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1923 to 1973 ·

U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NE-7 1973 FOREST SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 6816 MARKET STREET, UPPER DARBY, PA. 19082 WARREN T. DOOLITTLE, DIRECTOR HI TO Vol the ®m�ooLE���LEm� rr®mrn�� LE�rPLEmilMLE�� ����il®� 1923 101973

•

by Susan R. Schrepfer Edvvln vH. Larson Elvvood R. Maunder

Susan R. Schrepfer is research assistant in the Forest History Society, Santa Cruz, California, and Elwood R. Maunder is executive director of the Society. Edwin vH. Larson is editor and chief of pub­ lications at the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Contents

FIFTY YEARS! ... oo· ········· ······ ·· ··· ········································ · ·oo oooo o oooo• 1

BACKGROUND ...... oo.·oo··oooooo··· ·····oooooo ...• oooo .... oo······oo······· 2

The beginnings of Forest Service research oooooo•oooo .... oo.oooooooo ooooOO 2

The first experiment stations ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.. oooooo.ooooooo•oo 2

Research needs in the Northeast .oooooooooo .. oooooooo... oooooo ... oooo•oo.oooo oo· 2 CREATION OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS

IN THE NORTHEAST oooo·oo... oo.ooooooooooooo.oooooooooooooo ...... oo ..... oo. 4

The original Northeastern Station ooooooooooooo .. oooo ...... oo.o ooooooooooo· 4

The Allegheny Station 00 0000.00 0000. oo .. 00. 00 00 ..00 00 00 00 .. 00 00...... 00 ... 00oo .. 00 0000 8 PUBLIC SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE: THE

ADVISORY COUNCILS oo.oo.oooooooooooooo.oo... oo ...... oo .. oooo .. 10

THE FIRST RESEARCH PROJECTS •oooooooooooo.Ooooo .. oo·oooooo0000 ....11

The Northeastern Station oooo.. oo .. oooo ...... oooooooooooooo...... oooo .. oo.oo•oo 11 The Allegheny Station ···oo•oo····•oooo ...... oo •. oo.oooo ...... oooo.. oo•oo•oo··oo•. oo. 12 THE DEPRESSION YEARS 1929 to 1940 oooooooo...... oooo.... oooooooo.14

���:Ya£:����.� .. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1� The farm woodlots 00000000000. 00 000000000000000000 0000.... 0000 00 oo .... oo 00 ..... oooooo•oo 00 16

The Otsego Cooperative ...0000 .oooooo••oo 0000 ... 0000000... 00 .oo ....oo• ...... oo ... 00 .00... 17

Forest economics and the Anthracite Region oo...... oooo ... oooooooo... 17 Genetics research begun ...00 00000000 000000 ..... oo•oo•oo ....oo oooo•oo· oo...... 00 0000.00 18

Drought and floods .. oo.oo .. oooooooo ...oooo. 000000 00000000000 oo• 00 00 .. 00. oooo·oo ...... oo... 18 The hurricane of 1938 ..ooooooooooooooooo.oooooooooooooo•oooooooo.oo ..... oooo .. ·oooooo .. oo l9 A change at the Allegheny Station .... oooooo... ooooooooooooo.. ,oooooo .. oooooooo.19

THE WAR YEARS 1941 to 1945 oooooooooooooooo.. oo•oo•oo...... oo .. oooooo.. oo ..20

Northeastern Station at New Haven closed ..... 00 ...... 00 ....20

The new Northeastern Station .... oo ...... oooo ...... oo .. oooo.... oo ...... 20 Wartime research oo.oo ....oooo ..... oooooo•oooooo•oo·OO· ...... 00 ...... oo ...... oo20 EXPANSION 1945 to 1973 ...... oooo... oooo ...... oo.oo ...oo.oo ...... oo.ooooo ooo.22

· �0����!� ����� : . . :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�� Administrative changes .. •oooo· .... ,oooooooo• ...... oooooooo•oooo.. ..00 oooo· .oo.. oo• .. 25 SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS oo.oo.. oo ...oo.oo ooooo00000027 Timber management . ooooooooo.0000000 0000 oooooooo·.. 00000000000.00 .... ·oo oo ...... oo ..00 ..•27

Silvicultural systems and cutting methods oooooo·oooo... oo .. oooooooo•oo ... 28 Forest genetics .. oo •... oo ...... oo.oooo···•ooooooo o•oo••oooo·· ··oooo ...... oo·oo··.. ·•oo•oo29 Watershed management ...... oooo····· .... oo..... oo.oo•oo·...... oo ...... oo ...30

Surface mine reclamation . 00 oo·.... 00 ...... 00 0000 ... 0000 ...... oo .. 00 00.30 Utilization and marketing oo .... oooo...... oooo ..oooo .. oo ..oo ...... oo ... oooooo.30 Insects and diseases oo•OO·00. oo•. oo ...... 0000..... 0000 ...... oo,oo.oo...... 000000 oo•oo 33 Forest economics •oo····· ...... 00 ...... oooo•···oo ·oo··· ...... 34 The forest survey ....oo 00 .. 00.00 000000...... oooo ...... 00 oo..... oo ...... 00 ...... 00 35

�ildr�f:h�by�:�i��.. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::�� Recreation ...... oo ...... oooo· ..... 37

Environmental forestry ·······oo••oo·······...... oo .... oo ...... oo ...... 38

PUTTING RESEARCH RESULTS TO USE ...... oo..... oooooo .... oo ... 40

SUMMING UP ...... oo·••oooo·····oooo·oo...... oo •.•.... .41

BIBLIOGRAPHY ooooooooooooo.oo • ooooooooooooooooo•oooooooo.. oooooooooo ...... oooo.... oooo. 42

PERSONNEL ...oo .••oo.oo ...... oo•. oooo•······oo···..•..•• ... •...... •46 FIFTY YEARS !

F IFTY YEARS AGO, the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station was established, the first federal forest research establishment in the Northeast. This history was prepared to celebrate that event. The Northeastern Station began in 1923, at Amherst, Massachusetts, with a handful of scientists. A few years later, in 1927, another small research unit was established at Phila­ delphia, Pennsylvania-the Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. During World War II, when the Nation's efforts were turned an out for winning the war, forest research was re­ duced sharply. The Northeastern Station was closed, and its people and projects were trans­ ferred to the Allegheny Station. As the war ended, the research effort was resumed. The Station-renamed the North­ eastern Forest Experiment Station-began a steady expansion of its activities, which are now carried on at laboratories and field units in 14 states, by a staff of about 375 people.

1 BACKGROUND

The Beginnings The First Experiment Stations of Forest Service Research By 1921, eight forest experiment stations, Nowhere is the scientific foundation of designed to tackle regional forestry problems, American forestry more dramatically told had been established by the Forest Service. than in the history of the forest experiment sta­ Though small and scantily funded, these sta­ tions established and maintained by the For­ tions marked a beginning. est Service of the U.S. Department of Agricul­ The first experiment stations were all in the ture. West, for good reasons. First, the early research Here is the story of nationally coordinated was associated mainly with the national for­ grass-roots efforts to solve the problems of for­ ests, and most of the national forests were in est conserva tion in each of the major forest re­ the West.' Second, at that time the extent and gions of the United States-efforts that grad­ number of non-federal research programs al­ ually came to encompass research on all the ready under way in the East lessened the multiple uses of forest land: timber, water, urgency for federal research there. recreation, wildlife, grazing, and environmental The Yale School of Forestry had begun re­ amenities. search projects; so had the New York Stab This history of the Northeastern Forest Ex­ College of Forestry at Syracuse University. periment Station would not be complete with­ The Pennsylvania Department of Forests and out a brief account of research in the Forest Waters was conducting more than 60 research Service before 1923 and the conditions that led projects, and the Pennsylvania State College to creation of the experiment stations in the Department of Forestry operated a research Northeast. program in association with the State Agricul­ The period 1900 to 1915 was the infancy of tural Experiment Station. The Maryland Forest Service research. In 1909 and 1910 per­ State Department of Forestry launched 30 manent sample plots were first established on forestry-research projects before 1927, and the the national forests and private lands for de­ New Jersey Department of Conservation and termining growth and yield of trees; coopera­ Development was engaged in 35. Connecticut tive studies of forest insects and tree diseases and Vermont Agricultural Experiment Stations were begun by the Forest Service and the Bu­ employed foresters, and two research foresters reaus of Entomology and Plant Industry; and were on the staff of the New Hampshire Agri­ the Forest Products Laboratory was estab­ cultural College. The Philadelphia and Read­ lished at Madison, Wisconsin, to specialize in ing Coal and Iron Company and the Wheeler wood-utilization research. and Dusenberry Lumber Company funded re­ These eady activities needed all the focus search programs. and muscle that administrative coordination Such developments made it possible for the within the Forest Service could give them. In Forest Service to concentrate its early research 1912, district and central committees were west of the Mississippi River. 2 organized to supervise all Forest Service re­ search. Research Needs In 1915, all research-including that of the in the Northeast experiment stations, the Forest Products Lab­ orator-y, and the Branches of Products and Despite state and private research efforts, Silviculture-was placed under a new Branch the East had significant unsolved forestry of Research, headed by Earle H. Clapp. Thus problems. In 1919, Hemy S. Graves, Chief of closer coordination was achieved through the the Forest Service, reported that, although direction of a single administrative unit with­ forestry on national forests had made great in the Forest Service. The Branch of Research strides, private forest lands were rapidly being has governed the experiment stations from its depleted. This was most obvious in the East, inception till the present. he continued, where the supplies of "all our

2 great centers of production" were "approach­ ment took up the responsibility for research to ing exhaustion." help forest-land owners, as it had for farmers. In 1922, William B. Greeley, Chief of the In addition to the need for public action on Forest Service, decried the fact that the large timber culture on private land, it became ob­ sawmills of the country were "in full migration vious to the Forest Service that federal aid westward to the last great virgin timber sup­ was also needed for research in insect and dis­ ply on the PacificCoast." ease control, wood utilization, fire protection, Intensive harvesting had brought about se­ watershed management, and wildlife habitat. rious depletion. For more than 200 years, the In 1921 the Forest Service made two recom­ forests of southern New England and New mendations to aid eastern forestry. It recom­ Jersey had been drained again and again for mended acquisition of 3 million acres of im­ lumber, shingles, ship timbers, and fuel wood. portant watersheds lands in the Eastern States By the 1920s the heavily populated areas of -to be added to the national forests that had the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic States been established under the Weeks Act of 1911. were able to supply only a fraction of their These watershed areas would increase na­ lumber needs. The people of the East had to tional forest acreage in the East significantly, obtain their lumber from farther and farther allowing the Forest Service to further imple­ west, paying progressively higher prices due to ment its research and management plans. The transportation costs. Many logging commun­ Allegheny, White Mountain, and Green ities had become ghost towns. Mountain National Forests of the Northeast, expanded during the 1920s under the Weeks After the Civil War, when the railroads be­ Act, later provided experimental forests and gan extensive shipment of western farm com­ sample-plot sites for the Northeastern and Al­ modities to the East, many of the marginally legheny Forest Experiment Stations. profitable farms of the Northeast were aband­ In 1920 and 1921 the Forest Service also oned and allowed to revert to forest. recommended creation of a nationwide forest­ Much of the second growth was of com­ research system consisting of one forest exper­ mercially less desirable species and of poor iment station for each of the 12 major timber quality. By 1920 second and third growth was regions of the United States. The Forest Serv­ supplying much of the timber harvested in the ice recognized that research had to focus on Northeast. conditions unique to the forest types of each Most of these forest lands in the Northeast region. Completion of this system would mean were in small private ownerships; and owners that four additional stations would be neces­ of small forest tracts, particularly small farm­ sary to serve the Northeastern States, the Al­ ers, could not afford-as big corporations could legheny Mountain or Middle Atlantic Region, -to do their own research. Through the De­ the Lake States, and the California Region. partment of Agriculture, the federal govern- These stations were established in the 1920s.

3 CREATION OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE NORTHEAST

The Original preferred a place centrally located in its region, Northeastern Station convenient to transportation, and close to li­ Congress authorized establishment of the brary and laboratory facilities. A college or Northeastern Forest Experiment Station in university campus seemed ideal. June 1923. Its domain was to include New The choice narrowed down to the Massa­ England and New York, a seven-state area chusetts Agricultural College at Amherst, dominated by pine, spruce, fir, and hardwood Massachusetts (now the University of Mass­ forests. achusetts). The decision to locate there was The legislation was sponsored by Senators due partly to the efforts of Frank A. Waugh, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and head of the Department of Horticulture, who Henry Wilder Keyes of New Hampshire and had previously worked for the Forest Service; Representative Bertrand Hollis Snell of New he had made the first official inventory of rec­ York. Strong support came from the timber­ reational resources of the national forests.1 land owners and forest-product industries of Sam Dana was appointed first director of the region. One of the most vigorous propo­ the Station. Nobody could have been better nents for establishment of the Station was qualified for the job. Samuel T. Dana, then Forest commissioner of The Station had offices in the College's Maine. French Hall and Clark Hall. These quarters A native of Maine, Dana went to Bowdoin were very crowded in winter, when office work College, took a master's degree in forestry at took precedence over field work. Yale in 1907 and then entered the U.S. Forest Service. One of his first jobs, in the Office of Silvics, was to select a site for the first federal forest experiment station, established near Samuel T. Dana. Flagstaff, Arizona. He later made the survey that resulted in the choice of Asheville, North Carolina, as the site of the Appalachian For­ est Experiment Station. From 1910 to 1915 he served as assistant chief of the Forest Service's Office of For­ est Investigations at Washington, one of the predecessors of the Branch of Research. After an absence due to war duties, he became as­ sistant chief of the new Branch of Research. Dana knew the Northeast. In 1910 he had completed a study of ghost towns of the East. By tracing the history of these communities, he found example after example of towns that had depended upon the lumber industry for their existence but had virtually disappeared after the timber had run out. In 1921, Dana left the Forest Service to be­ come Forest Commissioner of Maine. To select a site for the proposed Northeast­ ern Station, the Forest Service called on Dana. By then the Forest Service had developed criteria for locating an experiment station. It

4 OLD NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION (1923- 1945)

1 Amhmt, Mass. (1923-1932) 2 New Haven, Conn. (1932-1942)

3 Massabesic--Aifred, Me. (1936-Prescnt) 4 Gale River-Bethlehem, N.H. (1928-1942) 5 Bartlett--Bartlett, N.H. (1928-Presenl) 6 Finch Pruyn--Newcomb, N.Y. (1933-1961) 7 Chenango--Smyrna, N.Y. (1933-1942) 8 LawrenceHopkins--Williamstown, Mass. (1935-1968)

OHIO

KENTUCKY

AREASERVED --m

The original Northeastern Forest Experiment Station's area of respon­ sibility and its research facilities ( 1923-45). ALLEGHENY FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION (1927-1945)

HEADQUARTERS:

1 Philadelphia, Pa. (1927-1945)

D FIELD RESEARCH HEADQUARTERS:

2 Kingston, Pa. (1942-Presenl) 3 Laurel,Md. (1939-1961)

0 EXPERIMENTAL FORESTS:

4 Camp Ockanickon--Medford, N.J. (1928·1934) 5 Lebanon--New Lisbon, N.J. (1934-l>resenl ) 6 Standing Stone--Manor Hill, Pa. (1938-1948) 7 Kane--Kane , Pa. (1932-Present) 8 Bellsville--Laurel, Md. (1939-1961) 9 Eastern Shore--Parsonsburg, Md. (1938-1945) 10 Massabesic--Aifred, Me. (1936-Present)* 11 Bartlett--Bartlett, N.H. (1928-Present)* 12 Finch Pruyn-Newcomb, N.Y. (1933-1961)* 13 LawrenceHopkins-Williamstown, Mass. (1935-1968)*

OHIO

KENTUCKY AREASERVED

AREASERVED

( • Held by Allegheny Station as ncaretaker�; for Old Northeastern Sration; being phased out)

The Allegheny Forest Experiment Station's area of responsibility and its research facilities ( 1927-45). NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION (1945- Present)

*HEADQUARTERS: 0 EXPERIMENTAL FORESTS:

1 Philadelphia, Pa. (1945-1948) 29 Penobscot--Bradley, Me. (1950-Present) 2 Upper Darby, Pa. (1948-Present) 30 Massabcsic--Aifred, Me. (1936-Present) 31 Bartlett-Bartlett, N.H. (1928-Present) 32 Hubbard Brook--West Thornton, N.H. (1955-Prescnt) D FIELD RESEARCH HEADQUARTERS: 33 Lawrence Hopkins--Williamstown, Mass. (1935-1968) 34 Paul Smiths--Paul Smiths, N.Y. (1948-1961) Orono, Me. (1945; 1963-Present) 3 35 Finch Pruyn--Newcomb, N.Y. (1933 -1961) 4 Bangor, Me. (1946-1959! 36 Pocono--Gouldsboro, Pa. (1948-1959) 5 Brewer, Me. (1960-1962 37 Delaware-Lehigh--Monroe and Carbon Co.• Pa. (1948-1964) 6 Laconia, N.H. (1946-1965) 38 Morris Arboretum--Philadelphia, Pa. (1949-1963) 7 Durham, N.H. (1963-Present) 39 Standing Stone-Manor Hill, Pa. (1938-1948) 8 Burlington, Vt. (1959-Present) 40 Kane--Kane, Pa. (1932-Present) 9 New Haven, Conn. (1946-1964) 41 Lebanon--New Lisbon, N.J. (1934-Present) 10 West Haven, Conn. (1964-1967) 42 Beltsville--Laurel, Md. (1939-1961) 11 Hamden, Conn. (1967-Present) 43 Fernow-Parsons, IV.Va. (1934-Present)* 12 Syracuse, N.Y. (1962-Present) 44 Vinton Furnace-Radcliff, Ohio (1952-Present)** 13 Long Lake, N.Y. (1946-1948) 45 Mead--Bear Creek, Ohio (1962-Present)** 14 Paul Smiths, N.Y. (1948-1961) 46 Bald Rock--London, Ky. (1956-Present)** 15 Kingston, Pa. (1942-Present) 16 Bethlehem, Pa. (1948-1954) D.ADMINISTRATED FACILITY: 17 Kane, Pa. (1951-1959) 18 Warren, Pa. (1959-Present) 47 Pinchot Grey Towers--Milford, Pa. 19 New Lisbon, N.J. (1945-1965) 20 Pennington, N.J. (1971-Present) 21 Laurel, Md. (1939-1961) 22 Morgantown, W.Va. (1964-Present) 23 Elkins, IV,Va. (1946-1965) 24 Parsons, IV.Va. (1965-Present) 25 Princeton, IV.Va. (1961-Present) @ 26 Columbus, Ohio (1927-Present) (CSFES Headquarters, 1927-1966)** 27 Delaware, Ohio (1957-Present)** NEW YORK 28 Berea, Ky. (1954-Present)**

• Acquired from theAppaf«hillnForest Experiment St•aon during the reorganization of 1945.

• • Acquired from the CcntfllStates Forest EKperimem St11aon during the reorganization o/1966.

The present Northeastern Forest Experiment Station's area of respons­ ibility and its research facilities. The original scientific staff was small, con­ Reginald D. Forbes. sisting of C. Edward Behre and Marinus West­ veld, associate silviculturists, and Walter H. Meyer, forestry assistant. In 1927, Dana left the Station to become the first dean of the School of Forestry and Con­ servation at the University of Michigan. John S. Boyce became the new director. Boyce, a graduate of the University of Nebra­ ska, with master of forestry and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University, had served a couple of years with the Forest Service, then joined the Bureau of Plant Industry, where he served 15 years as a pathologist. His term as director was brief, for he left the Station in 1929 to become professor of pathology at the Yale University School of Forestry.

John S. Boyce.

and took his master's degree in forestry at Yale, had field, research, and administrative experience in forestry. He had served 3 years with the U.S. Forest Service as forest assistant on the Tonto, Carson, and Pisgah National Forests; and 2 years as Assistant State For­ ester of New Jersey. He was the first State Forester of Louisiana (1917-21) and the first director of the Southern Forest Experiment Station (1921-27). His first tasks were to establish a headquar­ ters, recruit a staff, find research facilities, and get a research program started. After touring the four-state region by train (automobile The Allegheny Station travel was slow and inconvenient in those Legislation to establish the Allegheny For­ days) to consider various locations for a head­ est Experiment Station was passed by Con­ quarters, Forbes and Chief Forester Clapp de­ gress in 1927. This Station was created to cided on Philadelphia, then railroad center for tackle the forestry-research problems of the the region. Middle Atlantic States: New Jersey, Pennsyl­ The University of Pennsylvania offered the vania, Maryland, and Delaware. use of a three-story building on its campus Reginald D. Forbes was appointed director. and erected a greenhouse on nearby Univer­ Forbes, who graduated from Williams College sity property for the Station and its collabor-

8 ators from the Bureau of Plant Industry. The In 1930, the 2,000-acre Kane Experimental university atmosphere stimulated the Station Forest was established in northwestern Penn­ staff's early interest in fundamental research, sylvania, on land provided by the Allegheny manifest in A. B. Hatch's study of mycorrhizae, National Forest. Here too, WPA funding made in staff studies of virgin forests, and in system­ it possible to build a headquarters office and atic meteorological and phenological observa­ three dwellings. One hundred acres of the ex­ tions. perimental forest were to be preserved for The initial staff was small: silviculturists studying the natural forest cycles. The forest Ashbel F. Hough, Harold J. Lutz, G. Luther also included "thoroughly wrecked cut-over Schnur, 0. M. Wood, A. B. Hatch, and Harold land" and timbered areas suitable for the pro­ F. Morey. Within a few years, Carl Ostrom, J. duction of sawlogs and chemical wood (for E. Hetzel, and William Mollenhauer, Jr., had charcoal and chemical derivatives). joined the staff. The Bureau of Plant Industry The Allegheny National Forest also made assigned K. D. Doak, L. W. R. Jackson, and available to the Station an area called Heart's Bailey Sleeth to the Station as collaborators. Content, 20 acres of virgin forest dominated Cooperation later came also from the Bureau by white pines 275 yea.s old. Through pro­ of Entomology. motion by the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa­ The Station's first research facility was a tion, the Federal Government in 1934 pur­ tract of 340 acres near Medford, New Jersey, chased the 3,100-acre Tionesta Natural Area, lent by the Y.M.C.A.'s Camp Ockanickon. The a forest of virgin hemlock and hardwoods on Station's annual budget at this time was $30,- nearby Tionesta Creek, for use in Station re­ 000. By mid-1928, the Station had field work search. under way. Within a few years, field headquar­ About 1937, two other research areas were ters were moved to New Lisbon, New Jersey, made available through Department of Agri­ where the New Jersey Department of Con­ culture depression programs: the Standing servation and Development set aside a tract Stone Experimental Forest in central Pennsyl­ on Lebanon State Forest for permanent use vania near State College, and the Beltsville by the Station. Grants of WPA funds enabled Experimental Forest in Maryland near Uni­ the Station to erect an office building and field versity Park. The WPA provided funds for quarters. huildings on hoth.

Station research foresters examine one of the early clearcut plots in northern hardwoods on the Bartlett Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. September 1937.

9 PUBLIC SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE: THE ADVISORY COUNCILS

One of the first concerns of the new for­ New Brunswick, set up what he calls "an in­ est experiment stations in the Northeast was finitely loyal advisory council" to get coopera­ their relationship with other forestry interests tion from state, industrial, and private forestry -the universities and colleges, the state for­ interests in the region. It held its first meeting estry agencies, the agricultural experiment sta­ on 27 March 1929. tions, the forest-product industries, and the Both the Northeastern and Allegheny forest-land owners. To fit Forest Service re­ Councils functioned almost as envisioned by search into the pattern of pre-existing activi­ Dana. Each Council consisted of 12 to 15 ties called for skilled diplomacy. representatives of colleges and universities, Dana devoted much time and attention to museums and other private institutions, state public relations, making contact with research and federal experiment stations, state execu­ groups and timberland owners. He has said that tive agencies, wood-product industries, land­ one of his most useful activities in those early owners, and a few public-spirited individuals years was in establishing a rapport with the interested in forestry. Membership terms of 4 region's agricultural experiment stations. The years were staggered to maintain continuity. avenues of communication he opened up helped Year after year the councils met to review greatly in the administration of the Station. the Stations' research programs and to give To gain the support and cooperation of the their recommendations to the Station directors. to diverse forestry interests in the region, and The councils also advised the state legislatures coordinate the Station research program with and the U.S. Congress of the legislative and their activities, Dana organized the Northeast­ budgetary needs for forestry research in the em Forest Research Advisory Council. It held region. The councils were firm supporters of the its first meeting on 3 April 1924 in Memorial Forest Service's efforts to obtain passage of the Hall on the Massachusetts Agricultural Col­ McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928. lege campus at Amherst. When the two experiment stations were The scope and purpose of the advisory merged during World War II, the two advisory council were defined early. At its first meeting, councils were combined. This consolidated the Northeastern council decided "that the council was especially effective in the post-war usefulness of such a committee might be greatly 1940s in persuading the Congress to greatly increased by making it an advisory body not expand Forest Service research in the North­ only to the Forest Experiment Station, but to east. other investigators as well." Such a wider scope, it was believed, would In 1963 the Northeastern Forest Research facilitate the coordination of current and future Advisory Council was renamed the North­ forest research, encourage increased research, eastern Forestry Research Advisory Com­ and concentrate attention on the problems of mittee. Its purposes did not change. greatest scientific and practical importance. The Advisory Committee has continued to Council decisions could not be made manda­ the present as a strong and helpful comple­ tory, but would perhaps command sufficient ment to the Experiment Station's research respect to secure better coordination of forest effort. It has helped the Station respond to research in the region than had existed before. the needs of the region and bas improved re­ The advisory council idea was copied by lations between the Forest Service and private many other Forest Service experiment sta­ owners. It has helped to promote increased tions. One of the first was the new Allegheny appropriations for research. It has played a Station, where Director Forbes, with the help role in getting research results put into prac­ of Jacob G. Lipman, director of the New tice by forest-related industries and landown­ Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station at ers.

10 THE FIRST RESEARCH PROJECTS

The Northeastern Station northern wild lands. The spruce-fir of northern Dana and his colleagues from the beginning New England supplied most of the pulpwood saw a need to focus on the most urgent prob­ produced in the Northeast. In the 1920s, the lems. Their first priority was to maintain and Station's silvicultural research on spruce-fir strengthen the forest industries of New Eng­ was mainly the work of Meyer and Westveld. land and New York so they could provide the Meyer compiled yield tables for even-aged lumber needed for present and future demands. stands of spruce-fir. Westveld's work, begun in Research in the early years focused on the 1923 and continued until his retirement, timber-management problems: silviculture, focused on the management of spruce and mensuration, and protection from fire, insects, balsam fir. Through the study of cutting me­ and diseases. thods, natural reproduction, slash disposal, and The character of research projects in the cultural methods, Westveld sought ways of ob­ 1920s was determined by the management taining higher pulpwood yields. By 1935 re­ problems in the major forest areas of the search in the management of spruce indicated region. that selective cutting usually was, silvicultm­ In northern New England and New York ally, the best way toharvest spruce. the spruce-fir and northern hardwood types Two experimental forests on the White prevailed. Sparsely settled wild lands con­ Mountain National Forest were used for re­ tained the bulk of merchantable timber in search in spruce-fir and northern hardwoods. the region. The hardwood industry suffered One was the 3,350-acre Gale River Forest in from lack of markets, and the softwood lum­ New Hampshire, a burnt-over tract-half flat, ber industry had given way in large part to half slope-of spruce and balsam fir,with hard­ pulpwood production, which required accel­ woods and some pine. The 5,100-acre Bartlett erated growing of spruce. Experimental Forest at Bartlett, New Hamp­ A densely populated industrial area, com­ shire, was ideal for experiments with northern prising all of Connecticut and Rhode Island, hardwoods. The Station also used the Massa­ southeastern New York, and most of Mass­ chusetts Agricultural College's Mt. Toby For­ achussetts presented its own set of forestry est and the Harvard Forest at Petersham, Mas­ problems. Here chestnut had once been an im­ sachusetts. portant commercial species; but the blight Several forest-fire studies were made by the had killed the chestnut, until white pine (al­ Station in the late 1920s and 1930s. Dana ways important and dominant in some areas), compiled and analyzed fire tables. Paul W. oaks, and other species predominated. New Stickel worked for several years on fireweather growth was being cut for portable sawmills, research, a field pioneered by the Northern and fires took their toll every year. This area Rocky Mountain Experiment Station. Early had great potential for recreational and water­ fire studies were made mainly in the northern shed uses. portion of the region. A third kind of forest zone consisted of scat­ tered farm woodlots and old-field forests. These Insect research was important at the Sta­ were areas where abandoned farms had revert­ tion from the beginning. Of the insect infesta­ ed to forest and had been subjected to re­ tions that plagued the Northeast, the greatest peated cuttings. Small inferior growth was and most persistent threat was the spruce bud­ common. Because ownership was fragmented, worm. H. B. Peirson, assigned to the Station research in forest economics was as important as a cooperator by the Maine Forest Service, here as timber-management research. Small was one of the firstto investigate means to stem wood industries existed here, and transporta­ the epidemic that threatened spruce-fir forests tion facilities were available. in both New England and Canada. The Sta­ In the 1920s, the Station concentrated on tion and the Bureau of Entomology also co­ the spruce-fir and hardwood forests of the operated in the 1920s on research aimed at at-

11 tacking the white-pine weevil infestation, but The staff calculated that, with intensive with little success. management, the area could eventually supply Few of the Station's cooperative projects itself. To do so would require the production proved as rewarding as that carried on, from of 176 board feet per acre, and most of the land 1925 into the 1930s, by Perley Spaulding, a was believed fertile enough to produce at this forest pathologist from the Bureau of Plant rate. However, because the forests of these four Industry who investigated the fungi involved states had suffered severely from cutting and in the decay of slash. In the West, it was gen­ fires, it might take more than three-quarters erally necessary to dispose of logging slash by of a century to restore them. burning or other means to reduce the fire The Allegheny Station's research began in hazard, and many assumed that this would be New Jersey, on the Ockanickon tract. L. L. a necessary or desirable practice in the East Lee of the New Jersey Agricultural Experi­ as well. Spaulding's work demonstrated that ment Station mapped the soils of the area. 0. hardwood slash in the Northeast would decay M. Wood of the Station staff studied the var­ naturally in a reasonable length of time; thus ious forest types of southern New Jersey. the bother and expense of slash disposal could In the summer of 1928 the entire staff be avoided. Spaulding also did some of the joined in a study of virgin forest at Heart's basic research on white-pine blister rust, and Content on the Allegheny Plateau in Pennsyl­ he studied a number of other tree diseases. vania. Forest soils were studied intensively. Another early project of note was Behre's Forest types were studied: in those days forest development of universal volume and taper ta­ types had not yet been thoroughly classified. bles, based on a formula that would give vol­ By early 1930, the research of the Station, plus ume for any species from taper and certain work by the Allegheny Section of the Society other measurements. A modification of Behre's of American Foresters, had produced a system system was adopted in the South. of seventeen forest types. Late the same year the number was reduced to fourteen. Meanwhile, Station scientists were acquir­ ing more sophisticated research skills. Luther The Allegheny Station Schnur was in Washington studying mensura­ In its early research, the Allegheny Station tion and statistics. Later, Clement Mesavage, followed a pattern similar to that of the at the Station's center for research in the An­ Northeastern Station. To increase the timber thracite Region, at Kingston, Pennsylvania, available for local utilization, the Station em­ studied mensuration under James Girard (who phasized silvicultural research in the dominant had cruised the Tionesta Natural Area before lumber-producing forest areas. its purchase for the Station) . Mesavage later In the Allegheny region too, the character served at the Southern Station and became a of the research projects was determined by the leading Forest Service mensurationist. management problems of the different types of The largest project carried on by the Alle­ forest in the region. There were sparsely settled gheny Experiment Station from 1927 through inland areas of hardwood forest; coastal oak­ the 1930s, consuming at times two-thirds of pine forests; and forest lands associated with the Station's annual budget, was on the silvi­ the heavily settled metropolitan areas in Penn­ culture and management of the commercially sylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey. important Allegheny hardwoods. From 1927 to 1929 the Station staff studied Here Hough began his career-long study regional problems, evaluating needs and start­ of the Allegheny Plateau forests, pioneering ing -research on the most pressing problems. research on the ecology, silviculture, and man­ The staff estimated that Delaware, Maryland, agement of the Allegheny hardwoods. New Jersey, and Pennsylvania contained 13 By 1930 the Station had differentiated the percent of the United States population but main subtypes of this Allegheny hardwood­ only 3.8 percent of the forest area. The region's hemlock forest and had established tentative lumber consumption outran production eight ecological relationships, the requirements of to one. the principal species for light, moisture, tern-

12 perature, and other environmental conditions and shortleaf pines. All these except shortleaf had been studied, and growth habits of the pine sprout from the stump, so they persist principal species had been described. The re­ after cuttings and fires, although they are productive habits, except those of hemlock, progressively inferior in subsequent genera­ were well understood. tions. As late as 1929 silviculturists generally A way had to be found to supplement thought that this hardwood type included sprout growth with trees grown from seed. white pine. However, the studies on the old­ Considerable data were gathered on the rela­ growth Heart's Content preserve revealed that tive values of different oak and pine species, white pine does not reproduce under forest the use of fire to increase the production of cover and cannot he included in the northern pine, and the characteristics of sprouting. hardwood forest type. Cutting or natural ca­ Many data were gathered on seed production tastrophes such as fire, disease, or insect infes­ and germination and the detrimental effects of tation are required for the growth of white animals, birds, root rots, and injuries above pine even-aged stands. Early research on the ground. northern hardwood-hemlock type-which in­ The Station also accumulated information cludes hemlock, yellow birch, beech, sugar about the growth of loblolly pine in eastern maple, red maple, and black cherry-seemed to Maryland. Effects of stand density and age on show that selective cutting was preferable to the diameter distribution of loblolly pine were clearcutting. measured on 73 sample plots that had been The Station had three other dominant pro­ established in 1906 by the Maryland Forest jects during these early years. Forest manage­ Service on private land in Maryland. ment for southern New Jersey was studied with One outstanding work in these early years the hope that forest lands there could be re­ was on mycorrhiza, a symbiotic or parasitic as­ stored to greater productivity. The principal sociation between soil fungi and tree roots, tree species of the Jersey coastal plain were found on practically every species of tree and chestnut, white, and black oaks, and pitch woody plant in the Allegheny territory.

On the Dartmouth Trail thinning plots in a 130-year­ old spruce stand on the White Mountain National Forest. The stand as thinned from below in 1933. September 1937.

r • ..,;,c ..,.....__ Marinus Westveld (left) and Director Behre discuss a spruce-fir pulpwood cutting on experimental plots on the Gale River Experimental Forest. September 1937. THE DEPRESSION YEARS 1929 TO 1940

The Depression brought hard times to the scientists from cooperating agencies : H. J. Northeastern and Allegheny Forest Experi­ MacAloney of the Bureau of Entomology, ment Stations. Regular funding was inade­ doing research on forest insects; Perley Spauld­ quate for the work to be done. Both Stations ing of the Bureau of Plant Industry, working trimmed and tightened their programs to focus in forest pathology; and J. Paul Miller, a forest their efforts on the most urgent problems. biologist from the Biological Survey. Economic forestry problems received primary In 1932 the Northeastern Station moved its consideration. headquarters from Amherst to New Haven, In 1929 Behre succeeded Boyce as director Connecticut. At that time the Massachusetts of the Northeastern Station. A graduate of the Agricultural College was growing and urged Yale School of Forestry, Behre had served at the Station to find other quarters. Henry S. the University of Idaho as associate professor Graves, dean of the College of Forestry at of lumbering, specializing in mensuration. He Yale University, told Behre that a fine prop­ had joined the Station at its beginning, as an erty on Prospect Street had been offered to associate silviculturist. the University but that the trustees were hesi­ By 1930 the scientific staff had increased to tant about accepting it. "This is not going to eight. Westveld was doing research in silvicul­ be a white elephant," Dean Graves told them; ture, Stickel in fire, and Victor S. Jensen in "this is just a challenge to your imagination." mensuration. In addition to them, the Station So the Northeastern Station moved into provided office space and facilities for three Farnum House in New Haven.

Money Problems C. Edward Behre. Upon his appointment, Behre worked to ex­ pand the Station's program. He pointed out that the Northeastern Station had not re­ ceived the "substantially enlarged appropria­ tions" that most other Forest Service experi­ ment stations had received. The result was the narrowly prescribed lines of the Station's in­ vestigations, most of them oriented toward spruce silviculture and management. Even this limited program, Behre suggested, suffered from lack of coordinated studies by entomolo­ gists, pathologists, and biologists. He cited the minimal development of branch stations as a further weakness. The McSweeney-McNary Forest Research Act of 1928 authorized expanded funding. By 1930, however, the Northeastern Station had not benefited from the increased appropria­ tions stimulated by this act. Behre resolved to seek, under the act, support sufficient "to meet the needs of the Region and keep abreast of development at other stations." The Allegheny Station had fared little bet­ ter. Its initial budget of $30,000 in 1928 in­ creased to only $30,845 in 1931, although in

14 1930 a $10,000 appropriation in accordance of the migratory character of the lumber in­ with the McSweeney-McNary Act authoriza­ dustry. Local depression was new and severe. tion had enabled the Bureau of Plant Indus­ The New England and Middle Atlantic States try to assign two pathologists to the Station. had already gone through this stage, in some Despite the McSweeney-McNary Act, ap­ areas as early as the 1700s. Industrialization propriations did not increase appreciably dur­ and agriculture had grown up, stabilizing local ing the 1930s. The depression and the econ­ communities. Communities that had depended omy cuts of 1933 and 1934 reduced the North­ upon departed timber industries had either eastern Station's regular budget one-fourth found new economic bases or had become ghost and the Allegheny Station's one-third. The de­ towns. pression was not, however, totally responsible Fourth, the percentage of America's total for the funding problems that plagued the two lumber consumption that the Northeastern Stations. and Middle Atlantic States could supply, even Emergency appropriations of the 1930s, al­ under ideal conditions, was smaller than the though unpredictable, did much to offset the real and potential output of the South or the financial troubles. Relief funds peaked be­ Pacific Northwest. Problems of trespass, fire, tween 1936 and 1939, then dwindled. The grazing, and watersheds did not demand siza­ Northeastern Station's annual report for ble federal appropriations in the East, as they 1940 noted that the previous decade had been did in the West-and the northeastern states an era of "dwindling allotments." "Faced had sizable budgets for fire prevention and with successive reductions in allotments," in a protection. period during which it "had been called upon Land-ownership patterns complicated the to widen the scope of its activities", the staff problems of timber management in the North­ found it "necessary to re-evaluate and concen­ east. More than two-thirds of all commercial trate its research efforts." forest land in New England and the Middle In 1939 the Allegheny Station's budget was Atlantic States was owned in tracts of less smaller than that of the Northeastern Station. than 5,000 acres. Federal investments in re­ Hough lamented the reduction of research to search for Northeastern forests could not be timber-management problems, ignoring the counted upon to yield returns as large as similar forest economic, recreational, wildlife, and investments in southern pine or Douglas-fir watershed needs of the region. forests. There were reasons for this. First, non-fed­ Appropriations for the Station waned in the eral expenditures for forest research were 1930s. The seriousness of the funding decline higher in the Northeast than in any other in an era when problems were increasing had region, making federal involvement less urgent. been hidden by federal and state emergency Second, the forestry problems of the North­ relief money and manpower as well as by funds eastern and Allegheny regions seemed to be for the flood-control survey begun in 1936. less acute than those elsewhere. In forest types From 1937 to 1940, Civilian Conservation that had been exploited in relatively recent Corps allotments decreased to almost nothing. years, such as spruce-fir and northern hard­ In 1941 the Work Projects Administration woods, the forests usually recovered after heavy program was curtailed, and the flood-control cutting. And in types that had been utilized survey was transferred to the Allegheny Sta­ severely since Colonial times, such as the for­ tion. ests of Connecticut and New Jersey, forest conditions had improved in many areas­ mainly because the availability of coal had Steps Ahead lessened the need for wood for fuel. Despite financial handicaps, the two Sta­ Third, forest economic conditions seemed tions accomplished a great deal during the less dire in the East than in other regions that 1930s. Declining values made land available were experiencing timber shortages for the to the Forest Service either through donation first time. The people of the Lake States and or at a very low price. National forests and the South felt, during the 1920s, the effects experimental forests were expanded.

15 By 1936 the Northeastern Station had The Farm Woodlots added four new tracts to the two it had pre­ During the depression decade, the scope of viously established (the Gale River and Bart­ the Northeastern Station's activities shifted to lett Experimental Forests)-. The Massabesic include forest economics-forest taxation, land Experimental Forest, 2,500 acres in Maine, was use, and forest-fire insurance. The Station purchased from Bates College by the National ventured into a new economic zone: the farm Forest Reservation Commission for experi­ woodlot areas, predominantly of the white ments in white pine. The Lawrence Hopkins pine and hardwood types. Memorial Experimental Forest, 1,635 acres Economic problems caused by fragmenta­ near Williamstown, Massachusetts, was a gift tion of ownership were major obstacles to good from Williams College. A forest of about 600 forestry on these woodlot lands. There was a acres of spruce and hardwoods in the Adiron­ variety of small industries, producing box dack Mountains was deeded by Finch Pruyn boards, maple sugar, cooperage, and native and Company to Cornell University, which in woodcrafts. But these industries were seldom tum allowed its use by the Station under co­ profitable for the timber grower. Farmers operative agreement. The Chenango Experi­ often disposed of the products of their small mental Forest, 534 acres of open farmland in woodlots unwisely, selling their timber for New York, was made available by the State of fuelwood or to inefficient, low-paying portable New York for reforestation research. sawmills. The channel of trade from stump to By this time the Allegheny Station had ac­ market needed improvement. quired three other experimental forests Although the problems of the farm woodlot through the Resettlement Administration: the owner had existed throughout the 20th cen­ Standing Stone Forest of 1,800 acres in cen­ tury, funding for research in this area reached tral Pennsylvania; a tract on the Western its high point in the 1930s. Behre believes Shore of Maryland; and 1,000 acres of pine on that the sudden spurt in economic research in the Eastern Shore of Maryland. the mid-1930s was part of the gradual expan­ sion of the Station's programs and not a re­ In the depression decade the two Stations sponse to the depression. received emergency relief funds and labor. Be­ There is no question that the Station staff tween 1935 ·and 1940, the Emergency Relief had been aware of the economic troubles of Administration and the Emergency Conserva­ small woodlot owners before the 1930s. Eco­ tion Work funneled $30,000 to $80,000 a year nomic research, however, was particularly rele­ into the Northeastern Station's budget. The vant to the harsh financial realities of the Allegheny Station received $20,000 to $30,000 1930s. In the rural areas of the Northeast, per year. mortgage debts were increasing, relief rates Restrictions on the use of these funds and were rising, per-capita income was decreasing, their uncertain duration meant they could not and entire communities were declining. Fed­ be used to employ highly trained scientific eral appropriations for economic research in personnel or to carry on long-term projects. farm forestry were not provided until the Clerks, draftsmen, stenographers, and laborers Norris-Doxey Cooperative Farm Forestry Act were hired instead. These new employees per­ of 1937 and the Bankhead-Janes Farm Ten­ mitted rapid development of sample plots and ant Act of 1937. experimental forests. Capital improvements The Northeastern Station's farm-forestry included the construction of offices and living research program embodied the Forest Serv­ quarters, roads and fire lines, and electric, se­ ice's concept of regional experiment stations wage, and water plants. Sample plots were as local research coordinators. Even in the marked and trees were cut, pruned, or weeded. early 1930s, the Station coordinated its farm With New Deal funds, inventory cruises were forestry program with state and county plan­ made on the expe1·imental forests and records ning efforts. The Norris-Doxey Act acceler­ of precipitation and other environmental data ated this trend by authorizing cooperation be­ were kept. tween federal and state forestry agencies to

16 aid farmers in managing their woodlots. The forest management, established sales outlets, Station participated in this program by con­ and developed membership. Despite financial ducting demonstration projects. The Station's difficulties, the Cooperative had 765 members responsiveness to forest problems of local by 1942 and seemed to be going strong. farmers included assistance to farm coopera­

tives. Forest Econo"'lcs and One of the most important sources of the The Anthracite Region Station's federal funding for economic studies The Allegheny Station also ventured into during the 1930s was the Bankhead-J ones forest economics in the 1930s. Aware of the Act. This legislation established the Farm Se­ social and economic troubles of its region, the curity Administration, which in turn financed staff proposed studies of the dollars-and-cents loans to cooperatives. value of the forests for recreation and wat­ ershed protection, the marketing problems of

The Otsego Cooperative the small wood operators, and the opportuni­ ties for forest employment in the coal-produc­ The cooperative movement was gaining ing regions. strength at this time, and in some activities In 1939, the Station obtained $18,000 for cooperatives had been very successful. The research on forest employment in the Anthra­ Northeastern Station staff believed that the cite Region of Pennsylvania. Proddd by answer to the economic problems of the small Stanley Mesavage, a self-taught forester, the woodlot owner might "lie in cooperative log­ Wyoming Valley Chamber of Commerce in­ ging and milling facilities as well .as primary terested Senator Joseph Guffey in the needs manufacturing facilities . . ." Such control of the region. might enable the timber grower-not just the manufacturer-to profit. The Otsego Forest Products Cooperative Association was established in 1936 at Coop­ erstown, New York. Its purpose was to help local woodlot owners manage their forest land, harvest their tirnher, and sell their forest prod­ ucts at a profit. The Otsego Cooperative grew out of the in­ terest of local people, encouraged by the Northeastern Station's staff, which hoped to serve as a catalyst for local action. Local inter­ est came from many sources during 1935 and 1936, such as the traveling grocery-store pro­ prietor who promoted the Cooperative and later became its manager. The first 2 years were spent obtaining local support. Eleanor Roosevelt facilitated a federal loan from the Fa1·m Security Administration. Through a small research unit established in Cooperstown in 1936, directed by Charles R. Lockard, the Northeastern Station supplied technical and administrative assistance to the Cooperative and administered the federal loan. M. B. Dickerman, specialist in the economics of private forestry, left the Station in 1940 to manage the new venture for a few years. Ashbel F. Hough measures a 36-inch hemlock in the The Cooperative built a sawmill for process­ Tionesta Scenic Area, a virgin hemlock-beech forest ing forest products, inaugurated a program of in the Allegheny National Fo;est. April 1934.

17 In the 15 counties of the Anthracite Region, Drought and Floods the total population of 1,600,000 was depend­ In the 1930's, the need for research in wa­ ent upon coal. From 1917 to 1940 coal produc­ tershed management became apparent, particu­ tion had decreased by half, and unemployed larly at the Allegheny Station. The Allegheny miners numbered 50,000. There was little like­ territory is characterized by three centers of lihood of their reemployment in the mines, extreme population concentration-Philadel­ and state and county authorities were unable phia, north Jersey, and Baltimore. The task of to find suitable relief work projects to effec­ supplying water for municipal use was stupen­ tively combat the serious level of unemploy­ dous. Little of this supply came from the large ment. rivers, because they were insufficient and The Station's goal was to use this labor polluted. Underground waters were not to build up the 2,877,000 acres of depleted for­ considered a viable alternative. Populated est land in the region to provide raw materi­ areas had to draw upon the distant headwa­ als for permanent wood-using industries and ters of major and minor streams. esthetic surroundings attractive to recreation­ A severe drought hit the major eastern ci­ ists. A plan of action was necessary to bring ties in 1930. Scientists at the Allegheny Sta­ these two resources-men and trees-together tion recommended research into the impact of to create a stable forest economy. The Sta­ vegetation on streamflow, especially the flow tion's first recommendations were for public into reservoirs under construction. Some wat­ acquisition of forest lands and a resource in­ ersheds would have to be planted. The Station ventory of the Region. believed it would need at least four men for The onslaught of World War II halted the watershed management research. project. War-related research needs took pre­ More disasters occurred before federal ap­ cedence over economic research. Unemploy­ propriations for surveys or research were made ment declined in the Anthracite Region. available. In the spring of 1936 the flooding of all the major rivers of the Northeast caused an estimated damage of $500 million dollars and Genetics Research Begun uncalculated human suffering. In 1937 an­ The offer of the Oxford Paper Company to other flood,originating in the Allegheny region, transfer its thousands of hybrids and all re­ ravaged the Ohio Valley. The Flood Control cords of its poplar breeding project (started Acts of 1936 and later years authorized the in 1924) to the Forest Service led to an appro­ Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with priation for initiation of the forest genetics the Army Corps of Engineers, to survey the project at the Northeastern Station in 1936. watersheds of the principal streams of the This Congressional action resulted from the Northeast to ascertain whether or not the con­ efforts of Director Behre; the late Dr. C. C. dition of the watershed vegetation had contri­ Heritage, director of research at Oxford Paper buted to the floods. Company; and the late Dr. A. B. Stout, direc­ Between 1937 and 1941 the Allegheny Sta­ tor of laboratories at the New York Botanical tion had been given primary responsibility for Garden. the Passaic and Pequest River surveys and the The appropriation provided not only for Connecticut River survey and participated in continuation of the research with hybrid pop­ field work on the Allegheny River, the upper lars, but also for genetic research on the im­ Susquehanna River, and Solomon Creek. ptovement of other important northeastern Arthur Bevan was in charge of these surveys . . species. The additional funds were sufficient to In 1940 the Allegheny Station took over the finance a staff of three professionals-Ernst J. Northeastern Station's small flood-control sur­ Schreiner, project supervisor, Albert G. Snow, vey program. Jr., and John W. Duffield-two subprofession­ The Connecticut study revealed techniques als, and a clerk-stenographer. PWA and CCC of agricultural land management that could be labor was available for routine laboratory and used to alleviate the conditions that produce field work. flood runoff and erosion. The Station found

18 that forest soils have a significant capacity to A Change at The take up water rapidly during periods of exces­ Allegheny Station sive rainfall and to give it off slowly. The Sta­ Forbes left the Allegheny Station in 1939 tion's participation in the flood-control sur­ to go into private business in forestry consult­ veys was curtailed in 1942 because of the war. ing, teaching, writing, and editing. He had Responsibility for these surveys was transfer­ organized the Station, recruited a staff, formed red from research to the Regional Office in 1953. an Advisory Council, acquired research facili­ ties, and initiated a research program. The Hurricane of 1938 Hardy L. Shirley succeeded Forbes as direc­ The catastrophic hurricane of September tor of the Allegheny Station. Shirley, a grad­ 1938, which severely damaged a wide swath uate of the State University of New York Col­ across New England, swept the Northeastern lege of Forestry, with other degrees from In­ Station into 2 years of disaster emergency ac­ diana University, Yale University, and the tivity. Cleaning up blown-down timber was a University of Helsinki, had taught for several great challenge for the many public and pri­ years hefore joining the U.S. Forest Service as vate agencies that cooperated to tackle the a silviculturist. job. The Station's main contribution was to prepare slash-disposal standards based on sil­ vicultural considerations. These standards Hardy L. Shirley. were used in the cleanup of the hurricane zone. The Station also studied the economic impact of the hurricane on the local commun­ ities. Salvage of timber hlown down by the hurri­ cane disclosed three facts about New England: the low quality of its second-growth timber; the low level of its forest-product manufactur­ ing operations; and its marketing problems. As a result, the hurricane stimulated the in­ terest of the Station and other agencies in planning a regionwide forest policy plus a pro­ gram of state regulation. The hurricane was a blow to the Station's own research program. Almost 70 percent of the 663 sample plots on the Gale River and Bartlett Experimental Forests were damaged. Many had to be abandoned. Years of study were lost, and months of inventory and cleanup were necessary.

Hurricane damage on the Gale River Experimental Foresi'. September 1938.

19 THE WAR YEARS 1941 TO 1945

Northeastern Station at The Station went onto a 6-day 48-hour work Ne'VV Haven Closed week. Gasoline rationing added to the strain. World War II hit the experiment stations of But the work went on. the Northeast very hard-after they had al­ ready been struggling through the Depression Wartime Research with inadequate financing. The Forest Service Timber for war use became a major concern. -trimming its sails to the winds of war-de­ A small program had already been begun in cided to close down the Northeastern Station cooperation with the Forest Products Labora­ at New Haven. tory to expedite logging, lumber manufacture, On 30 June 1942, Director Behre announced and secondary timber processing. Fred C. Sim­ that the Station was closed "for the duration mons was appointed to work on logging and or longer". The research scientists, some of the milling, and Roy M. Carter on secondary clerical staff, files, property, and the three most processing. Their work helped many new log­ important research projects were transferred gers and sawmill men who, stimulated by high to the Allegheny Station in Philadelphia.n wartime prices, went into the lumber businens. Behre went to Washington to take up new Silas Little-one of the first foresters to an­ duties for the Forest Service. ticipate the .useof fire as a silvicultural tool, not only to minimize damage from wild fires, but The Ne'VV Northeastern Station also to control species composition-carried The new combined unit at Philadelphia was out research on prescribed burning in New renamed the Northeastern Forest Experiment Jersey, in cooperation with state foresters. Station. It was to be responsible for federal This work was impelled partly by the need to forestry research in the New England and control fires around military bases in the New Middle Atlantic States. Thus began the pres­ Jersey Pine Barrens. Some of the old-line fire­ ent Northeastern Station. fighters objected to this use of fire, but subse­ About this time the Station moved its head­ quent research confirmed the effectiveness of quarters from the University of Pennsylvania controlled burning as a silvicultural tool. campus to larger quarters in central Philadel­ A survey was made of the forest resources phia. of the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania, Director Shirley was confronted at once which were found sadly depleted. Soils were with a diplomatic problem: many of the sup­ thin, impoverished by fires and erosion. This porters of the old Northeastern Station, in­ survey laid the groundwork for later forest­ cluding some of the Advisory Council, were survey work. Miles Ferree, Earl Rogers, and disgruntled at the closing of the New Haven Roland Ferguson developed the use of aerial office. Shirley and Westveld toured New Eng­ photos for survey work and contributed toward land, seeking continued support, and they techniques that aided in developing the pres­ received a generous response. The Advisory ent forest-survey system. Council was reconstituted to include represen­ The Station also studied the problems of re­ tation from the entire region; and this Council habilitating coal-mine spoil banks in the An­ has operated effectively ever since. thracite Region, anticipating the present grow­ These were trying times. All but the major ing concern for the environment. William E. projects were placed on a mere maintenance McQuilkin of the Station staffworked on this basis. Many men from the Station joined the project. J. R. Schramm of the University of armed forces, including George Fahnestock, Pennsylvania Botany Department encouraged Robert Gregory, and John McGuire. G. R. this work and supported it. The problems in­ Trimble went to the upper Amazon to work on volved much more than rock and coal wastes: production of cinchona bark, source of quinine. acid in water from mines and mine spoils,

20 black soils that reached temperatures lethal The Beltsville Experimental Forest in Mary­ to plants, and absence of soil flora and fauna to land was built up during the war. Little help break down the minerals to create con­ money was available, but with the help of con­ ditions favorable for tree growth. scientious objectors assigned to wartime work with the Forest Service, the facilities were im­ The Station owed much at this time to proved and research work was pushed ahead. Clement Mesavage and his brother Stanley, Studies were made of waxy sprays to increase who had a passion to better the environment survival and growth of tree seedlings by reduc­ and economic welfare of people in the Anthra­ ing transpiration, and dressings to speed the cite Region. Their efforts helped gain Con­ healing of tree wounds were tested. gressional support for the Station's work in the The Station continued to support the Ot­ war years. sego Cooperative. The Cooperative was helped One highlight of the war years was the work by high wartime lumber prices, and despite of Ash Hough, who studied reproduction of financial and managerial problems, looked hardwoods on the Allegheny Plateau. He promising. But after the Station discontinued found that good reproduction of valuable spe­ its Cooperstown unit in 1948, the Cooperative cies like black cherry came in after the first began a slow decline and eventually failed. clearcutting of old-growth timber, but that re­ Later studies showed that the Cooperative's peated cutting of second- and third-growth greatest success was its sawmill operation-not pole stands for chemical wood led to rapid de­ its forest-management program. terioration of the forest stand. Hough also The staff also contributed to miscellaneous contributed to the understanding of old-growth war-time studies such as methods and materi­ natural stands. als for camouflage.

A Civilian Conservation Corps crew cut­ ting stump sections for study ofter log­ ging of virgin hardwood forest near Ludlow, Pennsylvania. August 1936. Dur­ ing the depression years, the CCC pro­ vided manpower for Forest Service re­ search.

A CCC crew plants red pines for a seed-source study at the Kane Experimental Forest in Pennsyl­ vania. April 1937.

21 EXPANSION 1945 TO 1973

The war ended. The nation turned its atten­ management and forest influences. From 1937 tion back to domestic problems. An era of ex­ to 1943 he served as assistant chief of the Di­ pansion in forestry research began. vision of Silvics in the Forest Service Wash­ In 1945, Hardy Shirley left the Northeast­ ington office, and from 1943 to 1945 he was ern Station to become assistant dean, and chief of the Division of Forest Economics Re­ later dean, of the State University of New search. York College of Forestry at Syracuse. Shirley had consolidated the two old experiment sta­ A Ne-w Era Begins tions into the new Northeastern Station, kept Harper foresaw "a new era in forestry re­ it going productively through the war years, search." He predicted that the growing popula­ and now left it "in tidy order for my succes­ tion of the Northeast would put increasing sor". pressures on the forest resource. A broader con­ Verne L. Harper was his successor. Harper cept of forestry was needed. "Forestry," he received his bachelor's and master's degrees in said, "embraces much more than planting and California and his Ph.D. at Duke University. growing timber and protecting it from fire."4 From 1927 to 1937 he served at the Southern In 1946, peace-time forest needs assumed a Forest Experiment Station, mainly on naval­ priority they would hold despite the Korean stores research, advancing to chief of forest War emergency of the early 1950s. Mid-cen­ tury America was faced with sustained inter­ national tensions that prompted intensive re­ search into the nation's long-term forest needs. Verne L. Harper. Harper put high priority on working closely with individuals and groups throughout the Northeast to bring about the new era in for­ estry research. These groups included the Sta­ tion's Advisory Council; heads of universities; agricultural experiment stations and forestry schools; state forestry and conservation de­ partments; river-basin councils and watershed associations; sportsmen's clubs; and state and federal legislators. The first task, which absorbed most of Har­ per's time beyond his internal duties as direc­ tor, was to build a widely shared awareness of the many benefits to be gained from the re­ gion's richly endowed forest land under a pro­ gram of advanced management and use, and of the contributions that could be made to proper management and use through adequate forestry research. The second task was to translate awareness into public response that would lead to increased federal funding of the Station's programs. Results were not long in coming. In 1946 flood-control surveys were resumed to cover, over a period of years, all the major river basins in the Northeast.

22 In that same year the national Forest Sur­ more secure municipal water supplies, and vey for the first time was brought to the greater soil stabilization in the region. Northeast with a commitment to the Station Equally significant to research progress, the for the employment of a permanent survey Station began programs of research-facility­ organization to make periodic inventories for improvement and personnel development. En­ keeping up-to-date information on timber larged headquarters of the Station were volumes, quality of wood, and associated forest equipped with the latest models of data-pro­ conditions. cessing equipment, and new aerial-photograph Forest economics research, closely asso­ techniques were pioneered. Laboratory and ciated with the Forest Survey, was strength­ office space was renovated or newly constructed ened in 1946 and subsequent years. New pro­ at the Station's field centers. grams were launched in logging and timber A personnel-development program was be­ utilization and marketing studies. Timber­ gun that stressed advanced training and as­ management programs received a substantial signments calculated to enhance scientific increase in 1946 and subsequent years to en­ skills and research performance. Many of the able the Station to launch a steady silvicul­ Station's scientists recruited during the post­ tural research push in each of the region's war 1940s later went on to higher positions principal forest types. elsewhere. Forest-genetics research was strengthened. For example, Thomas F. McLintock, re­ Watershed research, previously funded on an cruited in 1946, directed the Station's timber­ emergency or survey basis, got regular sus­ management research in the spruce-fir type, tained funding, beginning in 1947, that permit­ then went back to school to acquire his Ph.D. ted the establishment of projects in West Vir­ After several assignments at other stations, he ginia and Pennsylvania. Wildlife-habitat stud­ was called to Washington as director of the ies were undertaken in 1947 in West Virginia Forest Service's Division of Environmental in cooperation with the State's Department of Research. Conservation. Herbert C. Storey, who came to the Station By then the Station's headquarters offices in in 1948 to establish the new watershed-re­ Philadelphia had become crowded with people search project in Pennsylvania, became chief and activity. In May 1948 the offices were of watershed-management research at the Sta­ moved to more spacious quarters in Upper tion, and then went to Washington as director Darby, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadel­ of Forest Service watershed research for all sta­ phia. tions and, later became associate deputy chief for research. In 1949 a severe drought occurred in New And John R. McGuire, recruited in 1946 to York and northern New Jersey. That same establish the Station's white pine management year, two serious floods occurred, one in New program, took advanced training in economics, York and Connecticut, the second in Virginia became head of the Station's economic re­ and West Virginia-both attributed to runoff search, became director of another station, from overgrazed, burned, logged lands that and in 1972 was appointed Chief of the Forest could not absorb the heavy rainfall. Flood­ Service. control surveys were extended. Urged by the Station's Advisory Council, Continued Progress the Delaware River Basin Council, and other local groups concerned about water problems In 1951, Harper left the Northeastern Sta­ in the postwar 1940s, watershed-management tion to go to Washington as Forest Service research was broadened as a regularly funded Deputy Chief of Research, later becoming part of Station research in New England and Chief of Research. He had diTected the Sta­ the Middle Atlantic States. Research pro­ tion through its period of greatest growth, from grams begun in 1946 and continued in the the smallest station in 1945 to one of the largest 1950s and 1960s helped to bring improved in 1950. At the Station, and later at the Wash­ knowledge of forest-watershed management, ington office, he laid the foundations for future

23 Ralph W. Marquis. Urban centers grew. Forests became even more essential for municipal water supplies, flood control, recreation, and wildlife habitat. In some places these uses became more important than timber production. Since its inception, the Forest Service had assumed responsibility for research into all forest uses. During the 1950s and 1960s, re­ sponding to consumer and environmental needs, the Forest Service articulated its multi­ ple-use policies. In 1960 Congress passed the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act, defining multiple use as management of "all the var­ ious surface resources" of the forests so they are "utilized in the combination that will best meet the needs of the American people." Following this policy, the Northeastern Sta­ tion expanded its activities to coordinate de­ velopment of research on all forest uses. Tim­ ber management and associated protection and utilization, emphasized at the start of Forest Service research in the Northeast, remained prominent in the program. But watershed management and forest economics, explored in the 1930s and tackled in earnest in the post­ war 1940s, assumed equal importance. And in 1959 wildlife-habitat and recreation research became regular parts of the Station program. research by all the Forest Service experiment Environmental considerations caught increas­ stations. ing attention from Station scientists in the Ralph W. Marquis succeeded Harper as 1960s. director in 1951. Marquis, a graduate of the In both the older and newer research fields, University of Washington, with M.A. and Ph.D. new techniques and approaches were tried. degrees from the University of Wisconsin, was an associate professor of economics at Roches­ Chemicals were discovered that proved valua­ ter University before joining the U.S. Forest ble to the forester for disease, insect, and fire Service in 1940 as a forest economist on the control as well as stand improvement. Biologi­ controls Washington office staff. cal and radiation were tried for the The "new era in forestry research" that first time in the forest. Use of aircraft revolu­ Harper had predicted came to pass. America's tionized inventory surveys, fire suppression, and disease and insect control. transition from a nation with a surplus of raw materials to an importer of raw materials Use of high-speed electronic computers made forced recognition of the need for resource it possible to store great amounts of data and conservation. Domestic consumption of wood to sort them and retrieve information quickly products soared. Forest land values increased and easily. New mathematical models were dramatically. Profits rose in the forest indus­ applied in all fields from timber management tries. More effective and efficient methods of to recreation. Researchers probed problems timber production, .utilization, protection, and with behavioral models, simulation procedures, regeneration became imperative. and systems analysis. Pressures on the forest resource increased As research needs and capability increased, steadily. Forest uses other than timber produc­ so did Station facilities. Funding increases in tion came into prominence, causing conflicts. the 1950s allowed laboratory construction and

24 larger staff. Despite some budgetary limita­ placed a ceiling on the number of employees. tions in the 1960s, Station programs continued Then the Station began to consolidate field lo­ to grow. Old projects were completed and new cations. There are now 14 project locations­ ones begun, many of a kind not visualized in all different from those of 1958. earlier years. In a Department of Agriculture reorganiza­ tion in the early 1950s, forest insect and dis­

Adrnlnisll'allve Changes ease research was transferred from the Agri­ cultural Research Service to the Forest Service. To cope with the increasingly complex re­ The Northeastern Station assumed direct search programs and problems, the organiza­ responsibility for such research in its region. tional structure of the Station was modified. The Station's insect and disease research is When, in the late 1940s, the Station orga­ now carried on at modern laboratories at Ham­ nized research centers, these were seen mainly den, Connecticut; Delaware, Ohio; and Dur­ as locations for timber- and watershed-man­ ham, New Hampshire. agement research-though a few special cen­ In 1966, Ralph Marquis left the Station, ters were devoted to other projects such as called to the Washington office to serve as as­ genetics. Most of the other research activities sistant to the Deputy Chief for Programs and were centered at the Station's headquarters. Legislation. Marquis had steered the Station The research centers were like miniature ex­ through changing times and continued expan­ periment stations, each with its leader who sion. He was concerned with expansion to was responsible for all projects. As the 1950s encompass the many new facets of research re­ passed, it became obvious that this arrange­ quired by the multiple-use concept, laboratory ment had its disadvantages. The research cen­ construction, and the shift from the research­ ter leader was overburdened with administra­ center-leader concept to the project-leader tive chores, and the setup clamped a low ceil­ organization. Marquis died the day after he ing on grade advancement of project scientists. retired from the Forest Service, 14 December It became obvious that further decentraliza­ 1966. tion was desirable for expanding programs in forest product marketing, forest engineering, Richard D. Lane succeeded Ralph Marquis and wildlife habitat-especially as the nation­ as director. Lane took his bachelor's and wide program of laboratory con!';truction got master's degrees at Iowa State College and under way. joined the Forest Service at the Central States In the servicewide reorganization of re­ Forest Experiment Station, served a while in search in 1959, a new structure was adopted. National Forest Administration, then re­ By 1960 the Northeastern Station-like all the turned to the Central States Station, where he other stations-had decentralized so that the headed the Carbondale research center in basic unit became the project. 1947-56. He served at the Northeastern Sta­ Each project leader was responsible for his tion in 1956-59 as chief of the Division of research work unit. He looked to an assistant Timber Management, then on the staff of the director at headquarters for direction and co­ Timber Management Research Division in ordination. Meanwhile, administrative people Washington for 1 year and back to the Central were assigned to the field units to relieve the States Station, where he was director in 1960- scientists of most administrative chores. This 66. was in line with the national policy to de­ Lane came back to the Northeastern Sta­ emphasize administrative layers and to em­ tion as director early in 1966, when the Forest phasize the training and advancement of pro­ Service reorganized its eastern experiment sta­ ject scientists. tions. In this reorganization the Central The number and locations of the field units States Station, headquartered at Columbus, varied in the 1950s and 1960s in response to Ohio, was closed ; and its personnel and pro­ changing needs and appropriations. In 1958 jects were divided between the Northeastern there were 11 centers. This number increased Station and the North Central Station. The until 1965 and 1966 when budgetary cutbacks Northeastern Station took on added responsi-

25 Richard D. Lane. and Private Forestry organization. The devel­ opment of cooperative relations was important among his activities. To promote the nation­ wide policy for cooperation with State and Private Forestry to get research results into use, he established an information service in the Station, to disseminate research findings through the mass media of radio, television, and the press. In 1970 Lane transferred to the Agricultural Research Service and took an in­ ternational assignment in forestry in New Delhi, India. In 1970, Warren T. Doolittle succeeded Lane as director. A silviculturist and soil scientist by training, Doolittle took his bachelor's degree at Iowa State University, a master's degree at Duke University, and a Ph.D. at Yale. He served as a research forester at the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station in 1946-57, at the Washington office in 1957-59, and came to the Northeastern Station in 1959 as assistant director for research in timber management, watershed management, engi­ neering, recreation, and wildlife habitat. In his 2 years as director he has worked to strengthen the research effort in general. In particular bility for federal forestry research in Ohio and Doolittle has promoted the development of en­ Kentucky, which increased its area of respon­ vironmental forestry research. sibility to 14 states. At this time, the Northeastern Station's headquarters were moved to their present lo­ cation at 6816 Market Street in Upper Darby, Warren T. Doolittle. to occupy the same building as the State and Private Forestry Northeast Area office. With this reorganization, the Northeast be­ came the only place where the Forest Service has headquartered a regional State and Pri­ vate Forestry director's office with an experi­ ment station, separate from national forest ad­ ministration. This emphasized that a major task of State and Private Forestry is to n/o­ mote the adoption or implementation of re­ search findings by the states and private in­ dustry. This realignment strengthened cooperative forestry programs on state and private lands and provided a closer link between these pro­ grams and the research of the Forest Service in the East. 5 Director Lane left the Station in 1970. Dur­ ing his time as director, he worked to coordin­ ate the activities of the Station with the State

26 SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Tln�ber Managen�ent In 1955 the Station broadened its white The Northeastern Station's timber-manage­ pine project, begun in the 1940s, into a com­ ment program has revolved around the silvicul­ prehensive program embracing many facets of ture of the five dominant forest types of the forest production. One problem was to estab­ Northeastern Region. lish white pine reproduction free of hardwood The spruce-fir forests occur in northern and brush competition.' By 1969 part of this Maine, northern New Hampshire, the Adiron­ problem was solved with a direct-seeding dacks of New York, and to a minor extent in method that proved practical: the seeds were the mountains of West Virginia. Research on planted in furrows with a tractor-drawn ma­ this forest type is centered at Orono, Maine, chine. where Station researchers are studying prob­ The oak-yellow-poplar forest type is found lems of reproduction, cutting methods, in southern Connecticut, parts of New York, growth, soil nutrition, and protection against most of New Jersey except the Pine Barrens, animal damage. Acceleration of spruce regen­ southern Pennsylvania, central and western eration has been a major consideration, cru­ Maryland, ·and nearly all of West Virginia. cial to the pulp and paper industry, one of the The composition of this forest type varies leading forest industries of the region. greatly according to elevation, latitude, and Northern hardwoods-beech, yellow birch, soil. Research on t� forest type, though fo­ and sugar maple-are found predominantly in cusing on regeneration, has ranged from a New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. search for methods of protecting planted Although these hardwood forests regenerate acorns of the coastal oaks to studies of stock­ naturally, maintenance of stand quality is dif­ ing for the upland hardwoods-oak, yellow­ ficult. After cutting and burning, some areas poplar, maple and hickory-in Ohio. may be taken over by aggressive and less de­ In 1971, after 20 years of study, the Station sirable species such as aspen, pin cherry, or was able to make confident recommendations gray birch. for the management and silviculture of these Research on stand quality has been under upland oak stands.8 way for many years on the Bartlett Experi­ The need to improve conditions of the mental Forest and is now conducted from the long-abused forests of the Coastal Plain was laboratory at Durham, New Hampshire. Re­ urgent because of their proximity to large pop­ searchers concluded long ago that artificial re­ ulation centers. The research center at New generation, through planting or seeding, is un­ Lisbon, New Jersey, had success in regenerat­ certain and expensive.c Early elimination of ing yellow-poplars of the Coastal Plains and competitors is preferable for favoring the de­ Piedmont. sirable species that seed in naturally. Station The yellow pine-hardwood forest type-a researchers found methods of killing the fast­ relatively minor one-is found along the coast­ growing weed species, including the use of her­ al areas of Massachusetts, New York, New Jer­ bicides, tree girdling, and weeding. The Station sey, and Maryland. The yellow pines include also maintains a project, now centered in Bur­ pitch, loblolly, shortleaf, Virginia, and pond lington, Vermont, for studying methods of in­ pines. The most common associated hard­ creasing sugar maple sap production. woods ate oaks, hickories, red maple, white­ The white pine-hardwood forest type is cedar, blackgum, sweetbay, sweet gum, and found roughly in the middle of the Northeast­ holly. ern Region-southern Maine, New Hampshire, Pines are the preferred species on most Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and sites, but Atlantic white-cedar is preferred in Pennsylvania. White pine is a desirable com­ the swamps. Silas Little, at the research unit mercial species that does not always reproduce at New Lisbon, New Jersey, did outstanding well naturally. research on the ecology, silviculture, and man-

27 agement of white-cedar and its associated spe­ lings to sawtimber. At maturity the stand is cies. regenerated as a unit by one of the types of Studies of the pine-hardwood forest type in regeneration cutting, all of which have one New Jersey before 1950 dealt with methods of thing in common : for a short period after the obtaining natural reproduction through using final cut, the stand is devoid of any large tree fire or machinery for seedbed prepaxation, and cover, though seedlings and small saplings prescribed brnning for reducing fuels on the may be numerous. In even-aged management, forest floor to protect the forest from wildfires. sustained yield is ensured by controlling the After 1950 similar studies were made in east­ amount of area in each age class and by ern Maryland, as well as allied studies in both proper timing of the regeneration cutting. states on types and techniques of herbicide As time passed, evidence from Station stud­ treatments for controlling undesirable hard­ ies (some begun as early as the 1930s) showed woods in different forest conditions, effects that single-tree selection cutting would suc­ from different kinds of thinnings, growth of cessfully regenerate sugar maple and beech, pines from different geographic sources, meth­ but failed as a regeneration method for many ods of direct seeding, and effects of planting desirable species such as yellow-poplar, paper methods on stem growth and root systems. birch, and black cherry, which require plenty of light to survive and grow. Selection cutting Sllvlcultural Systems by groups will satisfactorily regenerate these and Culling Methods and other species, but under group-selection During the past 50 years, the Station has cutting, unless the groups are very large, regu­ tested many methods of intermediate and har­ lating the rate of cutting for sustained yield vest cutting in different forest types , in a on large forests is difficult and costly. search for the kinds of silviculture that will Research by the Station also showed that keep the land producing high-quality timber several forms of even-aged regeneration cut­ of the most desirable species. Studies covered ting are highly successful in regenerating most both uneven-aged management with many in­ species of hardwoods when proper conditions tensities of selection cutting, and even-aged exist.n Shelterwood cutting and clearcutting­ management with various forms of regenera­ either in blocks or in narrow strips or small tion cutting, including clearcutting. patches-can be used successfully to regenerate The concept of selection cutting was almost all our northeastern hardwood species . brought to this country by foresters trained in But the proper conditions necessary for suc­ Europe early in the centrny. In this kind of cess vary for different species and may vary in silviculture, periodic inventories are used to different parts of the species' range. keep track of stand growth, and individual In some areas recreation and esthetic values trees or small groups of trees are selected for may preclude even-aged management entirely. harvesting at relatively short intervals to con­ In such cases single-tree selection cutting or form to the stand growth rate. The objectives group-selection cutting will perpetuate the are to remove products at only the rate at forest, though with possible loss of efficiency which they are grown (or at a somewhat lesser in timber production and less benefit to some rate if it is necessary to build up growing species of wildlife. stock) and to keep on the land a continuous, well-stocked forest cover in which all age In the 1950s and 1960s, as demand for lum­ classes of txees, from saplings to maturing ber grew, logging costs became more of a prob­ sawtimber, are heterogeneously intermingled. lem than before. The Station responded with In even-aged management, age classes are attention to the financial problems of the log­ kept separate. The forest is regulated to con­ ging industry, making cost-and-return studies tain all age classes of trees distributed among through the use of simulation techniques ap­ many stands, but in any one stand the trees plied to stands on the experimental forests. are all the same age. Each stand is treated as Applied on areas of commercial size, these new a unit while the trees within it grow from sap- techniques simulated industrial operations.

28 The impact of cutting method on wa­ forest stands by the application of knowledge tersheds and wildlife was also taken into ac­ derived from genetical research." count. At the Fernow Experimental Forest on This project included the need for develop­ the Monongahela National Forest in West ing genetically improved trees pa1-ticularly Virginia, Station scientists studying the im­ suited for both intensive and extensive for­ pact of clearcutting on streams found that estry, for flood control and soil conservation, well-planned cutting of hardwood forests did for wildlife conservation, and for amenity uses. not cause flooding or severe erosion. Erosion Hybrid poplars.-Cuttings of selected hybrid reflected the care taken in logging rather than poplars have been distributed worldwide. the cutting practice. When properly applied, Some of these hybrids have come into commer­ clearcutting tended to bring about a more de­ cial use in several European countries, and ad­ pendable streamflow.10 ditional hybrids are included in commercial The impact of clearcutting on wildlife has trials in other foreign countries. been another facet of the Station's growing re­ Cuttings of 60 selected hybrid poplars were search focus on the interrelation between for­ distributed in the United States for coopera­ est cover and wildlife habitat. Studies were tive clonal tests between 1938 and 1941. Re­ made to determine the impact of timber har­ sults were doubtful because few of the cooper­ vesting on forest animals. Means were ex­ ators followed instructions for site preparation plored of reducing the destructive effects of and first-year cultivation. In 1955, cuttings of browsing animals, such as deer, on forest 70 promising hybrids were distributed to ap­ regeneration.u proximately 3,500 individuals throughout the country in a nationwide cooperative test. Some of these have shown outstanding possi­ Forest Genetics bilities in many parts of the country, with par­ Station research in forest genetics-a basic ticular promise for revegetation of strip-mine component in timber-management, entomol­ banks in Pennsylvania. ogy, pathology, and environmental research­ Forty hybrids, selected on the basis of their was begun in 1936 at New Haven. Leader of growth in 15-year tests at the Hopkins Experi­ the project, from then until he retired in 1972, mental Forest in Massachusetts, were released was ErnstJ. Schreiner. in 1970 and 1971 through State and Private Schreiner had previously worked in the pi­ Forestry for commercial trials in the North­ oneering Oxford Paper Company project of east. They were rated on growth rate and dis­ the 1920s to create hybrids that would pro­ ease risk for use in plantations for mini-rota­ duce wood fiber fast. After joining the Station tion tiber, holtwood, or timber production. he won international fame for his work in for­ Breeding with other species. - Selfing, intra­ est genetics, especially for developing fast­ specific breeding, and interspecific hybridiza­ growing hybrid poplars. tion with six important genera (maple, birch, In 1942, the project was centered at the ash, spruce, pine, oak) to determine self-com­ University of Pennsylvania's Morris Arbore­ patibility, species crossability, and character­ tum in Philadelphia, though Schreiner, still istics of species hybrids, have been a major project leader, served in 1945-50 as leader of part of the genetics work since 1937. As a re­ the work center at Beltsville, Maryland. In sult of this extensive breeding work, more 1963 the project was moved from the Morris than 30,000 seedlings have been outplanted in Arboretum to the research unit at Durham, plantations scattered throughout the region. New Hampshire. Provenance tests.-The project has three The project's objectives, briefly summarized provenance studies under way (with Fraxinus in 1937, are: "The development of superior americana, F. pennsyluanica, and Pinus stro­ forest tree types adaptable to a wide range of bus) and two cooperative studies with Picea environmental conditions and capable of pro­ abies (IUFRO) and Pinus echinata (Southern ducing a diversity of high-quality products in Forest Experiment Station ). the shortest possible time, and analogous im­ Search for superior genotypes.-The search provement of the inherent quality of natural for genetically superior individuals of our na-

29 tive species is a continuing job. Potentially also on the Fernow Forest-has provided a high sugar-producing sugar maples are under start in determining the relationships of test by geneticists at the Burlington, Ver­ forest-management practices to the discharge of mont, laboratory. Promising white pines are nutrients in streamflow and to the nutrient being tested for weevil resistance at Durham, cycle in the ecosystem. The Station's research New Hampshire. Several techniques have been in forest hydrology and other aspects of wa­ used in the white-pine weevil resistance work: tershed management has provided a much the determination of density of resin ducts at needed base for current work on municipal the feeding sites, rate of resin crystallization, watersheds and on forest influences in the and-most recently-the investigation of chemi­ urban-suburban environment. cals such as terpenes and resin acids in at­ tacked and unattacked trees. All these approaches have indicated the Surface Mine Reclamation complexity of this research. In addition to the Since World War II, strip-mining for coal search for resistance in eastern white pine, ex­ has increased tremendously. Strip-mining can otic species and species hybrids are being have a devastating impact on the environment tested. -especially on the visual appeal of the land­ scapes, on streamwater quality, and on land productivity. Watershed Management The Station has an active effort in surface­ After World War II, interest in and support mine reclamation. It started as a modest tim­ for watershed management increased. The ber-management program at Kingston, Penn­ Station's main research efforts in this field sylvania, in the late 1950s. When the Central have been on the Delaware-Lehigh Experi­ States Experiment Station was phased out in mental Forest in Pennsylvania (established in 1965, this research effort was consolidated with 1948 by the Pennsylvania Department of For­ a larger project at Berea, Kentucky. ests and Waters), the Fernow Experimental Carried on as a watershed-management pro­ Forest in West Virginia (starting in 1949), ject, this effort is actually a multi-functional the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in research unit with responsibility for all Forest New Hampshire (established in 1955), and re­ Service surface-mine reclamation research in cently on the Newark, New Jersey, and Balti­ the eastern United States: In cooperation more, Maryland, municipal watersheds. with the states and industry, it has concen­ Fundamental relationships of the forest and trated on the revegetation of mined areas, but forest practices to flood runoff, water yield, er­ work on hydrology and engineering has been osion, and sedimentation have been deter­ included. mined and widely published. Possibilities for Results of this work have been incorporated increasing water yield by cutting trees have into regulations of the state agencies and have been demonstrated. Also, it was shown that been put into practice by industry in all the the construction and use of roads and trails Appalachian coal-mining states. rather than the cutting of trees were the causes of erosion during timber harvest; prac­ ticable methods for controlling erosion during Utilization and Marketing and after logging were developed and demon­ The Northeastern Station first edged into strated to landowners and operators. utilization activities during the timber salvage This knowledge has proved invaluable as an cleanup after the New England hurricane of input to multiple-use forest management. 1938. During World War II, the Station go t Howard W. Lull, who headed this work from into utilization for good. Getting out timber the early 1950s to the late 1960s, earned an for wartime use became a major Forest Serv­ international reputation as a forest hydrolo­ ice task. gist. After the war, a Forest Utilization Service Of special interest in this age of the envi­ was established to bring utilization problems ronment, recent work at Hubbard Brook-and to the attention of the Forest Products Lab-

30 Prescribed burning in New Jersey. A I 00-foot safety strip is being burned along the boundary of the Lebanon Experimental Forest to reduce fuel on the forestfloor. March 1937.

Screen tests at Bartlett, New Hampshire, for determ­ ining the light requirements of northern hardwoods for regenerating strip cuttings.

The weir on a gaged watershed on the Fernow Ex­ perimental Forest in West Virginia. A continuous record of watershed behavior will show how forestry measures and logging affect the water resource. An automatic recorder in the gage house charts the be­ havior of the stream.

31 oratory for research, and to help get Labora­ based industries of the Appalachian hardwood tory findings put into practice. James C. Ret­ region. tie headed this project, later succeeded by Appalachian sawmill operators faced rising Charles R. Lockard. stumpage and harvesting costs and diminish­ At this time, a revolutionary change was ing supplies of high-quality sawtimber in the taking place in logging, milling, and utilization. 1960s. To help solve this problem, Station sci­ Before the war, most logging had been done entists sought ways to improve the utilization with hand tools and horses. Now the gasoline of high-grade timber. At the same time, they chainsaw came onto the scene. Other new ma­ sought expanded uses for low-grade timber. chines and methods were being developed fast For example, they developed a computer -skidders, loaders, automated sawmills, program called SOLVE, which shows how short-log bolter and sash-gang saws, and new much sawmill operators can afford to pay for lumber-drying and handling methods. logs, and how they can allocate costs among The Station's Forest Utilization Service was their production processes. Many operators in the forefront of this revolution. Though now use this program for evaluating their op­ much of the work was by nature more exten­ erations. sion than research, considerable research was Marketing research has also demonstrated done that resulted in significant findings. the economic feasibility of low-temperature Fred C. Simmons wrote hundreds of articles lumber drying with the accelerated kiln­ and papers to help loggers and mill owners drying methods developed by the Forest Prod­ make the transition from the old ways to the ucts Laboratory for hardwood lumber. These new. His USDA bulletin on Logging Farm drying methods permit a substantial reduction Forest Crops in the Northeast (1949) became in the lumber inventory a mill must have to a bible for the farmer who had woodlot timber assure users of an adequate supply of dry lum­ to harvest. His Northeastern Loggers' Hand­ ber. book (1951) was one of the Station's all-time Forest-products technologists at the Prince­ best sellers. Translated into foreign languages, ton Laboratory developed a new mill process it was used widely abroad, especially in under­ through which low-grade tree-length logs can developed countries. After his retirement from be economically converted into high-quality the Station and a United Nations mission in pallet p1uts and pulp chips. Marketing ana­ South America, Simmons became editor of the lysts determined that new highly automated trade journal, NORTHERN LOGGER, and sawmills with relatively small-scale operations Executive Secretary of the Northeastern Log­ (10 to 15 thousand board feet per day) are gers Association. more efficient and profitable than larger band Meanwhile, Lockard had much to do with and circular mills in the production of lumber the development of the log and lumber quality from low-grade logs. studies that gave sawmill operators a means of Market researchers developed and patented determining timber quality and value. These a quick leveling method for rehabilitating studies, continued by Myron D. Ostrander floors in urban rehabilitation projects. In this and Roswell D. Carpenter culminated in the system a quick leveling device holds 2 X 2- publication of sawlog grades for both hard­ inch wooden screeds in a level position over woods and eastern white pine. old sagging floors while a quick-hardening ure­ In 1961 the Station expanded its program thane foam is sprayed underneath to fill the of research on timber marketing and utiliza­ gaps and bond the screeds to the old floor. tiDn . MDst Df this research was concentrated The screeds provide a good base for a new at a new Station facility, the Forest Products level floor. Marketing Laboratory at Princeton, West Vir­ A study on the use of wooden pallets, done ginia. In addition to the main laboratory in cooperation with the National Wooden Pal­ building, a methods-testing plant was built. let and Container Association and Better The scientists at this laboratory tackled the Management Services, showed that unit-load utilization and marketing problems of wood- handling with wooden pallets can provide sub-

32 stantial benefits to the transport industry. For spruce-fir forests of Canada into Maine, defol­ example, the cost of handling a case of food iating and killing timber on vast areas. Silvi­ products can be reduced from 25 cents to 6 cultural methods were tried, by identifying cents by handling pallet loads rather than in­ high-hazard areas and cutting them first. dividual cases. Expanded use of pallets by the DDT was found to be effective against the food industry alone could provide a profitable budworm, and methods of airplane spraying outlet for much of the low-grade timber avail­ were developed that eventually helped to able in the United States today. Research bring the epidemic under control. Research demonstrated that a pallet-exchange program continued into the 1960s, to refine control among the food-industry firms would further methods. The chemical Zectran was found to reduce costs of food shipment. be an effective alternative to DDT. Other marketing and utilization innovations The gypsy moth defoliates both conifer and that have been evaluated and found poten­ hardwood trees, especially oaks. Introduced tially profitable include the production of from Europe in the 19th century, this pest structural grade plywood from low-grade multiplied beyond control and severely dam­ hardwood timber and the use of small mobile aged forests in southern New England. For post-driving machines that make it feasible for some years it seemed fairly quiescent; then wooden posts to be used as effectively as steel the populations swelled; but now it is spread­ posts in highway guardrail systems. ing west and south, threatening great damage. In the 1950s, DDT was used to combat out­ breaks. In the 1960s, chemicals with less per­ Insects and Diseases sistent toxicity than DDT were tried. In the When the experiment stations were estab­ search for a control method, Station research­ lished in the Northeast in the 1920s, one of ers tried sterilizing males with gamma radia­ their major missions was to find ways to pro­ tion; they tried predators, parasites, and virus tect forests from fire, insects, and diseases. At and bacterial diseases of the moth. A com­ the beginning, insect and disease research was puter model was developed for predicting the done by scientists assigned to the Station by course of a gypsy moth epidemic. the Bureau of Entomology and the Bureau of Despite all these efforts, the gypsy moth Plant Industry. These people worked as part continues to plague the region; and in 1971 an of the Station staff. intensive 5-year program was begun in a In 1954, the Department of Agriculture search for a way to control this pest. A special transferred forest insect and disease research program was set up at the Hamden Labora­ to the Forest Service. Raymond C. Brown and tory to carry on this work. John R. Hansbrough were appointed Station Many other pests have been studied in ef­ division chiefs for insect and disease research. forts to control them or lessen the damage, in­ Since then this research has been a regularly cluding the white-pine weevil, balsam woolly funded part of the Station program. aphid, southern pine beetle, European sawfly, When the present Northeastern Station and various scale insects. headquarters were set up in Philadelphia, the Also doing great damage is the Dutch elm old Station headquarters on Prospect Street disease, which is estimated to have killed in New Haven became the center for insect 400,000 elm trees annually through the 1960s. and disease research. After this building burnt The carrier of the fungus that causes the dis­ down in 1964, the staff occupied temporary ease has been identified as a beetle. Spraying quarters in West Haven till the new labora­ with chemicals was found to have only a stall­ tory at Hamden was completed. Insect and ing effect on the beetles. Wasp parasites im­ disease research is now being done at laborato­ ported from France were first released in 1967, ries at Hamden, Connecticut; Delaware, Ohio; and populations have become established in and Durham, New Hampshire. some areas. It is still too early to determine One of the most persistent pests the Station their impact on beetle populations. has dealt with is the spruce budworm. In the A possible weapon against the beetle was 1940s a budworm epidemic swept through the found in 1970. Researchers at our laboratory

33 at Delaware, Ohio, discovered that the female Dieback and decline diseases of several spe­ beetle secretes a chemical sex pheromone that cies have been studied. Some of these were at­ attracts the male; and they speculated that tributed to environmental stresses such as un­ this might be used to lure and kill the males favorable temperature or soil moisture. Other or disorient them to prevent mating. And in diseases studied included white pine basal 1972, a method and equipment were developed canker, nectria canker, the beech bark disease, for injecting trees with a fungicide, benomyl, and root rots such as those caused by Fomes for both preventing and arresting the disease. annosus and Armillaria mellea. This seems like a real breakthrough; however, Studies at om· laboratory at Delaware, it is still under test. Ohio, showed that stunted growth in Christ­ In forest pathology, Station scientists have mas tree plantations, and a yellowing of tree tackled a number of forest tree diseases. Per­ needles-called the chlorotic dwarf disease-was ley Spaulding, one of the first plant patholo­ caused by air pollution. Sick trees, protected gists in the United States, studied white pine from the pollution, recovered; healthy trees blister rust and devised a control method in became sick after exposure to polluted air. which the alternate hosts of the fungus patho­ The studies suggested that some trees may gen, Ribes (currants and gooseberries), were have genetic resistance to air pollution. eradicated to keep the disease from the pines. A radical new concept of discoloration and One of the early forest-pathology problems decay in trees was developed by using a chain­ investigated by Station scientists was the saw to dissect thousands of trees to study chestnut blight, which all but wiped out the what happens inside the living tree after it has American chestnut, once one of the most plen­ been wounded. The results upset conventional tiful and commercially valuable of the eastern theory. After a tree has been wounded-say by hardwoods. No control was found for this dis­ a branch breaking off-a complex sequence of ease; yet for years the Forest Service contin­ events occurs. First the tree has a protective ued efforts to bring back the chestnut by se­ chemical reaction to the wound; then organ­ lecting and breeding resistant varieties. isms may invade it. Then come bacteria and Jesse D. Diller, leader of this project for the non-decay fungi, which may-but do not al­ Station, scoured the East looking for survivors ways-pave the way for fungi that cause decay that might have genetic resistance to the dis­ -a succession of microorganisms. The tree, ease. Some were found, some that survived however, reacts by sealing off the infected area long enough to bear fruit; but none proved so that the column of discolored or decayed completely resistant. wood is no larger than the tree was at the time of wounding: new growth put on later is clear Resistant chestnut species were imported and uninfected. from China, Japan, and other countries and tested in various parts of the United States. In new studies at Delaware it has been dis­ Some of these survived our climate and were covered that certain diseases such as elm resistant, but none had the true forest tree phloem necrosis, walnut bunch, and black lo­ form of our native chestnut. Crosses were cust witch's broom are probably caused by made between the resistant Asian varieties mycoplasmas and not by viruses as previously and our American tree. One of these, the thought. Although known for many years to "Clapper" chestnut, shows promise, but fur­ cause disease in animals, organisms of this ther tests are needed to verify its resistance group were first found in plants just a few and produce clonal material for outplanting. years ago. They are the smallest living organ­ isms, only slightly larger than vhuses, and are Oak wilt, which threatened the oak forests found in the phloem tissues of diseased trees. of the region, was also studied. It was found that one way the pathogen was transmitted Forest Economics was through root grafts; and sanitation meth­ ods-cutting to isolate diseased trees-proved to The economics of foresty became important be of only limited effectiveness in tests in in the programs of the forest experiment sta­ Pennsylvania and West Virginia. tions of the Northeast at the beginning. We

34 have already mentioned the old Northeastern forest land in 12 states, from West Virginia to Station's concern for small woodlot owners Maine. Findings were published for each state and its sponsorship of the Otsego Forest Prod­ as soon as data had been computed and ana­ ucts Cooperative and the Allegheny Station's lyzed. The field work for the initial survey was studies of the depressed Anthracite Region of completed in 1958. Pennsylvania in relation to the forest resource. The initial survey .utilized a double­ Upon consolidation of the two older experi­ sampling system devised by C. Allen Bickford. ment stations into the present Northeastern Photo sample plots were printed on aerial pho­ Station in 1945, a Division of Forest Econom­ tos for each state. Each plot was photo­ ics Research was established, headed by Frank interpreted and classified into volume strata. A A. Ineson. Director Harper broadened the eco­ sample of photo-interpreted (P.I.) plots in nomic research program, and subsequent each volume stratum were established in the directors broadened it further. field as ground plots. Then fieldcrews went into The Station's small staff of forest econo­ the woods to locate each sample ground plot mists have investigated many aspects of for­ and record data on tree species, tree measure­ estry economics, including taxation of forest ments, other tree characteristics, land use, and land, forest-yield taxes, and forest insurance. other area attributes. A number of studies have been devoted to Research in techniques in the late 1950s identifying and evaluating various opportuni­ and early 1960s resulted in the implementa­ ties for profitable investment in growing tim­ tion of a sampling design known as Sampling ber. with Partial Replacement (SPI). This calls Station economists have provided guidelines for the remeasurement of only a portion of the for the establishment and expansion of forest­ ground plots in a state from the initial survey based industries. They have developed bud­ and the utilization of new photos with new geting systems for allocating funds to forestry P.I. plot stratification and new ground plots. programs at state and local levels. They have Thus, with the regression technique, there is established more efficient systems for grading, full utiHzation of all the photo and ground harvesting, processing, and marketing forest plot information from the previous surveys. products, from woodlot to consumer. During this time, Station personnel devel­ Economic analyses have been applied to oped a sophisticated data-processing system, many other Station research programs. Sta­ FINSYS, to process, compile, and analyze the tion economists have provided economic deci­ large volume of forest-inventory data. The sion-making criteria for programs of insect new sampHng design and data-processing sys­ and disease control, watershed management, tem were first used by the Station in the re­ genetics, and other activities. survey of West Virginia. Now FINSYS is used throughout the Americas and Europe in the The Forest Survey processing of forest-inventory statistics. As part of the nationwide forest survey con­ Development of the necessary programs and ducted by the Forest Service, the Northeast­ personnel capability for electronic data proc­ ern Station has conducted a continuing series essing has made it possible for the forest sur­ of forest surveys of the Northeastern States to vey to calculate quickly and efficiently forest­ provide up-to-date information about the tim­ area and timber-volume statistics and the ber resource and analyses of trends in forest­ associated sampling errors for each statistic. land area, timber volume, annual growth, and This was done for the resurvey of each state. timber removals as a data base not only for The resurvey of all 14 states in the Northeast state and industrial forestry interests, but also ( 100,300 acres of commercial forest land) was as an aid to national and regional policy deci­ completed in 1972. The third survey of the sions. Northeastern States is now under way. The first forest survey of the Northeast was The forest survey has been helped by coop­ begun in 1946. State by state, this survey cov­ eration from state agencies and forest indus­ ered the Northeast-some 82 million acres of tries, who have provided funds, manpower, Forestry esthetics. The bank of trees (left) screens from sight the coal-mine spoils around this Anthracite Region town in Pennsyl­ vania. Step through the screen of trees and you will see (right) the barren spoil banks.

To speed installation of new flooring in urban re­ habilitation, a floor-leveling device was developed at the Laboratory at Princeton, West Virginia. New floor screeds are held in place over the old sagging h floor, and plastic foam is sprayed under them to old them in level position and bond them to the old floor.

The first research facility of the Allegheny Station. Built on the Ockanickon tract, this building was later moved to the Lebanon EKperimental Forest in New Jersey. 1937.

One of the Northeastern Station's modern facilities. This is the Forest Insect and Disease Laboratory at Hamden, Connecticut.

36 aerial photographs, and information about the CHUBALL has promise and may require forest-land ownership and timber-product out­ only half the logging roads needed for conven­ put. tional systems-an environmental plus. As a supplement to the forest-survey re­ ports, the survey staff has made periodic re­ Wildlife Habitat ports on timber industries of different states, The first full-fledged wildlife-habitat re­ comparing industrial wood-use statistics with search project was centered at Warren, Penn­ previous surveys and noting important trends sylvania in 1959, and after 1965 at Morgan­ in industrial development and wood use. Also, town, West Virginia. In the 1960s the Station's the staff compiles, analyzes, and reports the research revealed that, with certain precau­ annual pulpwood production by states. tionary measures, some wildlife, like deer and wild turkeys, actually benefit from a mix­ Forest Engineering ture of forest and openings created by cutting. The coordination of wildlife-habitat and timber Forest engineering has long had a place in management has helped to minimize browsing Station research. In his early work in logging damage to forest reproduction. and sawmilling, Fred Simmons incorporated A major concern is the relationship between many aspects of forest engineering: construc­ timber and wildlife, and methods needed to tion of logging roads, cable-logging systems, coordinate the management of these two re­ and the many devices and machines used in sources are being studied. Most studies so far logging and sawmilling. have been concentrated on deer (at Warren) Forest engineering research was formally and on turkeys and squirrels (at Morgan­ made a regular part of the Station program in town ). In some of the early research, methods 1964, when a forest engineering research unit for studying these animals were developed. was established in cooperation with West Vir­ One study now under way deals with the ginia University at Morgantown, West Vir­ ecology of woody plants that provide food and ginia, where, a few years later, a research labo­ cover for wildlife. Wildlife research is being ratory was constructed. more closely integrated with research in the The Station's forest engineering unit was other forest-resource disciplines-timber, established to study problems in getting logs water, recreation, and economics. from the woods to the road. Research has been concerned both with reducing logging and hauling costs and reducing the impact of log­ Recreation ging on the environment. As early as 1938, the Allegheny Station Much of this research has centered on ma­ staff saw a potential for recreation use in the chines. Studies have been made to compare forests of the Middle Atlantic States. They different types of commercially available trac­ recommended that methods be developed for tors, to determine the tractor characteristics expressing in dollars and cents the "so-called most desirable for skidding logs. Another intangibles of forest value-the services ren­ problem tackled was rubber tractor tires-one dered from the forest as recreation grounds of the big costs for loggers. and watershed protection," as a basis for deci­ One logging device now under test at the sions about forest uses. Morgantown Laboratory is the CHUBALL. The time was not ripe then for recreation which was invented at our Princeton, West research. But meanwhile the growing popula­ Virginia Laboratory for hauling logs up steep tions of the seaboard metropolitan areas-Bos­ slopes. The CHUBALL is a large split steel ton, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, ball-like a giant yo-yo-that can be rolled Washington-put increasing pressures on the down the slope to where the logs are, dragging forest lands for recreational use. Year by year with it a cable from the tractor on the landing the pressures grew. above. Then the ball and logs are hauled up In 1959 the Station-then the Northeastern the slope around trees and stumps and over Station-began to survey the 1·egion's most brush to the landing. The engineers believe pressing recreation problems. In June 1959

37 the Station's Advisory Committee devoted its leisure interests ever conducted. This panel annual meeting to needs for recreation re­ study, begun in 1964, documented a number search. Dick Lane, then division chief for tim­ of important trends in camping participation ber-management research, prepared a regional patterns. analysis of the problem. The Station has recently added another In August 1959 the Station established the first to its recreation-research program with first Forest Service research unit to investi­ the publication of a nation-wide survey of the gate problems of forest recreation. Centered at camping market's potential for further growth. Warren, Pennsylvania, near a National Forest This study provides the first National profile recreation area, this unit started out modestly of a rapidly expanding leisure market, which is with studies of design and facilities for camp­ now estimated to include nearly one-half of all sites and picnic areas. Later they studied use United States households as past, present, or fees, impact of people on the environment, future campers. management of ground cover, and recreation The demands on forest land for recreation carrying capacity of wild lands. use are expected to increase, and this may In the reorganization of 1966, the Warren impel the Station to intensify its recreation re­ unit and the Central States Station's research search. As an aid to planning ahead, the Sta­ unit at Berea, Kentucky, were consolidated tion in 1971 sponsored (with the State Uni­ and moved to headquarters on the campus of versity of New York College of Environmental the State University of New York College of Science and Forestry) a Forest Recreation Forestry at Syracuse. Later the original War­ Symposium at Syracuse, covering the plan­ ren recreation research unit was moved to ning, development, and management of recrea­ Durham, New Hampshire. tional resources as well as socio-economic Research is designed to help managers of study of recreationists. both public and private campgrounds improve their facilities and their use of the land. Be­ Environmental Forestry cause most recreation areas are privately Knowledge of ecology and concern for envi­ owned, attention is being focused on them. ronment have always been implicit in Forest Besides campgrounds, Station researchers Service research and in the basic policy that have studied lands bought or leased for special the purpose of forestry is to manage the land uses such as hunting clubs and fishing rights. for the benefit of the people-whether they live Some attention has been given to regional in urban, suburban, rural, or forested areas. planning. In cooperation with the University Concern for environment was evident in the of Maine Cooperative Extension Service, a Allegheny Station's early studies of the An­ survey was made and a planning guide was thracite Region of Pennsylvania. In the 1950s prepared for developing outdoor recreation fa­ and 1960s this concern could be seen in stud­ cilities in Washington County, Maine. ies to find ways to revegetate coal-mine spoil More and more, attention in recreation re­ banks. Trees were tested for screening coal­ search has shifted from physical facilities to region towns from unsightly mine spoils; and people, to what people need and want and ex­ areas were surveyed and mapped to locate pect from outdoor recreation. Social and eco­ places where screens of trees could be used for nomic aspects of recreation have come to the this esthetic purpose. fore. Creation of a regular program of environ­ Studies were made to find out what makes a mental forestry by the Station was a response campground successful, to help managers to mushrooming public concern in recent years bring their facilities into line with what people about man's deteriorating environment. This want. It was established that water-lakes and program got under way in 1970, when the Pin­ streams-contribute to the success of a recrea­ chot Institute for Environmental Forestry Re­ tion area. search was established. One series of surveys, spanning 8 years, is In the early 1960s the Milford, Pennsyl­ the only long-term study of people's shifting vania, estate of Gifford Pinchot, first chief of

38 the U.S. Forest Service, had been donated to other plants in urban and suburban settings. the Forest Service. In 1963 President John F. It has been demonstrated that plants-espe­ Kennedy personally dedicated the Pinchot In­ cially trees-can improve the metropoliton en­ stitute for conservation studies. In July 1970, vironment. They ameliorate the microclimate: management of the estate was transferred reduce temperature, affect light intensi­ from the Washington office to the Northeast­ ty, reduce humidity, filter out air pollution, ern Station. abate noise, and change air movements. Es­ Thus the Milford estate became the focal thetically, they provide the greenery, shade, point for the Station's new Pinchot Institute flowers, and natural wildlife habitat that make for Environmental Forestry Research. The In­ the difference between tedium and pleasant stitute was designed to act as a catalyst for re­ living. search into forest-environment problems com­ Woodlands that surround urban areas and mon to the urban-forest interface in the are interspersed in suburban areas are also densely populated megalopolis that stretches vital to water needs. Vegetation protects wa­ from Boston to Washington. Its main purpose tersheds against erosion and protects the water is to find ways in which forest resources can be supply. Station scientists are learning how used to improve the human environment in urban water supplies can be increased through and around the urban centers of the North­ judicious cutting and species manipulation on east. watersheds. Consistent with the cooperative nature of Forest Service research, the Institute provides Wildlife is important too. One Station pro­ research grants to a consortium of nine lead­ ject is concerned with developing urban areas ing universities and research institutes of the to attract and maintain wildlife. Preliminary Northeast. Approximately half of the Forest studies in the Boston area have shown that Service funding for the Institute is used for re­ city cemeteries not only provide the only open search by the Station; the other half is space in some urban areas, but also provide granted to consortium members. The Station habitat for a surprisingly large variety of wild­ established two new research units-at Am­ life. Detailed plans have been published, show­ herst, Massachusetts, and Pennington, New ing how a backyard can be developed, stage by Jersey-to carry out its part of the research. stage, to attract and provide habitat for a va­ The Institute's scientists are studying ways riety of birds, small mammals, and other wild­ to establish and maintain stands of trees and life.

This mobile device was developed at the Delaware, Ohio, Laboratory for X-raying living trees as an aid to insect and disease research. PUTTING RESEARCH RESULTS TO USE

In the early days, when the old Northeast­ field trips for a broad variety of interested ern and Allegheny Stations were small, the groups. directors and scientists published many arti­ In 1966 an information service was estab­ cles and papers to describe their work and re­ lished by Director Lane, and public informa­ port their findings. In 1946, when the Station tion specialists were recruited to broaden the was beginning to expand, director Harper re­ dissemination of research results through the cruited a professional writer-editor, the start mass media-newspapers, magazines, televi­ of an editorial staff to speed the research re­ sion, radio, films, demonstrations, and displays sults into publication. -t.o help the general public understand and support Forest Service efforts. A small editorial and publications staff was The close association between the Experi­ built up that during the years has helped the ment Station and the State and Private For­ Station scientists get their works published­ estry area office, stemming mainly from the re­ sometimes more than 200 a year-in scientific organization of 1966, was another effective journals throughout the world as well as in step toward getting research results put to trade journals, popular periodicals, Depart­ use. And last but not least, the Advisory ment of Agriculture and Forest Service series, Counicls and Committees have steadily con­ in newspapers, and on radio and television. tributed toward this end. Besides these outside publications, the Sta­ The Station maintains its own library as a tion publishes its own series of research papers service to researchers and in 1961 recruited a and notes. For a long time the Station main­ professional librarian. Besides maintaining a tained its own printing plant, but since 1970 collection of reference works and periodicals, its printing has been done through the Gov­ the library assists scientists in obtaining bib­ ernment Printing Office. liographic material through its inter-library loan arrangements and knowledge of a wide Station scientists have been active in mak­ variety of information sources. The library ing public their own research findings through also aids in the dissemination of Station re­ talks at professional society meetings, local search findings by maintaining a complete file service clubs and civic organizations, at of Station publications for loan or reproduc­ schools and at university seminars, on radio tion when copies are no longer available for and television, and at demonstrations and distribution.

Laboratory work at Delaware, Ohio.

40 SUMMING UP

The Northeastern Forest Experiment Sta­ and analyze results. Editors and public-infor­ tion has come a long way in the past 50 years. mation people have been added to speed pub­ Two small experiment stations-each with a lication of results and inform the general pub­ handful of scientists-were combined during lic. Library facilities have been developed. World War II to create a new Northeastern Management analysts have been recruited to Forest Experiment Station that has steadily systematize operations in a number of activi­ grown to a size and complexity far beyond ties. The most modern electronic computers what anybody might have envisioned in 1923. have been used for storing, sorting, and re­ From a few projects in timber management, trieving data; and computer programs have forest protection, economics, and genetics, the been devised in many studies for analyzing Station has grown to encompass research into data. almost every use of forests known to man. Sci­ Tomorrow will no doubt bring new demands entists have been recruited from a score of dif­ and pressures on our forests-one of the few re­ ferent disciplines to carry out the multiple-use newable natural resources our nation has, and research called for by the complex demands one that man cannot do without. The Station made on our forest lands by the people of our will respond to these needs, as it has in the nation. past, in the hope that its research efforts will Biometricians and statisticians have been continue to contribute toward the wise use of added to the staff to help plan experiments this great natural resource-our forests.

Forest engineering research. Much of this research deals with the machines used to bring logs out of the woods.

These young wild turkeys are being studied in a wildlife-habitat proiect.

41 BIBLIOGRAPHY

It would not be practicable to list here all Clepper, Henry. 1973. A SALUTE TO SAl\'fUEL T. DANA AT 90. J. For­ the publications of the Forest Service experi­ est. 71: 200-202. ment stations in the Northeast during the Czapowskyj, Miroslaw M. 1969. ANTHRACITE COAL-MINE SPOILS TODAY: FORESTS past 50 years, because they would number TOMORROW. Pa. Forests 59 (3) : 81-83. more than 6,000. Instead, only a few signifi­ Dana, Samuel T. 1923. WHAT THE NORTHEASTEUN FOREST EXJ>EIU­ cant references used in this history are listed MENT STATION SHOULD AIM AT. J. Forest. 21: 40-43. below. Dana, Samuel T. 1926. THE MISSION OF FOREST RESEAitCH. ,J. Forest. 24: 667-672. Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. Dana, Samuel T. 1926-1944. ANNUAL REPORTS. USDA Forest Serv. 1930. TIMDE!t GROWING AND LOGGING PRACTICE IN THE Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta. Philadelphia. NORTHEAST. U.S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull. 166. Wash­ Allegheny Forest Research Advisory Counc.il. ington. 122 p., illus. MINUTES OF MEETINGS. 1929-1944. USDA Forest Diller, Jesse D. Serv. Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta. Philadelphia. 1965. A l'ROGitESS REPORT ON ATTEMPTS TO Bll.ING Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. BACK THE CHESTNUT TREE IN THE EASTERN UNITED 1939. KANE EXPERIMENTAL FOREST OF THE STATES 1954-1964. J. Forest. 63: 186-188. ALLEGHENY FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION. USDA Doak, K. D. Forest Serv. Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta. Philadel­ 1936. MYCORRITIZAE OJ� TREES AND SDRUBS. Univ. Pa. phia. 13 p., illus. Morris Arbor. Bull. 1 (4) : 45-49. ill us. Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. Dochinger, Leon S. 1943. TIONESTA NATURAL AND SCENlC AREA, ALLE· 1967. CHLOROTIC DWARF OF WHITE PINE, A l'ROBLEM GHENY NATIONAL FOREST. USDA Forest Serv. Alle­ OF AIR POLLUTION. Ohio Woodlands 5(4) : 18-19, gheny Forest Exp. Sta. Philadelphia. 10 p., illus. illus. Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. Doolittle, Warren T. 1943. WARTIME WORK OF THE ALLEGHENY FOREST 1969. RESEARCH IN URBAN FORESTitY. J. Forest. 67: EXPERIMENT STATION. USDA Forest Serv. Alle­ 650, 652, 656. gheny Forest Exp. Sta. Philadelphia. 2 p. Doolittle, Warren T. Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. 1970. A NEW ROLE FO!t 'l'HE PINCHOT lSNTITUTE. Pa. 1944. GUIDES FOR CUTTING TIMBER IN TilE N01t1'A· Forests 60 (3) : 81. EAST. U.S. Dep. Agr. A WI-90. 12 p. Doolittle, Warren T. Behre, C. Edward. 1971. TREE IMPROVEMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL FOR· 1927. FORM CLASS TAPER CURVES AND VOLUME TADLES ESTRY. NE . Forest Tree Improve. Conf. Proc. 18: AND TH'ElR APPLICATION. J. Agr. Res. 35: 673-744, 65-69. iUus. Dowden, Philip B. Behre, C. E., R. D. Forbes, J. C. Kendall, and J. G. 1957. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Olo' FOREST INSECTS IN THE Lipman. UNITED STATES AND CANADA. J. Forest. 55: 723-726. 1931. THE FORESTRY SITUATION IN NORTHEASTERN Forbes, R. D. UNITED STATES. USDA Forest Serv. NE. ForeRt 1930. THE FEDERAL FOREST EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Exp. Sta. Amherst. 13 p. USDA Forest Serv. Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta. Behre, C. Edward. Philadelphia. 4 p. 1933. NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Forbes, R. D. SURVEYS ITS FIRST TEN YEARS. J. Forest. 31: 694-695. 1933. HOW TO STOP FOitEST DEVASTATION. In A Na­ Bevan, Arthur. tional Plan for American Forestry. (Copeland Re­ port.) 73d Cong. 1st Sess. Sen. Doc. 12: 1429-1454. 1947. FLOOD CONTROL SURVEYS IN THE NORTHEAST. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Sta. Forbes, R. D. Pap. 10. Upper Darby. 9 p. 1940. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE ALLEGHENY FOR­ EST EXPERlMENT STATION, 1927-1940. USDA Forest Bickford, C. Allen, Carl E. Mayer, and Kenneth D. Serv. Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta. Philadelphia 29 p. Ware. Forbes, R. D. 1963. AN EFFICIENT SAMPLING DESIGN FOR FOUEST IN· VENTORY : THE NORTHEASTERN FOREST ltESURVEY. J. 1941. FORESTS AND JOBS IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION Forest. 61: 826-833, .illus. PENNSYLVANIA. J. Forest. 39: 197-201. Blum, Barton M., and Melvin R. Koelling. Forbes, R. D., and C. W. Beck. TAX DELINQUENCY OF FOUEST LANDS IN THE 1968. VACUUM PUMPING INCREASES SAP YIELDS !•'ROM 194l. AN­ TIIRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA: A COUNTY OP· SUGA!t MAPLE TREES. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pup. PORTUNITY AND RESI'ONSIBILITY. USDA Forest Serv. NE-106. Upper Darby. 14 p., illus. Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta. Anthracite Surv. Pap. Bratton, A\\en W. 3. Philadelphia. 16 p., illus. 1949. COOPERATIVES AND SMALL WOODLANDS. U.S. Fowler, Marvin E. Dep. Agr. Yearb. 1949: 183-190. 1963. A GUIDE TO FOitEST DISEASE RESEARCH IN THE Burke, Hubert D. NORTHEAST. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. 1961. FOREST ltECREATION JtESEAltCH: A NF.W UNDER· Sta. Upper Darby. 45 p. TAIGNG BY THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE. N. Y. Conserv. Frank, Robert M. 15 (4): 27-29 ill us. 1964. A GUIDE FOR SCREEN AND COVER !'LANTING OF Clapp, Earle H. TREES ON ANTHRACITE J\ONE-SPOIL AitEAS. USDA For­ 1926. A NATIONAL PROGRAM OF FOREST RESEARCH est Serv. Res. Pap. NE-22. Upper Darby. 50 p., Arner. Tree Assoc. Washington. 232 p. ill us.

42 Gabriel, William J. Larson, Edwin vH. 1964. SELECTION OF SUGAR MAPLES FOR HIGH SUGAR 1950. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHEASTERN AND AL­ CONTENT IN SAP-DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES. NE. LEGHENY FOREST EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1923-1949. Forest Tree Improve. Conf. Proc. 11: 8-11, illus. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Pap. 33. Gilbert Adrian M. Upper Darby. 208 p. 1959. SAMPLING THE QUALITY OF HARDWOOD TREES. Leak, William B. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Pap. 1961. DEVELOPMENT OF SECOND-GROWTH NORTHERN 114, Upper Darby. 18 p., illus. HARDWOODS ON BARTLETT EXPERIMENTAL FOREST-A Godwin, P. A., H. D. Rule, and W. E. Waters. 25-YEAR RECORD. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest 1964. SOME EFFECTS OF GAMMA ffiRADIATION ON THE Exp. Sta. Pap. 155. Upper Darby. 8 p. GYPSY MOTH, Portltelria dispar. J. Econ. Entomol. Leak, William B. 57: 986-990. 1971. SIMULATION OF FOREST SUCCESSION. Summer Hagenstein, Perry R. Computer Simulation Conf. Proc.: 820-825. 1965. FACTORS IN LOCATING PULP MILLS. Amer. Pulp­ Lincoln, A. Charles. wood Assoc. Annu. 1965: 49-52, illus. 1968. INSECT RESEAHCH AT THE DELAWARF. LAnOitA­ Harper, Verne L. TORY. Trees Mag. 28(2) : 14-17, ill us. 1946. RESEARCH IN MANAGEMENT AND UTlLIZA'riON OF Little, S., and E. B. Moore. FORESTS IN PENNSYLVANIA. Forest Leaves 36 (1) : 7-8. 1945. CONTROLLED BUHNING IN SOU1'H JERSEY'S OAJ<­ Harper, V. L., Bernard Frank, and W. E. McQuilkin. PlNE STANDS. J. Forest. 43: 499-506, illus. 1957. FOREST PRACTICES AND PRODUCTIVITY. U.S. Dep. Little, Silas, and E. B. Moore. Agr. Yearb. 1957: 732-741. 1949. THE ECOLOGICAL ROLE o•' PRESCRIBED BURNS IN Harper, Verne L. THE PINE-OAK FORESTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 1949. NEW HORIZONS IN FORESTRY. Forest Leaves Ecology 30: 223-233. 34 (1): 1-2. Little, Silas, Jr. Hart, Arthur C. 1950. ECOLOGY AND SILVICULTURE OF WHITECEOAR 1964. SPRUCE-FIR SILVICULTURE IN NORTHERN NEW AND ASSOCIATED HARDWOODS IN SOUTHEHN NEW JER­ ENGLAND. Soc. Amer. Forest. Proc. 1963; 107-110. SEY. Yale Univ. School Forest. Bull. 56. 103 p .. ill us. Hepting, George H., and Marvin E. Fowler. 1962. TREE DISEASES OF EASTERN FORESTS AND F'ARM (Little, Silas. and John H. Noyes, editors.) WOODLANDS. U.S. Dep. Agr. Inform. Bull. 245. 1971. TnEES AND FORESTS 1N AN URBANIZING ENVlltOU­ Washington. 48 p., illus. MENT. Univ. Mass. Coop. Ext. Serv. Planning and Resource Develop. Ser. 17. Amherst. 168 p., illus. Hetzel , J. E. 1939. A GUIDANCE LEAFLET FOI{ CCC PLANTING IN Lockard. Charles R. NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. J. Forest. 37: 494- 1951. HARDWOOD LOG GRADING-A PUASE OF QUALITY 495, illus. CONTROL. S. Lumberman 182 (2279) : 84, 86, 88, 90. Horowitz, Sylvia, and Mary Buchanan. Longwood, Frank R. 1967. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NORTHEASTERN FOREST 1964. THE FOHEST I'RODUCTS MAIUCETING ltESEARC H EXPERIMENT STATION, 1950-1965. USDA Forest l'ROGHAM OF THE FmmsT SERVICE, USDA. In Wood Serv. Res. Pap. NE-62. Upper Darby. 134 p. for People. Univ. Mass. Coli. Agr. Coop. Ex.t. Scrv. Pub. 414: 44-50. Hough, A. F. 1940. THE ALLEGHENY FOREST EXPERIMENT STA­ Lull, Howard W. TION. Forest Leaves 30 (1) : 9-10. 1962. MANAGEMENT �' OR WATER PltODUCTJON ON MU­ NICIPAL WATERSHEDS. World Forest. Congr. Proc. !'i: Hough, A. F., and R. D. Forbes. 1686-1 690. 1943. TilE ECOLOGY AND SILVICS OF FORESTS IN THF. HIGH PLATEAUS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Ecol. Mono:;:r. 13 Lull, Howard W. 299-320, illus. 1966. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WATEUS IIED MANAGEMENT HESEARCH BY THE NORTIIESTERN FOR­ Hough, A�hbel F. EST ExPERIMENT STATION, 1931-1965. USDA Fore!OitESTS: WE SEE THEM FOR McQuilkin, W. E. THE PEOPLE. Soc. Amer. Forest. Proc. 1959: 75-77. J969. THIRTY n: AJIS OF FF.DF.RAJ, FOREST JIESEAI!CH IN

43 USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper THE ANTHRACITE REGION. Pa. Forests 59 (2) : 58-62, D ill us. arby. 13 p., illus. Marquis, Ralph W. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. THE TIMBER AND WATERSHED LABORATOIW AT 1952. FOREST YIELD TAXES. U.S. Dep. Agr. Circ. 899. 1964. PARSONS, WEST VUtGINlA. F Washington. 50 p. USDA orest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. 6 p. Marquis, Ralph W. 1956. FOREST RESEARCH IN THE NORTHEAST. S. Lum­ Northeasetrn Forest Experiment Station. RECREATION SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. berman 193(2417) : 193-194. 1971. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. Marquis, Ralph W. 21 1 p., illus. 1961. How SHALL WE US.E OUR FOUESTS? NE. Logger 10(5) : 22-23, 34-35. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1971. OAK SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. USDA Forest Mesavage, Clement. Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. 161 p., 1939. FORESTUY AND THE FUTURE OF THE ANTHUACITE il l us. REGION. Forest Leaves 29 (2) : 3, 13. Northeastern Forest Research Advisory Council. Morey, Harold F. 1924-1 942. MINUTES OF MEETINGS. USDA Forest 1929. THE EFFECT OF SOIL ON THEE FOUM. U.S. For­ Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Amherst and New est Serv. Bull. 13 (52) : 4-5. Haven. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Northeastern Forest Research Advisory Council. 1924. FOREST INVESTIGATIONS UNDER WAY IN NEW 1943- 1962. MINUTES OF MEETINGS. USDA Forest ENGLAND AND NEw YORK. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Stu. Philadelphia and Forest Exp. Sta. Amherst. 83 p. Upper Darby. No11theastern Forest Experiment Station. 1927. FOREST RESEARCH IN THE NORTHEAST: A SUM­ Northeastern Forestry Research Advisory Commit­ MARY OF J'ERMANEN'r SAMPLE PLOT EXPERIMENTS 8Y tee. 1963-1971. MINUTES OF MEETINGS. USDA Forest ALL AGENCIES IN THE REGION. USDA Forest Serv. Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Amherst. 40 p. Northeastern Timber Salvage Administration. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. REPORT OF THE FOREST SERVICE PRO­ 1930. FOREST INVESTIGATIONS UNDER WAY IN NEW 1943. U.S. GRAMS RESULTING FROM TilE NEW ENGLAND HUR­ ENGLAND AND NEW YoRK. USDA Forest Serv. NE. RICANE OF SEPTEMBER 21. 1938. NE. Timber Sal­ Forest Exp. Sta. Amherst. 122 p. vage Adm. 594 p., illus. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Homer W. 1944. NORTHEAST FORESTS IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD. Parker, 1966. NEW U.S. FOnEST SERVICE UNIT APPLIES ENGI­ USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Phila­ NEEniNG RESEARCH TO APPALACHIAN LOGGING. N. delphia. 11 p. Logger 14 (10) : 16, 57, ill us. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. ReLtie, 1946-1971. ANNUAL REPORTS (new series). USDA James C., and Frank A. Ineson. 1950. OTSEGO FOnEST PRODUCTS COOPERATIVE ASSOCI­ Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. ATION OF COOPERSTOWN, NEW YORK: AN EVALUA­ Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. TION. U.S. Dep. Agr. Inform. Bull. 17. Washington 1948. BELTSVILLE EXPERIMENTAL FOREST. USDA 42 p., illus. Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. 7 F. Gin h p. Roach, Benjamin A., and Samuel gric . 1962. TIMBER MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR UPLAND CEN­ Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. TRAL HARDWOODS. USDA Forest Serv. Cent. States 1948. A PROPOSED EXPERIMENTAL FOREST IN THE Forest Exp. Sta. and N. Cent. Region. 33 p . . illus. SPRUCE-Fill UEGION OF MAINE. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Philadelphia. 5 p. Rushmore, Francis M. 1956. THE ADmONDACK RESEARCH CENTER. NE. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Logger 4 (12) : 20-21, 50, ill us. 1948. DELAWARE-LEHIGH EXPERIMENTAL FOREST THE FIRST UNIT OF THE DELAWARE BASIN RESEARCH' Schnur, G. Luther. CENTER. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. 1944. LUMBER PRODUCTION TRENDS: NORTHEASTERN Upper Darby. 6 p., illus. STATES, 1943. USDA Forest Serv. Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta. Occas. Pap. 6. Philadelphia. 24 p., illus. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1953. THE KANE EXPERIMENTAL FOREST. USDA Schreiner, Ernst J. IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST TREES. For.est Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. 4 1937. U.S. Dep. p., 1Uus. Agr. Yearb. 1937: 1242-1279, illus. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Schreiner, Ernst J. 1953. BARTLETT EXPERIMENTAL FOREST. N.H. Forest 1949. POPLARS CAN BE BRED TO ORDER. U.S. Dep. Agr. Notes 38: 5-7, illus. Yearb. 1949: 153-157. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Schreiner, Ernst J. 1959. WHAT'S KNOWN ABOUT MANAGING EASTERN 1969. TREE BREEDING IN THE UNITED STATES FOR­ WHITE PINE. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. ESTRY PRACTICE. FAO-IUFRO 2nd World Con�uiL Sta. Pap. 121. Upper Darby. 69 p., illus. on Forest Tree Breeding Sect. IV. 22 p. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Shafer, Elwood L., Jr. 1963. Tt-£E FOREST Pnonu=s MARKETING LABORA­ 1970. THE NAME OF THE GAME IS RECREATION RE­ TORY AT PRINCETON, WEST VIRGINIA. USDA Forest SEARCH. Environ. Educ. (l) : 30-34. �erv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. 8 p., Shafer, Elwood L., Jr., and Warren T. Doolittle. Ill US. 1972. THE PINCHOT INSTITUTE-BREAKING NEW Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. GROUND THROUGHOUT MEGALOPOLIS. Pa. Forests 1964. THE FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AT PAR­ 63 (I) : 20-24. SONS, WEST VIRGINIA. USDA Forest Serv. NE. For­ Shigo, Alex L. est Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. 12 p., illus. 1965. THE PATTERN OF DECAYS AND DISCOLORATIONS No:r>theastern Forest Experiment Station. IN NC?RTHERN HARDWOODS. Phytopathology 55: 648- 1964. THE HUBBARD BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST. 652, 11lus.

44 Shirley. Hardy L. USDA Forest Service. 1943. FORESTRY IN THE POSTWAR WORLD. Foresl 1923-1972. ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTORIES. Govc>rn­ Leaves 33 (2-3) : 5-9. menl Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Shirley, Hardy L. Weitzman, Sidney. 1943. RESEARCH AT THE ALLEGHENY FOREST EX­ 1949. THE FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST. USDA PERIMENT STATION. Pa. Acad. Sci. Proc. 17: 90-94. Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Upper Darby. Simmons, Fred C. 16 p., illus. 1951. NORTHEASTERN LOGGERS' HANDBOOK. U.S. Weitzman, Sidney. Dep. Agr. Handb. 6. Washington. 160 p., illus. 1956. RESEARCH ON THE FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL Simmons, Fred C. FOREST. N. Logger 4(7) : 14-15, 31, illus. 1955. LOGGING FARM WOOD CROPS. U.S. Dep. Agr. Wcslveld, Marinus. Farmers' Bull. 2090. Washington. 52 p., illus. 1931. REPRODUCTION ON PULPWOOD LANDS IN THI� Simmons, Fred C. NORTHEAST. U.S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull. 223. Wash­ 1956. SAWMILL RESIDUES: THEIR P!WDUCTION AND ington. 52 p., illus. USE IN THE NORTHEAST. S. Lumberman 193(2417) : Westveld, Marinus. 204- 207, illus. 1945. A SUGGESTED METHOD FOR I!ATJNt: THE VUL­ NERADJLITY OF SPI!UCE-FIR STANDS TO BUDWOitM AT­ Spaulding, Perley, and Annie Rathbun-Gravatt. TACK. 1925. CONDITIONS ANTECEDENT TO THE INFECTION USDA Forest Serv. NE. Foresl Exp. Sla. OF WHITE PINES BY Cronartiunt ribicola IN THE Philadelphia. 4 p. NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. Phytopathology Wood, 0. M. 15: 573-583. 1935. FOREST REMOVAL AFFECTS LOCAL CLIMATE AND GROWING CONDITIONS. Spaulding, Perley. U.S. Dep. Agr. Yearh. 1935: G 1929. THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST: A COMPARI­ 206-208. Washington, D.C.: overnment Printing SON OF EUROPEAN \VITH NORTH AMERICAN CONDI· Office. TIONS. U.S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull. 87. Washington. Wright, Jonathan W. 58 p., illus. 1955. A BffiLIOGRAPHY ON FOREST GENETICS AND FOREST TREE IMPnOVEMENT. Spaulding, Perley. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Pap. 90. Upper Darby. 60 p. 1944. DECAY OF WGGING SLASH TN THE NORTHEAST. U.S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull. 876. Washington. 22 p .. Zube, Ervin H., Hugh C. Davis, and Robert 0. illus. Brush. 1971. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH IN ENVI­ Stickel, Paul W. RONMENTAL FORESTRY: A RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR 1927. FOREST FIRE WEATHER RESEARCH. J. Forest. THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. Amer. Soc. 25: 604-605. Landscape Architect. Found. McLean, Va. 18 p.. Stickel, Paul W. ill us. 1938. NORTHEASTERN FOREST-FIRE DANGER METERS. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. Sta. Tech. Note 25. New Haven. 4 p. Other Sources of Information Storey, Herbert C. 1949. WATERSHED RESEARCH IN THE DELAWARE AND In addition to the published works cited LEHIGH. Forest Leaves 34 (1) : 15-16. above, a number of unpublished Forest Service Trimble, George R., Jr., K. G. Reinhart, and Henry office reports were referred to in the preparation H. Webster. 1963. CUTTING THE FOREST TO INCREASE WATER of this history. Information was also obtained YIELDS. J. Forest. 61: 635-640. from tape-recorded oral-history interviews Trimble, George R., Jr. 1961. MANAGING MOUNTAIN HARDWOODs-A TEN conducted by Elwood R. Maunder and Susan YEAR APPRAISAL. USDA Forest Serv. NE. Forest Exp. R. Schrepfer of the Forest History Society. Sta. Pap. 143. Upper Darby. 25 p., illus. Interviews were conducted with Samuel T. Trimble, George R., Jr., and Lester McClung. 1966. CLEARCUTTING. W. Va. Conserv. 30(7) : 16-18. Dana, C. Edward Behre, Walter H. Meyer, USDA Forest Service. Verne L. Harper, Hardy Shirley, and Warren 1909-1972. REPORTS OF THE CHIEF FORESTER. Gov­ T. ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Doolittle.

•

45 PERSONNEL

The following list of personnel who have Bones, James T.'� served at the old Northeastern, Allegheny, Borneman, Willis T. and present Northeastern Forest Experiment Bowers, Teresa M. * Stations includes mainly professional people, Boyce, John S., director plus others who have contributed significantly 1928-29 to Station programs and publications. Bradley, Dennis P. Brandner, H. Phil Akcerman, P. E. Brandt, Robert W. Adams, Edward L. * Bratton, Allen W. Afanasiev, Michel Brisbin, Robert L. * Allen, Rufus H., Jr.* Brock, Samuel M. Amidon, Elliot L. Bromfield, K. Anderson, A. H. Brown, J. Willcox Anderson, Robert B.* Brown, Raymond C., chief, Division of Araman, Philip B.* Forest Insect Research Archer, Donald H. Brush, Robert 0.'� Arner, Stanford L. �· Burke, Hubert D. Atkinson, Oscar L.* Burnham, Chester F. Aubertin, Gerald M::• Burns, Denver P. Auchmoody, Luther R.* Buttrick, John Bain, Robert, assistant director, Callahan, K. Support Services Camp, Harry W., Jr. Baird, J. Campbeli, Robert W.* Banks, Wayne G. Cannon, William N., Jr.':' Bard, George L. Caporaso, Allessio P. Barger, Jack H.':' Carl, Clayton M., Jr.':' Barnard, Joseph E.* Carlson, Tony C. Barraclough, Solon L. Carpenter, Roswell D.* Barrett, Harold J. Carter, Roy M. Baumgras, John E.* Cavallero, John B. Bean, James L.'� Cawelti, Stephen W. Behre, C. Edward, director Champagne, E. Garth 1929-41 Chapman, Roger C. Belotelkin, Konstantin T. Charlton, John W. Berg, William A. Church, Thomas W., Jr.':' Berry, Frederick H.':' Clark, Kenneth M. Bethlahmy, Nedavia Cole, Alexander B. Bevan, Arthur Corbett, Edward S. * Bickford, C. Allen Cosenza, Benjamin J. Biller, Cleveland J.'� Craft, Edward P.':' Bjorkbom, John C.�· Crosby, David Bloom, Jerry H. •:• Crow, Alonzo B. Blum, Barton M. * Croxton, Ralph J. Blythe, Richard H., Jr. Cunningham, Frank E. Boardman, Steven Cuppett, Donald G.* Bolich, G. Curry, John R. Curtis, Brian M. Curtis, Robert 0. *Still with the Station Curtis, Willie R. '-'

46 Cuthbert, Roy A.* Fogerty, Virginia M. �· Czapowskyj, Miroslaw M."; Folsom, John B. Dale, Martin E.* Foote, Dean A.* Dana, Samuel T., director Forbes, Reginald D., director, 1923-27 Allegheny Forest Experiment Davidson, Walter H::• Station, 1927-39 Davis, Grant•:• Fowler, Marvin E., chief, DeBald, Paul S. * Division of Forest Disease Research DeGraaf, Richard M. * Frampton, Lois C. Demeritt, Maurice R., Jr.':' Frank, Robert M., Jr.':' Dempsey, Gilbert P.* Franz, George J., Jr. Despard, Thomas L. * Frayer, Warren E. Dickerman, Murlyn B . Frost, Richard E.* Dickerson, A. Laverne* Furnish, James R. Dickson, David R. * Furnival, George M. Diebold, Charles H. Gabriel, William J.�· Dieckhaus, James W. Galford, Jimmy R. ·� Diller, Jesse D. Gammon, Glenn L.* Dochinger, Leon S.* Gansner, David A.* Dodd, Alfred N. Garrett, Lawrence D::• Donley, David E::• Garrett, Peter w::• Donnelly, John R. Gast, P. R. Doolittle, Warren T., director Gatchell, Charles J.·:· 1970-·:· Gedney, Donald R. Dorr, Frederick J. Gentry, Claude E.'� Doverspike, George E. Gerhold, Henry H. Dowden, Philip B. Gibbs, Carter B. Dowdle, Barney Gibson, Harry G.* Dubois, Normand R.* Gibson, Lester P.'� " Dubois, Warren J. Gilbert, Adrian M. Duffield, John W. Gill, John D.'� Duffy, Bernard F., assistant Gingrich, Samuel F.* director, Support Services* Girard, James W. Eads, Larry D. Gochenour, Donald L., Jr.'� Echelberger, Herbert E.·� Godwin, Paul A.* Edgerton, L. J. Goodell, Bertram C. Ellefson, Paul V. Gordon, Barry D::• Ellen, J. David Graber, Raymond E::· Ellsbury, Wendell M. Greene, Mary T. Elliott, Terry L. Gregory, G. Robinson Ellstrom, Raymond Gregory, Garold F.':' Emanuel, David M. * Gregory, Robert* Eschner, Arthur Grisez, Ted J::• Etter, Daniel 0., Jr.* Griswold, Frank S. Fahnestock, George R. Griswold, Norman B. Farver, James T. Grossman, Sidney J. Federer, C. Anthony* Grove, Gerald H. Fenton, Richard H. Gyw·e, Benjamin L. Ferguson, Roland H.* Hagenstein, Perry R. Ferree, Miles J. Haggard, Paul L. Filip, Stanley M.'� Hahn, Glenn G.

47 Hamilton, Thomas E., assistant Jones, Clark A. director, Division of Forest Jones, Thomas W.* Economics, Survey, Marketing & Jordan, James S.* Utilization* Jorgensen, Richard N. Hampf, Frederick E. Kasiak, Edward Hanks, Leland F.* Katz, Barbara E.':' Hansbrough, John R., chief, Kawelti, Stephen W. Division of Forest Disease Research Kelley, A. P. Hansen, Bruce G.* Kendig, Thomas E. Harper, Verne L., director, Kennedy, Bruce H.'-' 1946-50 Kenney, Robert J. Hart, Arthur C. Kidd, Walter J., Jr. Hart, George E., Jr. King, Robert Hartley, Carl Kingsley, Neal P:== Hartman, Fred J. Klawitter, Ralph A., assistant Hartman, Robert L. director, Division of Insect Hastings, Arthur R. and Disease Research Hatch, A. B. Klein, E. Lawrence Hay, Cyrus J.�' Knutson, Robert G.* Hazen, J. F. Kochenderfer, James N.* Healy, William M:� Koelling, Melvin R. Heisler, Gordon M. * Koenick, Leonard J. Herrick, John W.'� Kraemer, J. Hugo Herrick, Owen w.e.' Krochmal, Arnold Hicks, Halsey M. Lane, Richard D., director, Hirt, Ray R. 1966-70 Holcolm, Carl J. LaPage, Wilbur F.':' Holt, William R. Large, Hollis R. t,• Homeyer, Jay W.* Larsen, David N.* Horsley, Stephen B.* Larson, Edwin vH.* Hornbeck, James W.* Lavigne, Raymond W. Hough, Ashbel F. LaVoy, Gerald C. Houston, David R. * Leak, William B.* Howard, John* Leonard, Raymond E.* Howard, Lance F.=== Lewis, Franklin B.·=· Howe, George E. Linch, John R. Hoyle, Merrill C.* Lincoln, A. Charles, Jr. Huberman, Morris A. Lindahl, Robert R. Huntzinger, Harold J. Lindell, Gary Hutchins, Lee M. Lindmark, Ronald Hutnik, Russell J. Linton, David':' Huttinger, William 0. Little, Elbert L., Jr. Huyler, Neil K.* Little, Silas, Jr.':' Ineson, Frank A., chief, Lloyd, F. Thomas Division of Forest Economics Lockhard, Charlse R. Jacot, Arthur P. Longwood, Franklin R. Janerette, Carol A.'� Lowe, James H., Jr. Jaynes, Harold A. Lucas, Edwin L., Jr.'� Jensen, Chester E. Lucas, John T. Jensen, Keith F.* Lucas, Robert F. Jensen, Victor S. Lull, Howard W., chief, Division of Johnson, Leonard R.* Watershed Management Research

48 Lutz, Harold J. Niskala, George Lyman, Robert R. * Nofziger, Ed MacKay, Benton O'Brien, James MacAloney, H. J. ODell, Thomas M. ·� McCauley, Orris D.') Ohman, John McCay, Roger E.':' Olsen, Chad C/' McConkey, Thomas W. Olson, W. Z. McElroy, James E. Ostrander, Myron D. McGuire, John R., chief, Division of Ostrom, Carl E. Forest Resources Research Parker, Homer W. McHenry, Richard K. Parker, Johnson* Mcintyre, Thomas Parr, Nils McLintock, Thomas F. Parr, Sally Brockley McManus, Michael L. * Patrie, James E.* McQuilkin, William E. Payne, Brian R.•:• McWain, Percy Peacock, John w:� Maki, T. Ewald Pearce, John Maki, Kalervo N. Peirsol, Margaret K. * Malkasian, Neil A. Pendleton, Thomas H.* Manthy, Robert S. Perkins, Philip B.•:• Marco, Herbert F. Peters, John R.* Marquis, David A.* Peters, Robert C. Marquis, Ralph W., director, Phillips, John J. 1951-66 Phillips, Ross A.* Marshall, Hubert Pierce, Raymond W. Martens, David G.':' Pierce, Robert S.':' Martin, A. Jeff* Plass, William T.':' Martin, C. Wayne Plusnin, Basil A. Martinson, Ernest 0. Podgwaite, John D.�· Marty, Robert J. Pomeroy, Kenneth B., chief, Marx, Harold G.* Division of Timber Management Mayer, Carl E.•:• Poore, Charles P. Mazzone, Horace M.* Potter, Howard S. Mendel, Joseph J.'� Potts, Samuel F. Mesavage, Clement Powell, Douglas S. * Meyer, Emil F. Prota, Carl D. Meyer, Walter H. Purcell, Thomas* Miller, James M.* Quigley, Kenneth L., assistant Miller, Orson director, Watershed, Engineering, Miller, William C.* Recreation and Wildlife Habitat Research'� Mills, Brooks B. Rabe, Colin A. Misulia, Michael Ragain, Dale P. Mitchell, Wilfred C. Rammrath, Rita M. Moeller, George H.* Rast, Everette D.·:· Mollenhauer, William J. Reardon, Richard C.·� Mook, Paul V. Recknagel, A. B. Morey, Harold F. Reeves, Calvin C., Jr.':' Morse, J. Edwin Reigner, Irvin C. Mott, D. Gordon•:• Reineke, Lester H. Nearn, William T. Reinhart, Kenneth G :� Neely, Robert D/' Rettie, James C., chief, I Nevel, Robert L., Jr.':' Division of Forest Economics Research

49 Rexrode, Charles 0.':' Sims, I van H., chief, Division of Reymers, Kenneth E., Jr. Timber Management Reynolds, Hugh W.* Skratt, Thomas A.�· Rich, Roger Smith, Frank F. Ritter, George J. Smith, H. Clay�' Roach, Benjamin A.* Smith, Wendell E. Roberts, Kenneth L. Snow, Albert G., Jr. Roehrs, Douglas G. Solomon, Dale S. ·� Rogers, Earl J. Sonderman, David L. * Rollins, James A. Sopper, William E. Rollinson, William Spaulding, Perley, chief, Ross, Eldon W., assistant director, Division of Forest Pathology Division of Forest Insect & Disease Staley, John M. Research •:: Stankewich, Joseph P. Rude, John K. Starr, W. K. Rule, Hubert D. Stern, E. George Rulison, Donald E. Stewart, Guy R. Rushmore, Francis M. Stickel, Paul W. Rutherford, William, Jr. Stirler, Dennis J.':' Rydberg, Ronald V. Stoddard, Charles H. Safford, Lawrence 0.* Stoltenberg, Carl H., chief, Sampson, Richard K. Division of Forest Economics Research Sander, Ivan L. Storey, Herbert C., chief, Sanderson, H. Reed* Division of Watershed Management Santamour, Frank S. Research Sarles, Raymond L:=· Striffier, William D. Sartz, Richard S. Stuart, Alice Schmidt, J. W., Jr. Sucoff, Edward I. Schmidt, Robert A. Sushko, Walter C. Schmitt, Daniel M., assistant director, Sweet, Brian Division of Timber Management Research* Talerico, Robert L. * Schnur, G. Luther Tanner, C. B. Schreiner, Ernst J. Taylor, Raymond F., chief, Schuler, James L:=· Division of Forest Management Research Schuster, Ervin G. Tegethoff, A. Seegrist, Donald W.* Tepper, Herbert B. Seliskar, Carl E., assistant director, Thomas, Jack Ward'-' Division of Forest Insect and Thorner, Benjamin Disease Research�· Timson, Floyd G.'-' Sendak, Paul E.·=· Todd, Arthur S. Shafer, Elwood L., Jr., assistant Toole, E. H. director, Pinchot Institute of Tourney, J. W. Environmental Forestry Research•:• Trefts, Hubbard Sharon, Edward M. ·� Trent, Roy E. Shepard, Harold B. Trimble, George R., Jr.* Shigo, Alex L. * Tripp, Norman R.

Shiner, James W. Troendle, Charles A. •:• Shirley, Hardy L., director, Tuthill, Frank F. Allegheny Forest Experiment Station, Turberville, H. W. 1939-45 Tuttle, Norman L.�· Silverborg, Savel B. Van Buijtenen, Johannes P. Simmons, Frederick C. Van Lear, David H.

50 Varney, Gilbert L. Whelan, Donald E. Vogel, Willis G.* Whipkey, Ronald Z. Wagar, J. Alan Whittaker, James C. Walker, John L. Whitten, Russell R. Wallin, Walter B.* Wilkinson, Ronald C.'' Walters, Russell 8.':' Williams, Carroll B., Jr. Walton, Gerald 8.* Williams, Ellis T. Ware, Kenneth D. Williams, George P., Jr."'' Wargo, Philip M.* Williamson, Malcolm J. Wartluft, Jeffrey L.':' Wilson, Richard E. Waterman, Alma M. Wilson, Robert W., Jr. ':' Waters, William E., chief, Wisdom, Harold W. Division of Forest Insect Research Wolf, Charles H.* Way, Roger D. Wollerman, Edward H.':' Webb, James E. Wood, 0. M. . Webster, Henry H. Worley, David P.�· Weigle, Weldon K. Wray, Robert D. Weitzman, Sidney Wren, Thomas E. Wells, Roger W. Wright, Jonathan W. Welsch, David J. Writer, Ross Wen, C. I. Yawney, Harry W.* Wendel, George w::• Yelenosky, George Westveld, Marinus Zeedyk, William D. Wheaton, R. G. Zerbe, John H. Wheeland, Hoyt A. Zorio, John W.

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51 FOOTNOTES

'Dana, Samuel T. The development of forestry in •Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Annual Government and education. Interview by Amelia Fry, report, 1951. Univ. Cal. Oral Hist. Off., Berkeley, 1967. U.S. For­ 'Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Annual est Service. Report of the Forester for 1919: 2. report, 1955: 38. • Society of American Foresters, Allegheny Section. 'Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Annual Forest investigations now being carried on by forestry report, 1971: 17-20. organizations in Maryland, New Jersey, and Pen­ nsylvania. 1927. "Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Annual ..Behre, C. Edward. Interview with Elwood R. report, 1963: 4-5; Annual report, 1967. Maunder, Forest History Society, 1973. Allegheny Gingrich, Samuel F. Timber management guide for Forest Experiment Station, Annual report for 1943. central upland hardwoods, 1962. 'Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Annual '°Kochenderfer, J. N., and J. H. Patrie. Effects of r�port of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Sta­ clear-cutting-past and present-on water resources tton, 1946: 1-4. of the Monongahela National Forest. "Doolittle, Warren T. Interview with Elwood R. "Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Annual Maunder, Forest History Society, 1973. report, 1959: 7-8 .

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