Responding to National Needs
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Ninety Years of X-Ray Spectroscopy in Italy 1896-1986
Ninety years of X-ray spectroscopy in Italy 1896-1986 Vanda Bouché1,2, Antonio Bianconi1,3,4 1 Rome Int. Centre Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS), Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185Rome, Italy 2 Physics Dept., Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy 3 Institute of Crystallography of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IC-CNR, Montero- tondo, Rome, Italy 4 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoeshosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia Ninety years of X-ray spectroscopy research in Italy, from the X-rays dis- covery (1896), and the Fermi group theoretical research (1922-1938) to the Synchrotron Radiation research in Frascati from 1963 to 1986 are here summarized showing a coherent scientific evolution which has evolved into the actual multidisciplinary research on complex phases of condensed mat- ter with synchrotron radiation 1. The early years of X-ray research The physics community was very quick to develop an intense research in Italy on X rays, after the discovery on 5th January, 1896 by Röngten in Munich. Antonio Garbasso in Pisa [1], and then in Rome Alfonso Sella, with Quirino Majorana, Pietro Blaserna and Garbasso, published several papers on Nuovo Cimento [2], starting the Italian experimental school on X-rays research in XIX century [3]. The focus was on the mechanism of the emission by the X-ray tubes, the nature of X-rays (wave or particles), the propagation characteristics in the matter, the absorption and diffusion. Cambridge and Edinburgh at the beginning of the XX century became the world hot spots of X-ray spectroscopy with Charles Barkla who demonstrated the electromagnetic wave nature of X-ray propagation in the vacuum, similar with light and Henry Moseley, who studied the X-ray emission spectra, recorded the X-ray emission lines of most of the elements of the Mendeleev atomic table. -
Supplement to Appendices 1994-2009
NIST Special Publication 955 Suppl. Responding to National Needs: Supplement to Appendices 1994-2009 Compiled and edited by: Keith Martin Barbara P. Silcox National Institute of Standards and Technology • U.S. Department of Commerce Responding to National Needs: Supplement to Appendices 1994-2009 Compiled and edited by: Keith Martin Barbara P. Silcox Electronic Composition: Karen Wick May 2010 U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Director FOREWORD This Supplement to Appendices is a continuation of the data collected in the appendices of NIST Special Publication 955, Responding to National Needs: The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institute of Standards and Technology 1969-1993, by James F. Schooley, November 2000. It incorporates, and therefore supersedes, the previous Supplement published July 2002. This current Supplement covers the period 1993-2009. The data will be used to support the research and compilation of the fourth volume of the NBS/NIST history series. Since the publishing of the first Supplement, NIST has had several accomplishments worthy of noting. During this period, NIST had its third Nobel Prize winner in Physics. John L. (Jan) Hall of the NIST Physics Lab and the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Theodor W. Hänsch of the Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany, were named winners of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics, sharing the honor with Roy J. Glauber of Harvard University. Hall shares the Nobel Prize with Hänsch, “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.” In 2004, NIST made big advances in a small area by building the world’s smallest atomic clock. -
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 119 998 an Act to Declare a National Policy
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 119 998 SE 020 412 TITLE An Act to Declare a National Policy of Coordinating the Increasing Use of the Metric System in the United States, and to Establish a United States Metric Board to Coordinate the Voluntary Conversion to the Metric System. Public Law 94-168, Ninety-Fourth Congress, H. R. 8674, December 23, 1975. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. House. PUB DATE 23 Dec 75 NOTE 7p.; Not availalbe in hard copy due to small print EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Curriculum; Elementary Secondary Education; *Federal Legislation; *Mathematics Education; *Measurement; *Metric System; *Public Education; Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Congressional Record; *Metric Conversion Act 1975 ABSTRACT The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 was passed on December 23, 1975; the act is printed in full in this document, which is excerpted from the Congressional Record. The act provides for the establishment of a 17-member Metric Board, and charges the board with responsibility for devising and executing a program of planning, coordination, and public education. Specifically, the board is to consult with representatives of industries, agencies, and interest groups which are concerned with metrication; plan, facilitate, and publicize conversion programs; and consult with international organizations concerning recognition of United States metric standards. In the area of education the board is obliged to conduct public information programs, and consult with governmental agencies concerned with education to insure that the metric system is included in the curriculum. The board is also charged with conducting periodic research concerning the effectiveness of conversi,,ni (SD) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. -
A History of the National Bureau of Standards
APPENDIX A FERDINAND RUDOLPH HASSLER First Superintendent of the Coast Survey and of Weights and Measures When Professor Stratton arrived at the Office of Weights and Measures on B Street in Washington in the spring of 1898 to survey its equipment and operations, he found there in the person of Louis A. Fischer, the adjuster, a link with Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, the first Superintendent of Weights and Measures in the Federal Government. It was in the atmosphere of the office over which Hassler had presided, Stratton said, with its sacred traditions concerning standards, its unsurpassed instrument shop, its world-known experts in the construction and comparison of standards, and especially in the most precise measurement of length and mass, that the boy Fischer, scarcely over 16, found himself when he entered the employ of Govern- ment in a minor capacity [about the year 18801. * * Scarcely 40 years had passed since the end of Hassler's services and the beginning of Fischer's. His first instructors were the direct disciples of Hassler and he knew and talked with those who had come in personal contact with the first superintendent.1 Fischer's reminiscences concerning the early historyof the Weights and Measures office, gathered from his association with the successors of Hassler, were never recorded, to Stratton's regret, and the only biography of Hassler, by Florian Cajori, professor of mathematics at the University of California, centers on his career in the Coast Survey gathered from his association with the successors of Hassler, were never recorded, to in the history of science in the Federal Government, is the principal source of the present sketch.2 1 Stratton, "Address Memorializing Louis Albert Fischer, 1864.—1921," 15th Annual Con. -
Toward a Scientific and Personal Biography of Tullio Levi-Civita (1873-1941) Pietro Nastasi, Rossana Tazzioli
Toward a scientific and personal biography of Tullio Levi-Civita (1873-1941) Pietro Nastasi, Rossana Tazzioli To cite this version: Pietro Nastasi, Rossana Tazzioli. Toward a scientific and personal biography of Tullio Levi-Civita (1873-1941). Historia Mathematica, Elsevier, 2005, 32 (2), pp.203-236. 10.1016/j.hm.2004.03.003. hal-01459031 HAL Id: hal-01459031 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01459031 Submitted on 7 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Towards a Scientific and Personal Biography of Tullio Levi-Civita (1873-1941) Pietro Nastasi, Dipartimento di Matematica e Applicazioni, Università di Palermo Rossana Tazzioli, Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Università di Catania Abstract Tullio Levi-Civita was one of the most important Italian mathematicians in the early part of the 20th century, contributing significantly to a number of research fields in mathematics and physics. In addition, he was involved in the social and political life of his time and suffered severe political and racial persecution during the period of Fascism. He tried repeatedly and in several cases successfully to help colleagues and students who were victims of anti-Semitism in Italy and Germany. -
Perspectives
Copyright Ó 2007 by the Genetics Society of America Perspectives Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Edited by James F. Crow and William F. Dove Guido Pontecorvo (‘‘Ponte’’): A Centenary Memoir Bernard L. Cohen1 *Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NU, Scotland N a memoir published soon after Guido Pontecor- mendation, Pontecorvo applied for and was awarded a I vo’s death (Cohen 2000), I outlined his attractive, small, short-term SPSL scholarship. Thus, he could again but sometimes irascible, character, his history as a apply a genetical approach to a problem related to refugee from Fascism, and his most significant contribu- animal breeding (Pontecorvo 1940a), the branch of tions to genetics. The centenary of his birth (November agriculture in which he had most recently specialized 29, 1907) provides an opportunity for further reflec- with a series of data-rich articles (e.g.,Pontecorvo 1937). tions—personal, historical, and genetical.2 But Ponte was stranded in Edinburgh by the outbreak of Two points of interest arise from the support that war and the cancellation of a Peruvian contract and Ponte received from the Society for the Protection of continued for about 2 years to be supported by SPSL. Science and Learning (SPSL). Formed in 1933 as the The first point of interest is a prime example of the Academic Assistance Council, SPSL aimed to assist the power of chance and opportunity. Renting a small room refugees who had started to arrive in Britain from the in the IAG guest house, Ponte there met Hermann European continent (among them Max Born, Ernst Joseph Muller, who had recently arrived from Russia. -
Science and Fascism
Science and Fascism Scientific Research Under a Totalitarian Regime Michele Benzi Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Emory University Outline 1. Timeline 2. The ascent of Italian mathematics (1860-1920) 3. The Italian Jewish community 4. The other sciences (mostly Physics) 5. Enter Mussolini 6. The Oath 7. The Godfathers of Italian science in the Thirties 8. Day of infamy 9. Fascist rethoric in science: some samples 10. The effect of Nazism on German science 11. The aftermath: amnesty or amnesia? 12. Concluding remarks Timeline • 1861 Italy achieves independence and is unified under the Savoy monarchy. Venice joins the new Kingdom in 1866, Rome in 1870. • 1863 The Politecnico di Milano is founded by a mathe- matician, Francesco Brioschi. • 1871 The capital is moved from Florence to Rome. • 1880s Colonial period begins (Somalia, Eritrea, Lybia and Dodecanese). • 1908 IV International Congress of Mathematicians held in Rome, presided by Vito Volterra. Timeline (cont.) • 1913 Emigration reaches highest point (more than 872,000 leave Italy). About 75% of the Italian popu- lation is illiterate and employed in agriculture. • 1914 Benito Mussolini is expelled from Socialist Party. • 1915 May: Italy enters WWI on the side of the Entente against the Central Powers. More than 650,000 Italian soldiers are killed (1915-1918). Economy is devastated, peace treaty disappointing. • 1921 January: Italian Communist Party founded in Livorno by Antonio Gramsci and other former Socialists. November: National Fascist Party founded in Rome by Mussolini. Strikes and social unrest lead to political in- stability. Timeline (cont.) • 1922 October: March on Rome. Mussolini named Prime Minister by the King. -
IRPS Home Page
IRPS Home Page ARCHIVE EDITION OF IRPS BULLETIN Volume 15 No 1 April, 2001 Office Bearers : 2000 - 2003 From the Editor President's Column Obituary Reports from Members Papers New Members and Address Changes Return to Archive Home Page file:////warsaw/www/irps/archives/vol15no1/welcome.html [19/09/2013 12:21:48 PM] Untitled OFFICE BEARERS : 2000 - 2003 President: Regional Vice Executive Presidents: Councillors: M.J. Cooper Department of Physics North America: D.A. University of Warwick J.H. Hubbell (USA) Bradley (Malaysia) Coventry CV4 7AL U.K. South and Central L. America: Gerward (Denmark) Secretariat: A. Paschoa (Brazil) A.M. Ghose (India) R.H. Pratt Dept. of Physics W. Gilboy (UK) Univ Pittsburgh, PA Africa and Middle East: 15260 USA M. D.T.L. Jones (South J. Farquharson (UK) Africa) Treasurer: R.T. Mainardi (Argentina) A. Ljubicic East Europe L. Musilek (Czech Rudjer Boskovic Institute D. Republic) Bijenicka 54 McLean (Australia) Zagreb 41000 Croatia F.S.U T. A.E. Shikanov Nakamura (Japan) (Russia) Western Europe: F. Rustichelli (Italy) S.E. Asia : S.C. Roy (India) Australasia : D.C. Creagh (Australia) North East Asia: Luo Zhengming (PR China) EDITORIAL BOARD Editor : P.M. Bergstrom (U.S.A.) Editorial Committee : D.C. Creagh (Australia) S.A. McKeown (Australia) Main file:////warsaw/www/irps/archives/vol15no1/officers.html [19/09/2013 12:21:49 PM] Untitled FROM THE EDITOR Paul I wish to thank the International Bergstrom Radiation Physics Society for the opportunity to edit the Bulletin. It is quite clear that I will need the help of the members of the Society in order to be successful in this role. -
Notes for Tour of Townsend Mansion, Home of the Cosmos
NOTES FOR TOUR OF TOWNSEND MANSION HOME OF THE COSMOS CLUB July 2015 Harvey Alter (CC: 1970) Editor Updated: Jean Taylor Federico (CC: 1992), Betty C. Monkman (CC: 2004), FOREWORD & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These notes are for docent training, both background and possible speaking text for a walking tour of the Club. The material is largely taken from notes prepared by Bill Hall (CC: 1995) in 2000, Ed Bowles (CC: 1973) in 2004, and Judy Holoviak (CC: 1999) in 2004 to whom grateful credit is given. Many of the details are from Wilcomb Washburn’s centennial history of the Club. The material on Jules Allard is from the research of Paul Miller, curator of the Newport Preservation Society. The material was assembled by Jack Mansfield (CC: 1998), to whom thanks are given. Members Jean Taylor Federico and Betty Monkman with curatorial assistant, Peggy Newman updated the tour and added references to notable objects and paintings in the Cosmos Club collection in August, 2009. This material was revised in 2010 and 2013 to note location changes. Assistance has been provided by our Associate Curators: Leslie Jones, Maggie Dimmock, and Yve Colby. Acknowledgement is made of the comprehensive report on the historic structures of the Townsend Mansion by Denys Peter Myers (CC: 1977), 1990 rev. 1993. The notes are divided into two parts. The first is an overview of the Club’s history. The second part is tour background. The portion in bold is recommended as speaking notes for tour guides followed by information that will be useful for elaboration and answering questions. The notes are organized by floor, room and section of the Club, not necessarily in the order tours may take. -
Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966
University of Chicago Library Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 4 Scope Note 15 Related Resources 21 Subject Headings 21 INVENTORY 22 Series I: Correspondence 22 Series II: Manuscripts 51 Subseries 1: Physics - work in Germany and Denmark, 1905-1934 51 Subseries 2: Physics - work in United States, 1935-1958 53 Subseries 3: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at Johns Hopkins, 1935-193855 Subseries 4: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at the University of Chicago,55 1938-48 Subseries 5: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis after 1948 55 Subseries 6: General Articles and Talks on Science 71 Subseries 7: Papers by other scientists 72 Subseries 8: Notes, memoranda and fragments 76 Subseries 9: Atomic Scientists' Movement, 1944-1953 76 Subseries 10: Franck Memorial Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 79 Series III: Tape Recordings and Photographs 80 Subseries 1: Tape recordings 80 Subseries 2: Hertha Sponer's photograph album, Göttingen, 1920-1933 80 Series IV: Personal Documents and Memorabilia 90 Subseries 1: Documents 90 Subseries 2: Clippings 93 Subseries 3: Biographies and Obituaries 94 Subseries 4: Memorabilia; Scrolls, Certificates, Medals, Mementos 96 Series V: Robert Platzman's Editorial Papers for the "Selected Works of James98 Franck" Series VI: Addenda 103 Subseries 1: Correspondence between James Franck and his nephew and Dr. Heinz104 Kallman Subseries 2: Oversize 105 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.FRANCK Title Franck, James. Papers Date 1882-1966 Size 20.5 linear feet (29 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. -
DOCUMENT RESUME BD 090 028 SE 017 598 TITLE Metric
DOCUMENT RESUME BD 090 028 SE 017 598 TITLE Metric Conversion Act of 1973. Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, 93rd Congress, First Session on S. 100. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. Senate Committee on Commerce. PUB DATE 2 Nov 73 NOTE 94p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$4.20 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTCRS *Economic Factors; *Federal Legislation; Government Publications; Mathematics Education; *Measurement; *Metric System; Reference Materials; Standards ABSTRACT The complete text of the Senate till to make the metric system the predominate system of measurement in the U.S. is given. Next follows testimony of witnesses: Senators, governmental agencies, representatives of labor unions and industries and the director of the National Bureau of Standards. Also included are some letters from other interested sources, including several educators. (LS) METRIC CONVERSION ACT OF 1973 U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, CC) EDUCATION A WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF C\I EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN NEPRO CD DUCED E.H'TLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSONONORGANIZATION ORIGIN C:::) ATiNG IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NFCESSARILY REPRE a- HEARING SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CD BEFORE THE EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON S. 100 TO PROVIDE A NATIONAL PROGRAM IN ORDER TO MAKE THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM THE PREDOMI- NANT BUT NOT EXCLUSIVE SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND TO PROVIDE FOR CONVERT- ING TO THE GENERAL USE OF SUCH SYSTEM WITHIN TEN YEARS NOVEMBER 2, 1973 Serial No. 93-50 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce U.S. -
1925 Published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts ~~__~~~__~ ~__ T·
// p"E ~'^: BULLETIN, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PRESIDENT'S REPORT VOLUME 61 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER, 1925 Published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts _~~__~~~__~_~__ t· Published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Station, Boston. Massachusetts, monthly from September to June, inclusive. Entered December 3, 1904 at the Post Office, Boston, Mass., as second class matter, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894. VOLUME 61 MASS ACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY REPORTS OF THE PRESIDENT AND TREASURER FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1925 1 THE TECHNOLOGY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1925 LZ r^ , TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CORPORA7!ION PAGE Members of the Corporation . ................ 5 Committees of the Corporation . ............... 6 REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT ................... 9 REPORT OF THE DEAN OF STUDENTS . .............. 36 REPORT OF THE LmBRRIAN .................... 39 REPORT OF THE REGISTRAR: STATISTICS . ........... 49 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE COURSES AND SCHOLAR- SHIPS . 66 SOCIETY OF ARTs ................... ...... 69 REPORT ON SUMMER SESSION . .................. 71 PUBLCATIONS ...................... ... 74 REPORT oF THETREASURER I 8- MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION 1925-26 President Secretary' SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON JAMES PHINNEY MUNROE Treasurer EVERETT MORSS Executive Committee PRESIDENT Ex OFrFIos TREASURER Ex OFFIcIS EDWIN S. WEBSTER FRANCIS R. HART FREDERICK P. FISH ELIHU THOMSON CHARLES TI MAIN Life Members HOWARD ADAMS CARSON ALBERT FARWELL BEMIS FRANCIS HENRY WILLIAMS