering the very light-skinned, with though. Wayman says a US after October 26, 2004, even for visa waiver very light hair but mostly biometrics system at Dis- countries. The problem is, the type of biomet- bald. Against a light back- ney World which uses fin- rics required isn’t defined, Wayman notes; one ground, the computer couldn’t find the outline ger geometry works well, as does a US Immi- international organization argued that even a of his face, and it said ‘there’s nobody here.’ gration and Naturalization Service system picture on a passport meets the definition. “Another guy I knew didn’t have a round which relies on hand geometry. “Something is going to hit the fan” when pupil because he had damaged his eye. You Despite the fears of critics, Wayman says the legislation comes into force, he warns. couldn’t use iris recognition on that one eye; biometric systems will never be able to track Some people say biometrics are like and then there are people with one glass eye.” people — and even if they could, there’s no barcodes, which didn’t work in the early days Other problems include people with irises need for such a system, he notes. but got better, Wayman says, “but it’s a bad which move constantly, meaning they can’t be “I’ve got a really good idea for tracking analogy because barcodes can be controlled in successfully iris-scanned. people: you ask them to carry radio transmit- manufacturing,” he was quoted as saying. Systems are far more useful for negative ters (cell phones)... how much do they pay you “If a checker has to type in the code too rather than positive identification, Wayman to carry that? You pay them! So right now the many times they make the manufacturer rede- says, “to prove I don’t know you - that you are government can track you within metres. That’s sign the can. Human beings can’t go to God. not on my wanted list... (or) if you want to pre- a much better way to track people.”

AugustJune 2003/ September 2003 61 Ethics and Policing The thin blue line must rise with honour and distinction by Julian Fantino sponsibility for all those under their leadership. I don’t believe in the axiom that one bad Discretion is not authorized for It’s been proven that poor and ineffective apple spoils the barrel; however, an officer act- police when it is based on per- supervision and lack of accountability are the ing in an unprofessional or deviant manner re- sonal values, loyalty, conven- common threads in corruption and other unac- flects on the entire service. The public may then ience or friendship; it is meant ceptable police conduct. Regrettably, every or- perceive that all officers are the same and our to be used to achieve just re- ganization has the scars to prove this reality. credibility will surely be seriously impacted. sults in applying the law. No Leadership is about leading by example. While policing is a career, it’s also a way of more. No less. — Gary W. Sykes, Honest, ethical and professional behaviour at life. It’s not just a job or position that can be The Ethics Roll Call, Ethics Centre, Texas the top will, for the most part, be repeated by taken for granted or otherwise exploited. Being chief isn’t about winning a popular- those below. Corrupt or inappropriate conduct The Oxford Dictionary defines pride as “a ity contest or making everyone happy. My pri- at the top will also undoubtedly be copied. sense of what befits one’s position, preventing ority has always been the safety of officers and Recruiting young men and women with the one from doing unworthy things.” Police must the public, and simply doing what is right. right balance of potential, attitude and personal be proud of themselves, their oath of office, pro- I’ve always committed to seizing all op- integrity is critical to the health of the policing fession, service, community and country, and portunities, to learn and grow both as a person profession. They must exemplify integrity and must always reflect on their oath and personal and police officer. As I moved through the ethical behaviour in every aspect of their per- commitment to serve the common good. ranks, I’ve always maintained a perspective on sonal and private lives. Integrity is the ability, Every officer has sworn to serve and pro- the importance of who, rather than what, I am. inner desire and conviction to do what’s mor- tect and sadly, too many have made the ulti- I’ve never been intimidated by controversy ally and ethically right, without being told, even mate sacrifice while honouring their oath. That or remained silent when I see flaws in the judi- when no one’s watching. It’s doing the right sacrifice is the profound testimonial of a truly cial system and the need for more stringent laws thing – in the right way – for the right reasons. honourable profession. Their memory repre- to address deviant behaviour. Nor will I pas- Taught by example, integrity is one of the sents a legacy that can never be disgraced or sively allow the moral fibre and reputation of most important qualities in an officer. There can diminished. Policing’s rich history, culture and the Toronto Police Service and its membership be no ethical shortcuts to personal, professional traditions must never be blemished or disgraced. to be unfairly attacked or otherwise exploited. and organizational integrity for police officers. Regardless of the trials, tribulations and Knowing the public’s expectations and en- Traditionally officers hold positions of the challenges we face, the thin blue line must rise, suring that officers and civilians share the vi- highest trust and responsibility in society and with honour and distinction, to ensure an un- sion and support the mission of the police serv- the importance of this isn’t negotiable. If we wavering and uncompromised ethical service ice is paramount to providing the most effec- lose this, all is lost. When we do wrong, the is provided to each citizen. tive and efficient services possible. The public inevitable loss of public confidence, trust and Without credibility, the police cannot do their deserves no less. respect is the ultimate painful sanction. job! Without the public’s trust, all will be lost! As chief, I must ensure that all those under my leadership receive clear and concise direc- tion and are provided with appropriate rules, guidelines and standards to follow, as well as accountability for those who don’t. 911 Unity 55 Laerdal 48 There’s no place for deceit, breach of trust Adanac Security 23 Laser Labs 31 or corrupt practices within the policing profes- Advanced Interactive Systems 23 LETS 25 sion. It’s therefore equally important that dis- Bates Uniform Footwear 5 Lloyd Libke Law Enforcement Sales 39 ciplinary actions are clearly stated and consist- Bellwood Health Services 33 Maritime Services Police & Security 33 ently applied by supervisors. Their primary job Blue Line Reading Library 63 M.D. Charlton Co. Ltd. 43 is not to catch subordinates doing wrong but BMW Group 27 Mega Tech 46 rather, helping them do the job right. Business Watch International 42 Medtronic Physio-Control 59 The Law Enforcement Oath of Honour, de- CALEA 20 MicroSurvey Software 43 veloped by the International Association of Canada Law Book 31 MSA Canada 24 Chiefs of Police, states “…I will never betray Carruthers Shaw Partners 30 Nine-One-One Outerwear 53 my badge, my integrity, my character or the pub- Command Force 35 Novo Technologie 39 lic trust. I will always have the courage to hold Conrad Grebel University College 28 Panasonic Canada 4 myself and others accountable for our actions.” Dalhousie University 35 Patlon Industries 57 These values, I believe, are an intrinsic part of davTech Analytical Services 36 Pelican Products 2 the very foundation of the policing profession. Decatur Electronics 41 Pride in Service 18, 58 I believe that as chief, it’s my duty to work Deer Stags 50 P.W. Allen & Company 45 with the many facets of humanity that make up Dictaphone Canada 55 R. Nicholls Distributors 21 our society. When I was sworn in, I also com- Diemaco Law Enforcement 47 Second Chance 17 mitted to leading the men and women of the Dunlop Architects 27 SIG ARMS 61 Toronto Police Service in a renewed, vigorous DuPont 8 Tac Wear Inc. 29 and pro-active campaign to enhance public Eurocopter Canada 64 Teijin-Twaron USA Inc. 19 safety, security and quality of life, as well as FLIR Systems 22 Tetragon Tasse 49 improve relations amongst the various Ford 34 The Shooting Edge 43 stakeholders within the profession. Glock 44 The Walter Fedy Partnership 55 As chief, I have a moral and ethical duty, Gordon Contract Shoes 16, 50 Toronto Police Gift Shop 52 and mandate, to ensure the performance of the Henry’s 52 Triform 15 service as a whole, and by consequence all its Instrument Technology Inc. 13 Uncle Mike’s Law Enforcement 6 people, are of the highest standard of honesty Investment Planning 29 Westervelt College 51 and integrity demanded of the profession. KEYper Systems 37 Wolverine Supplies 56 While I firmly believe every officer must be held accountable for their actions, I believe supervisors and managers have the added re-

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