256 Political and security questions

Documentary references

Security Council consideration countries have agreed through the Secretary-General's Spe• (15-28 February 1974) cial Representative, acting in the exercise of the Secretary-General's good offices, to the following points: Security Council, meetings 1762-1764. (a) A strict observance of the 7 March 1974 cease-fire agreement; S/11216. Letter of 12 February 1974 from Iraq (request to (b) Prompt and simultaneous withdrawal of concentrations convene Council). of armed forces along the entire border, in accordance with S/11229. Note by President of Security Council (containing an arrangement to be agreed upon between the appropriate consensus adopted by Council on 28 February 1974, meeting authorities of the two countries; 1764). (c) The creation of a favourable atmosphere conducive to S/INF/30. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, achieving the purpose stated in the following subparagraph, 1974, pp. 1 and 2. by refraining totally from any hostile actions against each other; S/11218. Letter of 12 February 1974 from Iran (transmitting (d) An early resumption, without any pre-conditions, at the note dated 12 February 1974 delivered to Iraqi Embassy in appropriate level and place, of conversations with a view to a Teheran, Iran, by Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs). comprehensive settlement of all bilateral issues; S/11224. Letter of 20 February 1974 from Iraq. 3. Expresses the hope that the parties will take as soon as S/11230, S/11231. Letters of 6 March 1974 from Iran. possible the necessary steps to implement the agreement S/11233. Letter of 12 March 1974 from Iraq. reached; S/11241. Letter of 27 March 1974 from Iran. 4. Invites the Secretary-General to lend whatever assis• tance may be requested by both countries in connexion with Security Council consideration (28 May 1974) the said agreement.

Security Council, meeting 1770. Subsequent communications S/11306. Letter of 30 May 1974 from Iraq. S/11291. Report by Secretary-General, dated 20 May 1974, on S/11313. Letter of 6 June 1974 from Iran. implementation of consensus adopted by Security Council S/11323. Letter of 14 June 1974 from Iraq. on 28 February 1974 regarding complaint by Iraq concern• S/11325. Letter of 25 June 1974 from Iran. ing incidents on its frontier with Iran. S/11329, S/11472. Letters of 5 July and 27 August 1974 from S/11299. Draft resolution. Iraq. S/11476, S/11486. Letters of 27 August and 3 September Resolution 348(1974), proposed following consultations 1974 from Iran. among Council members, S/11299, adopted by Council on S/11494. Letter of 4 September 1974 from Iraq. 28 May 1974, meeting 1770, by 14 votes to 0 (China did not S/11498, S/11504. Letters of 6 and 11 September 1974 from participate in voting). Iran. S/11518. Letter of 20 September 1974 from Iraq. The Security Council, S/11527. Letter of 1 October 1974 from Iran. Recalling its consensus adopted on 28 February 1974 S/11582. Letter of 18 December 1974 from Iraq. (S/11229), S/11584. Letter of 18 December 1974 from Iran. 1. Takes note with appreciation of the Secretary-General's report, which was circulated to the Security Council on Other documents 20 May 1974 (S/11291); A/9601. Report of Secretary-General on work of the Organi• 2. Welcomes the reported determination on the part of zation, 16 June 1973-15 June 1974, Part One, Chapter V J. Iran and Iraq to de-escalate the prevailing situation and to A/9602. Report of Security Council, 16 June 1973-15 June improve their relations and, in particular, the fact that both 1974, Chapter 5.

Chapter XII The situation in

During the first half of 1974, the situation in then sufficient progress towards a solution would Cyprus remained relatively quiet. On 29 May, the make possible a withdrawal or substantial reduc• Security Council extended the mandate of the tion of the Force. Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus However, on 15 July a coup d'etat was carried (UNHCYP)—which had been serving in the island out against the , Archbishop for successive periods over the preceding ten Makarios, followed on 20 July by military inter• years—for a further six-month period to end on vention by Turkey and full-scale hostilities be• 15 December. It did so in the expectation that by tween the of Cyprus on one side The situation in Cyprus 257 and the Turkish Army and Turkish Cypriot very essence of the United Nations Charter, fighters on the other. weighing upon die credibility of the Organization On 20 July—by the first of eight resolutions it and its future effectiveness. The Council de• adopted between 20 July and 30 August on the plored the casualties suffered by UNFICYP, de• Cyprus question—the Security Council called on manded that all parties respect the international all parties to cease all firing and exercise the ut• character of the Force and refrain from any ac• most restraint. It demanded an immediate end to tion which might endanger its members, and foreign military intervention and the withdrawal urged the parties to demonstrate clearly their wil• of foreign military personnel not sanctioned by lingness to fulfil their commitments relating to international agreement. It also called on , the Force. It demanded also that all parties co• Turkey and the to enter into operate with the Force in carrying out its tasks, negotiations for the restoration of peace in the including humanitarian functions, in all areas of area and constitutional government in Cyprus, Cyprus and with regard to all sections of the and called on all parties to co-operate with population. UNF1CYP. The next day, 16 August, the Security Council On 22 July, the Secretary-General informed the recorded its formal disapproval of the unilateral Council that the current strength of UNFICYP was military actions undertaken against Cyprus and not sufficient to ensure the maintenance of the urged the parties to resume negotiations without cease-fire or meet the many requests for assist• delay. The outcome of the negotiations, the ance it was receiving, and the Council agreed Council declared, should not be impeded or pre• that he should ask troop-contributing countries to judged by the acquisition of advantages resulting reinforce their contingents already serving with from military operations. the Force. Meanwhile, the fighting in Cyprus had On 30 August, the Security Council noted that intensified, and on 23 July the Council reiterated a large number of people in Cyprus had been its demand for an immediate cease-fire. displaced and were in dire need of humanitarian On 30 July, a Declaration was issued by the assistance; it urged all concerned, in conjunction Foreign Ministers of Greece, Turkey and the with the Secretary-General, to search for peaceful United Kingdom—following talks held by them in solutions to the problems of refugees, to take Geneva, Switzerland, from 25 to 30 July—by measures for their relief and welfare and to per• which among other things they called for an im• mit those who wished to do so to return to their mediate military standstill in Cyprus, envisaged homes in safety. The Secretary-General was asked certain tasks for UNFICYP and provided for further to continue to provide emergency United Nations talks in Geneva to begin on 8 August, with rep• humanitarian assistance to all parts of the popula• resentatives of the two Cypriot communities to tion in need of it. take part at an early stage in talks relating to the The United Nations High Commissioner for . On 1 August, the Secu• Refugees was appointed Co-ordinator of United rity Council asked the Secretary-General to take Nations Humanitarian Assistance for Cyprus and appropriate action under die terms of the Geneva reported from time to time on various aspects of Declaration, taking into account that the the problem, as did the Secretary-General, who cease-fire would be the first step in the full im• gave details of the humanitarian activities carried plementation of the Council's decision of 20 July. on by UNFICYP. The Council met again in the early hours of The General Assembly considered the Cyprus 14 August, following the breakdown of the question at its twenty-ninth session, which opened negotiations which had resumed in Geneva on in September 1974, and on 1 November it 8 August, and in the face of renewed military op• unanimously called on all States to respect die erations by Turkey. The Council demanded that sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence all parties to the fighting cease all firing and mili• and non-alignment of Cyprus, and urged speedy tary action forthwith and called for resumption of wididrawal of all foreign armed forces from Cy• negotiations without delay. Later in the day, the prus, a halt to foreign interference and the safe re• Acting President of Cyprus reported that, not• turn of all refugees to their homes. It considered withstanding the Council's decision, Turkish that constitutional issues were the concern of the troops and aircraft were continuing dieir attacks Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities and extending their area of control. and it urged continuation of the talks going on Heavy fighting continued and the Council met between them, widi the assistance of the again on 15 August, when the Secretary-General Secretary-General. Other negotiations, it said, informed it of heavy UNFICYP casualties and ap• should take place if needed. Continued United pealed for a renewed commitment by the parties Nations humanitarian aid was requested, and all to die unimpeded functioning of UNFICYP. He parties were called upon to continue co-operating warned that the situation called into question the widi UNFICYP. 258 Political and security questions

The Security Council endorsed the Assembly's ties to act with die utmost restraint and to accel• decision on 13 December and urged all con• erate co-operative efforts to achieve the Council's cerned to implement it as soon as possible. It also objectives. extended the stationing of LNFICYP for a further Details of these and other related matters are to period ending 15 June 1975, and urged the par- be found in the sections that follow.

The situation prior to 15

Appeal of 28 January 1974 to Governments; don within the framework of an independent and report of 22 May 1974 by Secretary-General federal State. On 28 January 1974, the United Nations After the interruption of the talks, the Secretary-General appealed to Member States of Secretary-General reported, he had taken steps the United Nations and members of the that had led to an agreement to resume the talks specialized agencies for voluntary contributions at the beginning of June 1974, on the same basis for the financing of the United Nations Peace• as that on which they had been conducted until keeping Force in Cyprus (LNFICYP) for a further 2 April. However, he warned that the road ahead period ending 15 June 1974. The accumulated would not be an easy one: relations between the deficit for the period through 15 December 1973, two communities in Cyprus were still marred by he said, stood at $19.2 million; no contributions mutual fear and distrust. had as yet been received towards the costs The Secretary-General went on to say that the —estimated at $6.5 million, of maintaining the increase in combat effectiveness of the armed Force during the current six-month period end• forces of both sides was disturbing, as it tended to ing 15June 1974. increase military pressures in areas of confronta• On 22 May, the Secretary-General submitted tion. There were also reports that additional his twenty-fifth report to the Security Council on weapons were being introduced into the island, a the United Nations operation in Cyprus, covering further cause for concern to UNFICYP. He hoped the period from 2 December 1973 to 22 May the parties would again co-operate in placing the 1974. imported weapons and equipment under UNFICYP He informed the Council that he had ap• surveillance or control, as had been done in the pointed Luis Weckmann-Munoz, of Mexico, as his past. Special Representative in Cyprus as from 1 July He then reported that the second phase of the 1974 to replace Bibiano F. Osorio-Tafall, who was proposed reduction of the Force had been carried to retire on 30 June. Major-General Dewan Prem out, with the co-operation of the troop- Chand continued as Commander of LNFICYP. contributing countries as well as of the parties The Secretary-General observed that more concerned. The total strength had been reduced than 10 years had passed since the establishment to 2,341. of LNFICYP.1 Thanks to its presence, the situation The Secretary-General added that the reduc• in the island had remained quiet, but some of the tion of the Force had somewhat alleviated its basic objectives of the operation had yet to be financial problem but had not solved it. Although achieved. a number of Member States favoured a further The Secretary-General said he had been deeply reduction, he felt that such a reduction would be concerned by the interruption of the intercom- premature. The situation in the island was still munal talks on 2 April, as he considered the talks tense and potentially dangerous. to be the most constructive way of carrying on the The Secretary-General recommended, with the search for an agreed settlement of the Cyprus concurrence of the Governments concerned, that problem. The suspension of the talks, he said, the Security Council extend the mandate of had arisen because of the different conceptions LNFICYP until 15 December 1974. held by the two sides about the basis on which the talks had started in 1968. The Government of Consideration by Security Council (29 May 1974) Cyprus, supported by the Greek Government, The Security Council considered the sought a solution within the framework of an in• Secretary-General's report on UNFICYP at two meet• dependent, sovereign and unitary State and op• ings on 29 May. The representatives of Cyprus, posed a federative system. The Turkish Cypriot Greece and Turkey were invited, at their request, leadership and the Turkish Government insisted that a unitary State had never been the agreed basis of the talks and the Turkish Prime Minister 1 See Y.U.N., 1964, p. 165, text of resolution 186(1964) of had suggested that the parties should seek a solu- 4 March 1964. The situation in Cyprus 259 to participate in the discussion without the right Cypriot side had continued to reject the proposal to vote. of the Turkish side to set up a joint committee to The President of the Council said that as a re• arrange for the rehabilitation of Turkish Cypriot sult of prior consultations a draft resolution had refugees. been agreed upon, which followed closely the With regard to the intercommunal talks, the wording of previous Council resolutions on the Turkish representative said that the Turkish side question. The Council adopted the draft resolu• had never accepted the idea of a unitary State tion by 14 votes to 0, with 1 abstention (China), as as the framework for discussions. Turkey, he resolution 349(1974). stressed, favoured an independent, sovereign and By this text, the Council—after reaffirming its federative system for Cyprus. previous decisions on the question—(1) urged the The spokesman for Greece said that in his parties concerned to act with the utmost restraint Government's opinion the concept of an inde• and to continue and accelerate determined co• pendent, sovereign and unitary State had been operative efforts to achieve the Council's objec• from the outset the basis of the intercommunal tives by availing themselves in a constructive talks. Greece, he said, hoped that a solution manner of the current auspicious climate and op• would be found by the interested parties within portunities; and (2) extended once more the the framework of the Charter of the United stationing in Cyprus of the United Nations Nations and in accordance with the relevant reso• Peace-keeping Force for a further period ending lutions of the Security Council. It agreed with the 15 December 1974, in the expectation that by Secretary-General that further reductions in the then sufficient progress towards a final solution strength of UNFICYP would be premature, and felt would make possible a withdrawal or substantial that a new effort should be made to bring more reduction of the Force. Member States to contribute to UNFICYP'S budget. (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY The United Kingdom's representative re• REFERENCES below.) affirmed his Government's readiness to main• During the Council's discussion following the tain its troop contingent and continue its logistic vote, the representative of Cyprus said his support for UNFICYP. The United Kingdom hoped Government had always been ready to accept that the Secretary-General would make known his general or partial military deconfrontation, as views on possible further Force reduction well be• proposed by UNFICYP, despite the lack of co• fore the expiration of the mandate. On the sub• operation in this regard shown by the Turkish stance of the Cyprus problem, the representative Cypriot leadership. The had felt that a return to normal conditions was long also failed to comply with repeated appeals by the overdue. It was up to the parties concerned to Secretary-General with regard to freedom of achieve an acceptable setdement and, for that, movement and had resisted all measures for mutual concessions were required. economic co-operation. The USSR representative recalled that his He went on to say that the Prime Minister of country's Foreign Minister had stated on 7 May Turkey had been responsible for the interruption 1974 that the USSR continued to pursue a policy of the intercommunal talks by interjecting the designed to strengthen the national indepen• concept of a federal State for Cyprus—a concept dence and sovereignty of Cyprus. The solution of which was rejected outright by the Cyprus the domestic problems of Cyprus was the business Government. He hoped that the formula for re• of the Cypriots themselves. The USSR, the rep• sumption of the talks—agreed upon by the two resentative said, had always opposed attempts to communities, with the assistance of the settle the problem by means of external interven• Secretary-General—would create a new co• tion, and favoured the elimination of foreign operative spirit and lead to a just solution. bases. It supported the resolution just adopted on The Turkish representative said his Govern• the understanding that the extension of the ment maintained its reservations about the re• Force's mandate was in full compliance with the duction of UNFICYP and agreed with the Council's original resolution of 1964 and subse• Secretary-General's view that a further reduction quent decisions, that its functions remained the would be premature. same and that it continued to be financed on a He went on to say that the goal of the Greek voluntary basis. Cypriot community was unification of Cyprus 's representative said his Government with Greece——the approach to which re• had voted for the resolution with a certain con• quired getting rid of the bicommunal structure of cern: after 10 years, the circumstances invoked the State and replacing it with a "unitary State." for the establishment of the Force were still being On the question of a return to normal condi• put forward to justify its continued maintenance. tions, he said that the problem of displaced per• In such conditions, France wondered if die sons required a practical solution, but the Greek Council, while taking note of the positive per- 260 Political and security questions formance of the Force, did not have the duty to the concept of a unitary State. The talks, there• question the operation. His Government had fore, would be resumed on the previously agreed supported the reduction of the Force and consid• basis of a unitary State. The idea of a federation, ered that a new evaluation of its mission should advanced by the Turkish side, was ruled out, he continue. France, he said, hoped that when the asserted, by the realities of the situation, as die talks were resumed the parties would not take population of Cyprus was intermingled. The ex• refuge in the status quo, which caused a greater isting Constitution of Cyprus was not that of a polarization of the intercommunal life of Cyprus. federation; the administration was central and the The representative of the said his Turkish community had only communal rights. Government was gratified that the parties had He went on to say that Turkey had systemati• agreed to resume the negotiations, which it sup• cally raised the question of enosis in order to con• ported as the best available means of achieving a fuse the real issue of independence and find some just solution based on the concept of a single, excuse for obstructing any workable solution for sovereign and independent Cyprus, with appro• an independent State. Turkey's fears of enosis priate guarantees for the safety and well-being of were not genuine but assumed, since it knew that all its people. The United States, he went on to enosis was not considered a viable proposition and say, was pleased with the completion of the sec• was not an official policy of either Cyprus or ond phase of the reduction of the Force. It con• Greece. sidered that UNFICYP could carry out its mandate Turkey's representative replied that the Con• with substantially fewer personnel, which would stitution of Cyprus was based on the concept of have a beneficial impact on alleviating the equality in law of the two communities and financial difficulties of the Force. For this reason, consequently had a federalist spirit. The Greek the United States supported further reductions in Cypriot concept was of a unitary State in which the Force level, although it understood the reluc• the majority would make law and dictate it. In tance of others in this respect. It hoped that as such a system, nothing would prevent die major• the intercommunal talks resumed, the need for ity from opting for union with Greece. However, further cuts would be given serious consideration. that would not be possible under a federal system Some Council members, among them Australia in which the two communities had equal rights and Austria, welcomed the results of the reduc• regarding any decision on the independence and tion in the level of the Force; at the same time territorial integrity of the State. In Turkey's view, they endorsed the Secretary-General's opinion the agreed formula on the resumption of the that for the time being a further decrease would talks did not include any pre-conditions or refer• be premature. ence to a unitary State. There was general regret over the lack of pro• gress towards a solution of the basic issues, and several speakers—among them Mauritania and Following the Council meetings of 29 May, the the United Republic of Cameroon—noted that Turkish representative, in a letter of 30 May, said tension and mistrust between the two com• that since June 1972 Turkey had repeatedly ex• munities seemed to be the main characteristics of pressed its objections to the use of die term "uni• the situation. Costa Rica, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya tary State" and had suggested the possibility of a and Peru shared the hope that the renewed inter• federative form. communal talks would result in agreement on The Greek representative replied on 6 June constitutional arrangements satisfactory to all. that before 1972 Turkey had not disputed the The Byelorussian SSR noted that UNFICYP con• "unitary State" as part of the agreed basis of the tinued to play an important role in the establish• talks, but had merely questioned the term "unit• ment of peace and the return to normal condi• ary" within that context. In the process of further tions. In its view, the problem should be settled by discussion it had become evident that the term peaceful means—above all, by the Cypriots them• "unitary State" in its main essentials was an estab• selves. lished legal definition. He said diat the recently The representative of the United Republic of agreed formula elaborated by the Secretary- Cameroon announced that his Government had General was aimed at promoting progress in the decided to make a voluntary contribution of talks by effecting a more solid adherence to the 500,000 francs CFA to the special fund for basis on which they had so far been conducted. UNFICYP. On 12 July, the Secretary-General addressed a In a further statement, the representative of further appeal to Members of the United Nations Cyprus observed that, prior to December 1973, and members of the specialized agencies for vol• the Turkish representative had never objected to untary contributions to meet the costs of UNFICYP. The situation in Cyprus 261

CONTINGENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS (by country of origin, as at 23 May 1974)

Military personnel Civilian police Austria 240 Australia 35 Canada 482 Austria 55 Denmark 232 Denmark 23 Finland 226 Sweden 40 Ireland 3 Sweden 225 Total 153 United Kingdom 780 nr-.^ri +„+->( 9W Total 2,188 PLEDGES FOR FINANCING UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS (UNFICYP Special Account for period 27 March 1964 to 15 June 1974)

Total pledges Total pledget Total pledges (in U.S. dollar (in U.S. dollar (in U.S. dollar Country equivalents) Country equivalents) Country equivalents) Australia 1,719,875 Khmer Republic 600 Republic of Viet-Nam 4,000 Austria 1,620,000 Republic of Korea 16,000 Sierra Leone 40,925 Belgium 1,810,084 Laos 1,500 Singapore 5,500 Botswana 500 Lebanon 1,597 Somalia 1,000 Cyprus 965,666 Liberia 10,155 Sweden 3,920,000 Denmark 2,565,000 Libyan Arab Republic 30,000 Switzerland 2,192,642 Finland 600,000 Luxembourg 50,000 Thailand 2,500 , Federal Malawi 5,590 Trinidad and Tobago 2,400 Republic of 12,500,000 Malaysia 7,500 Turkey 1,839,253 Ghana 31,667 Malta 1,820 United Kingdom 35,693,538" Greece 12,150,000 Mauritania 4,370 United Republic of Cameroon 2,055 Guyana 9,661 Morocco 20,000 United Republic of Tanzania 7,000 Iceland 22,400 Nepal 400 United States 66,500,000' Iran 50,500 Netherlands 921,000 Venezuela 3,000 Ireland 50,000 New Zealand 42,000 20,000 26,500 Niger 2,041 Zaire 30,000 Italy 4,041,645 Nigeria 10,800 Zambia 38,000 Ivory Coast 60,000 Norway 2,573,568 Jamaica 21,801 Pakistan 23,791 Total 153,264,844 Japan 990,000 Philippines 5,000 1 Maximum amount pledged. b Maximum amount pledged. The ultimate contribution was to be dependent on contributions of other Governments.

Documentary references

Appeal of 28 January 1974 to Governments: Noting that the Government of Cyprus has agreed that in report of 22 May 1974 by Secretary-General view of the prevailing conditions in the island it is necessary S/11206. Letter of 28 January 1974 from Secretary-General to to continue the Force beyond 15 June 1974, Governments containing further appeal for voluntary con• Noting also from the report the conditions prevailing in the tributions for financing of UNFICYP. island, S/11294. Report of 22 May 1974 by Secretary-General on 1. Reaffirms its resolutions 186(1964) of 4 March, 187(1964) United Nations operation in Cyprus (for period 2 December of 13 March, 192(1964) of 20 June, 193(1964) of 9 August, 1974-22 May 1974). 194(1964) of 25 September and 198(1964) of 18 December 1964, 201(1965) of 19 March, 206(1965) of 15 June, 207(1965) of Consideration by Security Council (29 May 1974) 10 August and 219(1965) of 17 December 1965, 220(1966) of 16 March, 222(1966) of 16 June and 231 (1966) of 15 December Security Council, meetings 1771, 1772. 1966,238(1967) of 19 June and 244(1967) of 22 December 1967, 247(1968) of 18 March, 254(1968) of 18 June and 261(1968) S/11294. Report of 22 May 1974 by Secretary-General on of 10 December 1968, 266(1969) of 10 June and 274(1969) of United Nations operation in Cyprus (for period 2 December 11 December 1969, 281(1970) of 9 June and 291(1970) 1973-22 May 1974). of 10 December 1970, 293(1971) of 26 May and 305(1971) of S/11301. Draft resolution. 13 December 1971, 315(1972) of 15 June and 324(1972) of 12 December 1972 and 334(1973) of 15 June and 343(1973) of Resolution 349(1974), as prepared following consultations 14 December 1973, and the consensus expressed by the among Council members, S/11301, adopted by Council on President at the 1143rd meeting on 11 August 1964 and at the 29 May 1974, meeting 1771, by 14 votes to 0, with 1 absten• 1383rd meeting on 25 ; tion (China). 2. Urges the parties concerned to act with the utmost re• straint and to continue and accelerate determined co• The Security Council, operative efforts to achieve the objectives of the Security Noting from the report of the Secretary-General of 22 May Council by availing themselves in a constructive manner of 1974 (S/11294) that in the present circumstances the United the present auspicious climate and opportunities; Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus is still needed if 3. Extends once more the stationing in Cyprus of the peace is to be maintained in the island, United Nations Peace-keeping Force, established under Secu- 262 Political and security questions rity Council resolution 186(1964), for a further period ending S/11307. Letter of 30 May 1974 from Turkey. 15 December 1974, in the expectation that by then sufficient S/11312. Letter of 6 June 1974 from Cyprus. progress towards a final solution will make possible a with• S/11339. Letter of 12 July 1974 from Secretary-General to drawal or substantial reduction of the Force. Governments for financing of UNFICYP.

The situation after 15 July 1974

On 15 July 1974, the United Nations Secretary- UNFICYP was therefore deployed along the lines of General, after receiving information of the coup confrontation between those two communities. d'etat in Cyprus, sent identical messages to the For that reason, UNFICYP did not have direct ob• Prime Ministers of Greece and Turkey expressing servation of most areas of the current fighting, his deep concern at die developments in the is• which was related to rivalries within one com• land and stressing the importance of the terri• munity. torial integrity, sovereignty and independence of The Secretary-General also reported on con• Cyprus. tacts that his Special Representative and the Force He said that until fuller information became Commander had had at , Cyprus, with available, he was appealing to those Governments Archbishop Makarios, who had requested that a closely connected with Cyprus to exercise the Security Council meeting be held as soon as pos• maximum restraint and avoid any action which sible. The Secretary-General had authorized might give rise to further violence. UNFICYP to extend protection to Archbishop On 16 July, in a letter to die President of the Makarios on a humanitarian basis, and had Security Council, die Secretary-General asked, in subsequently been informed that he had left the view of the seriousness of the matter in relation to island. international peace and security and in view of The Secretary-General said he had followed the the United Nations involvement in Cyprus, that recent developments with the deepest concern. In the Council be convened so that he might report the context of the Cyprus problem, such events to it on information he had received through his carried the serious risk of a threat to international Special Representative in Cyprus and die Com• peace and security in a much wider framework, mander of the United Nations Peace-keeping he stated. Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). The representative of Cyprus said that the A meeting of the Council was also requested coup in Cyprus had been organized by a large urgently by the representative of Cyprus, who number of officers who came from Greece to said that die critical situation in Cyprus had been train and command the . created as a result of outside intervention, with For some time they had been engaging in sub• grave and threatening implications to the Repub• versive propaganda, and therefore President lic of Cyprus and to international peace and se• Makarios had formally asked Greece to recall curity in the area. them. Violence had followed, interrupting the peaceful progress towards an agreed solution of Consideration by Security Council (16 July 1974) the Cyprus problem. On 16 July 1974, the Security Council met to The Security Council, the representative con• consider the situation in Cyprus. Cyprus, Greece tinued, had a duty to act to prevent a deteriora• and Turkey were invited, at their request, to par• tion in the situation. It was vitally important for ticipate in die discussion widiout the right to vote. the Council to adopt a resolution calling for a The Secretary-General reported to die Council cease-fire and for the protection of the indepen• diat the information he had received—beginning dence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of early in the morning of 15 July—from his Special Cyprus from outside military intervention. He Representative in Cyprus and the Commander of emphasized that Archbishop Makarios was the UNFICYP confirmed that a coup was being staged in only legitimate and elected President of Cyprus. Cyprus against Archbishop Makarios, the Presi• According to the representative of the USSR, dent of Cyprus. The Secretary-General described me Council's task was to take urgent measures to in detail die efforts undertaken by his Special protect the security, sovereignty and territorial in• Representative and by the UNFICYP Commander to tegrity of Cyprus, a Member State. He said that prevent the spread of violence. what had taken place was an armed putsch or• The Secretary-General recalled that the man• ganized by external forces and aimed at the vio• date of UNFICYP had been conceived in the context lent overthrow of the lawful Government of of the conflict between the Greek Cypriot and Cyprus, headed by Archbishop Makarios. Time Turkish Cypriot communities in Cyprus, and that would not wait, he declared; the Council should The situation in Cyprus 263 urgently take decisive measures aimed at im­ lar, that all interested parties exercise the utmost mediately bringing an end to the armed interfer­ restraint and avoid actions which might further ence by the Greek military in the domestic affairs worsen the situation. of Cyprus. Turkey's spokesman said that the coup d'etat Communications (16 and 17 July 1974) had been mounted in and fostered and The Prime Minister of Greece, replying on carried out by Greek troops. The violence com­ 16 July 1974 to the Secretary-General's message mitted by against Greeks should serve to of 15 July, agreed that the territorial integrity, explain the lack of trust between the Turkish and sovereignty and independence of Cyprus should Greek communities in Cyprus, he said. The be maintained and respected by all parties con­ United Nations should now ensure that the balance cerned. It was the firm belief of the Greek of forces, so deeply disturbed to the detriment of Government, he said, that the Cyprus problem the Turkish community, was re-established and should be solved peacefully through negotiations that all illicit entry of troops and munitions was within the framework of the enlarged intercom- prohibited. Turkey, he said, was devoted to a munal talks. peaceful solution of the problems of the island, On 17 July, the Prime Minister of Turkey, in but it wished to leave no doubt about its intention reply to the Secretary-General's message of to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of 15 July, said that a grave situation had been the Turkish community. created concerning the independence, territorial The French representative said that the unprec­ integrity and security of the State of Cyprus as a edented circumstances had led the nine mem­ result of the armed coup which had taken place. bers of the European Economic Community (EEC) Such a situation in the island created another to issue a communique expressing their concern serious problem regarding the protection of the at events which seriously threatened stability in security, rights and interests of the Turkish com­ the eastern Mediterranean. They reaffirmed their munity. He urged the United Nations— dedication to the independence and territorial in­ which had particular responsibilities concerning tegrity of Cyprus, and their opposition to any in­ Cyprus—to adopt certain initial measures im­ tervention or interference which might jeopardize mediately to prevent the further deterioration of it. the balance of forces and the illegal entry of The United Kingdom's spokesman informed military forces, weapons and ammunition into the the Council that President Makarios had left Cy­ island. Moreover, in view of the relevant resolu­ prus on board a British aircraft and was in Malta. tions of the United Nations, it was clear that rec­ The Council should perhaps wait to see what he ognition of the administration proclaimed on had to say. The situation was highly explosive, not 16 July as "the Government of Cyprus" was not only for Cyprus but for the entire Mediterranean possible. region, and it would clearly be wrong to assess the final blame now. He appealed to those concerned, Consideration by Security particularly the Governments of Greece and Tur­ Council (19 and 20 July 1974) key, to exercise statesmanship and restraint. The Security Council met on 19 July 1974 to The representative of Greece categorically re­ continue its consideration of the situation in Cy­ futed allegations made by some speakers about prus. The President of the Council said that in the events in Cyprus which, in the opinion of his course of consultations with Council members, Government, were internal affairs of the Republic the Secretary-General had informed them of two of Cyprus. The Greek Government had had no telegrams he had received from , Cyprus, relation whatsoever with their origin or incite­ on 17 and 18 July. One, signed by Demis ment, he declared. Greece was convinced that the Dimitriou, Foreign Minister of Cyprus, stated territorial integrity and independence of Cyprus, that Zenon Rossides, Permanent Representative as well as the unitary character of the Republic, of Cyprus to the United Nations, had been relieved should be maintained and respected by all parties of his post and duties as from 15 July; the other concerned. stated that Ambassador Loucis Papaphilippou had The spokesman for the United States said his been designated as Permanent Representative and Government strongly deplored the violence which would arrive widiin 24 hours. The latter telegram had upset the delicate balance on the island. It requested a 24-hour adjournment of the Council's was difficult at the moment, he said, to see clearly meeting so that the new Permanent Representative whether and how the Council could make a posi­ and delegation could attend. tive contribution. The United States, he added, The President went on to say that the members continued to support the independence and ter­ of the Council had agreed to receive Archbishop ritorial integrity of Cyprus and the existing con­ Makarios in his capacity as President of Cyprus stitutional arrangements and it urged, in particu­ and to regard Ambassador Rossides, who had 264 Political and security questions been duly accredited by the Head of State of to restore the status quo ante. For its part, Turkey Cyprus, as representing Cyprus during the cur• considered it its duty to make use of the rights rent debate. The representatives of Greece and conferred on it by international treaties. Turkey, and those of India, Romania and Yugo• The representatives of India, Romania and slavia, at their request, were invited to participate Yugoslavia condemned the military coup and in the discussion without the right to vote. urged the Council to act to re-establish constitu• Archbishop Makarios said that the coup in tional order in Cyprus. Cyprus had been organized by the military The spokesman for the USSR said that the regime of Greece and put into effect by Greek Soviet people condemned the fascist putsch car• officers serving in and commanding the Cyprus ried out in Cyprus with the assistance of the National Guard. The military junta of Greece, he Greek military. The coup, he declared, had been declared, had extended its dictatorship to Cyprus planned by certain circles of the North Adantic without a trace of respect for the independence Treaty Organization (NATO), which could not ac• and sovereignty of the Republic. The terrorist or• cept the Cyprus Government's policy of non- ganization "EOKA-B"—directed and financed alignment. He called for an end to external inter• from Athens—had, he said, recently renewed its ference in the domestic affairs of Cyprus. wave of violence and he had asked the Presi• According to the representative of China, the dent of the Greek regime, Lieutenant-General independence, sovereignty and territorial integ• Phaedon Ghizikis, to give orders for its dissolu• rity of Cyprus should be respected by all coun• tion and for the withdrawal of the Greek officers tries. The question of Cyprus, he said, should be serving with the National Guard. The reply to his settled by die people of Cyprus and vigilance letter came in the form of a coup, the Archbishop must be maintained against attempts by the said. super-powers to take advantage of the situation. After the coup, he continued, the agents of the The United States representative said that enosis Greek regime in Cyprus appointed a well-known could not be considered an acceptable solution of gunman, Nikos Sampson, as President, who in the Cyprus problem, nor was military interven• turn appointed as ministers known elements and tion by any party justified in the current situation. supporters of EOKA-B. The Cyprus crisis demanded a peaceful and con• He went on to assert that the coup was clearly stitutional solution, he said, and, for that, not a revolution—which would be an internal consultations—such as diose currently taking matter—but an invasion from outside, the results place in London, United Kingdom, between rep• of which would be catastrophic for Cyprus if resentatives of Turkey, the United Kingdom and there was no return to constitutional normality United States—were needed. Odier consultations and if democratic freedoms were not restored. were taking place in the area of the conflict. He Archbishop Makarios urged the Security Coun• urged that time be allowed for a peaceful solu• cil to use all the means at its disposal so that con• tion. stitutional order and the democratic rights of the The United Kingdom representative said that Cypriot people could be reinstated without delay. the Government of Greece had also been invited It was not possible for the United Nations Peace• to attend the London talks and he joined the keeping Force in Cyprus to be effective under United States in urging restraint on all concerned conditions of a military coup, he said, and in his so that those talks could be given time to succeed. view the Council should call upon the military Austria's representative said that die violent regime of Greece to withdraw the Greek officers overthrow of die constitutional Government of in the National Guard and put an end to its inva• President Makarios had caused the Austrian sion of Cyprus. Government deep concern. Action by the Secu• The representative of Greece said he unreserv• rity Council—in conjunction with all odier edly rejected any allegations of Greek involve• efforts—was required to protect the indepen• ment in the coup which had led to the overthrow dence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of of Archbishop Makarios. The Cypriot armed Cyprus from all foreign interference. forces, he said, had been acting on their own. He According to the spokesman for Australia, it expressed the opinion that Archbishop Makarios was to be regretted that Greece had not re• had outlived his usefulness in Cyprus. sponded immediately and favourably to the re• According to the Turkish representative, the quest of President Makarios for the recall of the coup seemed to have eliminated every appear• Greek officers from Cyprus. He said that the ance of legitimacy on the Greek Cypriot side; in Council, while registering its strong disapproval the circumstances, the only legitimate constitu• of what had happened and calling for an end to tional institution in Cyprus was the Turkish Cyp• Greek military interference, must appeal for the riot administration under the Vice-President of utmost restraint everywhere while the process of Cyprus. It was die duty of the world community negotiation went forward. The situation in Cyprus 265

During the meeting, a draft resolution, later By the preambular parts of this text, the Coun• revised, was circulated. By this text, on which no cil among other things deeply deplored the out• action was taken, the Council would have among break of violence and continuing bloodshed and other things: called on all States to respect the expressed its grave concern about the situation, sovereignty, independence and territorial integ• which had led to a serious threat to international rity of Cyprus; demanded an immediate end to peace and security and had created a most explo• foreign military intervention in Cyprus that was sive situation in the whole eastern Mediterranean in contravention of the preceding paragraph and area. It expressed itself as being equally con• requested the withdrawal without delay of the cerned about the necessity to restore the constitu• foreign military personnel in excess of those en• tional structure of the Republic of Cyprus, which visaged in international agreements, as requested had been established and guaranteed by interna• by President Makarios; requested all States to ex• tional agreements. After recalling its previous ercise the utmost restraint and to refrain from resolutions on the Cyprus question and its primary any action which might further aggravate the responsibility for the maintenance of interna• situation; and asked the Secretary-General to tional peace and security in accordance with the keep the Council informed about developments. Charter of the United Nations, the Security The next day, 20 July, the representative of Council: Greece asked the Council to meet urgently in (1) called upon all States to respect the view of the "brutal aggression of Turkish armed sovereignty, independence and territorial integ• forces against Cyprus" which was then in pro• rity of Cyprus; gress. Greece asked the Council to take appro• (2) called upon all parties to the fighting as a priate steps following the explosive situation thus first step to cease all firing and asked all States to created for international peace and security. exercise the utmost restraint and to refrain from When the Council convened, the representative any action which might further aggravate the of Mauritius was invited to participate in the dis• situation; cussion without the right to vote, in addition to (3) demanded an immediate end to foreign those States previously so invited. military intervention in Cyprus that was in con• The Secretary-General informed the Council travention of its sovereignty, independence and that Turkish military activity both in the air and territorial integrity; by sea had begun early that morning—shortly (4) requested the withdrawal without delay after the Turkish Ambassador in Nicosia, Cyprus, from the Republic of Cyprus of foreign military had informed the Commander of LNKICYP that personnel present otherwise than under the au• Turkish troops were about to intervene in thority of international agreements, including Cyprus. those whose withdrawal was requested by the After summarizing the day's developments in President of the Republic of Cyprus, Archbishop Cyprus, as reported by his Special Representative Makarios, on 2 July 1974; and the LNKICYP Commander, the Secretary- (5) called on Greece, Turkey and the United General told the Council that it was faced with an Kingdom to enter into negotiations without delay appalling and extremely dangerous situation. The for the restoration of peace in the area and con• fighting on Cyprus, with the arrival of Turkish stitutional government in Cyprus and to keep the forces, had reached a new level of violence and Secretary-General informed; bitterness, he said, and the danger of wider (6) called on all parties to co-operate fully with conflict had become a tragic reality. Despite all LNKICYP to enable it to carry out its mandate; and bilateral efforts to avoid it, a major breakdown of (7) decided to keep the situation under con• international peace and security had occurred. stant review and asked the Secretary-General to The Secretary-General appealed to the parties report as appropriate with a view to adopting in conflict to halt the devastating battle and to further measures in order to ensure that peaceful co-operate with LNKICYP in its efforts to limit the conditions were restored as soon as possible. righting and protect the civilian population. (For text of resolution 353(1974), see DOCUMEN• The Security Council President then informed TARY REFERENCES below.) the Council that, in close co-operation with the The representative of the United Kingdom Secretary-General, he had maintained continuous welcomed the unanimity which the Council had consultations with the representatives of Member shown. There must be immediate talks, he said, States—consultations which had begun on 15 July and the United Kingdom had asked Greece and and were intensified as the situation worsened. As Turkey—as the other guarantors of the 1960 a result, a draft resolution had been circulated Treaty of Guarantee—to hold talks in London the which he then put to the vote and which the following day, 21 July. The object, he said, would Council adopted by 15 votes to 0 as resolution be to reduce tension and work towards a return 353(1974). of constitutional rule. Greece had agreed that 266 Political and security questions talks were necessary, but no response had been the sovereignty, independence and territorial in• received from the Turkish Government. tegrity of Cyprus and to the need to restore con• The United States representative said his stitutional order to that country on the basis of Government deplored the pressures and inter• existing agreements. ventions which had contributed to the Turkish ac• The representative of Mauritius urged the tion on Cyprus, for which Greece must bear a Council to take decisive action to end the fighting heavy share of the responsibility. The United and ward off an open conflict that might erupt States urged both countries to display the max• between Greece and Turkey, with the possible in• imum spirit of restraint and compromise and to volvement of other powers. accept the United Kingdom's proposal for negoti• According to the spokesman for Cyprus, the ations among the guarantor powers. sad reality was that intervention and aggression France's spokesman deplored the delays which had now been committed by two of the countries had prevented earlier action by the Council, and which were guarantors of the independence and which had incited one party to resort to force to territorial integrity of Cyprus. He said it was im• preserve its interests. He read a statement on be• portant that the United Kingdom had said it half of the nine countries of F.F.C supporting the would keep in contact with President Makarios on British initiative to hold talks among the guaran• the progress of the negotiations between the tor powers in London, urging Greece and Turkey three guarantors—Greece, Turkey and the to avoid a worsening of the situation, and favour• United Kingdom. ing the restoration of constitutional order in The Greek representative said that Turkey had Cyprus. launched a full-scale aggression against the According to the USSR representative, the cur• sovereignty and territorial integrity of Cyprus rent state of affairs was the result of open and and its attacks were obviously aimed at the per• flagrant military interference by the Athens manent occupation of large portions of Cypriot Government in the internal affairs of Cyprus. Al• territory—a prelude to the creation of the infra• though delaying tactics by certain members had structure for partition, which was Turkey's per• prevented the Council from taking effective manent and final target. Greece, he said, would measures sooner, the USSR had voted for the res• take appropriate counter-measures in self- olution just adopted because it called for the res• defence and in defence of its national interests, toration of the constitutional arrangements in and was demanding that the invading Turkish Cyprus and the Government headed by President forces be confined within the limits of the Turk• Makarios, and demanded an end to foreign inter• ish enclaves pending a resolution of the situa• vention against the Republic of Cyprus and the tion. withdrawal of foreign military personnel. Turkey's spokesman quoted the Turkish Prime China's representative said that the Chinese Minister to the effect that the Turkish armed Government and people firmly supported the just forces had started a peace operation to end dec• struggle waged by the people of Cyprus under ades of strife in Cyprus. The recent coup had President Makarios. The two super-powers, he been manufactured by the dictatorial regime of said, were sparing no efforts to sow discord in Athens, and Turkey was fulfilling its legal respon• their contention for hegemony in the Middle East sibility as a co-guarantor of the independence and and the Mediterranean region. China had reser• constitutional order of Cyprus. Turkey had not vations, as a matter of principle, on the two para• invaded but had acted against an invasion, the graphs of the resolution dealing with the United Prime Minister said. Nations Force. Several members, including Austria and Peru, Communications and welcomed the fact that the Council had acted with reports (20 and 21 July 1974) unanimity, although Australia, the Byelorussian On 20 July 1974, the Secretary-General in• SSR and Costa Rica were among those expressing formed the President of the Security Council that regret that so much time had elapsed before the he had received a telegram from Loucis Council had been able to take action. Costa Rica, Papaphilippou stating that he had been ap• for example, felt that a more timely resolution, pointed Permanent Representative of Cyprus to containing a general warning to all States to ab• the United Nations, and that, in reply, the United stain from intervening in Cyprus, might have pre• Nations Legal Counsel had—on the Secretary- vented Turkey's intervention. General's behalf—informed Mr. Papaphilippou of A number of Council members—among them the Security Council's decision to regard Zenon Austria, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya, Mauritania and Rossides as representing Cyprus in the current the United Republic of Cameroon—emphasized debate. the importance their Governments attached to Also on 20 July, the Secretary-General trans- The situation in Cyprus 267 mitted a letter from the Turkish representative Consideration by Security stating that the Vice-President of Cyprus, Rauf R. Council (22-24 July 1974) Denktash, requested that he be invited to appear When the Security Council met on 22 July before the Council in person or through a rep• 1974, it invited the representatives of Cyprus, resentative. Greece, India, Mauritius, Romania, Turkey and On the same date, the Turkish representative Yugoslavia to participate in the discussion without transmitted two letters from Vice-President Denk• the right to vote, in accordance with decisions tash in which he strongly objected to the assign• taken earlier. ment by Nikos Sampson of a new representative The Secretary-General informed the Council of Cyprus to the United Nations, in violation of that, although the cease-fire had been due to take the Constitution of Cyprus, and stated that he did effect at 1000 hours New York time, he had re• not recognize the Sampson administration. ceived reports that the fighting was continuing. On 21 July, the Secretary-General- reported He went on to say that UNFICYP, although very that fighting had intensified throughout the is• small in numbers, had been doing its. utmost to land. He had, he said, appealed to all concerned limit the fighting and protect the civilian popula• to bring the fighting to an immediate end and tion. However, it had received requests for assis• forthwith to begin negotiations for a peaceful set• tance from all sides which were manifestly far tlement in line with the Security Council's resolu• beyond its current capabilities. It was obvious, he tion of the previous day. He added that UNFICYP said, especially in a situation as complex as that had been doing all it could, especially in the existing in Cyprus, that the current strength of humanitarian field, and would continue to do its the Force was not sufficient for it effectively to en• utmost to limit the fighting and protect the sure the maintenance of the cease-fire. He in• civilian population. tended, therefore, as a first step, to ask the Also on 21 July, the Secretary-General ad• troop-contributing countries urgently to reinforce dressed appeals to the Prime Ministers of Greece their contingents already serving with UNFICYP. and Turkey expressing his deep concern at the con• During the course of the meeting, the spokes• tinuing and savage fighting and appealing for an men for Australia, Austria and the United King• urgent and positive response to the Council's res• dom promised to give urgent consideration to the olution of 20 July. Secretary-General's request for reinforcement of The Greek representative replied the same day their contingents serving with UNFICYP. The that his Government had accepted the Council's United States representative supported the resolution in toto. The Turkish Prime Minister re• Secretary-General's appeal. plied that Turkey had decided to respond posi• The representative of the USSR said that the tively to the appeal for a cease-fire and that Turk• composition and mandate of the United Nations ish troops were being instructed to cease firing Force in Cyprus had to be determined by the as from 1400 hours C.MT on 22 July. Security Council and its financing had to be on a Also on 21 July, the representative of Greece voluntary basis. requested an urgent meeting of the Security Council members who spoke during the meet• Council to take all appropriate measures to bring ing urged all concerned to observe the cease-fire. an end to "the continuing indiscriminate bom• The United Kingdom observed that if there was bardment by napalm bombs and rockets of no cease-fire it was improbable that talks could civilian targets and population by the Turkish Air have any chance of success. Force." The Greek representative said that Turkey's A letter from the Turkish representative, also inhuman and unlawful attacks continued. He dated 21 July, said that the same forces of the charged that Turkey was acting on the basis of a Greek National Guard who had engineered the well-conceived plan aiming solely at the partition coup had launched relentless attacks against the of Cyprus. Turkish Cypriot civilian population, including Turkey's representative said he had received women, children and the elderly, in areas entirely reports that eight Greek naval vessels were at outside the Turkish military zone. The attacks, he Paphos, attempting to land troops. Greeks, he said, had been contained to a large extent only charged, were committing atrocities at that very through the intervention of the Turkish Air moment in spite of the presence of UNFICYP, whose Force. purpose was to prevent precisely what was going A meeting of the Security Council was also re• on. quested by Cyprus, in a letter of 21 July, "because The spokesman for Cyprus said that the of the grave deterioration of the situation in Cy• Council's resolution of 20 July had not been im• prus and the urgent need for protection of life and plemented. There was no justification whatever human rights." for Turkey's actions under the Treaty of Guaran- 268 Political and security questions tee. The Council, he said, must consider drastic the Council was duty-bound to call for an measures to ensure a cessation of all fighting and effective observance of the cease-fire, and it stop the destruction in die island. trusted that both sides would accept it. Austria The next day, 23 July, the Secretary-General, also called on die parties to heed the Council's stating that he had received information that unanimous appeal. The United Kingdom said serious violations of the cease-fire were still taking that the resolution just adopted was a clear call to place, addressed an urgent appeal to the Prime the parties to stop fighting. The USSR spokesman Ministers of Greece and Turkey and the Acting said the resolution was an important step towards President of Cyprus to give instructions to their implementation of the main resolution—res• military forces that no further violations of the olution 353(1974) of 20 July—in all its parts. cease-fire should take place. The Greek representative charged that Turkey Also on 23 July, the representative of Greece had ignored the Council's resolution of 20 July, requested an immediate meeting of the Security while Greece was ready to abide by its provisions, Council to examine what he described as the seri• including its call for negotiations. ous situation created by continuous Turkish viola• The spokesman for Cyprus urged the Council tions of the cease-fire. He said that unless im• not merely to express disapproval but to act in an mediate measures were taken to stop Turkey's effective way: UNFICYP should ask the side or sides efforts to enlarge the territory occupied by its violating the cease-fire to withdraw to the posi• forces, the whole situation would deteriorate and tions held at the time of the cease-fire. could lead to a general conflagration. Turkey expressed the hope that the resolution When the Council met later that day, its Presi• just adopted would prevent further atrocities dent informed it that he had received two tele• against Turkish Cypriots. grams from the Permanent Representative of The Security Council held a closed meeting the Greece concerning the shelling of the Greek Em• next day, 24 July, and took note of a letter from bassy in Nicosia and appealing for immediate the Foreign Minister of Turkey containing assur• humanitarian action. ances that—without prejudice to Turkey's conten• The Secretary-General then informed the tions as to the legality of the United Nations Council that reports he had received gave rise to presence at the Lefkose (Nicosia) airport—his grave anxiety about the observance of the Government undertook not to attempt to assume cease-fire. A cease-fire had been arranged by possession of the airport by force. UNFICYP at the Nicosia International Airport, which had then been declared a United Communications and Nations-controlled area and occupied by UNFICYP reports (22-26 July 1974) troops. He went on to say that, in response to his Between 22 and 26 July 1974, several com• appeal, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and the munications were received from the representa• United Kingdom had undertaken to provide rein• tives of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey concerning forcements to dieir contingents to a total of some various aspects of the situation in Cyprus. Turkey 1,400 men; other Governments were giving submitted complaints charging attacks against the urgent, favourable consideration to his appeal. Turkish Cypriot population; Greece submitted The Council then unanimously adopted a draft charges of landings in Cyprus of Turkish military resolution—elaborated after consultations—as res• personnel and equipment and complained of olution 354(1974). many Turkish violations of the cease-fire. By this text, the Council, after reaffirming the On 22 July, the representative of Turkey provisions of its resolution 353(1974) of 20 July, transmitted a note addressed to the Permanent demanded that all parties to the fighting comply Mission of the United States in connexion with an immediately with the provision of that resolution incident at die Permanent Mission of Turkey to by which the Council had called for an immediate the United Nations in New York caused by a cessation of all firing in the area and had re• group of Greeks. In other communications, Tur• quested all States to exercise the utmost restraint key transmitted on 24 July the text of an appeal and refrain from any action which might further addressed to Turkish Cypriots by the Vice- aggravate the situation. President and the Acting President of Cyprus to (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY refrain from any excess against Greeks and to act REFERENCES beloW.) with moderation, and the text of a message by Following the vote, the representative of the which the Prime Minister of Turkey sent con• United States said he had supported the resolu• gratulations to Prime Minister Constantine tion because his Government was determined that Karamanlis of Greece on his assumption of office. the cease-fire should be made fully effective at the In response to the Secretary-General's appeal earliest possible moment. According to France, of 23 July concerning the cease-fire, the Prime The situation in Cyprus 269

Minister of Turkey assured the Secretary-General Consideration by Security Council on that date that Turkey did not intend "to derive (27-29 and 31 July and 1 August 1974) new advantages from a troubled situation." Tur• The Security Council met on 27 July 1974 to key, he said, was looking forward to a speedy and continue its consideration of the situation in Cy• constructive conclusion of the negotiations soon prus and, in accordance with earlier decisions, in• to be held between die guarantor powers vited the representatives of Cyprus, Greece, —Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom—in India, Mauritius, Romania, Turkey and Yugo• Geneva. slavia to participate in the discussion without the The Secretary-General continued during this right to vote. period to report to the Security Council on the The Secretary-General told the Council that situation in Cyprus on the basis of information there had been a series of breaches of the received from his Special Representative and the cease-fire and that the question of interposing Commander of UNFICYP. On 24 July, he reported UNFICYP between the Turkish forces and the Cyp• that the cease-fire continued to hold. Evacuation riot National Guard in order to stabilize the of foreign nationals continued, and throughout cease-fire had been raised. the island United Nations forces were redeploy• He recalled that UNFICYP'S original mandate had ing and re-establishing contact with the local aimed at preventing a recurrence of fighting be• population, reoccupying evacuated observation tween the two communities and did not envisage posts and base camps and investigating charges the interposition of the United Nations Force be• and accusations from both sides. A team from the tween the armed forces of another Member State International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the armed forces of Cyprus. Accordingly, he had arrived in Nicosia and liaison with local Red had asked his representative at the tripartite talks Cross and Red Crescent organizations was being then under way in Geneva between the Foreign established with UNFICYP assistance. The Nicosia Ministers of Greece, Turkey and the United airport, he said, remained under United Nations Kingdom to discuss with them how best UNFICYP control. could actively assist in limiting further hostilities The next day, 25 July, the Secretary-General and cease-fire violations. Any plan involving the reported that Turkish forces had begun to ad• interposition of UNFICYP would obviously require vance in several directions from the area under the complete co-operation of both sides. What their control between and Nicosia. At the was needed, he said, was agreement on how to same time, National Guard forces in outlying stabilize the cease-fire throughout die island so areas had surrounded a number of Turkish Cyp- that negotiations could progress. riot villages and demanded their surrender. In connexion with the negotiations in Geneva, Wherever possible, UNFICYP was assisting the Turk• the Secretary-General said he understood that in• ish villagers and was also attempting to gain ac• tensive efforts were going on to find a basis for cess to Greek Cypriot villages in areas of the working towards a settlement and that some Kyrenia district occupied during the Turkish ad• progress had been made. He expressed the hope vance. In Kyrenia, a number of that the negotiations would achieve the goals set and Greek civilians were under United Nations in the Council's resolution of 20 July (353(1974)). protection. The representative of Cyprus observed that the Throughout the island, the Secretary-General Geneva negotiations could not exercise the au• said, UNFICYP was exerting strenuous efforts to thority of the Security Council to protect interna• further the maintenance of the cease-fire and he tional peace or to protect Cyprus. In his view, the reported that the reinforcements he had urgently Council must be kept apprised of the situation appealed for had begun to arrive. and act to strengthen the negotiations in Geneva. In letters of 25 July, the Greek representative According to the spokesman for Greece, there submitted charges of cease-fire violations by was no doubt as to who was violating the Turkish forces, including die disembarkation cease-fire. If Turkey was not prepared to honour of further military personnel and equipment at the cease-fire, it shoidd not have accepted it. Kyrenia. Turkey's representative said it was the worst In a letter dated 26 July, the representative of possible moment for Cyprus to ask for a Council Cyprus requested an emergency meeting of the meeting, which could only make finding a solu• Security Council to consider what he described as tion through the Geneva talks more difficult. the grave deterioration of the situation in Cyprus Several speakers, among them Austria, the through the continued and flagrant violations of United Kingdom and the United Republic of the cease-fire by Turkey which, he said, was daily Cameroon, said that the Geneva talks deserved importing into the island more and more tanks full support and should be given a chance to suc• and other weapons of destruction. ceed. France's spokesman said that as long as the 270 Political and security questions

Geneva conference continued the Council could conference, which could make progress only in a only express the wish diat the situation in Cyprus peaceful atmosphere. itself would not be changed in a unilateral man• In the opinion of the representative of the ner to the detriment of one or the other of the United Kingdom, the meeting had been called by communities on the island. Several representa• the USSR "in a mischievous way"—a propaganda tives, including diose of France and the United exercise which did the United Nations no good States, paid tribute to UNFICYP. Austria and India, whatsoever. among others, said that its mandate should be The Council met die next day, 29 July, again at strengthened. the request of the USSR, which submitted a draft According to the USSR, the Council's resolu• resolution on die situation in Cyprus. By this text, tion of 20 July was not being implemented in all the Council—after noting the unsatisfactory situa• its parts. Foreign military personnel had not been tion with regard to the implementation of its res• withdrawn and the lawful and constitutional olution of 20 July (353(1974))— would: Government of Cyprus was denied the right to (1) demand of all the States concerned diat fulfil its functions. diey undertake urgent and effective measures for On 28 July, the representative of the USSR the practical implementation of all the provisions requested an urgent meeting of the Security Coun• of resolution 353(1974); cil to consider die implementation of Council reso• (2) insist on die immediate cessation of firing lution 353(1974) of 20 July. The letter containing and all acts of violence against the Republic of the request said that that resolution was not being Cyprus and on the speediest withdrawal of all implemented and, consequently, a tense situation foreign forces and military personnel present in threatening international peace and security con• Cyprus in violation of its sovereignty, indepen• tinued to exist in Cyprus. dence and territorial integrity as a non-aligned When the Council met on 28 July, the USSR State; representative said that not one of the provisions (3) decide to send immediately to Cyprus a of resolution 353(1974) had been implemented: special mission composed of.. . members of the foreign military intervention continued and die Security Council, to be appointed by die Council constitutional Government of President Makarios President after consultations with Council mem• had not been restored. Certain circles within NATO bers and the Secretary-General, for the purpose had acted in such a way, he said, that the terri• of verifying on the spot the implementation of res• torial integrity and sovereignty of Cyprus had be• olution 353(1974) and of reporting to the Coun• come a subject of bargaining in order to serve cil; their military and strategic positions in the (4) consider it necessary, taking into account Mediterranean. The Council must insist on die the relevant provisions of diat resolution, that withdrawal of Greek and other military personnel representatives of die constitutional Government from the island. Otherwise, he declared, the State of the Republic of Cyprus participate in the might be dismembered and eliminated as a State. Geneva negotiations; and In other statements during the meeting, the (5) decide, in the absence of progress in the representative of Greece said his Government was implementation of its resolution of 20 July, to anxious not to do anything to endanger the consider the question of further measures to be Geneva talks. He observed that there was a taken by the Council to ensure its implementa• difference between his country, which was ready tion. to withdraw its armed personnel from Cyprus, Reporting to the Council on the latest de• and Turkey, which had invaded Cyprus and was velopments in Cyprus, the Secretary-General said not ready to withdraw its forces. that the situation on the island continued to be Turkey's spokesman said that in his view die tense, but was at that time relatively quiet. Con• situation in both Cyprus and Geneva did not war• cerning the negotiations in Geneva between the rant a Council meeting. An already tense situa• three Foreign Ministers, he reported that in spite tion was being dramatized, he said, without due of strenuous efforts fundamental differences per• consideration being given to what was happening sisted between the positions of Greece and Tur• in Cyprus and to the superhuman efforts being key. made in Geneva to reach a peaceful solution. The Secretary-General went on to say diat he The representative of Cyprus said that, for had been informed by the UNFICYP Commander a week after the Security Council had—on that the Turkish Corps Commander in Cyprus 20 July—called for a cease-fire, the attacks had was requesting that all UNFICYP personnel be continued and Turkey continued to pour in war evacuated from the area controlled by Turkish materiel. Implementation of the resolution was a forces. He had, he said, asked the Prime Minis• matter for the Security Council, not the Geneva ter of Turkey to use his best efforts so that an The situation in Cyprus 271 agreed solution could be reached, and had em• (3) in mixed villages UNFICYP would carry out the phasized the humanitarian task of UNFICYP in rela• functions of security and police; and tion to all the people of Cyprus. (4) detained military personnel and civilians The USSR representative said the Council had should be released or exchanged under ICRC a special and growing responsibility in Cyprus supervision. and the purpose of the special mission proposed The three Ministers, reaffirming that Council in the USSR draft resolution was to verify the im• resolution 353(1974) of 20 July should be im• plementation of Council resolution 353(1974) on plemented in the shortest possible time, agreed the spot. It would have to establish contact with that measures should be elaborated which would the lawful head of the Cypriot Government, Pres• lead to a phased reduction of armed forces and ident Makarios, or his representatives. armaments in Cyprus. He went on to say that some Council members They also agreed that further talks aiming at had urged the Council to await the outcome of the restoration of peace should begin on 8 August the Geneva talks. In his view, that would sanction 1974 at Geneva, and that the representatives of the arbitrary determination of the future of the the two Cypriot communities should be invited at Cypriots bebind their backs and to the detriment an early stage to participate in the talks relating to of their fundamental and vital interests. They die Constitution. must be able to determine their own future, he The three Ministers further agreed to convey stated, and they should participate in the Geneva the contents of the Declaration to the Secretary- negotiations. Any decisions of an international General and invite him to take appropriate action conference without the participation of the lawful in the light thereof. Government of Cyprus, headed by President In a separate statement, the parties declared Makarios, could lead to a worsening of the situa• that their adhe.rence to the Declaration did not tion and to new conflicts. prejudice their respective views on the interpreta• The President of the Council said it was his un• tion or application of the Treaty of Guarantee of derstanding that consultations would be held on 1960. the USSR draft resolution and he would recon• Also before die Security Council was a draft res• vene the Council whenever necessary. olution, submitted by the United Kingdom, by When the Security Council met again on which, among other things, the Council would 31 July, it had before it a letter dated 30 July have: noted that all States had declared their re• from the Secretary-General by which he transmit• spect for the sovereignty, independence and ter• ted a letter from die United Kingdom Secretary ritorial integrity of Cyprus; taken note of the of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. Geneva Declaration of 30 July; and requested the The Foreign Secretary forwarded the text of a Secretary-General to take appropriate action in Declaration and statement agreed to by the the light of that Declaration. Foreign Ministers of Greece, Turkey and the The President of the Council announced at the United Kingdom at the conclusion of their discus• outset of the meeting that the draft resolution sions in Geneva, which lasted from 25 to 30 July had been withdrawn. 1974. The Secretary-General expressed the hope that According to the Declaration, the Foreign the agreement reached in Geneva on the Ministers, while recognizing the importance of cease-fire would be a first step towards the full regularizing the situation in Cyprus on a lasting implementation of the Council's resolution of basis, had agreed on the need to decide first on 20 July. certain immediate measures. The Ministers de• He went on to point out that the Declaration clared that areas controlled by opposing armed called for action in consultation with UNFICYP to forces on 30 July should not be extended, and determine the size and character of the security agreed on the following measures: zone which would be open only to the United Na• (1) a security zone, the size of which was to be tions Force. Other functions were also foreseen determined by the three countries in consultation for UNFICYP, he added. He said he had requested with UNFICYP, should be established at the limit of his Special Representative and the Force Com• the areas occupied by on mander to give him a preliminary assessment of 30 July at 2200 hours (Geneva time), and UNFICYP the practical implications of the Declaration as it forces alone should enter and supervise that related to UNFICYP. zone; The Secretary-General informed the Council (2) all Turkish enclaves occupied by Greek or that die total strength of UNFICYP—which as at Greek Cypriot forces should be immediately 31 July was 3,484—would be reinforced to 4,238 evacuated and should continue to be protected by by 7 August and was expected to be further UNFICYP; strengthened to 4,443 when, by about 12 August, 272 Political and security questions all of the reinforcements currently pledged had the Secretary-General and the arduous tasks that arrived on the island. would devolve upon UNFICYP. The question of the nature of UNFICYP'S con• The United States representative also ex• tinued presence in the Turkish area of control pressed support for the draft resolution, as did the still needed clarification, he went on to say. In his spokesmen for Australia, Austria, Indonesia and view, the Force had been playing and should con• the United Republic of Cameroon. tinue to play a most useful humanitarian role in Kenya's representative had serious reservations all parts of the island. The matter was now under about discussion of the affairs of a sovereign discussion by UNFICYP and the Turkish military Member State by third parties in the absence of command and he was confident that the Force the country concerned. The Declaration in his would be able to continue to perform its role in view was far from satisfactory and clearly demon• all parts of the island with the full agreement of strated the need for Cyprus to participate in any all the parties concerned. future negotiations. The Secretary-General said he was prepared to The representative of Peru also regretted the co-operate fully with the parties in order to re• absence of Cyprus from the Geneva talks and store peaceful conditions on the island so that hoped that Cyprus would be able to participate in negotiations could continue and the Security future negotiations. Council's resolution of 20 July (353(1974)) could The USSR representative then proposed sus• be fully implemented. pension of the meeting for two hours to allow his The President then read out the text of a draft delegation to receive instructions. The United resolution which had been formulated during Kingdom and France objected, and the USSR consultations. By the preambular paragraphs of proposal was rejected by a vote of 7 in favour to 0 the text, the Council would recall earlier resolu• against, with 8 abstentions. tions on the question, note that all States had de• The USSR then introduced an amendment to clared their respect for the sovereignty, indepen• the draft resolution which would add to the end dence and territorial integrity of Cyprus and take of the operative paragraph—by which the Coun• note of the Secretary-General's statement at the cil would request the Secretary-General to take current meeting of the Council. The Council appropriate action in the light of his statement would then, by the operative paragraph, request —the words "taking into account that the the Secretary-General to take appropriate action cease-fire will be the first step in the full im• in the light of his statement. plementation of Security Council resolution In the opinion of the Greek representative, the 353(1974)." Geneva agreement could be regarded as a step The USSR also introduced a second amend• in the right direction. It was now up to the Se• ment, to add to the second preambular para• curity Council to take constructive steps towards graph of the draft resolution (by which the Coun• full implementation of the resolution of 20 July. cil would note that all States had declared their The Turkish spokesman also said that a first step respect for the sovereignty, independence and had been taken at Geneva and he hoped that a territorial integrity of Cyprus) the words "as a lasting solution would be found, with the help of State not belonging to any military alliance." Greece, the United Kingdom and, in time, the A procedural discussion ensued when the duly accredited representatives of the two com• USSR asked that the texts of its amendments be munities. circulated in all official languages in accordance The representative of the United Kingdom ob• with the Council's provisional rules of procedure. served that the Geneva Declaration was neither a A motion to that effect was defeated by a vote of perfect document nor a blueprint for the future 0 in favour to 5 against, with 8 abstentions, with of the island of Cyprus; it was simply the best re• the Byelorussian SSR and the USSR not par• sponse that the three Governments were able to ticipating in the vote. make to the request put before them in the The Council adopted the first USSR amend• Council's resolution of 20 July. In the United ment by 14 votes to 0. China did not participate Kingdom's view, the Declaration was important in the voting, having explained that in view of its because it produced conditions for making the position of principle concerning the dispatch of cease-fire stick. Without an effective cease-fire fu• United Nations forces, it would not participate in ture political decisions could not be made, and the voting on the draft resolution or on the two without the use of UNFICYP the cease-fire could not amendments. be as effective as it needed to be. He urged the The second USSR amendment received 2 votes Council to adopt the draft resolution, as did the in favour to 0 against, with 12 abstentions, and representative of France, who called attention to was thus not adopted. China did not participate. the urgency of the arrangements to be made by The USSR representative, after proposing a The situation in Cyprus 273 postponement of the vote on the draft resolution (For text of resolution 355(1974), see DOCUMEN• as a whole, said that if that request was not re• TARY REFERENCES below.) spected and the draft resolution was voted upon The representative of China said that the Cy• before he received instructions, he would be prus problem was a remnant of the imperialist era obliged to vote against it. and remained unsettled mainly because the two The draft resolution was voted upon and re• super-powers would stop at nothing to expand ceived 12 votes in favour to 2 against (the Byelorus• their spheres of influence. The USSR draft reso• sian SSR and the USSR), and was not adopted lution was still before the Council, he noted, and owing to the negative vote of a permanent member the USSR proposal to participate in the special of the Council. China did not participate in the mission to Cyprus called for in that draft resolu• voting. tion fully revealed its hypocrisy. The Secretary-General then informed the Other Council members—among them Austria, Council that his Special Representative in Cyprus Costa Rica, France, the United Kingdom and the had just notified him that the Turkish military United States—welcomed the adoption of resolu• command had stated that United Nations forces, tion 355(1974) as an important contribution to having successfully completed their functions, the maintenance of peace in the area. should move outside the Turkish-controlled area Spokesmen for other members, including to areas where their mandate was most needed, Kenya and Mauritania, stressed that nothing and had asked that the necessary instructions be should be done to prejudice the territorial integ• given. The Secretary-General said it was his duty rity, independence and sovereignty of Cyprus. to inform the Council of his intention to give the The USSR representative said he regretted that appropriate instructions to the UNFICYP Comman• no specific decision had been taken by the Coun• der, keeping in mind that the Force could operate cil on the USSR draft resolution. The indepen• successfully only if it had the full support of all dence of Cyprus, he said, had become the subject the parties concerned. of bargaining to consolidate the strategic position The representatives of both Cyprus and Greece of NATO in the area. The Geneva negotiations, he questioned Turkey's intention in requesting the noted, had taken place without the participation removal of the United Nations Force from of representatives of the lawful Government of Turkish-controlled areas and maintained that the Cyprus and had sought to play down the role of Turkish command's move violated all the agree• the United Nations and exclude the Security ments with regard to the presence of UNFICYP in Council from practical matters concerning a set• Cyprus. The Turkish representative replied that tlement. The resolution just adopted did not the position of UNFICYP with regard to Turkish- satisfy the requirements of resolution 353(1974) controlled areas and the relationship between the and he could not support it. Turkish command and UNFICYP remained to be es• The Secretary-General said that following the tablished. adoption of the resolution he had immediately in• When the Security Council met the next day, structed his Special Representative and the Force 1 August, it had before it the text of a draft res• Commander to proceed with the implementation olution on which, the President stated, agree• of the task of UNFICYP mentioned in his statement ment had been reached. It was adopted by the at the Council's meeting the previous day. Council by a vote of 12 in favour to 0 against, The spokesmen for Greece and Cyprus ex• with 2 abstentions (the Byelorussian SSR and the pressed their satisfaction at die adoption of the USSR), as resolution 355(1974). China did not resolution. Turkey's representative hoped that it participate in the voting. would bring closer a just solution of the problem. By the preambular parts of this text, the Coun• cil recalled certain of its previous decisions on the Communications from Governments (July 1974) Cyprus question; it noted that all States had de• During the latter part of July 1974, the clared their respect for the sovereignty, indepen• Secretary-General received a number of com• dence and territorial integrity of Cyprus, and munications from Member Governments on the took note of the Secretary-General's statement at situation in Cyprus. the Council's previous meeting. On 18 and 23 July, the USSR representative By the operative paragraph of the resolution, transmitted statements issued by his Government the Council requested the Secretary-General to charging that the mutiny organized by the Greek take appropriate action in the light of his state• military against the legitimate Government of ment and to present a full report to the Council, Cyprus was continuing, and that it had been taking into account that the cease-fire would be planned by certain NATO circles which could not the first step in the full implementation of Coun• tolerate the independent existence and policy of cil resolution 353(1974) of 20 July. non-alignment of the Republic of Cyprus. The 274 Political and security questions

USSR supported and would continue to support entirety. He also reiterated the full support that the independent existence of Cyprus as a Yugoslavia, jointly with other non-aligned coun• , and it considered that the situa• tries, extended to Cyprus. tion urgently demanded the adoption of effective On 26 July, the Permanent Mission of Algeria measures to restore Cyprus to that position. transmitted the text of a message from the The Syrian Arab Republic complained on Algerian Minister for Foreign Affairs stressing 18 July about actions committed by Greek soldiers that the aggression against the Republic of Cy• against the Syrian Embassy and its personnel in prus constituted a new threat to peace and security Nicosia. in the eastern Mediterranean and expressing the On 19 July, Zambia's representative transmitted conviction that the Security Council would dis• the text of a cable received from the Zambian charge its responsibilities for the independence of Minister for Foreign Affairs expressing concern Cyprus and for safeguarding its unity and ter• at the events leading to the violent overthrow of ritorial integrity. President Makarios, and stating that the situation Also on 26 July, 's representative stated in Cyprus represented a major set-back to the de• that his Government, which had followed with the sire of third world countries to determine their utmost concern the recent events in Cyprus, had own internal affairs. felt greatly relieved when the Council adopted res• Also on 19 July, Romania's representative olution 353(1974) on 20 July, as Brazil had con• transmitted a declaration issued by the Romanian sistently supported all measures aimed at news agency Agerpress to the effect that public safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity opinion in Romania resolutely disapproved of the and independence of Cyprus. attempted coup d'etat in Cyprus, which rep• The representative of Yemen transmitted on resented a flagrant interference in the internal 27 July a statement of his Government expressing affairs of a sovereign State. Romania, the state• its full support for the integrity and indepen• ment went on, fully supported the legal Govern• dence of Cyprus and its recognition of Arch• ment of President Makarios. A further Romanian bishop Makarios as President of Cyprus. declaration, transmitted on 22 July, expressed On 31 July, the representative of the Philip• profound anxiety about Turkey's military actions, pines transmitted a message of his Government's which, according to the statement, threatened Secretary for Foreign Affairs, reaffirming the peace in the area, in the Balkans, in Europe and total support of the Philippine Government for throughout the world. the independence, territorial integrity and On 22 July, the representative of Democratic sovereignty of Cyprus and supporting both the Yemen transmitted the decision of his Govern• appeal of the Secretary-General for observance of ment to support Security Council resolution the cease-fire and the role of UNFICYP in prevent• 353(1974) of 20 July, and to recognize Arch• ing the recurrence of fighting. bishop Makarios as the elected President of the Republic of Cyprus. Reports of Secretary-General (2-14 August 1974) Oman's representative on 24 July transmitted During the first part of August 1974, the the text of a statement of the Sultanate of Oman Secretary-General continued to submit progress expressing deep regret and anxiety over the situa• reports on the status of the cease-fire, on meet• tion in Cyprus, and trusting that the parties con• ings of the military representatives of Greece, cerned would respect the independence, Turkey and the United Kingdom to work out an sovereignty and territorial integrity of the island. agreement on a demarcation line, and on the Also on 24 July, the representative of Czecho• humanitarian activities of UNFICYP. transmitted the text of a declaration of his On 2 and 4 August, he reported that except for Government condemning intervention by the sporadic firing the situation was generally quiet Greek junta in the internal affairs of Cyprus, call• throughout the island. The talks between the ing upon the Greek Government to put an end military representatives of the three countries had to the intervention and expressing its solidarity begun and Red Cross relief convoys were carry• with and support for the legitimate Government ing shipments of food, water and medical sup• of President Makarios. plies to Greek and Turkish Cypriots. The representative of Yugoslavia, on 25 July, In further reports on 5 and 6 August, the transmitted the text of a statement by the Vice- Secretary-General provided details about the situ• President of the Federal Executive Council and ation of Turkish Cypriots in areas controlled by the Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the National Guard and of Greek Cypriots in Yugoslavia in which he said that the responsibility areas under occupation by Turkish forces. He for the crisis in Cyprus was to be borne by the added that UNFICYP had assumed responsibility for Greek Government and urged implementation of most of the relief convoys. the Security Council's resolution of 20 July in its Subsequent reports issued between 7 and The situation in Cyprus 275

12 August gave details of acts in violation of the operation by the parties was required if its efforts cease-fire and contained additional information were to achieve their maximum effect. This, the about the continuing reconnaissance of the mili• Secretary-General said, particularly applied to the tary representatives in their attempt to fix a de• consolidation of the cease-fire, the establishment marcation line. The humanitarian activities of of uNFiCYP-supervised security zones and the UNFICYP and the Red Cross continued. On evacuation of occupied Turkish enclaves. 12 August the Secretary-General reported that the withdrawal of die National Guard from Communications from the parties Turkish enclaves and the assumption by UNFICYP (29 July-13 August 1974) of responsibility for the protection of those areas In letters dated 29 and 31 July and 1, 3 and had begun. 4 August 1974, the representative of Greece On 10 August, the Secretary-General submitted submitted several charges .of violations of die an interim report on the action taken in pur• cease-fire by Turkish forces in attacks against suance of the Security Council's resolution of Greek Cypriot forces and villages in Cyprus. 1 August (355(1974)). The Turkish representative, in letters dated 4, He said that, although the cease-fire had been 7, 8 and 9 August, charged that National Guard observed by the parties throughout most of the forces had violated the cease-fire by firing at island, intermittent fighting and some forward Turkish forces and at the Turkish sector of Nico• movement had continued in the area west of sia. He also charged, in letters dated 31 July and Kyrenia, along the coast and on the southern 2 and 5 August, that Greek Cypriot forces had slopes of the Kyrenia mountains. Exchanges of perpetrated massacres and other atrocities fire and minor movements had occurred in other against Turkish Cypriots. areas. In a letter of 2 August, the Greek representa• The Secretary-General went on to report that tive said that Turkish military authorities had on 9 August military representatives of Greece, begun mass deportations of Greek Cypriot in• Turkey and the United Kingdom had signed an habitants of various villages in the Kyrenia agreement concerning the demarcation line, district—the beginning of a methodical and or• which had been submitted to the Foreign Minis• ganized Turkish effort to deracinate the Greek ters meeting in Geneva. He added that UNFICYP Cypriot population of the area. stood ready to assume its function of protecting In a telegram to the Secretary-General, dated the Turkish enclaves as soon as they were 4 August, the Acting President of Cyprus, Glafcos evacuated by Greek and Greek Cypriot forces. Clerides, complained that the Turkish Army had With regard to the exchange or release of de• inflicted unprecedented harassment on the civilian tained military personnel and civilians, he re• population of die area it had occupied in north• ported that both the Turkish Government and ern Cyprus. It had looted and plundered the the Government of Cyprus had declared their properties of die inhabitants of the Greek- readiness, under certain conditions, to release the inhabited area in and around Kyrenia, and had detained civilians. indulged in repeated atrocities. Some 20,000 As to the method of operation of UNFICYP, the civilians had already been forced to leave their Secretary-General recalled that all operations out• homes. side the Turkish-controlled area were based on a The Turkish representative rejected these framework of static posts established at sensitive charges in a letter on 7 August, asserting that the places, supplemented by frequent mobile patrols. Turkish action in Cyprus was aimed at bringing Within the Turkish-controlled area, UNFICYP ac• lasting peace and security for all Cypriots, Turk• tivities were centred on humanitarian and relief ish and Greek alike. The true situation, he said, measures in Kyrenia and certain surrounding vil• was that more than 21,000 Turkish Cypriot in• lages. The strength of UNFICYP, which he said was habitants of 37 villages had been forced by the obviously not sufficient, was to be increased to Greek National Guard to take refuge in other 4,292 as from 14 August. Turkish areas. The Secretary-General then observed that al• On 9 August, he transmitted a letter from die though some progress had been achieved towards Vice-President of Cyprus, Rauf R. Denktash, also bringing peace to Cyprus, the cease-fire was not rejecting the charges brought by Mr. Clerides. yet secure in all parts of the island, despite the In a letter dated 12 August, the representative efforts of the United Nations, of interested of Cyprus said that, since the signing of the Governments and of die parties directly con• Geneva Declaration of 30 July 1974, Turkey's cerned. He added that UNFICYP stood ready to defiance of the cease-fire had further aggravated carry out the functions devolving upon it under the situation in Cyprus. Turkey, he said, had Council resolution 355(1974); for it to carry out intensified its hostile actions, had seized substan• its task fully, however, a greater degree of co• tially more territory, and was carrying out further 276 Political and security questions massive importation of tanks, troops and heavy might be required if the cease-fire was not re• weapons. spected. On 13 August, the representative of Cyprus re• (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY quested an emergency meeting of the Security REFERENCES below.) Council "to consider the dangerously grave situa• The United Kingdom representative said that tion" that had arisen as the result of "renewed fighting had resumed in Cyprus and it appeared acts of naked aggression" against Cyprus by to be severe. At Geneva the previous day, he said, Turkey. the Turkish representative had presented a pro• Also on 13 August, the Greek representative posal, with a deadline for its acceptance, calling requested an urgent meeting of the Council to for a clearly defined Turkish Cypriot zone cover• take appropriate steps in what he termed the ex• ing 34 per cent of the island. The Acting Presi• plosive situation for international peace and secu• dent of Cyprus had asked for an extension of the rity created after the interruption of the second deadline but the Turkish representative had re• phase of the Geneva talks, as a result of the decla• fused and the conference had therefore dis• ration by the Turkish Foreign Minister that he persed. He expressed the hope that negotiations considered the conference terminated. The letter could be resumed on 15 August and he appealed said that the Turkish Foreign Minister had made to die Turkish Government to stop the fighting in this declaration despite the fact that the Acting Cyprus. President of Cyprus had already declared that he The spokesman for Greece said that Turkey was prepared to consider the Turkish proposals if had deliberately failed to observe the first given a few hours' time for reflection. cease-fire because it wanted to extend the terri• tory it held. Turkish-occupied territory had tri• Consideration by Security pled since then, he asserted. Large numbers of Council (14-16 August 1974) Greek Cypriots had been expelled from the The Security Council met early on 14 August Turkish-occupied areas, an expulsion that went 1974, as requested by Cyprus and Greece, and almost parallel with the expansion of Turkish- also as requested orally by the United Kingdom. held territory. With regard to Turkey's constitu• In accordance with decisions taken at earlier tional proposals in Geneva, Greece took the posi• meetings, the representatives of Cyprus, Greece, tion, he said, diat no sovereign, independent India, Mauritus, Romania, Turkey and Yugo• State could accept proposals made at gunpoint slavia were invited to participate in the discussion from an outside country. without the right to vote. The French representative regretted the exces• Reports from the Commander of UNFICYP circu• sive haste with which Turkey had interrupted the lated before and during the meeting gave details Geneva negotiations, and particularly the military of the renewed fighting in Cyprus and casualties action which the Turkish forces had just begun. suffered by UNFICYP personnel. War was not the way to solve the difficult prob• The President of the Council said that in the lems separating die two communities. The Coun• course of informal consultations Council mem• cil must act to restore the cease-fire; it must also bers had agreed on the text of a revised draft urgently appeal for the resumption of negotia• resolution, originally proposed by the United tions. Kingdom, which the Council then adopted unani• The representative of the United States deeply mously as resolution 357(1974). regretted drat die Council had had to meet again By the preamble to this text, the Council, after to consider new steps to end the violence. The recalling earlier resolutions, deeply deplored the Council must call for an immediate end to the resumption of fighting in Cyprus, despite the fighting and for the earliest resumption of provisions of its resolution 353(1974) of 20 July. negotiations. By the operative part of the text, the Council: The spokesman for die United Republic of (1) reaffirmed that resolution in all its provisions Cameroon expressed similar views. and called upon the parties to implement them The spokesman for Cyprus said that a power of without delay; (2) demanded that all parties to the overwhelming military force had attacked a small, fighting cease all firing and military actions undefended country, just as Czechoslovakia had forthwith; (3) called for the resumption of been attacked by Hitlerite Germany for the al• negotiations without delay for the restoration of leged protection of a minority. Turkey was not peace in the area and constitutional government concerned with protecting the Turkish Cypriots, in Cyprus in accordance with resolution only with grabbing a part of Cyprus. The 353(1974); and (4) decided to remain seized of Council's resolution of 20 July (353(1974)), which the situation and on instant call to meet as neces• called not only for a cease-fire but also for an sary to consider what more effective measures immediate end to military intervention, had not The situation in Cyprus 277 been implemented and now Turkey was demand­ Turkish forces in the direction of Famagusta, and ing at gunpoint that its terms be accepted. further efforts by UNFICYP to arrange cease-fires, Turkey's representative said it was clear that especially in Nicosia. the Geneva Declaration was interpreted dif­ ferently by the parties that had signed it. The The Council met on 15 August to continue its concept of autonomy, he said, no longer seemed consideration of die situation in Cyprus, at die to be accepted. Turkey had asked for 34 per cent request of Cyprus. Algeria was invited at its re­ of Cyprus as a basis for establishing an autono­ quest to participate in the discussion without the mous administration for the Turkish Cypriots, right to vote, in addition to those previously so since they had owned at least that much territory invited. before they had been dispossessed on their land At the outset of the meeting, the Council Presi­ during the past 10 years. The reason for the failure dent expressed deep concern over the casualties in Geneva, however, was the refusal to recognize sustained by die UNFICYP contingents. diat the Turkish Cypriots had been and should The Secretary-General then told the Council remain masters of their island to the same degree that he deeply deplored the resumption of as the Greeks. As for the future of Cyprus, every­ fighting and the breakdown of negotiations. It thing was conceivable as long as the Turkish Cyp­ was clear, he said, that violent fighting continued riots participated under conditions of equality and diat die Council's resolution (357(1974)) of and security. 14 August had gone unheeded. The Council President, speaking as the USSR In the existing situation, he went on to say, it representative, said diat the failure of the Geneva was impossible for UNFICYP to continue with the talks and the resumption of military operations tasks of implementing Council resolution had demonstrated the failure of the efforts of 353(1974) of 20 July, although it was doing its those who had sought to immobilize the Council utmost to assist die population, arrange local amid assurances that all was peaceful in Cyprus. cease-fires, de-escalate the fighting and prevent Certain NATO circles were trying to present the the recurrence of intercommunal strife. world with a fait accompli by partitioning Cyprus, The Secretary-General expressed his deep con­ he declared. The collapse of the Geneva talks re­ cern and regret for the casualties suffered by sulted from attempts to solve the question widiin UNFICYP, and said that he and the Force Comman­ the narrow circle of NATO and from failure to im­ der had sent strong protests to die parties con­ plement the provisions of Council resolution cerned. He had, he said, received an expression 353(1974). More effective action was required of regret from the Turkish Prime Minister, with from the Council, he said. assurances that the Turkish forces would exercise Before adjourning the meeting, the President care for the full security of UNFICYP troops in noted that in accordance with the resolution the Cyprus. Council had adopted, it remained seized of the Without the acceptance and the co-operation of situation and on instant call to meet as necessary. the parties, the Secretary-General continued, a United Nations peace-keeping operation, which Later on 14 August, the Secretary-General cir­ was not an enforcement action under Chap­ culated further reports from the UNFICYP Com­ ter VII of the United Nations Charter,2 could mander in connexion with attacks by Turkish not function effectively. Under its present forces in various parts of Nicosia and elsewhere in mandate and at its present strengdi, UNFICYP could Cyprus, which caused casualties among the not interpose between the two armies. He con­ UNFICYP contingents from Canada, Finland and cluded by saying diat continued fighting, in spite the United Kingdom, and the deadi of three of the cease-fire appeals of the Security Council, members of the Austrian contingent. The reports called into question the very essence of the Char­ also gave details of damage to UNFICYP posts and ter and die raison d'etre of the Organization. die efforts of the Force to arrange local The Council had two draft resolutions before cease-fires. it. The first, prepared during consultations A message from die designated Acting Presi­ among Council members, was adopted unani­ dent of Cyprus, circulated later in the day, mously as resolution 358(1974). charged that Turkish aircraft and troops, in dis­ By the preamble to this text, the Council ex­ regard of the Council's resolution, were continu­ pressed deep concern about die continuation of ing their attacks and extending die area of their violence and bloodshed in Cyprus and deeply de­ control. plored the non-compliance with its resolution The next day, 15 August, the Secretary- 357(1974) of 14 August. It dien (1) recalled its earl- General issued furdier reports of continued military operations, including an advance by 2 For text of Chapter VII of the Charter, see APPENDIX II. 278 Political and security questions ier 1974 resolutions and (2) insisted on their full in safety. Odierwise, he said, the question would implementation by all parties and on the im• arise whether peace-keeping missions of the mediate and strict observance of the cease-fire. United Nations could be continued while military (For text of resolution 358(1974), see attacks put in jeopardy the very essence of such DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) missions. The President then said that a draft resolution, The spokesman for Cyprus said diat, after four originally sponsored by Australia, Austria, France ineffective resolutions by the Security Council, the and Peru, had been revised and was co-sponsored major problem now was the functioning of the also by the United Republic of Cameroon. The Council. Never before, he asserted, had its weak• Council then adopted the second draft as resolu• nesses been so revealed. The United Nations tion 359(1974) by 14 votes to 0, with China not should reappraise the functioning of the Council participating in the voting. and die use of Chapter VII of die Charter. By the preambular paragraphs of this text, the The representatives of the United Kingdom Council noted with concern that casualties were and the United States expressed sympathy over increasing among the personnel of UNFICYP and die deaths of the diree members of the Austrian recalled that UNFICYP was stationed in Cyprus with contingent. The United Kingdom representative the full consent of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. It deplored and condemned the flagrant and con• also recalled that die Secretary-General had been tinuing breaches of the cease-fire and the attacks requested by the Council, in its resolution on UNFICYP as unacceptable, particularly since the 355(1974) of 1 August, to take appropriate action diplomatic process had not been exhausted. He in the light of his statement, in which he had dealt appealed to Turkey to respect the cease-fire and witii the role, functions and strength of UNFICYP to indicate its willingness to resume negotiations. and related issues. The President, speaking as the representative By the operative part of the text, the Council: of the USSR, said the Council should place full (1) deeply deplored the fact that members of responsibility for the violence against Cyprus on UNFICYP had been killed and wounded; certain NATO circles. The USSR, he said, was in (2) demanded that all the parties concerned favour of maintaining the independence of Cy• fully respect the international status of UNFICYP prus and dierefore insisted on die immediate ces• and refrain from any action which might en• sation of foreign military intervention, the widi- danger the lives and safety of its members; drawal of all foreign troops and the restoration of (3) urged the parties concerned to demonstrate die lawful Government of Cyprus and all its in• in a firm, clear and unequivocal manner their wil• stitutions. lingness to fulfil their commitments; He went on the say that the resumption of the (4) demanded further that all parties co• Geneva talks within the narrow circle of NATO operate with UNFICYP in carrying out its tasks, in• could not achieve that end; only vigorous action cluding humanitarian functions, in all areas of by the Council could do so. The reports of the Cyprus and in regard to all sections of the popu• United Nations Secretariat, he said, did not ade• lation of Cyprus; and quately inform the Council about die situation, (5) emphasized die fundamental principle that and for that reason the USSR continued to be the status and safety of the members of UNFICYP convinced of the need to send a Council mission and any peace-keeping force must be respected to Cyprus to provide a full report on the situation by the parties under all circumstances. and thus assist the Council in carrying out its task. (For text of resolution 359(1974), see DOCUMEN• According to the Greek representative, Council TARY REFERENCES below.) resolution 358(1974) was completely inadequate The representative of China recalled that it had in the circumstances. More was needed dian always held differing views on the dispatch of merely recalling earlier resolutions and insisting United Nations forces and, since die resolution just upon their implementation. A cease-fire resolu• adopted had dealt entirely with that issue, China tion was hardly needed now: it had been needed as a matter of principle had decided not to par• the day before, but "today it is too late." ticipate in the voting. The spokesman for Turkey said that Turkish The Austrian representative said that three forces had been ordered to exercise the utmost members of the Austrian contingent of UNFICYP care for the full safety of UNFICYP personnel. He had lost dieir lives in the service of peace as a re• also said that Turkey had intervened in Cyprus sult of a deliberate attack by a Turkish aircraft. only when die very life of die Turkish Cypriot Austria, he said, had protested in the strongest community and the independence of die island terms against such an irresponsible act and noted were directly threatened. Turkey, he said, was with appreciation the expression of condolences ready to begin negotiations if a constitutional ar• by die Turkish Government. However, the Coun• rangement were accepted under which the Turk• cil must see to it that UNFICYP was able to function ish community would maintain its autonomous The situation in Cyprus 279 administration in one part of the island and the die question and to meet at any time to consider Greek community its own in another. measures which might be required in the light of Algeria's representative, speaking on behalf of the developing situation. the Bureau of Co-ordination of the Group of (For text of resolution 360(1974), see DOCUMEN• Non-Aligned Countries at the United Nations, TARY REFERENCES below.) urged the Council to adopt immediate and The spokesman for France observed that since effective measures so that the independence, the breakdown of the Geneva negotiations the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Cyprus situation in Cyprus had worsened. On 14 August, might be fully respected. the French Government had stated that it disap• The Security Council continued its consid• proved of Turkey's unilateral resumption of eration of the Cyprus situation on 16 August, military operations and that only negotiations, when it was informed by the Secretary-General without the simultaneous quest for military ad• that the Prime Minister of Turkey had an• vantages, should govern relations among Euro• nounced his Government's acceptance of a pean States. It was the Council's duty, he said, to cease-fire. The UNFICYP Commander had reported make another urgent appeal to die parties to re• that the cease-fire was holding except for small- sume the negotiations without those negotiations arms and mortar fire in certain areas. being affected by the outcome of the recent mili• The Secretary-General also announced that two tary operations. Danish soldiers had been killed and diree Several Council members—among them Aus• wounded when their vehicle ran into a minefield tralia, Austria, Mauritania, the United Kingdom, in the Lefka district. the United Republic of Cameroon and the United The Council had before it a draft resolution States—emphasized the importance of resuming proposed by France, which had been twice re• the negotiations without delay. Iraq's representa• vised and which the Council adopted by 11 votes tive, lacking instructions, said he had had to ab• to 0, with 3 abstentions (the Byelorussian SSR, stain in the voting, but agreed that a return to the Iraq and the USSR), as resolution 360(1974). negotiating table remained the only way to reach China did not participate in the voting. a solution. By the preambular paragraphs of the text, the The Costa Rican representative said that after Council recalled its recent resolutions on the ques• what had been occurring in Cyprus there were no tion, and noted that all States had declared their grounds for optimism. The measures taken by respect for the sovereignty, independence and the Council had fallen in a vacuum. Cyprus—a territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus. It small country like his own—had been the victim expressed grave concern at the deterioration of of the appetites of others and the international the situation in Cyprus resulting from further order had been shaken in the process. military operations, which constituted a most The representative of Kenya called the resolu• serious threat to peace and security in the eastern tion just adopted anodier very small and weak Mediterranean area. move by die Council in its understandably weak By the operative part of the text, the Council: efforts to save Cyprus. The problem of Cyprus (1) recorded its formal disapproval of the uni• was not over, however, and would not be over for lateral military actions undertaken against the a long time, he declared. Republic of Cyprus; The Council President, speaking as die USSR (2) urged the parties to comply with all the representative, said that a solution of the problem provisions of previous Council resolutions, includ• must involve the immediate and direct participa• ing diose concerning the withdrawal without tion of the Security Council and hence of the delay from Cyprus of foreign military personnel United Nations. He reiterated his earlier proposal present otherwise than under the authority of in• that a special mission of die Council be sent to ternational agreements; Cyprus for an on-die-spot investigation of the (3) urged [he parties to resume without implementation of the Council's decisions and the delay—in an atmosphere of constructive co• submission of a report. operation—the negotiations called for in resolu• Turkey's representative deplored the fact diat tion 353(1974) of 20 July whose outcome should the French draft resolution had been accepted not be impeded or prejudged by the acquisition and the frame of mind of diose who had even of advantages resulting from military operations; thought of adopting such a biased approach. (4) asked the Secretary-General to report to Turkey, he said, could not take part in future the Council, as necessary, with a view to the pos• negotiations on the basis of so unbalanced and sible adoption of further measures designed to unrealistic a resolution as that just adopted. As promote the restoration of peaceful conditions; soon as the Council adopted any other resolution and without those stigmas, Turkey would reconsider (5) decided to remain permanently seized of its attitude. 280 Political and security questions

Reports of Secretary-General vented from performing their humanitarian and communications from tasks. Reporting on atrocities described in deposi• the parties (12-29 August 1974) tions of the victims, he said that no brief report Between 17 and 20 August 1974, the Sec• could possibly convey die fear and suffering retary-General provided information on the caused by die inhuman behaviour of the Turkish situation in Cyprus, based on reports received troops. from the Commander of UNFICYP. Firing was con• In a letter dated 27 August, the Greek rep• tinuing, and advances by Turkish troops were re• resentative accused Turkey of trying to divert at• ported in various sectors. The Force Commander tention from the atrocities committed by Turks in had appealed to both sides to refrain from firing Cyprus by fabricating slanderous accounts of or moving forward, and the Secretary-General atrocities committed against Turkish Cypriots and said he had expressed to the parties his concern by preventing impartial investigation by UNFICYP. at the continuing breaches of die cease-fire. He The representative of Cyprus, in a letter dated had appealed to them to exercise the utmost re• 23 August, drew attention to die magnitude of straint and to observe the cease-fire resolutions of the dislocations of economic life on the island and the Security Council. gave details of the damage suffered by die princi• On 19 August, the cease-fire was reported to be pal branches of the economy, as well as the situa• holding and there were no reports of firing tion of the refugees. On 27 August, in another throughout the island. However, a large crowd at• letter, he protested against unilateral measures tacked the United States Embassy in Nicosia with taken by Turkey to prohibit navigation in the seas grenades and small arms. One local employee around Cyprus and asked that urgent consid• was killed; the United States Ambassador was eration be given to that situation. wounded and later died. On 28 August, the representative of Turkey The situation on 20 August remained relatively transmitted the text of a declaration in which the quiet, according to reports from die Force Com• Turkish Government, after reviewing the back• mander. ground of the Cyprus crisis, reaffirmed Turkey's During this period, the Secretary-General re• opposition to enosis and to proposals for involving ceived a number of communications from Cy• a large number of States in the Cyprus issue. It prus, Greece and Turkey concerning various as• urged the resumption of negotiations, within the pects of the situation. framework already drawn up by the Security On 14 August, the representative of Cyprus Council, and suggested that die three guarantor transmitted the text of a statement by President powers should promptly help to create such con• Makarios of Cyprus charging Turkey with ag• ditions as would enable the parties to reach a final gression against Cyprus and non-compliance with settlement. the resolutions of the Security Council. Cyprus, Reporting on 27 August on developments in he said, was at the mercy of the Turkish troops. Cyprus for the period from 20 to 25 August Another statement by President Makarios, trans• 1974, the Secretary-General said diat except for a mitted on the same date, accused Turkey of bad few isolated incidents, especially in the Nicosia faith at the Geneva talks and appealed for urgent area, the cease-fire had held. He outlined die ac• action to rescue Cyprus from Turkish aggression. tivities of UNFICYP in: providing protection to the In a letter dated 18 August, the representative Turkish-inhabited areas outside die area of Turk• of Greece submitted a list of alleged violations of ish control; investigating alleged atrocities; ren• the cease-fire by Turkey committed since the first dering humanitarian assistance such as escorting cease-fire was accepted by Turkey on 22 July. or supporting relief convoys to Greek and Turk• Complaints of atrocities committed against the ish Cypriot towns and villages; and negotiating civilian population in Cyprus were submitted by for the restoration of electrical and water supply all the parties. facilities. In letters dated 12, 18 and 22 August, the rep• On 28 August, the Secretary-General, report• resentative of Turkey put forward charges of the ing on his visit to Cyprus, Greece and Turkey be• burning and desecration of mosques, the murder tween 25 and 27 August, said he had presided and deportation of civilians, the abuse of women over a joint meeting in Cyprus of the leaders of and children and the incarceration of Turkish the two Cypriot communities and had met with Cypriots in concentration camps. the Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers of The representative of Cyprus, in letters dated Greece and Turkey during his visits to diose 20 and 22 August, cited press reports of Turkish countries. On all sides, he said, he had found a atrocities and the indiscriminate killing of Greek strong desire to achieve a negotiated settlement Cypriots by Turkish forces. He charged that over despite existing obstacles to such a course. His 200,000 people had been expelled from their conversations had centred in particular on the fu• homes; UNFICYP and ICRC had been forcibly pre• ture of the negotiations, die possible basis of a set- The situation in Cyprus 281 tlement in Cyprus, humanitarian questions any odier suggestions if the resumption of die —including refugees and the reopening, for Geneva conference was in deadlock. humanitarian purposes, of the Nicosia airport According to the representative of Turkey, the —and the future role of UNFICYP. Greek Cypriot administration, which currently The Secretary-General went on to say that it opposed the movement of population, had for was clear that UNFICYP'S functions would soon have the past 10 years encouraged the emigration of to be redefined. In the meantime, it was his inten• Turkish Cypriots. Twenty-four diousand Turkish tion to ensure that UNFICYP played a useful role in Cypriots had been living as displaced persons in Cyprus, in full co-operation with all the parties. temporary refugee accommodations for 11 years, The situation in Cyprus was, he stressed, still a and their lands cultivated without payment. He matter of deep concern as far as international asked whedier the return of the refugees to their peace and security were concerned; it was vital homes encompassed those Turkish Cypriots as therefore to make real progress towards peace well. Turkey, he said, believed diat a satisfactory and to avoid a recurrence of fighting. He believed solution to the problem of displaced persons the Council could play an important role in en• could be found only widiin the framework of a suring that result. political solution: it was intricately related to the On 27 August, the representative of Cyprus over-all settlement. asked that a meeting of the Security Council be The Austrian representative observed diat the held to consider the grave situation in Cyprus, in• Council had repeatedly addressed itself to the cluding the refugee problem arising from "the political and military aspects of the situation; it expulsion by force and terror of the whole Greek was now imperative for it to deal with the im• Cypriot population from their homeland in the mense humanitarian problems that had arisen. invaded territory." The Council's duty was to call on all parties to The Turkish representative on 29 August deal immediately with the plight of the refugees transmitted a letter from Vice-President Denktash and displaced persons and to reiterate its call for of Cyprus protesting that the request for a Coun• the co-operation of all sides with UNFICYP in carry• cil meeting was a unilateral action taken by the ing out its tasks, including humanitarian func• Greek Cypriot administration without consulting tions. He introduced a draft resolution, spon• him. sored by Austria, France and the United Kingdom, which he hoped would address itself to Consideration by Security die refugee problem and also to a new start in die Council (30 August 1974) negotiating process. The Security Council met on 30 August 1974 at The USSR representative reiterated diat re• the request of Cyprus. In accordance with earlier sponsibility for die deterioration of the situation decisions, the representatives of Algeria, Cyprus, in Cyprus must be borne by NATO circles, whose Greece, India, Mauritius, Romania, Turkey and efforts to solve the problem by bypassing the Yugoslavia were invited to participate, without United Nations, the Security Council and its deci• the right to vote, in the Council's discussion. sions had met widi complete failure. He said that The spokesman for Cyprus said that the Turk• an international conference, within the United ish invasion of Cyprus had been a pre-planned Nations framework and widi the participation of and long-prepared attempt to use overwhelming Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and all members of the military force to dismember die country. Over Council, should be convened. Odier countries, 200,000 persons had been ejected from their specifically non-aligned countries, could also be homes, representing 40 per cent of the entire involved. This proposal, he said, enjoyed broad Greek Cypriot population. The island was losing support among Member States. He also reiterated £2 million worth of production every day; the the USSR proposal to send a Council mission to economic survival of the country was at stake. Cyprus. The USSR would not oppose the draft The representative of Cyprus declared that if the resolution which was before die Council, al- Security Council was unable to insist upon die diough it was obviously inadequate. implementation of its resolutions, it should at The Council then unanimously adopted the least respond effectively to the problem of saving three-power draft resolution as resolution die economy, life and existence of Cyprus. 361(1974). Greece's representative said that Turkey refused By the preambular paragraphs of the text, the to allow the return of refugees for political Council, after recalling earlier decisions on the reasons, aimed at concentrating all Turkish Cyp• Cyprus question, noted that a large number of riots in a Turkish zone and Greek Cypriots in a people had been displaced and were in dire need Greek zone. He went on to say that Turkey was of humanitarian assistance. It also noted that the clearly not prepared for negotiations; Greece on United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees the other hand was ready to try, and was open to had been appointed Co-ordinator of United Na- 282 Political and security questions tions Humanitarian Assistance for Cyprus, with an opportunity to state their views on any pro• the task of co-ordinating relief assistance to be posal designed to help them. France, he said, de• provided by United Nations programmes and plored the non-implementation of earlier resolu• agencies and from other sources. tions and appreciated the sentiments of the USSR By the operative parts of the resolution, the in that regard. Council: The spokesman for the United States appealed (1) expressed its appreciation to the Secre• to the international community to join in re• tary-General for his part in bringing about sponding to emergency humanitarian efforts. talks between the leaders of the two communities However, the imperative need was to resume in Cyprus; negotiations: a negotiated settlement of the Cy• (2) warmly welcomed this development and prus dispute offered the best hope for all the peo• called on those concerned in the talks to pursue ple on the island to live in peace and security. them actively; The Chinese representative observed that the (3) called upon all parties to do everything in so-called new proposal of the USSR concerning their power to alleviate human suffering, ensure an international conference was merely a tool to respect for fundamental human rights and re• exploit the situation in Cyprus. The indepen• frain from action likely to aggravate the situation; dence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of (4) expressed its grave concern at the plight of Cyprus should be safeguarded by opposing all the refugees and other persons displaced as a re• schemes of the two super-powers. sult of the situation and urged the parties, in con• The need for further negotiation between the junction with the Secretary-General, to search for two communities to settle the Cyprus problem peaceful solutions to the problems of refugees was stressed by other members, including Aus• and take measures to provide for their relief and tralia, Indonesia, Mauritania and the United welfare, and to permit persons who wished to do Republic of Cameroon. so to return to their homes in safety; Indonesia considered that the USSR proposals (5) asked die Secretary-General to submit at for an international conference on Cyprus and a the earliest opportunity a full report on the situa• Security Council mission merited serious study. tion of the refugees and decided to keep that The Byelorussian SSR said that NATO was re• situation under constant review; sponsible for the Cyprus crisis and it supported (6) further asked the Secretary-General to con• the USSR proposal for an international confer• tinue to provide emergency humanitarian assis• ence on Cyprus. tance to all parts of the population of the island in need of such assistance; Communications from Governments (7) called upon all parties, as a demonstration (August and September 1974) of good faith, to take all steps—both individually On 5 August 1974, the representative of Hun• and in co-operation with each other—which gary transmitted an excerpt from a communique might promote comprehensive and successful in which the Hungarian Government condemned negotiations; activities aimed at liquidating the independent (8) reiterated its call to all parties to co-operate statehood of the Republic of Cyprus and at its fully which LNFICYP; and partition—activities tending to transform it into (9) expressed its conviction that speedy im• an appendage of NATO. The statement expressed plementation of this resolution would assist the support for the proposals put forward by the achievement of a satisfactory settlement in Cy• USSR concerning a settlement in Cyprus and prus. demanded the restoration of the legitimate (For text of resolution 361(1974), see DOCUMEN• Government of Cyprus headed by President TARY REFERENCES below.) Makarios. The spokesman for the United Kingdom said On 7 August, the representative of Algeria his Government hoped that the talks, while con• transmitted the text of a declaration on the situa• centrating initially on urgent humanitarian prob• tion in Cyprus adopted in New York on 6 August lems, would broaden to include questions of polit• by the Group of Non-Aligned Countries at the ical concern. The United Kingdom's main United Nations. After reaffirming their solidarity concern was that the parties should be talking about with the non-aligned Republic of Cyprus, tiiese the future of the island and it hoped that any set• countries demanded the immediate and full im• tlement would enshrine the principle that any law- plementation of the objectives of Council resolu• abiding Cypriot should be able to live wherever he tion 353(1974) of 20 July, stated that Archbishop or she wished. Makarios remained the legitimate President of The French representative said that while the Cyprus, and declared that the tragic situation in Council should play a primary role in matters of Cyprus was a grave warning to all non-aligned peace-keeping, the parties concerned should have countries, calling for their united action. The situation in Cyprus 283

On 13 September, the Algerian representative museums in Kyrenia. It charged on 3 September transmitted the text of a declaration of the Co• that Turks were being transported from Turkey ordinating Committee of the Group of Non- to settle in occupied areas of Cyprus where Greek Aligned Countries regarding developments con• Cypriots had always been in the majority. An ap• cerning Cyprus, adopted on 12 September. peal by certain school organizations in Cyprus for On 22 August, the USSR representative trans• prompt withdrawal of the invasion forces was mitted a statement issued by his Government re• forwarded by Cyprus on 5 September. On 16 and calling that the Council's decisions on the im• 18 September, Cyprus described further meas• mediate ending of foreign military intervention ures being taken by the Turkish side to consoli• against the Republic of Cyprus, the withdrawal of date and annex die occupied portion of Cyprus, foreign troops and restoration of the constitu• confiscate Greek Cypriot property and expel the tional order remained unfulfilled. Attempts to residents of 40 per cent of the island. settle the Cyprus problem within the narrow cir• In further complaints, Cyprus on 28 October cle of NATO member States had failed and led only said that churches in occupied Cyprus were being to the resumption of hostilities. The time had converted into mosques; on 31 October that vil• come, the USSR considered, to convene an inter• lages in Turkish-occupied areas were being national conference within the framework of the looted; and on 6 November that further seizures United Nations with the participation of Cyprus, of Greek Cypriot property were taking place, as Greece, Turkey and all States members of the well as the leasing of farms and lands belonging Council. to Greek Cypriots. On 15 November, Cyprus The representative of the German Democratic charged that produce from occupied Greek Cy• Republic on 26 August transmitted a statement of priot agricultural areas was being sold in Europe the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of his Govern• by Turkish exporters. ment supporting the proposal of the USSR to Greece submitted complaints in letters dated convene an international conference on Cyprus 30 August charging that Turkish forces had within the framework of the United Nations. committed arson on the Greek Cypriot side of the line in Nicosia. On 31 August, it protested Turk• Communications from the parties ish measures to colonize the occupied part of (29 August-6 December 1974) Cyprus. On 26 September, it submitted further During the period from 29 August to 6 De• charges that Turkey was taking steps to colonize cember 1974, the Secretary-General received a Cyprus with Turks from Turkey. number of communications from the represen• Also during this period, Turkey, on 23 Sep• tatives of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. These cov• tember, commented on Greece's complaints con• ered a wide range of subjects, including obser• cerning the return of Turkish Cypriots to Cyprus. vance of the cease-fire and violations thereof, the situation of the refugees, acts against the civilian Reports of Secretary-General population, and economic matters. (September and October 1974) Communications containing charges of viola• During September and October 1974, the tions of the cease-fire were received from Cyprus, Secretary-General submitted progress reports at dated 29 August, 6 and 14 September, and 19 regular intervals, giving particulars about the ob• and 28 October. Greece made similar charges on servance of the cease-fire, the meetings between 26 October and 6 November. Glafcos Clerides, Acting President of Cyprus, and Communications containing charges of ill- Rauf R. Denktash, Vice-President of Cyprus, and treatment of civilians were received from Cyprus, the humanitarian activities of UNFICYP. dated 5, 7, and 13 September and 13 December. With regard to the observance of the cease-fire, On 31 August and 6 September, Greece submit• the Secretary-General said that some forward ted charges of mass arrests of Greek Cypriots. movement by Turkish forces had taken place and Turkey, on 4 and 5 September, reported die dis• minor violations by bodi sides had been reported. covery of a mass grave of Turkish Cypriot However, he said, relative quiet had prevailed in civilians at the village of Maratha and, on Cyprus throughout the period. 11 September, charged that 40,000 Turkish Cy• In connexion with the situation of UNFICYP, the priot civilians were being held as hostages by Greek reports noted that in the areas under National and Greek Cypriot forces. Guard control, UNFICYP enjoyed virtually complete Additional communications from the parties freedom of movement. However, its freedom of during this period dealt with a variety of other movement in the Turkish-controlled areas re• complaints and charges. mained restricted. On 10 September, a Canadian Cyprus complained on 3 and 7 September of soldier was shot and killed by the National Guard, the looting and destruction by Turks of film apparently owing to mistaken identification. archives and works of art and the looting of two On 20 September, the Secretary-General ap- 284 Political and security questions pealed for voluntary contributions to meet the end of the year some $22 million would be re• costs of UNFICYP; he said that, as a result of the quired from the international community. He strengthening of the Force, there would be an in• added that the support of the various pro• crease in costs of $6.6 million over and above the grammes and specialized agencies of the United previously reported estimates. Nations was available to UNHCR, and a satisfactory In the course of his visit to Cyprus on 25 and mechanism of co-ordination existed to ensure 26 August, the Secretary-General recalled, he had maximum effectiveness of the humanitarian presided over a joint meeting of the leaders of the efforts, both bilateral and multilateral. two Cypriot communities, Mr. Clerides and On 31 October, in his next report on Mr. Denktash. Subsequently, the two leaders held humanitarian matters, the Secretary-General said a series of meetings—with the assistance of the that the response to his appeal had been prompt Secretary-General's Special Representative and and generous: contributions as at 28 October representatives of the Office of the United Na• amounted to approximately $20 million in cash tions High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and in kind. The High Commissioner, whose re• and the International Committee of the Red port was annexed to that of the Secretary- Cross—to consider a wide range of humanitarian General, gave details of his operations and said problems, such as the release of prisoners and de• that although the situation of displaced persons tainees, the tracing of missing persons and assis• remained far from satisfactory, major prob• tance to the aged and infirm. As a result of agree• lems—such as food shortages and health ments reached at the meetings, the release of problems—had been avoided. That was owing, he several categories of prisoners began on 16 Sep• said, not only to the assistance of the international tember. community but also in large measure to the efficiency of the local administrations and to die Humanitarian activities resourcefulness of the people of the island. On 4 September 1974, in pursuance of the Security Council's resolution of 30 August (361(1974)), the Secretary-General reported on Consideration by General Assembly his efforts to provide emergency United Nations In a letter dated 17 September 1974, Cyprus humanitarian assistance to all parts of the popula• requested that the question of Cyprus be included tion of Cyprus in need of assistance. as an additional item in the General Assembly's He said that the United Nations High Commis• agenda for its twenty-nindi (1974) session. On sioner for Refugees, Sadruddin Aga Khan, who 21 September, the Assembly, on the recommen• on 20 August 1974 had been appointed Co• dation of its General Committee, decided to in• ordinator of United Nations Humanitarian Assis• clude the item in the agenda and to consider it in tance for Cyprus, had visited the island from 22 plenary meetings. It also decided to ask the Spe• to 27 August to study the problem at first hand. cial Political Committee to meet to allow the rep• He informed the Secretary-General that in order resentatives of the two Cypriot communities to to meet the immediate needs he had been in express their views. touch with potential donor Governments, but the In an explanatory memorandum accompanying problems left in the wake of the hostilities in Cy• his request, the representative of Cyprus said, prus were of such magnitude that substantial re• among other things, that his country looked to sources would be required to continue the the General Assembly to safeguard its indepen• emergency assistance required, as requested by dence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. the Security Council. It also sought support, he said, for its demands The High Commissioner's report, annexed to for the withdrawal of all foreign forces, the re• that of the Secretary-General, gave details of the turn of the refugees to their homes and proper• assistance already provided and said that the sup• ties, and the creation of conditions in which port of the international community during the negotiations could be carried out. coming months would be critical in determining On 26 September, the representative of Turkey the future of the more than one quarter of a mil• transmitted a letter from Rauf R. Denktash, lion people concerned. Vice-President of Cyprus, stating that the rep• Accordingly, on 6 September, the Secretary- resentative of Cyprus had no legitimate authority General cabled an appeal for voluntary contribu• to request inscription of the question of Cyprus tions to the Foreign Ministers of all Member on die Assembly's agenda for and on behalf of States of the United Nations and members of the the Republic of Cyprus. specialized agencies. He pointed out that nearly The Assembly met on 28 October and heard a one third of the island's population had been ren• statement by the representative of Cyprus. On dered homeless and lived under conditions of 29 October, die Special Political Committee held extreme hardship. It was estimated that until the two meetings, at which it heard statements by The situation in Cyprus 285

Vedat A. Celik, representative of the Turkish operate fully with UNFICYP, which might be Cypriot community, by Tassos Papadopoulos, strengthened if necessary; representative of the Greek Cypriot community, (9) asked the Secretary-General to continue to and by the representatives of Cyprus, Greece and lend his good offices to the parties concerned; Turkey. and The Assembly then resumed its consideration (10) asked him to bring the resolution to the of die question during five plenary meetings held Security Council's attention. between 30 October and 1 November, at die (For text of resolution 3312(XXIX), see conclusion of which it adopted resolution DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) 3212(XXIX), by a recorded vote of 117 to 0. The By the text of die draft resolution submitted by text was sponsored by Algeria, Argentina, Cyprus which was not pressed to a vote, the As­ Guyana, India, Mali, Nepal, die Syrian Arab sembly, by the preambular paragraphs, would Republic, Uganda and Yugoslavia. A draft resolu­ have, among other things, emphasized the neces­ tion put forward by Cyprus was not pressed to sity that the Republic of Cyprus should partici­ the vote. pate in all phases of solving die crisis and noted By the preamble to the nine-power text, the die position of the Cyprus Government that it was General Assembly among odier things expressed opposed to the annexation of the Republic of its grave concern about the continuation of the Cyprus or any part of it by, or merger with, any Cyprus crisis, which constituted a threat to inter­ other State, or to its partition or division in any national peace and security. The Assembly was form. The Assembly also would have deplored all mindful of the need to solve the crisis without acts of aggression or intervention against the delay, by peaceful means, in accordance with Republic of Cyprus. United Nations purposes and principles. By the operative parts of the draft text, die As­ By the operative part of the text, the Assembly: sembly would have: (1) called upon all States to respect die (1) called upon all States to respect uncondi­ sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity tionally the sovereignty, independence, territorial and non-alignment of the Republic of Cyprus and integrity and non-alignment of the Republic of to refrain from all acts and interventions directed Cyprus and to refrain from all acts of aggression against it; and intervention directed against it; (2) urged die speedy withdrawal of all foreign (2) called for the immediate withdrawal of all armed forces and foreign military presence and foreign armed forces and foreign military pres­ personnel from Cyprus, and die cessation of all ence and personnel from Cyprus and the cessa­ foreign interference in its affairs; tion of all foreign intervention and interference (3) considered that the constitutional system of in its affairs; Cyprus concerned the Greek Cypriot and Turk­ (3) called upon all the parties involved to take ish Cypriot communities; urgent measures to ensure the speedy return of (4) commended die contacts and negotiations all refugees to their homes in safety; taking place on an equal footing, with the good (4) considered diat the constitutional system of offices of the Secretary-General, between the rep­ Cyprus was die concern of die Greek and Turk­ resentatives of die two communities, and called ish Cyp riots; for their continuation with a view to reaching (5) commended the contacts and negotiations freely a mutually acceptable political settlement, taking place with the good offices of the based on dieir fundamental and legitimate rights; Secretary-General between die representatives of (5) considered diat all the refugees should re­ the two communities and called for their continu­ turn to their homes in safety and called upon the ation in free conditions, with a view to reaching a parties concerned to undertake urgent measures mutually acceptable constitutional settlement; to that end; (6) expressed the hope that further efforts, in­ (6) expressed the hope that, if necessary, cluding negotiations, could soon be freely con­ furdier efforts including negotiations could take ducted within die framework of the United Na­ place, within die framework of the United Na­ tions, ensuring to die Republic of Cyprus, for the tions, for the purpose of implementing die provi­ benefit of its people as a whole, its fundamental sions of diis resolution, dius ensuring to the right to independence, sovereignty and territorial Republic of Cyprus its fundamental right to in­ integrity; dependence, sovereignty and territorial integrity; (7) requested the Secretary-General to con­ (7) asked die Secretary-General to continue to tinue to provide United Nations humanitarian as­ provide United Nations humanitarian assistance sistance to all parts of die population of Cyprus to all parts of the population of Cyprus and called and called upon all States to contribute to that upon all States to contribute to that effort; effort; (8) called upon all parties to continue to co­ (8) called upon all parties concerned to devote 286 Political and security questions all endeavours, in co-operation with UNFICYP, for hopes for the security of the Turkish Cypriot the tracing and safe return to their homes of all community under the existing system of func­ missing persons; tional federation. The only solution which could (9) called upon all parties to continue to co­ give die Turkish community the actual and physi­ operate fully with UNFICYP, which should be cal guarantee of its life and property was a feder­ strengthened so as to enable it to restore and ation based on two territories. It was not enough, maintain peace in Cyprus; he said, for the Greek Cypriots to say they were (10) requested the Secretary-General to con­ against enosis. Greece must say the same thing. tinue to lend his good offices to the parties con­ Any agreement must be binding on die two cerned; and communities, as well as on Greece and Turkey. (11) further requested the Secretary-General to The Turks of Cyprus, he said, favoured an bring this resolution to the attention of the Se­ independent, non-aligned, biregional federal curity Council. republic. In a State where nationalism ran so In his statement before the Special Political deep and coexistence was so necessary, federation Committee, Mr. Celik, representative of the Turk­ was the only way to peaceful coexistence. ish Cypriot community, observed that the The representative of the Greek Cypriot com­ Republic of Cyprus had been created in 1960 by munity, Mr. Papadopoulos, said in his statement die Zurich (Switzerland) and London (United to the Special Political Committee that the Greek Kingdom) agreements, providing for an inde­ Cypriots, who had fought an anti-imperialistic pendent republic, with die two national com­ war against a colonial administration and had munities participating in the administration in a come to the United Nations seeking self- bicommunal partnership. The Turkish commu­ determination and enosis, had succeeded in get­ nity had accepted that independence as an end in ting only independence. The Turkish Cypriot itself, he said, and had worked to make it a suc­ leaders had sided with the British; their professed cess. The Greek community had considered it aim had been the continuation of the British ad­ only as a means to an end—enosis. Although the ministration of Cyprus. Constitution had expressly prohibited any activity While the Greek Cypriots had limited their ac­ likely to promote union of the island with any tivity to talking about enosis, Mr. Papadopoulos other State, Archbishop Makarios and the Greek continued, Turkey, using a formidable force Cypriot leadership had proceeded to declare against the virtually defenceless island, had openly that die 1960 agreements should be re­ brought about its long-planned scheme of parti­ garded as a spring-board for the ultimate con­ tion. It had invaded the island before diplomatic summation and the real objective of their strug­ avenues had been fully explored. The Turkish gle: union of Cyprus with Greece. Army controlled about 40 per cent of Cyprus, Mr. Celik went on to say that after the Greek producing 70 per cent of the economic output, colonels and their agents on the island had un­ which it claimed as war loot for the invading dertaken the coup d'etat, directed against Turk­ army. The occupied areas had previously housed ish Cypriots, whatever legality was left in Cyprus a population of 215,000, of which 170,000 were under its Constitution had been swept away. The Greek Cypriots. Some 230,000 Greek Cypriots State of Cyprus as created by international agree­ from the occupied and adjacent areas had been ments had been brought to an end. The entire driven from their homes and were living in un­ population had been thrown into chaos and an told misery. extremely dangerous and explosive situation had Cyprus, he said, had a population of 632,000, been created for the region. It was to redress that of which 81.6 per cent were Greeks and 18.4 per situation, he said, that Turkey had undertaken its cent were Turks. There was no area in which the peace operation in Cyprus. Turks were preponderant. If Turkey were to The Cyprus problem was not organic, the rep­ achieve its aim of partition, either outright or resentative of die Turkish Cypriot community under the guise of a biregional federation, it had continued; it was an artificial, man-made problem to create a geographical area in which die Turk­ and its architect was Archbishop Makarios who, as ish element would be in the majority. That was die Head of State, had disowned one ethnic and being done by driving out die Greek Cypriot religious group and set out to liquidate it. Had it population and concentrating Turkish Cypriots in not been for the relentless struggle by the Greek the area. It was a non-viable plan, an inhuman Cypriots to achieve enosis and the planned solution and no solution at all, he declared. onslaught on the Turkish community which had As to the plight of the so-called Turkish ref­ been the only obstacle to it, there was no reason ugees of the 1963 conflict, Mr. Papadopoulos why the two communities could not have lived in said, they were to a great extent displaced persons peace and harmony. concentrated in a pre-selected area. They were He said that die 15 July coup had destroyed all suffering as much as the Greeks and were only The situation in Cyprus 287 pawns in a gigantic plan orchestrated from out­ The USSR representative said the General As­ side. The aim had been to create separate Turk­ sembly must adopt a resolution confirming die ish Cypriot zones on which claims for partition need for prompt implementation of the funda­ could plausibly be based 10 years later. Anyone mentally important decisions of the Security who visited Cyprus knew that although they chose Council, which had remained unfulfilled because to term themselves refugees, Turkish Cypriots certain Member States had unsuccessfully sought were free to come and go as they wished, he said. to solve the problem of Cyprus within the narrow During the discussion in the General Assembly, closed circle of NATO. The same States, he said, Members generally agreed that the sovereignty, had continued also to oppose the adoption of a independence and territorial integrity of Cyprus USSR proposal to send a Security Council mission must be safeguarded. Most Members who spoke of investigation to Cyprus. The USSR, he added, expressed their deep concern over the presence had also proposed an international conference of foreign armed forces in the island, the within the United Nations framework involving suffering of the civilian population, the plight of Security Council members, representatives of the refugees and displaced persons, and the Cyprus, Greece and Turkey, and odier States, highly unstable situation in Cyprus which consti­ particularly the non-aligned. His Government tuted a constant threat to international peace and remained firmly convinced that the convening of security. They called for urgent and effective such a conference would be a major step towards measures to ensure implementation of Security restoring peace and security in the island. Any Council decisions on Cyprus and for negotiations decision reached at the conference should be between the parties and the communities in­ effectively guaranteed by the permanent mem­ volved, based on the independence and territorial bers of the Security Council, which in any case integrity of Cyprus and on respect for the legiti­ bore prime responsibility for the maintenance of mate rights of the Turkish and Greek com­ international peace and security. munities. Among those supporting the USSR proposal Several speakers—among them Cuba, Dahomey, for an international conference were Bulgaria, Malta, Mauritius and Panama—expressed support the Byelorussian SSR, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, for Archbishop Makarios and said they continued Dahomey, the German Democratic Republic, to recognize him as the legitimate Head of State Hungary, India, Mongolia, Poland and the and as the only statesman whose skill could lead Ukrainian SSR. These States, and others, felt Cyprus to a solution; they urged the United that the guarantee system in the Zurich and Lon­ Nations to defend his constitutional regime. don agreements of 1960 had proved completely Many Members, including Bhutan, Cuba, unable to safeguard the independence, sovereignty , France, Guyana, Iran, Iraq, the Ivory and territorial integrity of Cyprus. As a matter of Coast, Nigeria, Romania, Trinidad and Tobago, fact, the spokesman for the Ivory Coast pointed the United Kingdom and the United States, in­ out, the Zurich and London agreements, by grant­ sisted on the necessity of creating a proper cli­ ing to the guarantor powers certain rights, had mate for meaningful negotiations and com­ instead of protecting Cyprus served as a pretext for promise between the parties. In that connexion, armed intervention against the sovereignty of the the United States observed that the Nicosia talks country. between Mr. Clerides and Mr. Denktash, which Czechoslovakia's representative said that the fu­ had produced agreements on the exchange of ture of Cyprus could not be based on a system prisoners, had laid a fragile, but for that reason that had broken down, but on a reliable perma­ all the more critical, foundation of confidence nent guarantee that would be in accordance with and co-operation for broadened discussions. Ac­ the Charter and that should be determined by the cording to the United Kingdom, the talks offered United Nations. In the view of Hungary and Po­ the best forum for working out mutually accept­ land, the Zurich-London guarantee system was able agreements. unjust and outdated. It was impossible to con­ The representative of the Ivory Coast said that tinue with a system that sought to guarantee the as a complement to the mediating efforts of the status of a non-aligned State through NATO mem­ Secretary-General—to whom the Assembly bers. should give the necessary authority—enlisting the Bulgaria, Dahomey, the German Democratic aid of two truly neutral States in the conflict Republic, the Byelorussian SSR and others said should be envisaged. Malta and the United States, that the system was used solely to exercise inter­ among others, stressed that peace-keeping was ference from abroad in the domestic affairs of not a substitute for peace, nor would it serve as a Cyprus, to keep British military bases in Cyprus substitute for the accommodation that must be and to divert the attention of the people of Cy­ arrived at between the two Cypriot communities prus and of world opinion from die struggle to in order to come to grips with political problems. eliminate those bases. 288 Political and security questions

A number of Member States, including Consideration by Security Guatemala, the Ivory Coast and Panama, consid­ Council (13 December 1974) ered that any withdrawal of foreign troops The Security Council met on 13 December should include the removal of foreign military 1974 to consider a report by die Secretary- bases in Cyprus as a condition for the establish­ General, submitted on 6 December, on the ment of a lasting peace. In Dahomey's view, the United Nations operation in Cyprus. In his report, presence of the United Kingdom's military bases which covered the period from 23 May to in the non-aligned country of Cyprus could not 5 December 1974, the Secretary-General recom­ be justified for very much longer. mended that the current six-month mandate of Others, among them Australia, Canada, France die United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cy­ (on behalf of the nine members of the European prus (UNFICYP), due to expire on 15 December, be Economic Community) and Japan, called for the extended for a further period of six mondis. He withdrawal of all foreign forces and the cessation said that the parties concerned had signified their of foreign interference in the affairs of Cyprus, concurrence in this recommendation. with die exception of foreign forces in the island The period under review, the Secretary- under the authority of international agreements. General said, had been marked by the gravest China's representative stated that the internal crisis undergone by Cyprus since the establish­ cause of the renewed eruption in Cyprus was the ment of the United Nations operation in the is­ absence of a settlement of the issues between the land in 1964. In July, die quiet which had pre­ two Cypriot communities; the external cause was vailed for so many years—thanks in large meas­ the increasingly fierce contention between the two ure, he said, to the presence of UNFICYP—had been super-powers for hegemony in Europe, the Mid­ shattered as a consequence of events which were dle East and over the seas. The July coup d'etat, clearly outside the purview of the United Nations he said, was inseparable from the meddling of a Force. super-power. Since then the other super-power The coup d'etat of 15 July, the Secretary- had done its utmost to incite dissension and ex­ General recalled, had been followed by military acerbate the situation. Similar views were ex­ intervention by Turkey and full-scale hostilities pressed by the spokesman for Albania, who said between the National Guard on one side and the that neither die United States nor the USSR could Turkish Army and Turkish Cypriot fighters on be expected to make a positive contribution to a the odier. Turkish armed forces were currently in solution in Cyprus since both were individualistic occupation of about 40 per cent of the island; its powers engaged in dividing the world into spheres economy was seriously disrupted and one diird of of influence. its population was uprooted. The long-standing According to Dahomey and Saudi Arabia, differences and mistrust between the two com­ policies predicated on balance of power and munities, he added, had been further deepened spheres of influence had boomeranged; they by the fighting. urged the Assembly to warn certain major powers The Secretary-General went on to say that this to refrain from interfering for strategic, selfish chain of events had confronted UNFICYP with a ends in the internal affairs of Cyprus, a small new situation not covered by its mandate, which peace-loving State. had been conceived in the context of the conflict With regard to the future of Cyprus, many between the two communities in Cyprus and not Members—including Bhutan, Cuba, Dahomey, of military intervention by outside forces or of France (speaking for the nine members of EEC), full-scale hostilities between two national armies. India, Iran, Iraq, the Ivory Coast, Japan, Kenya, For more than 10 years, he added, UNFICYP had Kuwait, Mali, Mauritius, Nigeria, Panama, Po­ been able to maintain, mainly through negotia­ land, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, the tion, persuasion and interposition, the delicate Ukrainian SSR, the USSR, and the United balance of forces in the island, but this balance Kingdom—specifically expressed opposition to had been destroyed by the events of July and Au­ any idea of annexation, partition or enosis as part gust. Since the end of hostilities, UNFICYP had con­ of a settlement. The United Kingdom's represen­ tinued to carry out its peace-keeping and tative said that the central question on which the humanitarian tasks to the maximum extent possi­ Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities should ble in accordance with the relevant Security agree was the constitutional structure of Cyprus Council resolutions, while adapting its operations within the sovereign, independent State which all to the requirements of the new situation. agreed should be preserved. Compromise was es­ In die Secretary-General's view, the situation in sential, he said. Whether there should be a fed­ Cyprus would remain unstable and potentially eral system remained the central question; until it dangerous so long as the settlement of the basic was answered, it would be impossible to solve re­ problems was not agreed upon. He was convinced maining questions. that such a settlement could not be achieved by The situation in Cyprus 289 violence but only through free negotiations be­ (For text of resolution 364(1974), see DOCUMEN­ tween the parties concerned. In the circumstances, TARY REFERENCES beloW.) he considered the continued presence of UNFICYP The second draft resolution was adopted by the to be essential, not only to help maintain the Council by consensus as resolution 365(1974). By cease-fire called for by the Security Council, to the preambular paragraphs of this text, the promote the security of the civilian population Council acknowledged receipt of resolution and to provide humanitarian relief assistance but 3212(XXIX) of the General Assembly on the also to facilitate die search for a peaceful solution question of Cyprus, and noted with satisfaction of the current situation. diat it had been adopted unanimously. By die The Secretary-General said that the deficit in operative paragraphs, the Council: (1) endorsed die UNFICYP budget, which exceeded $27 million, the Assembly's resolution and urged the parties had become a serious problem. The recent rein­ concerned to implement it as soon as possible; forcement of the Force—which numbered 4,335 and (2) requested the Secretary-General to report as at 4 December—had contributed to that situa­ on the progress of implementation of this resolu­ tion, but die main reason, he said, was die tion. insufficiency of voluntary contributions, which (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY had continued to come from a disappointingly REFERENCES below.) limited number of Governments. The representative of Turkey asked the At the Council's meeting on 13 December, Secretary-General to identify "the parties con­ Cyprus, Greece and Turkey were invited, at their cerned" referred to as having been consulted on request, to participate in the discussion widiout the extension of the stationing of UNFICYP. The die right to vote. The Council also extended an Secretary-General replied that through his Spe­ invitation to Vedat A. Celik, representative of the cial Representative he had consulted die then Act­ Turkish Cypriot community, to make a statement. ing President of Cyprus and the Vice-President, Before the Council were two draft resolutions as well as the Governments of Greece and prepared in the course of consultations among Turkey. Council members. The first draft resolution was The representative of Cyprus questioned the adopted as resoludon 364(1974), by 14 votes to 0, reference to "the parties concerned." By die orig­ with China not participating in die vote. inal resolution, of 4 March 1964,3 he said, die By the preambular paragraphs of the resolu­ Security Council had established UNFICYP widi the tion, die Council: noted from the report of die consent of the Government of Cyprus alone. Secretary-General that in die existing circum­ Turkey's spokesman regretted that the Council, stances the presence of UNFICYP was still needed; by referring to the Government of Cyprus in the further noted that die parties concerned had first of the resolutions just adopted, had failed to signified their concurrence in the extension of take into account the reality of the situation. Tur­ UNFICYP and that the Government of Cyprus had key, he said, would accept die presence of UNFICYP also agreed to it; and noted that the General As­ in Cyprus but it would not consider itself bound sembly, in its resolution 3212(XXIX) unani­ by the provisions of the resolution. The extension mously adopted on 1 November, had enunciated of die mandate of UNFICYP was taking place under certain principles intended to facilitate a solution completely new circumstances, which was why the to die current problems of Cyprus by peaceful Secretary-General had judged it necessary to ob­ means. tain the consent of bodi communities in Cyprus By the operative paragraphs of the text, the for that action. There was no Government of Council: (1) reaffirmed its resolutions on the Cyprus, only a de facto administration. There was question of Cyprus adopted between 1964 and no alternative to a peaceful solution in Cyprus die outbreak of new hostilities in July 1974; and a biregional federal solution was the only way (2) reaffirmed its resolutions adopted since then; to deal with the question. It was in diis spirit, he (3) urged the parties concerned to act with the said, that Turkey welcomed die constructive utmost restraint and to continue to accelerate de­ dialogue between the heads of the two com­ termined co-operative efforts to achieve the objec­ munities. tives of the Security Council; (4) extended once According to the representative of Greece, the more the stationing in Cyprus of UNFICYP for a extension of UNFICYP'S mandate was necessary, not further period ending 15 June 1975, in the ex­ only for the security of the population and for the pectation that by dien sufficient progress towards humanitarian relief assistance it provided but be­ a final solution would make possible a wididrawal cause its presence was needed in the search for a or substantial reduction of die Force; and peaceful solution of the current situation, which (5) appealed again to all parties concerned to ex­ was spreading misery not only to the beaten tend their full co-operation to die Force in the continuing performance of its duties. 3 See Y.U.N., 1964, p. 165, text of resolution 186(1964). 290 Political and security questions

Greek Cypriote but to the victorious Turkish voted for the General Assembly's resolution of Cypriote as well. 1 November, but he reiterated that that resolu­ Mr. Celik said that since 1964, when the Tur­ tion should in no way be construed as a pretext kish Cypriote had been forcefully ousted from for permitting the super-powers to interfere; on their Government, Cyprus had been represented that basis China, he said, had supported the sec­ at the United Nations by a Greek Cypriot delega­ ond resolution adopted by the Council. Because tion which did not and could n,ot represent the of its position on the dispatch of United Nations Turkish Cypriot community. Since 1964, there forces, it did not participate in the vote on the had been two completely separate, distinct ad­ resolution concerning the extension of UNFICYP'S ministrations in Cyprus. The so-called Govern­ mandate. ment of Cyprus did not represent the Turkish According to the representative of the United Cypriot community, and for that reason the resolu­ Kingdom, the Force remained essential to the tion just adopted would not be binding on it. The maintenance of peace on the island and his Turkish Cypriot community, he said, stood for a Government would maintain its commitment. He biregional federation, which would be an effective hoped for a reduction in the costs of the Force guarantee for the independence and true non- and hoped also that those countries which did not alignment of Cyrpus. contribute troops to UNFICYP would urgently re­ The USSR representative said that the General view their financial contributions so that UNFICYP'S Assembly's resolution of 1 November 1974 deficit might be reduced. (3212(XXIX)) provided a sound basis for a set­ The representative of the United States said tlement in Cyprus and one specific way of imple­ that the Council's decision to extend UNFICYP'S menting it would be by holding an international mandate would help provide further time for a conference as proposed by his Government. The negotiated settlement on Cyprus. His Govern­ USSR, he said, did not object to the extension of ment hoped that the parties would make good use the mandate of UNFICYP on the understanding that of that time. The United States believed that peace the Government of Cyprus agreed to it and that in Cyprus could come about only through free the operation would be financed on a voluntary negotiations among the parties concerned. basis.

The French representative said there was no CONTINGENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS doubt about the usefulness of maintaining PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS UNFICYP, whose presence was essential to assist in (6y country of origin, as at 4 December 1974) maintaining the cease-fire, to ensure the safety of the population, to distribute humanitarian aid Military personnel Austria 320 and to act as a link between the parties. France, Canada 859 he said, opposed any settlement leading to parti­ Denmark 420 tion or annexation of all or part of the island. Finland 599 Ireland 6 Austria's spokesman agreed that the extension Sweden 569 of the mandate of UNFICYP was necessary, as did United Kingdom 1,410 the representatives of Australia, Costa Rica, In­ Total 4,183 donesia, Iraq, Kenya, Mauritania, Peru and the United Republic of Cameroon. All of these Civilian police speakers felt that the presence of UNFICYP, apart Australia 34 from providing security and essential humani­ Austria 55 Denmark 23 tarian services to the population of the island, Sweden 40 could enable the parties to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the crisis. Total 152 The Chinese representative said China had Grand total 4,335

PLEDGES FOR FINANCING UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS (UNFICYP Special Account for period 27 March 1964 to 15 December 1974)

Total pledges Total pledges Total pledges (in U.S. dollar (in U.S. dollar (in U.S. dollar Country equivalents) Country equivalents) Country equivalents) Australia 1,819,875 Germany, Federal Ireland 50,000 Austria 1,620,000 Republic of 13,500,000 Israel 26,500 Belgium 2,151,117 Ghana 31,667 Italy 4,041,645 Botswana 500 Greece 12,550,000 Ivory Coast 60,000 Cyprus 965,666 Guyana 11,812 Jamaica 23,635 Denmark 2,685,000 Iceland 27,157 Japan 1,140,000 Finland 600,000 Iran 56,000 Khmer Republic 600 The situation in Cyprus 291

Total pledges Total pledges Total pledges (in U.S. dollar (in U.S. dollar (in U.S. dollar Country equivalents) Country equivalents) Country equivalents) Republic of Korea 16,000 Niger 2,041 Trinidad and Tobago 2,400 Laos 1,500 Nigeria 10,800 Turkey 1,839,253 Lebanon 1,597 Norway 2,876,606 United Kingdom 35,678,083' Liberia 10,155 Oman 2,000 United Republic of Cameroon 4,115 Libyan Arab Republic 30,000 Pakistan 26,791 United Republic of Tanzania 7,000 Luxembourg 50,000 Philippines 7,000 United States 76,100,000» Malawi 5,590 Republic of Viet-Nam 4,000 Venezuela 3,000 Malaysia 7,500 Senegal 4,000 Yugoslavia 20,000 Malta 1,820 Sierra Leone 40,475 Zaire 30,000 Mauritania 4,370 Singapore 5,500 Zambia 38,000 Morocco 20,000 Somalia 1,000 Nepal 400 Sweden 4,120,000 Total 166,073,645 Netherlands 1,171,000 Switzerland 2,525,975 New Zealand 42,000 Thailand 2.500

1 Maximum amount pledged. 3 Maximum amount pledged. The ultimate contribution was to be dependent on contributions of other Governments.

Documentary references

Consideration by Security Council Recalling its resolution 186(1964) of 4 March 1964 and its subsequent resolutions on this matter, Security Council, meetings 1779-1789. Conscious of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in accordance with S/11334. Letter of 16 July 1974 from Secretary-General to Article 24 of the Charter of the United Nations, President of Security Council (request to convene Council). 1. Calls upon all States to respect the sovereignty, inde­ S/11335. Letter of 16 July 1974 from Cyprus (request to con­ pendence and territorial integrity of Cyprus; vene Council). 2. Calls upon all parties to the present fighting as a first S/11336. Identical telegrams of 15 July 1974 from Secretary- step to cease all firing and requests all States to exercise the General to Acting Permanent Representative of Greece and utmost restraint and to refrain from any action which might Permanent Representative of Turkey. further aggravate the situation; S/11337. Letter of 16 July 1974 from Acting Permanent Rep­ 3. Demands an immediate end to foreign military inter­ resentative of Greece to Secretary-General. vention in the Republic of Cyprus that is in contravention of S/11340. Letter of 18 July 1974 from USSR. the provisions of paragraph 1 above; S/11341, S/11342. Letters of 17 July 1974 from Turkey. 4. Requests the withdrawal without delay from the Repub­ S/11343. Letter of 18 July 1974 from Syrian Arab Republic. lic of Cyprus of foreign military personnel present otherwise S/11344. Letter of 19 July 1974 from Zambia. than under the authority of international agreements, includ­ S/11346 and Rev.1. Draft resolution and revision. ing those whose withdrawal was requested by the President S/11347. Letter of 19 July 1974 from Romania (transmitting of the Republic of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios, in his letter Agerpress declaration of 17 July 1974). of 2 July 1974; S/11348. Letter of 20 July 1974 from Greece (request to con­ 5. Calls upon Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom of vene Council). Great Britain and Northern Ireland to enter into negotiations S/11349. Letter "of 20 July 1974 from Secretary-General to without delay for the restoration of peace in the area and President of Security Council. constitutional government in Cyprus and to keep the S/11350. Draft resolution. Secretary-General informed; S/11351. Letter of 20 July 1974 from Secretary-General to 6. Calls upon all parties to co-operate fully with the United President of Security Council. Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus to enable it to carry S/11352. Letter of 20 July 1974 from Turkey (transmitting let­ out its mandate; ters of 19 July 1974 from Vice-President of Cyprus). 7. Decides to keep the situation under constant review and asks the Secretary-General to report as appropriate with Resolution 353(1974), as prepared following consultations a view to adopting further measures in order to ensure that among Council members, S/11350, adopted unanimously peaceful conditions are restored as soon as possible. (15-0) by Council on 20 July 1974, meeting 1781. S/11353. Report, dated 21 July 1974, by Secretary-General on The Security Council, developments in Cyprus. Having considered the report of the Secretary-General, at S/11353/Add.1-4. Further reports, dated 21-23 July 1974, by its 1779th meeting, about the recent developments in Cyprus, Secretary-General on developments in Cyprus. Having heard the statement of the President of the Repub­ S/11354. Letter of 21 July 1974 from Greece. lic of Cyprus and the statements of the representatives of S/11355. Letter of 21 July 1974 from Turkey. Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and other Member States, S/11356. Exchange of messages dated 21 and 22 July 1974 Having considered at its present meeting further develop­ between Secretary-General and Greece and Turkey. ments in the island, S/11357. Letter of 22 July 1974 from Romania (transmitting Deeply deploring the outbreak of violence and the continu­ declaration of 20 July 1974). ing bloodshed, S/11358. Letter of 21 July 1974 from Cyprus (request to con­ Gravely concerned about the situation which has led to a vene Council). serious threat to international peace and security, and which S/11359, S/11361, S/11362. Letters of 22 and 23 July 1974 has created a most explosive situation in the whole Eastern from Greece. Mediterranean area, S/11364, S/11365. Letters of 22 and 23 July 1974 from Tur­ Equally concerned about the necessity to restore the con­ key. stitutional structure of the Republic of Cyprus, established S/11366. Letter of 23 July 1974 from Greece (request to con­ and guaranteed by international agreements, vene Council). 292 Political and security questions

S/11367. Letter of 23 July 1974 from USSR (transmitting stentions (Byelorussian SSR, USSR) (China did not partici­ statement of 20 July 1974). pate in voting). S/11368. Note of 23 July 1974 by Secretary-General. S/11369. Draft resolution. The Security Council, Recalling its resolutions 186(1964) of 4 March 1964, Resolution 354(1974), as prepared following consultations 353(1974) of 20 July and 354(1974) of 23 July 1974, among Council members, S/11369, adopted unanimously Noting that all States have declared their respect for the (15-0) by Council on 23 July 1974, meeting 1783. sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Cyprus, Taking note of the Secretary-General's statement made at The Security Council, the 1788th meeting of the Security Council, Reaffirming the provisions of its resolution 353(1974) of Requests the Secretary-General to take appropriate action 20 July 1974, in the light of his statement and to present a full report to the Demands that all parties to the present fighting comply Council, taking into account that the cease-fire will be the immediately with the provisions of paragraph 2 of Security first step in the full implementation of Security Council reso­ Council resolution 353(1974) calling for an immediate cessa­ lution 353(1974). tion of all firing in the area and requesting all States to exer­ cise the utmost restraint and to refrain from any action which S/11353/Add.13-25. Further reports of Secretary-General, might further aggravate the situation. dated 2, 4-7, 9, 10, 12 and 14 August 1974, on develop­ ments in Cyprus. S/H353/Add.5-12. Further reports, dated 24-28, 30 and S/11410. Letter of 2 August 1974 from Turkey. 31 July 1974, by Secretary-General on developments in S/11411. Letter of 2 August 1974 from Greece. Cyprus. S/11412. Letter of 4 August 1974 from Turkey. S/11370. Letter of 24 July 1974 from Greece. S/11413. Note of 5 August 1974 by Secretary-General (trans­ S/11371. Letter of 24 July 1974 from Oman. mitting telegram received on 4 August 1974 from Acting S/11373. Letter of 22 July 1974 from Democratic Yemen. President of Cyprus). S/11374. Letter of 24 July 1974 from Turkey. S/11416. Letter of 5 August 1974 from Hungary (transmitting S/11376, S/11377. Notes verbales of 24 July 1974 from Turkey excerpt from communique issued on 1 August 1974). (transmitting texts of message dated 23 July 1974 from S/11417, S/11418. Letters of 3 and 4 August 1974 from Prime Minister of Turkey to Secretary-General and mes­ Greece. sage to Prime Minister of Greece, respectively). S/11420. Letter of 5 August 1974 from Turkey. S/11378. Official communique of 1784th meeting of Security S/11421. Letter of 29 July 1974 from Greece. Council, 24 July 1974. S/11422, S/11423. Letters of 7 August 1974 from Turkey. S/INF/30. Resolutions and decision of Security Council, S/11424. Letter of 7 August 1974 from Algeria (transmitting 1974. Decision, pp. 7-8. declaration adopted by group of non-aligned countries at United Nations on 6 August 1974). S/11379. Letter of 24 July 1974 from Czechoslovakia (trans­ S/11425. Letter of 5 August 1974 from Turkey. mitting declaration of 22 July 1974). S/11429. Letter of 8 August 1974 from Greece. S/11380. Letter of 24 July 1974 from Yugoslavia (transmitting S/11433. Interim report of Secretary-General, dated text of expose of 23 July 1974). 10 August 1974, pursuant to Security Council resolution S/11381, S/11382. Letters of 25 July 1974 from Greece. 355(1974) of 1 August 1974. S/11384. Letter of 26 July 1974 from Cyprus (request to con­ S/11435. Letter of 9 August 1974 from Turkey (transmitting vene Council). text of message from Vice-President of Cyprus). S/11385. Note verbale of 26 July 1974 from Algeria. S/11439. Letter of 8 August 1974 from Turkey. S/11387. Letter of 26 July 1974 from Brazil. S/11441. Letter of 12 August 1974 from Cyprus. S/11388. Letter of 27 July 1974 from Yemen (transmitting S/11442. Letter of 9 August 1974 from Turkey. statement of 20 July 1974). S/11389. Letter of 28 July 1974 from USSR (request to con­ Security Council, meetings 1792-1794. vene Council). S/11390. Letter of 28 July 1974 from USSR. S/11444. Letter of 13 August 1974 from Cyprus (request to S/11391. USSR: draft resolution. convene Council). S/11394. Letter of 29 July 1974 from Turkey. S/11445. Letter of 13 August 1974 from Greece (request to S/11398. Letter of 30 July 1974 from Secretary-General to convene Council). President of Security Council (transmitting letter of 30 July S/11446 and Rev.1. United Kingdom: draft resolution and re­ 1974 from Secretary of State for Foreign and Common­ vision. wealth Affairs of United Kingdom, annexing declaration and statement of 30 July 1974 by Foreign Ministers of Resolution 357(1974), as proposed by United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey and United Kingdom). S/11446/Rev.1, adopted unanimously (15-0) by Council on S/11399. United Kingdom: draft resolution. 14 August 1974, meeting 1792. S/11400. Draft resolution, as amended by USSR (S/11401, para. 1), rejected by Council, owing to negative vote of a The Security Council, permanent member, on 31 July 1974, meeting 1788, by 12 Recalling its resolutions 353(1974) of 20 July, 354(1974) of votes in favour to 2 against (Byelorussian SSR, USSR) 23 July, and 355(1974) of 1 August 1974, (China did not participate in voting). Deeply deploring the resumption of fighting in Cyprus, S/11401. USSR: amendments to draft resolution in S/11400. contrary to the provisions of its resolution 353(1974), S/11402. Draft resolution. 1. Reaffirms its resolution 353(1974) in all its provisions S/11403. Letter of 31 July 1974 from Philippines. and calls upon the parties concerned to implement those S/11404, S/11405. Letters of 31 July and 1 August 1974 from provisions without delay; Greece. 2. Demands that all parties to the present fighting cease S/11409. Letter of 31 July 1974 from Turkey. all firing and military action forthwith; 3. Calls for the resumption of negotiations without delay Resolution 355(1974), as proposed following consultations for the restoration of peace in the area and constitutional among Council members, S/11402, adopted by Council on government in Cyprus, in accordance with resolution 1 August 1974, meeting 1789, by 12 votes to 0, with 2 ab­ 353(1974); The situation in Cyprus 293

4. Decides to remain seized of the situation and on in­ S/11353/Add.28, 29. Further reports, dated 16 August 1974, stant call to meet as necessary to consider what more effec­ of Secretary-General on developments in Cyprus. tive measures may be required if the cease-fire is not re­ S/11450 and Rev.1,2. France: draft resolution and revisions. spected. Resolution 360(1974), as proposed by France, S/11450/Rev.2, S/11353/Add.26, 27. Further reports, dated 15 August 1974, adopted by Council on 16 August 1974, meeting 1794, by of Secretary-General on developments in Cyprus. 11 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions (Byelorussian SSR, Iraq, S/11447. Note by Secretary-General (transmitting communi­ USSR) (China did not participate in voting). cation received on 14 August 1974 from designated Acting President of Cyprus). The Security Council, S/11448. Draft resolution. Recalling its resolutions 353(1974) of 20 July, 354(1974) of 23 July, 355(1974) of 1 August, 357(1974) of 14 August and Resolution 358(1974), as prepared following consultations 358(1974) of 15 August 1974, among Council members, S/11448, adopted unanimously Noting that all States have declared their respect for the (15-0) by Council on 15 August 1974, meeting 1793. sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus, The Security Council, Gravely concerned at the deterioration of the situation in Deeply concerned about the continuation of violence and Cyprus, resulting from the further military operations, which bloodshed in Cyprus, constitutes a most serious threat to peace and security in the Deeply deploring the non-compliance with its resolution Eastern Mediterranean area, 357(1974) of 14 August 1974, 1. Records its formal disapproval of the unilateral military 1. Recalls its resolutions 353(1974) of 20July, 354(1974) actions undertaken against the Republic of Cyprus; of 23 July, 355(1974) of 1 August 1974 and 357(1974); 2. Urges the parties to comply with all the provisions of 2. Insists on the full implementation of the above resolu­ previous resolutions of the Security Council, including those tions by all parties and on the immediate and strict obser­ concerning the withdrawal without delay from the Republic vance of the cease-fire. of Cyprus of foreign military personnel present otherwise than under the authority of international agreements; 3. Urges the parties to resume without delay, in an at­ S/11449. Australia, Austria, France, Peru: draft resolution. mosphere of constructive co-operation, the negotiations S/11449/Rev.1. Australia, Austria, France, Peru, United called for in resolution 353(1974) whose outcome should not be Republic of Cameroon: revised draft resolution. impeded or prejudged by the acquisition of advantages re­ sulting from military operations; Resolution 359(1974), as proposed by 5 powers, 4. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Coun­ S/11449/Rev.1, adopted by Council on 15 August 1974, cil, as necessary, with a view to the possible adoption of meeting 1793, by 14 votes to 0 (China did not participate in further measures designed to promote the restoration of voting). peaceful conditions; 5. Decides to remain seized of the question permanently The Security Council, and to meet at any time to consider measures which may be Noting with concern from the Secretary-General's report required in the light of the developing situation. on developments in Cyprus, in particular documents S/11353/Add.24 and 25, that casualties are increasing among S/11353/Add.30-33. Further reports, dated 17-20 August the personnel of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in 1974, of Secretary-General on developments in Cyprus. Cyprus as a direct result of the military action which is still S/11453, S/11456. Letters of 14 August 1974 from Cyprus continuing in Cyprus, (transmitting statements of 14 August 1974 by President of Recalling that the United Nations Force was stationed in Cyprus). Cyprus with the full consent of the Governments of Cyprus, S/11458. Letter of 18 August 1974 from Turkey. Turkey and Greece, S/11459. Letter of 18 August 1974 from Greece. Bearing in mind that the Secretary-General was requested S/11461. Letter of 20 August 1974 from Cyprus. by the Security Council in resolution 355(1974) of 1 August S/11462. Letter of 12 August 1974 from Turkey. 1974 to take appropriate action in the light of his statement S/11464. Letter of 22 August 1974 from Cyprus. made at the 1788th meeting of the Council in which he dealt S/11465. Letter of 22 August 1974 from USSR (transmitting with the role, functions and strength of the Force and related statement). issues arising out of the most recent political developments S/11466. Letter of 22 August 1974 from Turkey. in respect of Cyprus, S/11467. Letter of 23 August 1974 from Cyprus. 1. Deeply deplores the fact that members of the United S/11468. Report of Secretary-General on developments in Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus have been killed and Cyprus for period 20-25 August 1974. wounded; S/11469. Letter of 27 August 1974 from Greece. 2. Demands that all parties concerned fully respect the in­ S/11470. Letter of 26 August 1974 from German Democratic ternational status of the United Nations Force and refrain Republic (transmitting statement of 23 August 1974). from any action which might endanger the lives and safety of S/11474. Letter of 28 August 1974 from Turkey (transmitting its members; declaration of 27 August 1974). 3. Urges the parties concerned to demonstrate in a firm, S/11475, S/11478. Letters of 27 and 29 August 1974 from clear and unequivocal manner their willingness to fulfil the Cyprus. commitments they have entered into in this regard; 4. Demands further that all parties co-operate with the United Nations Force in carrying out its tasks, including Security Council, meeting 1795. humanitarian functions, in all areas of Cyprus and in regard to all sections of the population of Cyprus; S/11471. Letter of 27 August 1974 from Cyprus (request to 5. Emphasizes the fundamental principle that the status convene Council). and safety of the members of the United Nations Peace­ S/11473. Report, dated 28 August 1974, of Secretary-General. keeping Force in Cyprus, and for that matter of any United S/11477. Letter of 29 August 1974 from Turkey (transmitting Nations peace-keeping force, must be respected by the par­ letter from Vice-President of Cyprus). ties under all circumstances. S/11479. Austria, France, United Kingdom: draft resolution. 294 Political and security questions

Resolution 361(1974), as proposed by 3 powers, S/11479, S/11485 and Corr.1. Letter of 3 September 1974 from Cyprus. adopted unanimously (15-0) by Council on 30 August 1974, S/11488 and Add.1. Report, dated 4 September 1974, of meeting 1795. Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 361(1974) of 30 August 1974 (Annex: Report of UNHCR to The Security Council, Secretary-General on humanitarian assistance in Cyprus) Conscious of its special responsibilities under the United and addendum of 6 September 1974. Nations Charter, S/11488/Add.2. Further report, dated 31 October 1974, of Recalling its resolution 186(1964) of 4 March 1964, Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 353(1974) of 20 July, 354(1974) of 23 July, 355(1974) of 361(1974). (Annex: Progress report dated 30 October 1974 1 August, 357(1974) of 14 August, 358(1974) and 359(1974) of of UNHCR to Secretary-General on humanitarian assis­ 15 August and 360(1974) of 16 August 1974, tance in Cyprus.) Noting that a large number of people in Cyprus have been S/11489. Letter of 4 September 1974 from Turkey. displaced, and are in dire need of humanitarian assistance, S/11490. Letter of 3 September 1974 from Cyprus. Mindful of the fact that it is one of the foremost purposes S/11491. Letter of 5 September 1974 from Cyprus (transmit­ of the United Nations to lend humanitarian assistance in situ­ ting letter from President of Pancyprian Federation of ations such as the one currently prevailing in Cyprus, UNESCO Clubs at School). Noting also that the United Nations High Commissioner for S/11492. Letter of 5 September 1974 from Cyprus. Refugees has already been appointed Co-ordinator of United S/11493. Letter of 5 September 1974 from Turkey (transmit­ Nations Humanitarian Assistance for Cyprus, with the task of ting message of 4 September 1974 from Vice-President of co-ordinating relief assistance to be provided by United Na­ Cyprus). tions programmes and agencies and from other sources, S/11495, S/11496. Letters of 31 August and 6 September Having considered the report of the Secretary-General con­ 1974 from Greece. tained in document S/11473, S/11499, S/11500. Letters of 6 and 7 September 1974 from 1. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General for Cyprus. the part he has played in bringing about talks between the S/11501. Letter of 7 September 1974 from Cyprus (transmit­ leaders of the two communities in Cyprus; ting cable from Minister of Communications and Works of 2. Warmly welcomes this development and calls upon Cyprus to Director-General of UNESCO). those concerned in the talks to pursue them actively with the S/11505. Letter of 11 September 1974 from Turkey. help of the Secretary-General and in the interests of the Cyp- S/11509. Letter of 13 September 1974 from Algeria (transmit­ riot people as a whole; ting declaration adopted on 12 September 1974 by Co­ 3. Calls upon all parties to do everything in their power to ordinating Committee of Group of Non-Aligned Countries alleviate human suffering, to ensure the respect of fundamen­ at United Nations). tal human rights for every person and to refrain from all S/11510, S/11511, S/11513-S/11515. Letters of 13, 14,16 and action likely to aggravate the situation; 18 September 1974 from Cyprus. 4. Expresses its grave concern at the plight of the ref­ S/11517 (A/9766). Letter of 23 September 1974 from Turkey. ugees and other persons displaced as a result of the situa­ S/11521 (A/9778). Letter of 26 September 1974 from Turkey tion in Cyprus and urges the parties concerned, in conjunc­ (transmitting letter of 21 September 1974 from Vice- tion with the Secretary-General, to search for peaceful President of Cyprus). solutions to the problems of refugees and take appropriate S/11524 (A/9783). Letter of 26 September 1974 from Greece. measures to provide for their relief and welfare and to permit S/11528. Letter of 20 September 1974 from Secretary-General persons who wish to do so to return to their homes in safety; to Governments containing further appeal for voluntary 5. Requests the Secretary-General to submit at the ear­ contributions for financing of UNFICYP. liest possible opportunity a full report on the situation of the S/11531 (A/9791). Letter of 4 October 1974 from Turkey refugees and other persons referred to in paragraph 4 above (transmitting message of 29 September 1974 from Vice- and decides to keep that situation under constant review; President of Cyprus). 6. Further requests the Secretary-General to continue to S/11541 (A/9811). Letter of 19 October 1974 from Cyprus. provide emergency United Nations humanitarian assistance S/11548 (A/9818). Letter of 26 October 1974 from Greece. to all parts of the population of the island in need of such S/11549 (A/9819), S/11550, S/11552, S/11553. Letters of 28 assistance; and 31 October and 6 November 1974 from Cyprus. 7. Calls upon all parties, as a demonstration of good faith, S/11556. Letter of 6 November 1974 from Greece. to take, both individually and in co-operation with each other, S/11557. Letter of 7 November 1974 from Secretary-General all steps which may promote comprehensive and successful (transmitting text of Assembly resolution 3212(XXIX) of negotiations; 1 November 1974). 8. Reiterates its call to all parties to co-operate fully with S/11559, S/11569. Letters of 15 November and 6 December the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus in carry­ 1974 from Cyprus. ing out its tasks; 9. Expresses the conviction that the speedy implementa­ Consideration by General Assembly tion of the provisions of the present resolution will assist the achievement of a satisfactory settlement in Cyprus. General Assembly—29th session General Committee, meeting 219. S/11468/Add.1. Report of Secretary-General on develop­ Special Political Committee, meetings 922, 923. ments in Cyprus for period 25 August-8 September 1974. Plenary meetings 2236, 2237, 2270-2275. S/11468/Add.2. Report of Secretary-General on develop­ ments in Cyprus for period 9-17 September 1974. A/9601. Report of Secretary-General on work of the Organi­ S/11468/Add.3. Report of Secretary-General on develop­ zation, 16June 1973-15June 1974, Part One, Chapterll. ments in Cyprus for period 18 September-2 October 1974. A/9602. Report of Security Council, 16 June 1973-15 June S/11468/Add.4. Report of Secretary-General on develop­ 1974, Chapter 4. ments in Cyprus for period 3-15 October 1974. A/9743. Letter of 17 September 1974 from Cyprus (request for S/11480, S/11481. Letters of 30 and 31 August 1974 from inclusion in agenda of item entitled: "Question of Cyprus"). Greece. A/9764. Letter of 20 September 1974 from Cyprus. S/11484. Letter of 3 September 1974 from Cyprus (transmit­ A/9766 (S/11517). Letter of 23 September 1974 from Turkey. ting telegram from President of Cyprus Photographic Soci­ A/9778 (S/11521). Letter of 26 September 1974 from Turkey ety to President of Federation internationale de I'art photo- (transmitting letter of 21 September 1974 from Vice- graphique). President of Cyprus). The situation in Cyprus 295

A/9783 (S/11524). Letter of 26 September 1974 from Greece. ing freely a mutually acceptable political settlement, based A/9785. Letter of 27 September 1974 from Turkey. on their fundamental and legitimate rights; A/9791 (S/11531). Letter of 4 October 1974 from Turkey 5. Considers that all the refugees should return to their (transmitting message of 29 September 1974 from Vice- homes in safety and calls upon the parties concerned to un­ President of Cyprus). dertake urgent measures to that end; A/9811 (S/11541). Letter of 19 October 1974 from Cyprus. 6. Expresses the hope that, if necessary, further efforts A/9818 (S/11548). Letter of 26 October 1974 from Greece. including negotiations can take place, within the framework A/9819 (S/11549). Letter of 28 October 1974 from Cyprus. of the United Nations, for the purpose of implementing the A/9842. Letter of 1 November 1974 from Cyprus (transmitting provisions of the present resolution, thus ensuring to the appeal of meeting of international organizations held at Republic of Cyprus its fundamental right to independence, Paris, France, on 21 September 1974). sovereignty and territorial integrity; A/SPC/171. Letter of 28 October 1974 from President of Gen­ 7. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide eral Assembly to Chairman of Special Political Committee. United Nations humanitarian assistance to all parts of the A/L.738. Cyprus: draft resolution. population of Cyprus and calls upon all States to contribute A/L.739 and Add.1. Algeria, Argentina, Guyana, India, Mali, to that effort; Nepal, Syrian Arab Republic, Uganda, Yugoslavia: draft res­ 8. Calls upon all parties to continue to co-operate fully olution. with the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus, A/9820. Report of Special Political Committee. which may be strengthened if necessary; 9. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to lend his Resolution 3212(XXIX), as proposed by 9 powers, A/L.739, good offices to the parties concerned; adopted by Assembly on 1 November 1974, meeting 2275, 10. Further requests the Secretary-General to bring the by recorded vote of 117 to 0, as follows: present resolution to the attention of the Security Council. In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Austra­ A/9631. Resolutions adopted by General Assembly during its lia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bhutan, Bolivia, 29th session, Vol. 1,17 September-18 December 1974. Other Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian decisions, p. 41. SSR, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czecho­ Consideration by Security slovakia, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Council (13 December 1974) Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, German Democratic Republic, Germany (Federal Republic of), Security Council, meeting 1810. Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, Ice­ land, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory S/11568. Report by Secretary-General on United Nations op­ Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Khmer Republic, eration in Cyprus (for period 23 May-5 December 1974). Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Republic, S/11573. Draft resolution. Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Resolution 364(1974), as prepared following consultations Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, among Council members, S/11573, adopted by Council on Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, 13 December 1974, meeting 1810, by 14 votes to 0 (China Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, did not participate in voting). Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and To­ The Security Council, bago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, Noting from the report of the Secretary-General of United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of 6 December 1974 (S/11568) that in existing circumstances Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, the presence of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Upper Volta, Uruguay, Yemen, Yugoslavia. Cyprus is still needed to perform the tasks it is currently un­ Against: None. dertaking if the cease-fire is to be maintained in the island and the search for a peaceful settlement facilitated, The General Assembly, Noting from the report the conditions prevailing in the is­ Having considered the question of Cyprus, land, Gravely concerned about the continuation of the Cyprus Noting also the statement by the Secretary-General con­ crisis, which constitutes a threat to international peace and tained in paragraph 81 of his report, that the parties con­ security, cerned had signified their concurrence in his recommenda­ Mindful of the need to solve this crisis without delay by tion that the Security Council extend the stationing of the peaceful means, in accordance with the purposes and princi­ Force in Cyprus for a further period of six months, ples of the United Nations, Noting that the Government of Cyprus has agreed that in Having heard the statements in the debate and taking note view of the prevailing conditions in the island it is necessary of the report of the Special Political Committee on the ques­ to keep the Force in Cyprus beyond 15 December 1974, tion of Cyprus, Noting also the letter dated 7 November 1974 (S/11557) 1. Calls upon all States to respect the sovereignty, inde­ from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security pendence, territorial integrity and non-alignment of the Council together with the text of resolution 3212(XXIX) enti­ Republic of Cyprus and to refrain from all acts and interven­ tled "Question of Cyprus" adopted unanimously by the Gen­ tions directed against it; eral Assembly at its 2275th plenary meeting on 1 November 2. Urges the speedy withdrawal of all foreign armed 1974, forces and foreign military presence and personnel from the Noting further that resolution 3212(XXIX) enunciates cer­ Republic of Cyprus, and the cessation of all foreign interfer­ tain principles intended to facilitate a solution to the current ence in its affairs; problems of Cyprus by peaceful means, in accordance with 3. Considers that the constitutional system of the Repub­ the purposes and principles of the United Nations, lic of Cyprus concerns the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot 1. Reaffirms its resolutions 186(1964) of 4 March, 187(1964) communities; of 13 March, 192(1964) of 20 June, 193(1964) of 9 August, 4. Commends the contacts and negotiations taking place 194(1964) of 25 September and 198(1964) of 18 December 1964, on an equal footing, with the good offices of the Secretary- 201(1965) of 19 March, 206(1965) of 15 June, 207(1965) of General, between the representatives of the two com­ 10 August and 219(1965) of 17 December 1965, 220(1966) munities, and calls for their continuation with a view to reach­ of 16 March, 222(1966) of 16 June and 231(1966) of 15 Decern- 296 Political and security questions

ber 1966, 238(1967) of 19 June and 244(1967) of 22 December gress towards a final solution will make possible a withdrawal 1967, 247(1968) of 18 March, 254(1968) of 18 June and or substantial reduction of the Force; 261(1968) of 10 December 1968, 266(1969) of 10 June and 5. Appeals again to all parties concerned to extend their 274(1969) of 11 December 1969, 281(1970) of 9 June and full co-operation to the United Nations Force in its continuing 291(1970) of 10 December 1970, 293(1971) of 26 May and performance of its duties. 305(1971) of 13 December 1971, 315(1972) of 15 June and 324(1972) of 12 December 1972, 334(1973) of 15 June and S/11574. Draft resolution. 343(1973) of 14 December 1973 and 349(1974) of 29 May 1974, and the consensus expressed by the President at the 1143rd Resolution 365(1974), as prepared following consultations meeting on 11 August 1964 and at the 1383rd meeting on among Council members, S/11574, adopted by consensus 25 November 1967; by Council on 13 December 1974, meeting 1810. 2. Reaffirms also its resolutions 353(1974) of 20 July, 354(1974) of 23 July, 355(1974) of 1 August, 357(1974) of The Security Council, 14 August, 358(1974) and 359(1974) of 15 August, 360(1974) Having received the text of resolution 3212(XXIX) of the of 16 August and 361(1974) of 30 August 1974; General Assembly on the "Question of Cyprus", 3. Urges the parties concerned to act with the utmost re­ Noting with satisfaction that that resolution was adopted straint and to continue and accelerate determined co­ unanimously, operative efforts to achieve the objectives of the Security 1. Endorses General Assembly resolution 3212(XXIX) and Council; urges the parties concerned to implement it as soon as pos­ 4. Extends once more the stationing in Cyprus of the sible; United Nations Peace-keeping Force, established under Secu­ 2. Requests the Secretary-General to report on the pro­ rity Council resolution 186(1964), for a further period ending gress of the implementation of the present resolution. 15 June 1975, in the expectation that by then sufficient pro­

Chapter XIII Questions relating to United Nations organs, membership and the Charter of the United Nations

Admission of new Members in 1974 In 1974, the People's Republic of Bangladesh, The following table indicates the dates of Grenada, and the Republic of Guinea-Bissau were United Nations actions: admitted to United Nations membership. Their admission increased the number of United Na­ Date of Date of tions Member States to 138. recommendation admission The admission of all three Members was Applicant by Council by Assembly unanimously recommended by the Security Bangladesh 10 June 1974 17 September 1974 Grenada 21 June 1974 17 September 1974 Council, and, at a plenary meeting of the General Guinea-Bissau 12 August 1974 17 September 1974 Assembly on 17 September, the resolutions con­ cerning dieir admission were adopted unani­ (For texts of resolutions and supporting docu­ mously. mentation, See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.)

Documentary references

Admission of Bangladesh The Security Council, Having examined the application of the People's Republic Security Council, meetings 1775,1776. of Bangladesh for admission to membership in the United Nations, S/11316. Report of Security Council Committee on Admis­ Recommends to the General Assembly that the People's sion of New Members concerning application of People's Republic of Bangladesh be admitted to membership in the Republic of Bangladesh for admission to membership in United Nations. United Nations (containing draft resolution).

Resolution 351(1974), as recommended by Council Commit­ S/11185/Add.22,23. Addenda to summary statement by tee on Admission of New Members, S/11316, adopted Secretary-General on matters of which Security Council Is without vote by Council on 10 June 1974, meeting 1776. seized and on stage reached in their consideration.