46 46 46 pla notes 46 participatory learning and action Participatory processes 46 for policy change 46 46 46 February 2003 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 PLA Notes is the world’s leading informal journal on participatory approaches and methods. It draws on the expertise of guest editors to provide up-to-the minute accounts of the development and use of participatory methods in specific fields. Since its first issue in 1987, PLA Notes has provided a forum for those engaged in participatory work – community workers, activists, and researchers – to share their experiences, conceptual reflections and 46 methodological innovations with others, providing a genuine ‘voice from the field’. It is a vital resource for those working to enhance the participation of ordinary people in local, regional, national, and international decision making, in both South and North. 46

ISSN: 1357-938X ISBN: 1 84369 4328 International Institute 46 for Environment and Development 3 Endsleigh Street WC1H 0DD, UK

Tel: +44 (0) 20 7388 2117 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7388 2826 46 Email: [email protected] PLA Notes website: www.planotes.org IIED website: www.iied.org 46 pla notes Number 46 February 2003

SPECIAL ISSUE: Participatory processes for policy change CONTENTS 1. Learning from experiments in deliberative democracy: an e-forum on participatory approaches for policy change by Ian Scoones and John Thompson ...... 4 2. Glossary of terms ...... 7 3. An introduction to Prajateerpu: a citizens’ jury/scenario workshop on food and farming futures in Andhra Pradesh, India by Michel Pimbert and Tom Wakeford ..9 E-forum on participatory approaches for policy change: contributions 4. Contributions on issues of representation in citizens’ juries and similar Women from the participatory approaches by Andy Stirling, John Gaventa, Vinita Prajateerpu (citizens’ Suryanarayanan, Dominic Glover, L. David Brown, Priya Deshingkar and jury) discuss specialist evidence given at the Craig Johnson, Biksham Gujja, Jules Pretty, Francisco Sagasti, Keith Bezanson scenario workshop in and Nigel Cross, and Paul Richards ...... 13 Andhra Pradesh 5. Contributions on issues of evidence, legitimacy, and authenticity by Robert Chambers, Brian Wynne, Biksham Gujja, Francisco Sagasti, Keith Bezanson and Nigel Cross, and Nigel Cross ...... 23 6. Contributions on issues of engagement with the policy process by Carine Pinott, Peter Reason, Vinita Suryanarayanan, Brian Wynne, Biksham Gujja, Francisco Sagasti, and Lindsey Colbourne ...... 29 7. Contributions on issues of accountability and transparency by Peter Newell, Chengal Reddy Peddireddy, Anne Marie Goetz, Brian Wynne, Biksham Gujja, and Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend ...... 37 8. Reflections on the e-forum and Prajateerpu report by the UK Department for International Development, India by Robert Graham-Harrison...... 44 9. Reflections on the e-forum on participatory approaches for policy change by the authors of the Prajateerpu report by Michel Pimbert and Tom Wakeford ..48 10. Participatory processes for policy change: reflections on the Prajateerpu e-forum by Ian Scoones and John Thompson ...... 51 REGULARS Editorial ...... 2 General section: 11. Drugs, AIDS, and PLA in Myanmar/Burma by Ditch Townsend and Anne Garrow58 12. Using participatory learning and action (PLA) in understanding and planning an adolescent life planning and reproductive health programme in Nigeria by Gbenga Ishola, Wumi Adekunle, Temple Jagha, Bola Adedimeji, Yemi Olawale, and Lucy Eniola...... 62 13. A participatory approach to the assessment of built heritage: an example from Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand by Michael Hartfield and Sara Kindon ...... 67 14. Diagnosing priorities for rural women’s welfare through participatory approaches in the Punjab, Pakistan by Bashir Ahmad, Nazia Tabassum, and Parsa Arbab Gill...... 73 15. The seventh helper: the vertical dimension feedback from a training exercise in Vietnam by Giacomo Rambaldi and Le Van Lanh ...... 77 Tips for Trainers ...... 84 In Touch ...... 86 RCPLA Pages ...... 91

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editorial extremely controversial, raisingmany scenario workshop.Itproved tobe project resulting inaone-week was theoutcomeofacollaborative r futures forAndhraPradesh,Indi workshop onfoodandfarming Prajateerpu raised followingthepublicationof hosted thee-forumtodiscussissues Development Studies(IDS)jointly ence. share thediscussionwithawideraudi- approaches forpolicychange,soasto r duces thematerialgeneratedduringa This specialissueof Special theme Notes PLA We T 119, Stevenage,Hertfordshire SG1 4TP, UK. r Livelihoods Programme. Hard copiesofthe the SustainableAgriculture andRural go towww.iied.org andfollowthelinksfor www.iied.org/pdf/prajateerpu.pdf oryoucan IIED website.Thedirect address is 1 eport canbeordered from Earthprint,POBox el: +44(0)1438748111. PriceUS$30. eport, co-publishedbyIIEDandIDS, ecent e-forumaboutparticipatory The fullreport canbedownloadedfrom the lcome toissue46of In 2002,IIEDandtheInstituteof F ebruary 2003 : a citizens’jury/scenario PLA Notes a. r epro- 1 The agree thatthe discussions onthewholeseemto abad andBansuriTaneja ofIIED. courtesy oftheUniversityHyder- special themesectionare reproduced indicated, allphotographsinthe shop anditsoutcome.Exceptwhere teerpu provides anoverviewofthe utors tothefourthematicareas, and statements madebythemanycontrib- and issuesofaccountability. of evidence,issuesengagement, areas: issuesofrepresentation, issues discussions focusedonfourthematic experience asthestartingpoint.The procedures, usingthe deliberative, inclusive,people-centred highlight themanypositiveaspectsof engagement inpolicyprocesses. important questionsaboutcitizen Ian Scoones processes inthefuture. alised peopletoengageinpolicy means ofhelpingpoorandmargin- such innovativeexperiments,asa to continuewith,andimprove on, in policymaking.Thechallengenowis extend methodologiesforparticipation an innovativeattempttodevelopand (see www.ids.ac.uk/biotech). in SouthAsiaandSub-Saharan Africa surrounding agriculturalbiotechnology of developmentpolicy making Recent workhasfocusedonthe politics cases fromAfrica ing EnvironmentalPolicyProcesses– Africa. Heisco-authorof hoods issues,particularlyinSouthern agriculture, foodsecurity, andliveli- agricultural ecologist,hehasworkedon Development StudiesinSussexUK.An Environment Group attheInstitute of Scoones isaprofessorial fellowfrom the The conclusionsdrawnfrom the This specialissueincludesallofthe The aimofthee-forumwasto The guesteditorsforthisissueare John Thompson, Director ofthe citizen juryandscenariowork- and Prajateerpu J . (Earthscan,2003). ohn Thompson Prajateerpu Understand- exercise was Praja- . Ian et al. outcomes. discusses implicationsforlonger-term some oftheconstraintsfaced, and empower andeducate,as wellas been successfullyemployed to analysis andcausaldiagramshave examine howtoolssuchaslivelihoods excluded andvulnerable.They users, especiallyamongstthesocially with drugusersandpotential been usedtohelptackleproblems Anne Garrow patory methodologies. quite different applicationsofpartici- contains fivearticles,whichfocuson Our generalsectionforthisissue General section efella Foundation,IDSorIIED. r ions expressed here donotnecessarily please notethattheviewsandopin- go toalltheseorganisations.However, IDS (www.ids.ac.uk/biotech). Thanks Biotechnology’ project coodinatedby tion through the‘Democratising India andfrom theRockefellaFounda- Development(DFID), International came from theUKDepartmentfor series. Additionalsupportforthisissue generous supportforthe Cooperation Agency(SIDA)fortheir Development Swedish International small farmsector. food systemsandthefuture ofthe r the North.Currently, heisleadingnew food systems,bothintheSouthand and institutionaldimensionsofagri- of foodandagriculture andthepolicy work focusesonthepoliticalecology human-environment interactions.His r Livelihoods Programme atIIED,isa Sustainable Agriculture andRural eflect thoseofSIDA,DFID,theRock- esource geographerandspecialiston esearch ontherestructuring ofagri- Our nextarticle, by The first,by As ever, Iwouldliketothankthe discusses how participation has , looksathowPLAhas Ditch Townsend Gbenga Ishola PLA Notes and EDITORIAL

been used in secondary schools in of living, and uses participatory Our regular In Touch section EDITORIAL Nigeria in life planning and reproduc- approaches to assess the successes includes, as always, book reviews, tive health programmes. It looks at and impacts of two different income- information about up and coming how a variety of tools such as body generating enterprises. workshops, and our e-participation mapping and pair-wise ranking have Lastly, Giacomo Rambaldi and Le page, which for this issue includes links been used in workshops with Van Lanh look at how participatory to other deliberative democracy infor- students, and how the findings have three-dimensional modelling has been mation resources. There are also contributed to designing appropriate used in Vietnam and the Philippines to updates from our partners in the strategies for further school-based enable communities and practitioners RCPLA Network, about their recent programmes. to more accurately and visibly repre- activities. Michael Hartfield and Sarah sent local spatial knowledge, helping Our thanks go to guest editors Kindon present an innovative account towards a more balanced approach to John Thompson and Ian Scoones, to of how PLA has been used in power sharing in collaborative natural Michel Pimbert and Tom Wakeford and Aotearoa/New Zealand to help differ- resource management. everyone who worked on the Praja- ent cultural and ethnic groups within teerpu citizens’ jury project, and to all communities to contribute to the Regular features the contributors to the e-forum for process of deciding what in their built A recent exchange of emails within the making this special issue possible. I environment should be protected. It UK Community Participation Network would also like to thank all the authors looks at how local knowledge about was the source of inspiration for this who provided this issue’s stimulating what is important to people within issue’s Tips for Trainers. Here we bring selection of articles for the general their own communities can contribute you four working examples of a train- section, the PLA Notes editorial team, to heritage planning. ing exercise ‘Drawing Shields’ by Perry and the RCPLA Network. Next, Bashir Ahmad et al. discuss Walker, Ghee Bowman, Gwen Vaughan, We hope that you find the articles ways of diagnosing priorities for rural and Rowena Harris. The examples and discussions in this issue of PLA women’s welfare through participatory show how the exercise can be used in Notes constructive and informative, approaches in Pakistan. The article different settings with participants in and as ever, welcome your thoughts looks at how diversifying sources of workshops, from using the shields as and views, and feedback about your income for rural women can an icebreaker, to encouraging an own experiences. contribute to improving their standard atmosphere of trust within a group. Holly Ashley, Acting Editor

February 2003 3 4

processes forpolicychange an e-forumonparticipatory in deliberatedemocracy: Learning fromexperiments 1 have beenusedtoengagepoor peopleinpolicydialogues contexts, from South AmericatoSouthAsia,where they adapted andappliedinarange ofdevelopingcountry the developingworld. argued thattheywere equallyrelevant topolicycontextsin in industrialisedcountries,althoughtheeditorsandauthors practical experienceswiththesemethodswere tobefound articles inthatissuerevealed, however, untilrecently most scenario workshops,andcitizenjuries,amongothers.Asthe ary Processes (DIPs),whichincludeconsensus conferences, techniques knowncollectivelyasDeliberativeandInclusion- participation inpolicyprocesses andhighlighted arangeof The specialissuedrew togethercurrent thinkingonpublic ways toactivelyengage‘thepublic’inpolicyformulation. Empowerment issue of Institute ofDevelopmentStudies(IDS),co-publishedaspecial Institute forEnvironment andDevelopment (IIED)andthe In February2001,ourtwoorganisations,theInternational learningfrom experiments Deliberative democracy: THOMPSON by IANSCOONESandJOHN 1 www.planotes.org. be downloadedfree ofchargefrom the PLA Notes Since thepublishingof F L Notes PLA ebruary 2003 40: Deliberative DemocracyandCitizenEmpowerment (PLA Notes40) on DeliberativeDemocracyandCitizen PLA Notes40 PLA Notes , whichfocusedoninnovative website at: , DIPshavebeen . Theissuecan 1 now closedandnofurther contributionsare beingaccepted. www.iied.org/agri/e_forum/summary.html. Pleasenotethattheconference is 2 exchange inthisspecialissue. to reproduce the main contributionstothatelectronic important anddeserveawider audience,wehavedecided because webelievetheinsightsgeneratedinforumare contribute toorread theoriginalonlinedebate,and andthereforeaccess totheinternet were unable to Because many convened andco-moderatedinthelatterhalfof2002. net-based electronic forumor‘e-forum’, which we a diversegroup ofresearchers andpractitionerstoanInter- engagement inpolicyprocesses thatwere contributedby that Indianexperimentanditsimplicationsforcitizen but asetofconceptualandmethodologicalreflections on tion ofcasestudiesandexamples‘methodsinaction’, PLA Notes India.Unlikeprevious and scenarioworkshopinsouthern lessons ontheuseofDIPs,whichgrew outofacitizenjury a setofmethodologicalandconceptualreflections and culture inmarginalenvironments. Thisspecialissue features ically modifiedorganismstothefuture offoodandagri- about controversial andcomplexissuesrangingfrom genet- The e-forummayalsobeviewedonlineat: , thearticlesinthisissueare nottheusualcollec- PLA Notes r eaders donothavereliable 2 5

1 SPECIAL ISSUE Praja- pla notes 46> < Prajateerpu ebruary 2003 F exercise was a note- exercise the hue and , Prajateerpu Prajateerpu will continue to run for some time to Prajateerpu partners in Andhra Pradesh, the directors and staff partners in Andhra Pradesh, the directors What almost every commentator participating in the e- cry was so great and so widespread that and so widespread cry was so great danger that the was a serious there the from important lessons emerging ‘In the case of ‘In the case of experience would be lost altogether’ experience. The result was the e-forum on Participatory experience. The result for Policy Change. Processes compelled to act to shift the deliberations in a more compelled to act to shift the deliberations we sought to draw In particular, constructive direction. conceptual, and attention to the important methodological, citizen jury and substantive lessons emerging out of the which those concernedscenario workshop experiment from and social justice and citizen participa- with environmental insights. This led us could gain fresh tion in policy processes forum, which we would a time-bound, electronic to propose parties to contribute moderate, to encourage all interested the from ideas and opinions on key issues arising teerpu of IDS and IIED, NGO and donor personnel, academics, and and made Many responded observers. other interested contributions, others chose not to. In any deliberative forum and one strategy is to disen- participation is always voluntary, aired. which views are through gage and seek other routes In whatever way and by whatever means individuals choose the debates gener- their views, one is clear: to express ated by discussions raised and the subsequent come, as the report a number of critical issues which have yet to be fully explored. was that the forum agreed An electronic forum An electronic during August The e-forum ran over 40 days (and nights) those involved in and the first part of September 2002. All and other means were informal email the debate through invited to participate at the outset. This included the worthy effort to develop and extend methodologies for to develop and extend worthy effort participation in policy making. The innovative attempt to combine scenario workshopping with a citizens' jury model was perhaps the first of its kind, certainly in the developing world. The experience highlighted the challenges of ensur- complex and ing an inclusive debate about controversial issues, as well as the potentials of deliberative fora in enhancing policy design and implementation. That it has xpert Prajateerpu The citizens’ jury gather at Algole village, AP to hear evidence from one of the e witnesses – in Andhra Pradesh, , the hue and cry was so Learning from experiments in deliberate democracy: in deliberate from experiments Learning change for policy processes participatory on an e-forum Prajateerpu Prajateerpu Such vigorous and impassioned debate can be construc- and impassioned debate Such vigorous As keen supporters and observers of the tive, as it can lead to the opening up of new intellectual hori- the of alternativezons, an appreciation points of view, and even a shifting of identification of common ground, positions. In the case of India. The release of that report ignited an international of that report India. The release to inform debate over the use of participatory approaches Supporters and sceptics below. and influence policy from opinions lined up to set out their opposing views. Strong raised about citizen and questions were expressed were about the trustworthiness engagement in policy processes, that could be and the implications of participatory ‘verdicts’ process, in the research them, about integrity drawn from links between research about the about academic freedom, accountability and and about ways to increase and advocacy, in policy making. transparency was a serious danger that there and so widespread great the experience that the important lessons emerging from fanned further by The flames were would be lost altogether. the extensive use of unsolicited email letters, many of them the already which only served to reinforce sent anonymously, possi- was a very real there polarised positions. As a result, about to be tossed out ‘baby’ was bility that the proverbial with the ‘bathwater’. turn we became alarmed by this process, of events and felt Raising the debate sparks such contro- It is not often that a single publication of the proceedings particularly one that is essentially versy, what happened a one-week workshop. But that is precisely India and the UK published after members of a team from of their scenario workshop and and distributed the report citizen jury experiment – 6 1

UK. Email:[email protected] University ofSussex,Falmer, SussexBN19RE, Group, InstituteofDevelopmentStudies, Ian Scoones,Professorial Fellow, Environment ABOUT THEAUTHORS That said,thethemesdidallowforsomeleveloffocusin comments cutacross several(andoccasionallyallfour)areas. the world.Thethemesinevitablyoverlapandmanypeople's knowledge andinsightsfrom experiences inotherpartsof Prajateerpu generic themes,toallowthosenotdirectly involvedinthe accountability. Thesewere chosenasopen-ended,but evidence; (iii)issuesofengagementand(iv) four themes:(i)issuesofrepresentation; (ii)issuesof the policyprocess. particularly thosewhichare embedded more directly into is clearthatthefuture willrequire more suchexperiments, tive, inclusive,people-centred procedures. Nearlyeveryone been tocapitaliseonthemanypositiveaspectsofdelibera- witness tothesignificanceofthisexperiment.Ouraimhas conceptual, methodological,andsubstantiveissuesis generated suchvigorous debateandintensivescrutinyof The e-forumdebatewasconvenedaround aseriesof F ebruary 2003 exercise orinAndhraPradeshtoshare their UK. Email:[email protected] IIED, 3EndsleighStreet, London,WC1HODD, Agriculture andRuralLivelihoodsProgramme, John Thompson,Director, Sustainable Andhra Pradesh on afieldvisitin oversight panel jury andthe Members ofthe able andmarginalpartsofsociety, avoiceinthepolicyprocess. dures togivecitizens,particularlythosefrom themore vulner- opportunities ofemployingdeliberativeandinclusiveproce- commentaries offers valuableinsightsintothechallengesand without alteringthemainthrustofarguments. to clarifythesepointsandaddappropriate references, science theoryandpractice.Where possible,wehavetried is rathercomplexasitrelates tovarioustraditionsinsocial will notethatthelanguageusedbysomeofdiscussants shop process, tohelpsetthesceneforwhatfollows.Readers provide anoverviewofthecitizenjuryandscenariowork- particular contributors. chronological order oftheircontribution,withasearch facilityincludedtofind 3 Prajateerpu In addition,wehaveinvitedtheleadauthorsoforiginal summary ofthekeylessonsemergingfrom thee-conference. Development,andour UK DepartmentforInternational debates, commentariesbythe butions tothee-forum,includingfullsetofthematic was maintainedatahighstandard. These principleshelpedensure thatthequalityofdebate derous, obscene,orincomprehensible correspondence. vance tothediscussionandforlanguagereject slan- re to theirthematiccontentoropinion.However, wedid points ofviewonanyoneoreditanysubmissionsinrelation tors thatweasmoderatorswouldnotseektoimposeour ground rulesoftheelectronic exchangetoassure contribu- beginning ofthee-forumprocess. Thesesoughttolaythe prior tothee-forum. ular issuesthatwere raisedinformallyintheearlyexchanges the discussionandanopportunityfordebateaboutpartic- In thefinalformatofwebsitewearranged thematerialinreverse serve therighttoeditsubmissionsaccording totheirrele- We This specialissueof Clear principlesofengagementwere alsosetoutatthe

believe thefullcollectionofcontributionsand r eport, MichelPimbertandTom Wakeford, to 3 L Notes PLA Prajateerpu presents themaincontri- authors andthe Glossary of terms Glossary of terms

Accountability traditional liberalistic values; a liberal many diverse viewpoints and interests GLOSSARY 2The state of being accountable; who subscribes to neo-liberalism. are afforded equal status and liability to be called on to render an attention, without attempts to reduce account; the responsibility to someone Normative them to a single ‘consensus’ or or for some activity. Used in ethics and social sciences to ‘majority’ view. refer to some sort of value judgement Action research over an idealised standard or norm of Policy appraisal Action research can be described as a behaviour. Contrasts with ‘descriptive’, A general term for the business of family of research methodologies, ‘analytic’ or ‘substantive’ approaches, assessing different policy options in which pursue action (or change) and which do not imply a reliance on advance of a policy decision and research (or understanding) at the explicit value judgements. which includes qualitative deliberation same time. It is ‘learning by doing’. as well as quantitative assessment or Paradigm analysis. Contrasts with ‘evaluation’, Analogue World view underlying the theories which tends to come after the That which is analogous to, or and methodology of a particular social decision. corresponds with, some other thing. science or scientific subject. Words with similar definitions include: Researchers sometimes talk about a Populist counterpart; equivalent; twin; paradigm shift, by which they mean a A supporter of the rights and power correspondent; parallel. fundamental change in world views or of the people; an advocate of underlying assumptions. democratic principles. Democratic inquiry The act of inquiring; a seeking for Partisan lobbying Positivist information by asking questions; This refers to the business where A doctrine contending that sense interrogation; a question or special interest groups seek to perceptions are the only admissible questioning, conducted in a influence decision making in favour of basis of human knowledge and democratic way. their own ends through direct precise thought; any of several representation and lobbying, without doctrines or viewpoints that stress Dissensus much effort going into understanding attention to actual practice over In this instance, it is taken to mean the other interests or perspectives. consideration of what is ideal. opposite of consensus, meaning agreement of the majority in Participatory deliberation Prajateerpu sentiment or belief. An approach to making or informing The Telegu word for ‘people’s verdict’; decisions which is participatory (in that it is used here to refer to the citizens’ Epistemology it includes all those with an interest, jury process. The theory of knowledge, especially especially often-excluded groups) and with regard to its methods, validity, and deliberative (in that it prioritises Praxis scope. Epistemology is the investigation effective communication between Practice, as distinguished from theory. of what distinguishes justified belief different perspectives and rests on Accepted practice or custom. from opinion. qualitative judgement rather than quantitative analysis). Positivist paradigm Facipulate: A belief in an objective reality, Facilitating which involves manipulating Pathology knowledge of which is only gained the process so as to achieve a desired Referring to something negative, like a from direct, verifiable experience, outcome. disease, which warrants a treatment subject to empirical testing and or ‘cure’. quantitative measures. It is Neo-liberal considered by many to be the Having or showing belief in the need Pluralistic antithesis of the principles of action for economic growth in addition to This refers to a situation in which research.

February 2003 7 Glossary of terms

Reflexive something questionable as philosophical, and religious claims as Used to refer to a method or theory in unproblematic. unverifiable by scientific methods and social science that takes account of argues that science is the only means itself or of the effect of the personality Scientism of access to truth. or presence of the researcher on what A philosophy that claims that science

GLOSSARY is being investigated. alone can render truth about the Social audits world and reality, adhering only to A local public review of the quality of Reify the empirical, or testable. Scientism government decision-making. To make artificially concrete; to treat disputes almost all metaphysical,

8 February 2003

SPECIAL ISSUE 9 2 pla notes 46> < process process seeks to trans- . The four main Philip at the Prajateerpu ebruary 2003 F ision 2020

V 3 ision 2020 V process. Its India office was invited to participate in it, but it was unable Its India office process. DFID is a major actor in Andhra Pradesh because it provides direct budgetary direct DFID is a major actor in Andhra Pradesh because it provides 2 aid to support to the state government, about 60% of all of DFID’s receives which and Bank it supports interrelated with the World India (DFID, 2000, 2001). Working mutually supportive elements of the government’s budgetary support to the government identified as: (i) of AP are pillars of DFID’s Power Sector Reform and Restructuring, (ii) Fiscal Reform, (iii) Governance Reform and (iv) Rural Development/Agricultural Reform (DFID India, April 2001; DFID, 2001, DFID did not fund the email communications; www.andhrapradesh.com). Prajateerpu delegate to take part. to send an official opment. The AP Government’s opment. The AP Government’s form all areas of social, environmental, and economic life in of social, environmental, form all areas strategy for not just food and farming. The government’s AP, is intimately sustainable development and poverty reduction vision. Exter- linked with the delivery of this comprehensive nal development agencies support the Government of AP in Bank and the UK Department with the World this endeavour, for International Development (DFID) being the main donors. – was a six- for food and 1 : a citizens’ jury/: a citizens’ ision 2020 V – a citizens’ jury/scenario workshop on food and was devised as a means of allowing those people is the Telegu word for ‘people’s verdict’. for ‘people’s word is the Telegu

Prajateerpu ethinking its approach to farming, land use, and rural devel- ethinking its approach 1 The State of Andhra Pradesh in South India is currently r Background farming futures in Andhra Pradesh (AP), India in Andhra Pradesh farming futures Prajateerpu Introduction Introduction by MICHEL PIMBERT andby MICHEL PIMBERT WAKEFORD TOM Prajateerpu Pradesh, India An introduction to futures in Andhra and farming scenario workshop on food scenario workshop most affected by the government’s by the government’s most affected day exercise in deliberative democracy involving marginal- in deliberative day exercise of the state. It took regions all three livelihood citizens from Farmer Liaison Centre place at the Government of India’s (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) in Algole Village, Zaheerabad Taluk, 2001. 25 June to 1 July Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, from Prajateerpu farming in AP to shape a vision of their own. Grounded in the farming in AP to shape a vision of their own. Grounded this delibera- (PAR), tradition of participatory action research and visions of food and aimed to link local voices tive process national and international with farming futures policy making innovative 2002). It also introduced (Pimbert and Wakeford, elements such as an oversight panel, video scenario presen- tations, and witnesses, with the aim of ensuring deliberative sensi- political competence and balance, given the extreme tivity of many of the topics both in India and internationally. 3 10

o :The Box 1: V 70% to40%by2020. reducing thenumberofpeopleonlandfrom introduced infarmingandfoodprocessing, technologies suchasgeneticmodificationwillbe Production-enhancing modernisation. rapidly increasemechanisationand Itproposestoconsolidatesmallfarmsand Bank. and hasbeenbacked byaloanfromthe World forward bythe Andhra PradeshChiefMinister V people (knowninIndiaas marginal farmersandincludedindigenous mostofthemembersweresmalland Pradesh, To reflecttherealityofrural consumers. Andhra and small tradersandfoodprocessors, representatives ofsmallandmarginalfarmers, The citizens’jury. V of thejurymemberswerewomen. supermarkets in theNorthtohaveacheap also increasinglydrivenbythedemand of This vision is national andinternationalmarkets. environmentally friendlyfarminglinked to International Trade Centre(UNCTAD/WTO) for based onproposalswithinIFOAM and the attempted toshowthelogicbehindscenario w Eachone presented withthreedifferentscenarios. The All-IndiaNationalBiodiversityStrategy andActionPlan(NBSAP),AndhraPradeshCoalition organic production organic isions ofthefuture. ision 2: ision 1 as advocatedbysomekey opinionleaderswho About three-quarters ofthestate’s populationof80 : V An export-based cash crop model of model crop cash export-based An F ebruary 2003 ision 2020. Prajateerpu .T A citizens’jurymadeupof his visionofthefutureis T Jury memberswere his scenariohasbeenput divas approach 3 .Overtwothirds ). designed andfacilitatedapartic- Prajateerpu V (‘people’s verdict’) J presentation. question expertwitnessesaftertheir Jurymembers wereallowedtocross- the jury. equal amountsoftimetopresenttheircase sector andcivilsocietyorganisationsweregiven thecorporate Members ofthe AP Government, case foraparticularvisionofthefuture. expertwitnessespresentedthe presentations, Expert witnesses. implications. scenario andhelpjurymemberstovisualisetheir highlight key aspectsofeachpossiblefuture simulated videonewsreportthatsoughtto some farmers’unionsinIndiaandelsewhere. and indigenouspeoples’organisations, Gandhi, can bedrawnfromthewritingsofMahatma SupportforthisvisioninIndia produced locally. goods thataresurplustoproductionornot withlong-distancetradein and localeconomies, markets, the re-localisationoffoodproduction, lowexternalinputagriculture, rural communities, scenario basedonincreasedself-reliancefor siain.The differentcontributionsofinvited aspirations. and priorities, basis oftheirownknowledge, assessingprosandconsonthe three visions, V eco-labelling standards. supply oforganicproduceandcomplywithnew so 2020 ision ury deliberations ision 3: Each visionwas introducedwith a 30-minute Localised food systems food Localised , yetto Savitri member Ms Oversight panel . F Jury membersconsideredall ollowing thevideo action research Methods fordeliberativedemocracyandparticipatory The and positivelydiscriminatedinfavourofthepoor r The citizens’jury/scenarioworkshopdidnotseektoachieve a visionoftheirown(PimbertandWakeford, 2002). affected by has beendevisedasameansofallowingthosepeoplemost epresentation from allsocialgroups; insteaditpurposefully .A Prajateerpu future V so 2020 ision process V captured byanyinterestgroup. w Their rolewas toensurethattheprocess process. observers oversawthejury/scenarioworkshop and internationally. bothnationally outcomes toawideraudience, information aboutthejurydeliberations and An oversight panel own uniquevision(s). elements ofallthreefuturesandderivetheir particular pre-formedvisionORcombine They couldchoosea each scenarioforthefuture. critically assesstheviabilityandrelevance of outsiderfacilitationencouragedthemto Instead, 2or3. to simplychoosebetweenvision1, The jurymembers werenotasked deliberations. expert witnesseswereimportantforthejury’s invited tothe Media • allowanypartyorexternalagencytolearn • provideaclearandaccuraterecordofthe actors was documentedondigitalvideoto: workshop processalongwithinterviewsofvarious ideo archives sfi,upeuie,tutoty andnot trustworthy, unprejudiced, as fair, process. fairnessorfailingsinthedeliberative balance, from thisexperienceorcheckforshortfallsin and, theprocessanditsoutcomes; debates, thenatureandqualityof the participants, thejurysetting, includingthelocation, event, for foodandfarminginAPtoshape . News andmediaprofessionalswere Prajateerpu .T he entirecitizenjury/scenario .A groupofexternal event torelay the Anandamma at process Prajateerpu An introduction to Prajateerpu:a citizens’ jury/ scenario workshop on food and farming futures in Andhra Pradesh, India 3

Discussions and deliberations following a presentation ‘The citizens’ jury/scenario workshop did SPECIAL ISSUE not seek to achieve representation from all social groups; instead it purposefully and positively discriminated in favour of the poor and marginalised farmers, indigenous peoples, and the landless’

Some key events To maximise the extent to which excluded voices were allowed the opportunity to be heard by policy makers, the Prajateerpu process involved more elements than just the marginalised farmers, indigenous peoples, and the landless. hearings of the citizens’ jury/scenario workshop. A brief The approach used for the participatory assessments of alter- summary of some of the key events that led up to the e- native policy futures for food systems, livelihoods, and envi- forum will help put the discussions contained in this special ronment in Andhra Pradesh is described in Box 1. In turn, the issue in context. Prajateerpu process was informed by a commitment to the The Prajateerpu event took place in June 2001, following theory and praxis of Participatory Action Research (PAR) and ten months of preparatory work, including the search for other forms of inquiry based on the formation of democratic oversight panel members, jury selection, and identification of and inclusive spaces. specialist witnesses and clarification of the roles, rights and responsibilities of different social actors involved. The jury’s Outcomes verdict was extensively covered in the media, both in India and The facilitators used a range of methods to give jurors the in the UK. After peer review in India and the UK, the report opportunity to validate their knowledge, and challenge the was produced in March 2002 and was launched in the UK misunderstandings of decision makers. The jurors’ comments Houses of Parliament in the presence of invited press, MPs, were in many ways more diverse than those of specialists and members of the public. Following a series of press because they had looser commitments to subject boundaries releases, the report received press coverage in the UK and and, to a certain extent, a more insightful and open-minded India, and questions were asked by Members of Parliament approach to the tensions these boundaries can mask. There (MPs) in the UK Parliament about the role of British aid in was a significant diversity of opinion among the jurors. There Andhra Pradesh, to which the Secretary of State for Interna- was a widespread agreement on the statements in their tional Development, the Rt. Hon. Clare Short, responded.4 verdict, however, which included the following: Specific complaints were also raised by the DFID office in India ‘We oppose: about certain aspects of the report. This, in turn, resulted in an the proposed reduction of those making their livelihood extensive, sometimes heated, debate internally between IIED, from the land from 70% to 40% in Andhra Pradesh; IDS, and DFID. In August of 2002, the e-forum on Participa- land consolidation and displacement of rural people; tory Processes for Policy Change was launched to encourage contract farming; a wider discussion of the important methodological issues labour-displacing mechanisation; raised by the Prajateerpu work. In the latter part of 2002, a GM Crops – including Vitamin-A rice and Bt-cotton; and, Prajateerpu training workshop was held in India, and plans loss of control over medicinal plants including their export. were developed to hold more Prajateerpu-like events in AP. We desire: food and farming for self reliance and community control 4 See: Hansard Joan Ruddock Parliamentary Question to the Secretary of State for International Development 20 Jul 2001: Column: 477W; Hansard Alan Simpson over resources; and, Parliamentary Question to the Secretary of State for International Development 20 to maintain healthy soils, diverse crops, trees and livestock, July 2001: Column: 475W; Letter from Keith Vaz MP to Secretary of State for International Development 11 April 2002; Hansard Dr Carole Tongue Parliamentary and to build on our indigenous knowledge, practical skills, Question to the Secretary of State for International Development 26 March 2002: and local institutions.’ Column: 876W.

February 2003 11 3 12

eport intheUKHousesofParliamenton18March 2002 The launchoftheEnglishversion F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu r eport wasalsolaunched Prajateerpu [email protected] upon Tyne NE14EP, UK.Email: Institute, UniversityofNewcastle,Newcastle Associate, PolicyEthicsandLifeSciences Sussex, BrightonBN19RE,UK,andResearch Institute ofDevelopmentStudies,University T om Wakeford, FormerlyResearch Officer, Sudha Goparaju Michel Pimbertand J ustice Sawant, Prajateerpu Prajateerpu r eport in nafedti nteMdkDsrc,AP on afieldtripintheMedakDistrict, oversight panelmemberPaul ter Weel and Expert witnessMichaelHart, sive procedures inothercontroversial policysettings. process andthechallengesofapplyingdeliberativeinclu- conceptual andmethodologicalaspectsofthe The e-forumprimarilyfacilitatedare-examination ofthe Prajateerpu to avigorous re-examination ofthevalidityandquality create change. to formactbetweenthejuryandthosewithpower emerged. Intermediaryindividualsandchannelshavebegun Houses ofParliament,awidecommunityinterest has for themselves. alised tothepracticeofenabling beyond theideaofadvocatingonbehalfmargin- policymaking.Anattemptwasmadetogo international This, then,wassomeofthecontextthatsubsequentlyled Since thelaunchof process andoutcomes.Thisdebatecontinues. Andhra Pradesh,India workshop onfoodandfarmingfuturesin Prajateerpu –acitizens’jury/scenario Pimbert, M.andT. Wakeford, (2002). DFID India:NewDelhi. (2001) Development. Department forInternational REFERENCES website: www.iied.org/pdf/Prajateerpu.pdf This report canbedownloadedfrom the IIED for Environment andDevelopment:London. Andhra Pradesh:StateStrategyPaper. Prajateerpu the marginalised tospeak the . International Institute International r eport intheUK Prajateerpu

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, 4 Director, Institute of , Coordinator, Freshwater Professor, Wageningen , , Professor, Department of Director, International Institute , , ith Bezanson aul Richards ules Pretty Agricultural University, Netherlands The Ke Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK Nigel Cross for Environment and Development, UK P Overseas Development Institute, UK and India Biksham Gujja Programme, WWF International, Switzerland J Biological and Chemical Sciences,Tabor John Laboratories, University of Essex, UK Sagasti Francisco Development Institute, and ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ A, India AY ,M AP Research Director , Research Officer, Institute of Director of International , , Professor, Institute of SPRU – Science and , ,

nita Suryanarayanan ohn Gaventa echnology Policy Research,echnology Policy University of

Dominic Glover Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK L. David Brown Programs, Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organisations, University, Harvard USA Priya Deshingkar Livelihood Options Project, Overseas T Sussex, UK J Andy Stirling Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK Vi ■ ■ ■ ■ are represented in policy decisions that impinge on their lives? are represented in policy decisions that impinge jury-type procedures to ensure that the voices of poor people jury-type procedures Contributions to this area of the discussion were received from the registrants listed below: ■ ■ key issues to wider policy debates? How can we use citizen key issues to wider policy extrapolate lessons from specific citizen jury deliberations on extrapolate lessons from wider populations from which they are drawn? How can we wider populations from How can we ensure that citizen juries are representative of the How can we ensure approaches and similar participatory and similar representation in citizen juries representation Contributions on issues of on Contributions 4 14

les forparticipatorydeliberation.Itcanbeundertaken Against thisbackground, itisimportanttoreflect on F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu answer session members inaquestionand andjury coordinators, The independentobservers, – appraisal (likeparticipatory deliberation),rather thanartifi- options, andperspectives are effectively revealed in policy decision makingasawhole, ifthefullvarietyofissues, ground. Likewise,accountability isbetterachievedinpolitical ing activitiesexclusivelytowards consensusorcommon different viewsandleavingtheseopen-endedthanbyorient- parency isbetterfulfilled bydocumentingtheimplicationsof parency andaccountabilitycanbestbeaddressed. Trans- deliberation in‘openingup’mode,thatprinciplesoftrans- present forum,itisarguablyonlybyundertaking participatory learning. r important elementinassuringthesubstantivequalityand pathology tobedeniedorsubvertedinappraisal,butasan ular optionsforclosure. plural discourseratherthanprescribing andjustifyingpartic- becomes oneofinformingandstimulatingmore activeand is alsoverydifferent in‘openingup’mode.Thepurpose of language.Themannerengagementwithpolicydebates constituencies, thenthere islesspressure toresort tothiskind of perspectivesorgivevoicetootherwisemarginalised cations ofdifferent framingassumptions,reveal thediversity pendence diminishes.Ifthepurposeistoilluminateimpli- authority ofreified principleslikerepresentativeness orinde- the ‘openingup’ofpolicydiscourses,needtoinvoke participatory deliberationinparticular–isorientedtowards dynamic playsout. ‘independence’ provide oneimportantwayinwhichthis counterclaims overreified notionsof‘representativeness’ or tivity, agency, andcontingency. Resultingclaimsand tant todenyormarginalisetheunavoidablerole ofsubjec- down’ apolicydiscourse,itbecomescorrespondingly impor- obustness ofpolicymakingandtheeffectiveness ofsocial Indeed, addressing anotherdiscussionheading inthe Active politicalcontentionbecomesvisiblenotasa Where, ontheotherhand,appraisalingeneral–and 15

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Prajateerpu Such selective sampling, as long as it is clear and trans- Such selective sampling, as long as it is To This is not to say that issues of rigour and validity are not This is not to say that issues of rigour and validity are esearch field rather than using criteria for assessment of field rather than using criteria esearch esults of the research process if they chose to do so. process esults of the research esearch often served to reify and re-enforce existing power and re-enforce often served to reify esearch elations within the status quo. eality, the action researcher needs to do two things: first, not the action researcher eality, to hide behind the mythology of neutrality; secondly, to be secondly, to hide behind the mythology of neutrality; being dealt with. are clear about how issues of representation The devoted to explaining the criteria of jury selection, pages are selected, in part, on were and making very clear that jurors which might group, the basis of membership in an existing in using the to engage the capacity of the jurors strengthen r valid arguably far more legitimate, and, is entirely parent, the which ignores process, than the random representation is being whom knowledge social agency of the person from as active elicited, and which fails to involve the ‘respondents’ findings. If the concern of in using research ‘proponents’ is not only knowledge generation, but also action research explic- then the generation of action and public awareness, those poor farmers who are towards itly biasing the research with the method- socially positioned to act is consistent more is likely to be yet another Otherwise, such research ology. or which, in the name of ‘neutrality’ extractive exercise ‘objectivity’, fails to benefit the poor. ‘representative’ sample using any other method. Given this ‘representative’ r ‘In a project such as this one… such ‘In a project “representative” obtaining a truly have been citizens’ jury would The action researcher impossible… needs to do two things: first, not to hide behind the mythology of neutrality; secondly,be clear about how issues to dealt with’ being are of representation ‘rigour’ and ‘validity’ that have emerged from within a posi- within ‘rigour’ and ‘validity’ that have emerged from tivist paradigm, as many of those who have questioned it seem to have done, is to miss the point. The origins of partic- on going beyond predicated itself are ipatory action research the ‘subjects reducing a notion of scientism which, through of knowledge’ to the passive ‘objects’ of someone else’s r r Of course they are. exercises. important in action research evolving in the action But why not focus on criteria that are r exer- Prajateerpu Contributions on issues of representation in citizen juries and similar participatory approaches similar participatory juries and in citizen issues of representation on Contributions exercise can be seen exercise (along with many others, The aims of rigorous, disinter- The aims of rigorous, Prajateerpu 1 Prajateerpu It appears to me that the Guest editors’ note: a ‘reified concept’ is an abstract idea that has been treated as concept’ is an abstract idea that has been treated Guest editors’ note: a ‘reified esearch’ and ‘partisan lobbying’. esearch’ a material or concrete thing. a material or concrete ested enquiry are best served by pluralistic, critical engage- best served by pluralistic, ested enquiry are of institutional authority. exercise ment and not the direct for striv- full credit at IIED and IDS deserve Those responsible forum. the former in the present ing towards 1 A contribution from John Gaventa John A contribution from as such as this one, and in a country as complex In a project citizens’ jury would India, obtaining a truly ‘representative’ have been impossible, as it would have been to obtain a truly cially closed down. This distinction between ‘opening up’ and cially closed down. This much in the criticism, applies as ‘closing down’ therefore as evaluation of participatory deliberation and interpretation, is as The difference given exercise. in the conduct of any transcends any much analytic as it is normative. It certainly ‘disinterested superficial or rhetorical distinction between r cise presents no particular issues that are not raised equally no particular issues that are cise presents in participatory in many acknowledged high-quality exercises certainly do deliberation. In any event, such considerations qualifying those findings, basis for a sufficient not provide validity of of the elicited, nor for blanket rejection which are that the key taken as a whole. It is for this reason the exercise the four specific theme for me in this episode transcends forum. The crucial issue aspects headlined in the present seems rather to concern role over the be reflexive the need to of power in academic discussions over issues of ‘representa- tion’, ‘evidence’, ‘engagement’, and ‘accountability’. Of of any explicit feature should be an course, such reflexivity – and particular exercise including some that I have been associated with) may be subject to criticism on this count. But this same considera- of tion also highlights a particularly challenging responsibility leadership in academic institutions. Reified concepts like in not credible or ‘independence’ are ‘representativeness’ themselves and cannot be invoked uncritically to support of individual bodies of work, let alone blanket repudiation the associated researchers. very much in this latter and entirely legitimate tradition of very much in this latter and entirely As such, issues of representative- action-oriented research. to be critically scrutinised ness and independence remain plural, and open, more alongside other factors, but they are conceded in this context-specific than has sometimes been experience to episode. Although I do not have the relevant questions in the make definitive judgements over these it seems clear to me that the case, present 4 16

esults ofparticipatoryprocesses donotsupportthe statusquo. esearch islinkedtothequestionofwhohaspowerand eached byitscriticswhousemore traditionalmeasures. esearchers arguably usedthefinalchaptertodiscusspoints esearch’ intheauthoritative ecently publishedbySage.Thisessayusefullysummarises If there isasignificant flawinthisreport, itisthatthe If thejurors inthiscasehadreached adiffering conclu- Ultimately, ofcourse,whatisconsidered ‘rigorous’ or‘valid’ F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu on thebasisoftheselattercriteria, Handbook ofActionResearch W member Paul ter oversight panel Independent eel , opment strategieswhichthereport questions. ity ofvoiceandparticipationinthemultimillionpounddevel- the validityofreport itself,ratherthanofthe authentic- the important–butultimatelylesssignificantquestionof have beenmissedbythediversionofpublicdebateto policies wouldbegreat. Unfortunately, thatopportunity may quality ofparticipatoryprocesses inpovertyprogrammes and onhowtoscaleupand improve the for valuablelearning less –publicresearch, scrutiny, and debate.Theopportunity donors argue,thanpleaseletitbeheldupformore –not an importantcaseoflarge-scalepublicparticipation,asthe informed views.And,iftheAndhraPradeshexampleissuch publicly monitored, challenged,andquestioned,basedon claims toinclusionofthe‘voicespoor’needbe the authors,wouldlikelyhavestrengthened theircase.) claim. (To doso,basedonwhatIhaveseenseparately from able forthemtogiveusmore information tosupporttheir programmes inAndhraPradesh’,itwouldhavebeenvalu- the poorintoplanninganddesignoftheiraid have used‘appropriate methodologiestobringthevoicesof that ‘there islittleevidence’thatthedonoragenciesinvolved ners ortheirdonors. do notreflect thoseoftheirsponsoringagency, theirpart- cover ofthereport thattheviewsandopinionsofreport from thejuryprocess alone,andtheyclearlystateontheback teerpu offers ‘criticalreflections onthewidersignificance of Hyderabad University of planning atthe Indian partners r First, Ithinkwe needtoclarifywhothe‘we’ refers to.Ifit the widerpopulationsfromwhich theyaredrawn? How canweensurethatcitizen juriesarerepresentativeof A contributionfrom Vinita Suryanarayanan efers topractitioners/NGOs thanthere isaneedto payatten- If participatoryprocesses are tobeheldaccountable, However, where theauthorsassert inthefinalchapter ’. Theydonotassertthatthesereflections are drawn Praja- 17

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esults ofparticipatoryprocesses needtobecouchedwith I suggestthattworecommendations followfrom these Prajateerpu r eport hasgenerated.Iagree thatthedescriptionof F ebruary 2003 juries mayhavebeenlessthanrepresentative r eport hadplacedlessemphasisonthecollec- Prajateerpu scenarios were Praja- their preferred livelihood choiceistoremain peasantfarmers, many developing countriesmaynotbean indication that The veryhighproportion ofpeopleinagriculture inIndia and peoplewant toremaininsubsistenceagriculture Myth one: challenges. been propagated andwhichrigorous empirical workinAP r ing anddistortingrole oforganisationsthatare severalsteps ising NGOsto‘facipulate’theprocess, theinformationfilter- were raisedbythejury. Inadditiontothepotentialfororgan- debt, corruption,andtheneedforaccesstomarketsthat NGOsbuthasleftoutissues related to and international In factthedebatehasfocusedonafewpetissuesofnational economy andtherole ofintensiveagriculture andmarkets. ing bias,andfuelledmythsregarding thestateofrural verdict bythepress andotherNGOs magnifiedthisunderly- point thatwewishtomakeisthereporting ofthejury chosen byanNGOwithastrong positiononthesubject.The some doubtsabouttheirrepresentativeness astheywere been madeinthisforumthattheselectionofjurors leaves comment onthefalloutofevent.Thepointhasalready Having notbeenparticipantsat Craig Johnson A contributionfrom PriyaDeshingkar and the they seeasdistorteddescriptionsandconclusions.Butusing Development’sment forInternational annoyancewithwhat views havebeenoverstated.IunderstandtheUKDepart- some scepticism,ifthere are reasons tobelievethattheir small voiceinthedecision.Thosevoicescanbetreated with sion, from sources witharelatively largestakeandrelatively should betreated asonemore flawedinputtothediscus- subject tochallenge.Itseemsmethatthejuries’inputs designed, theresults wouldbe‘scientificallytrue’andless goal ofhearingotherwiseinaudiblevoicesinpolicymaking. increase thecostsofcitizenjuries–andsoundermine of research rigourthatmaynotfitthesituationcangreatly sampling, whollybalancedscenarios,andotherstandards makes alotofsense.Butcommitmenttofullyrepresentative r be aseriousstepbackward. Truth inlabellingresults by practitioners thatare tailored toparticularcontexts–would problem-centred engagementsbetweenresearchers and modes ofresearch thatemphasisemulti-disciplinary, when weare increasingly recognising thespecialvalueof discipline-based standards ofrigorous research –atatime emoved from theactualeventneedstoberecognised. ecognising ambiguitiesorshortcomingsintheresearch We Prajateerpu

will address three ofthedangerous mythsthathave r eport topress forfullimplementationof Prajateerpu we canonly 19

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the ideal.There simplymaynotbeanideal solution that lead toconvergence ofviewpointstillregard consensusas Even thosewhoacknowledge thatdeliberationmaynot over ofdeepantagonismsby superficialcompromises. The drivetoconsensus,which mayleadtothepapering of argumentationaswellon topicsfordeliberation. such emphasesleadingtoarestriction onacceptableforms with expertisebeingconstruedinarationalisticway– – inmostCJs,apremium isplacedonexpert testimony, ity anddeliberationitseffects ontheproblem of‘voice’ tory forums,somewillnotbecomewell-informed. tices. Evenamongthosewhodoparticipateinparticipa- are facilitatedbydemocraticprac- larger socialconcerns the extenttowhichchangesfrom individualinterests to problem ofinducingpeopletoparticipate; even thoughtheyare expensive. problems associatedwithobtainingqualityparticipation– ally acceptedthatcitizens’juriescanaddress manyofthe vation fordeepeningdemocraticparticipation.Itisgener- theoretical reasons forsupportingcitizens’juriesasaninno- deals thatstickovertime.There are goodpractical and and socialcapitalcanbedrawnupontoencouragebetter As aresult, thequalityofdeliberationwillsuffer. Citizens’ But there remain three areas ofparticularconcern: F ebruary 2003 of Jules Pretty Courtesy UK. J planning, deliberative An example of yik Essex, aywick, and bytheway theresults oftheresearch were presented. I same timeIwas disappointedanddisturbed byitscontent J Courtesy of P Northern Areas, e A community of thepoorindevelopingregions. how tomakethemmore responsive totheneedsandwishes agents playintheprocess ofdevelopment,and that external work duringthelastthree decadeshasfocusedontherole knowledge inthedevelopmentprocess. Third, muchofmy nologies andforacknowledgingtheimportanceoftraditional for therecovery andselectiveupgradingoftraditional tech- nearly adecade).Second,sincethemid-1970sIhaveargued r beyond theexpertsandactivelyengagecitizens(themost processes, insistingthatdevelopmentworkshouldlook been workingforquitesometimewithparticipatory ofmine.First,Ihave it coversthree long-standingconcerns teerpu I foundthisdebateoverthelessonsemergingfrom the A contributionfrom Francisco Sagasti rhetoric. juries shouldbeopentovariousformsofargumentationand accessible toallthosewhowishexpress aviewpoint.Third, contribute toabroader debate.Second,thejuryshouldbe potentially openandopen-endedpoliticalprocess where they tified above.First,juriesshouldbeconceivedofasparta democratic participationbyaddressing thelimitationsiden- • The problem ofagendacontrol bythose whocommission ules Pretty ecent exampleofthisiswhatwedidinAgenda:PERUfor xhibition, akistan. framing theissues. criticise structures, institutions,andresource-inequalities agenda, juriescansometimesmodifythecharge,butrarely and runthejury. Whilesponsorsandorganiserssetthe to makeroom for‘dissensus’anddisagreement. everyone canagree upon.Atrulydemocraticjurywillhave While Ienjoyedreading the An opencitizens’jurymodelwouldencouragedeeper process andreport mostinteresting, primarilybecause Prajateerpu r eport, atthe Praja- 21

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We hat is important is not aiming for hat is important is not aiming esults of enquiry based on this sampling need to be sentativeness raises large issues that relate to the basic under- sentativeness raises large issues that relate also embedded pinnings of social science and that these are sound social what constitutes in larger debates around science, what is meant by verification, and what the require- not entirely These are for validity and validation. ments are new issues – indeed, for at least 30 years they have been They central to debates in the field of operational research. promi- assuming a renewed issues that are however, are, experiments in partic- consequence of new nence – a direct It is these new efforts ipatory and policy-oriented research. a chal- research of action-directed area that make the entire It methodologically and conceptually. area lenging, frontier is also what makes it exciting and it is why we should But because it is in this area. continue to intensify our efforts important that more and highly disputed, it is all the frontier ‘There will not be any process that will that will not be any process ‘There representation.get a perfect This is not approaches. unique to participatory W perfect representation, but the transparency, inclusiveness, and openness of the process.’ tory research precisely on the basis of this type of selection precisely tory research of which is classified in social science statistics as (the result and we have argued that selective but not representative) traditional imbal- to the this is important as a counter-weight selected ‘experts’ who are of groups ance that derives from and who have acted as judges and juries in by ‘officials’ would be surprising making choices for poor people. But, it not as a matter of were if the NGOs and community groups principle critical of the modernisation agricul- of traditional sampling the and to non-local markets. In other words, ture a particular result a bias towards technique may have created that we have no problem Let us emphasise in the research. legitimate – even with this and would argue that it is entirely opposed who are necessary – to seek out the voices of those to the modernisation but the bias of traditional agriculture, needs to be made explicit and clearly acknowledged, and the r in that light. This is fundamental and interpreted presented The problem to the best practice of social science research. is that this has not been done in the dismisses the techniques of specifically Indeed, the report statistical sampling. process is process event was Contributions on issues of representation in citizen juries and similar participatory approaches similar participatory juries and in citizen issues of representation on Contributions Prajateerpu Prajateerpu study problematic and, even if it may be asserted and, even if it may study problematic find aspects of the citizens’ jury methodology used in the The list of potential jurors for the The list of potential jurors One major flaw I observed in the The three criteria used to select jurors (small or marginal (small or criteria used to select jurors The three

espect for their views – and sometimes find myself in agree- espect for their views – and sometimes find Prajateerpu A contribution from Keith Bezanson and Keith A contribution from Nigel Cross We strong a very that this did not lead to bias in the report, especially relates This conclusion appearance of this remains. to the manner in which the jury was selected and especially scenarios. of the three to the nature fully share the concernsfully share and commitment of the researchers, deep but I find the report, throughout which emerges clearly and the processes the arguments, flaws in the methodology, in the study. followed that were line; open-minded, farmers living near or below the poverty parties; likely with no close connection to NGOs or political sensible, but some- to be articulate in discussions) appear one contradicts the first two: articulate times the third farmers usually have had interactions with organisations such one of the things I as NGOs and political parties! Moreover, is an behaviour is that there have learned small group from to avoid and a desire ‘groupthink’ bias towards inherent conflict. This usually leads to ‘pseudo-consensus’ as group members avoid contradicting each other; to the groups organisers of the event on what they imagine the agreeing want to hear; and to the most vocal and assertive members and rapport-building The ice-breaking carrying the day. the first half-day all participated in during sessions the group biases but guaranteed a situation in which the ‘groupthink’ would be quite strong. the way in which jurors were selected and the way in which selected were the way in which jurors conducted. The authors of the study iden- the meetings were on the basis of information provided tified and selected jurors associated with NGOs, and advocacy by community groups in my experience with similar groups organisations. From surprised if these other parts of the world, I would be most not NGOs and organisations were community groups, opposed to the modernisation prac- of traditional agricultural poli- tices, and biased against ‘neo-liberal’ market-oriented and I have great cies in general. This is perfectly legitimate r to conform to good practices ment with them – but in order we must acknowledge in social science and action research our best to prevent such biases, make them explicit and do of our research. tainting the results them from provided by local NGOs. There is nothing inherently wrong is nothing inherently by local NGOs. There provided with this. Indeed, we have urged and supported participa- 4 22

F ebruary 2003 Handbook ofAction . 500073, India.Email:[email protected] 49 KamalapuriColonyPhaseIII,Hyderabad Johnson, OverseasDevelopmentInstitute,Plot hood OptionsProject (ODI),andCraig Priya Deshingkar, APResearch Director Liveli- [email protected] Cambridge, MA02138,USA.Email: sations, Harvard University, 79JFKStreet, Programs, HauserCenterforNonprofit Organi- L. DavidBrown, Director ofInternational [email protected] Brighton BN19RE,UK.Email: Development Studies,UniversityofSussex, Dominic Glover, Research Officer, Instituteof India. Email:[email protected] 5th block,Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, V 9RE, UK.Email:[email protected] Studies, UniversityofSussex,BrightonBN1 John Gaventa,InstituteofDevelopment BN1 9RF, UK.Email:[email protected] Policy Research, UniversityofSussex,Brighton, Andy Stirling,SPRU-ScienceandTechnology CONTRIBUTORS ABOUT THE inita Suryanarayanan,MAYA, 111,6thMain, words like‘typicality’and‘representativeness’ mean. need high-qualitybackground datasetstofindoutwhat know, toensure ‘typicality’and‘representativeness’, butwe discourse’. Consensusconference organisersworkhard, I pation’ wasbiased–inthiscasetothoseable‘dothe who onlyspokethelocallanguage.Inotherwords ‘partici- likely tobeableaccesshumanitarianinputsthanvillagers survey revealed thatanEnglish-speakerwasthree timesmore – where only6%ofthepopulationspeakanyEnglish–social the lackofrepresentativeness ofsuchinstitutions.Inonecase But properly designedsocialsurveyinstrumentssoonreveal distribution ofhumanitarianinputsona‘participatory’basis. [email protected] tural University, TheNetherlands.Email: Paul Richards, Professor, Wageningen Agricul- [email protected] Street, London,WC1H0DD,UK.Email: Environment andDevelopment,3Endsleigh Nigel Cross, Director, Institutefor International [email protected] ment Studies,Falmer, Sussex,UK.Email: Keith Bezanson,Director, InstituteofDevelop- [email protected] Apartado 18-1194Lima,Peru.Email: Francisco Sagasti,Director, Agenda:Peru, ester CO45SQ,UK.Email:[email protected] Park,Colch- ries, UniversityofEssex,Wivenhoe and ChemicalSciences,JohnTabor Laborato- Jules Pretty, Professor, DepartmentofBiological Switzerland. Email:[email protected] Gland, Programme, WWFInternational, Biksham Gujja,Coordinator, Freshwater

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F 5 Director,Agenda, Peru , Director, Institute of Develop- , Coordinator, Freshwater , Director, International Institute for , ith Bezanson Presentation affects impact. Honest and fearless presen- affects Presentation Biksham Gujja Programme, WWF International, Switzerland Sagasti Francisco Ke ment Studies, University of Sussex, UK Nigel Cross Environment and Development, UK a pervasive problem that those with power are told what they power are that those with a pervasive problem vulnerable to rejecting to hear and are believed to want are bad news. ‘All power deceives.’ This can apply in government organisa- organisations, aid agencies, NGOs, and research of us is immune. If the we work, none tions alike. Wherever to be heard, voices of poor and marginalised people are to unwel- reactions their those with power have to restrain come information or views, even when they believe these to organisation may be be flawed. Defending oneself or one’s but unless done with moderation and natural and necessary, missing opportunities to it can mean self-critical reflection, is the danger of inhibiting And there learn and do better. feedback and learning.future many styles are there At the same time, tation is a bedrock. I have (as and strategies. Who has not written and rewritten ■ ■ ■ ■ process has process Prajateerpu Research Associate, Insti- , Centre for the Study of Environ- ,

As in development generally, power is a central issue. It is As in development generally, Some of the fallout from the Some of the fallout from tute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK Brian Wynne Robert Chambers mental Change and Chair of the Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University, UK diverted attention from the commitment shared by all those the commitment shared diverted attention from in different who have become involved. All those I know, committed to organisations, are positions, and in different recog- poor and excluded. All giving voice to those who are nise the contribution that can be made by empowering like citizens’ juries, and methods participatory approaches and the need to further develop and use such approaches and build and methods. The opportunity now is to recognise on this common ground. A contribution from Robert Chambers Robert Chambers A contribution from points (see p.15, ‘Issues of repre- with John Gaventa’s I agree them. My comments sentativeness’) and will not repeat reflec- self-critical presentation, concern power, commitment, tion, costs, and potential. ■ all relevant actors? were Contributions to this area of the discussion below: received from the registrants listed ■ unbiased so that their ‘verdicts’ are accepted as trustworthy by unbiased so that their How can we ensure that citizen jury processes are fair and How can we ensure authenticity evidence, legitimacy, and evidence, legitimacy, Contributions on issues of on Contributions 5 24

esearch. Itisthenatestofsuchresearch toaskhowaware, eport gotoconsiderableand unusualpainstoexplainthe The costsofthe Underlying andinformingthesevaluesistherigourofself- F ebruary 2003 experience willreinforce thepassionatecommit- Prajateerpu process havebeen high. e presented by upon evidence The jurydeliberate xpert witnesses Prajateerpu selves thebetter lives,whichare theirright. more ofthosewhoare poorandexcludedtogain forthem- improve policyandpractice.And maytheyenablemany increasingly levelthe playingfieldsofpower, andinform conduct andtakepartinconsultations ofthissort.Maythese r is thepioneeringofmethodology andtheprominent that otherwisewouldhavebeensolittleheard. Further, there and actonwhatthejurors concluded.There issomuchthere me inanappealtopolicymakersandotherslisten,reflect, are thesubstantivefindings.Manyothersmight wanttojoin while enhancing,benefitstopoorpeople. minimise costslikethesewithoutsacrificing,andinindeed abouthowto development communityatlargetolearn all, notleastthemainactors,toreflect on,andalotforthe anger, sleeplessnights,andevensickness.There isalotfor r NGOs inIndia,DFID,IIEDandIDS,forthe because unseen,coststopoorpeople.Thismustapplyin commitments, thishasbrought indirect, butnolessreal time andenergyhasbeenhuge.Giventheirpersonal people suckedinandstressed. Theopportunitycostoftheir energy remain tome.Ithasbeensadseesomanygood excuse) wishingtouseinotherwayswhatevertimeand course myegoprefers thisself-righteousandoh-so-dubious having friendsondifferent sidesofthedebate,or(and prudence, lackofcommitment,laziness,wantingaquietlife, tance toengagecouldbeattributedvariouslycowardice, ally high.Theseare easilyoverlookedascosts.Myownreluc- costs ofthesubsequentcontroversies havebeenexception- writing upanddisseminatingtheresults. Ontopofthat,the witnesses, facilitators,andoversightpanel,theninto ing thejury, notleastthoseoftheconvenors,jurors, Tr that couldinvalidatetheexercise’ butwithoutintroducing biases explicit, be brought outintothelightandmade way inwhichvaluesandaspirations can Thisisthe would haveontheirlives. intermsoftheimpactthey example, for be equallyappealingtoparticipants, thealterative scenariosshould useful, ‘For ascenarioexercise tobevalidand ecognition ithasreceived. Maymanyothersbeinspired to esearchers andothers.There hasbeen pain,distress and emendous efforts inIndiawentintopreparing andconduct- That said,thepotentialbenefitsremain enormous.There Contributions on issues of evidence, legitimacy, and authenticity 5

Expert witness Expert witness Dr Ramdas, Partha Dasgupta, Director of from Syngenta Seeds Anthras Asia-Pacific SPECIAL ISSUE

A contribution from Brian Wynne [T]he ostensibly clear negative verdict given by the jurors Interpretive responsibilities to GM crops should surely be read as a resounding NO under Public consultation, participation, or deliberative processes existing conditions, which is not necessarily a NO forever, always pose the question of how to interpret what ‘public under any circumstances. As a general matter, I would like voice’ means for whatever context and actors are salient in a to have seen much more focus in the citizens’ jury delibera- given case (and even these may be open to different defini- tions and in the post-jury analysis by the authors, on the tions). It is rarely likely to be so clear, direct, explicit and possible conditions under which new food technologies focused as to require little or no such work and responsibility. such as these, would be regarded as consistent with the In this sense the Prajateerpu work is part of a much larger other livelihood needs of the jurors and their marginal diverse body that is attempting to understand and represent farmer ilk. There is ample evidence of this sort scattered those people referred to, and often quoted at length. This is throughout the findings …but it is not organised in such a simultaneously, and legitimately, both intellectual and political way as to allow this kind of question the policy prominence – and it should be part of a continuing process of publication, it deserves. In this sense it falls inadvertently into the wider alternative attempted representations and interpretations, crit- tendency …of the automatic polarisation of the global GM icism and development of positions and understandings, crops-foods issue into the rigid options of either swallow it including self-understandings… Whatever the rights and whole, as given, or reject it totally… Why can we not take wrongs of their account of the public voices, which can be seriously alternative models of modernisation, including openly criticised and developed, the [Prajateerpu team] seem ones which narrow-minded dogmatic proponents of partic- to have done just this, whilst their critics appear to be oper- ular visions might not even recognise as such because they ating with the assumption that social science research can be involve different relations of power, political culture, and done free of any such interpretive work. This is not true, control-accountability of science and technology? Unfortu- including for quantitative social survey methods which often nately, and maybe inevitably given the power-relations conceal their interpretive commitments in the standard mean- involved, the Prajateerpu process and report ended up ings necessarily assumed in the closed questions (e.g. about vulnerable to being seen as just a negative condemnation ‘risk’, or ‘science’, or ‘uncertainty’) which they formulate and of one such vision, and not as also a positive articulation of use. I may have misunderstood some of the criticism, but alternatives grounded in more effective democratic inputs… some of it appears to me to reflect this mistaken (and sadly …Here, I would have liked to see a more systematic not by any means unusual) positivist epistemic frame.1 attempt to elicit the conditions [for these alternatives]… and then to have seen them analysed for their implications. 1 Guest editors’ note: Wynne is referring to ‘positivism’, the theory that theology This would offer one possible escape from the rather imma- and metaphysics are earlier imperfect modes of knowledge and that positive ture dominant assumptions that the only answers are ‘Yes’ knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences. A ‘positivist epistemic frame’ relates to ‘logical or ‘No’, leaving a gaping hole which should be central in positivism’, a 20th century philosophical movement that holds characteristically that public discourse and research and policy, about what condi- all meaningful statements are either analytic or conclusively verifiable or at least confirmable by observation and experiment and that metaphysical theories are tions would be needed (including changed technologies therefore strictly meaningless. This is also called ‘logical empiricism’. and changed ownership-forms) to make the technologies

February 2003 25 5 26

port pointsout,citizens’juries,people’s courtsandsimilar F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu witness K Akbal Rao presented byexpert debating evidence J ury memberDeevanamma process wasthe Pradesh Andhra of Agriculture, DeputyDirector Rao, Expert witnessK Akbal r r home inapoliticalstatement, ratherthaninaresearch in whichtheauthorsuselanguage thatwouldbemore at when reading the documentIalsonoticedseveralinstances loaded rightfrom thebeginningofproject. Inaddition, different. Usingametaphor, onecouldsaythat thedicewere it wouldhavebeenalmostimpossiblefortheresults tobe procedures. appeal tothejurors –especiallyconsideringthe juryselection citizens’ juryprocess, itisclearthatthethird scenariowould descriptions containedintheappendix,andevenwithouta r a ratherdifficult task,anditdoesnotappearthatthe three equallyattractivebutqualitativelydifferent scenariosis r quence, theprocess bywhichthescenariosare constructed ers oftheexercise andthusconfirm theirviews.Asaconse- on the‘mostdesirable’scenarioconstructedbyorganis- are notequallydesirable,participants’choicestendtofocus tions offuture scenarios situationscontainedinalternative could invalidatetheexercise. Otherwise,whenthedescrip- light andmadeexplicit,butwithoutintroducing biasesthat which valuesandaspirationscanbebrought outintothe the impacttheywouldhaveontheirlives.Thisiswayin equally appealingtoparticipants,forexample,intermsof to bevalidanduseful,thealterativescenariosshould isthat,forascenarioexercise one ofthefirstlessonsIlearnt members. Ihaveworkedwithscenariosforalongtime,and which thescenarioswere prepared andpresented tothejury dealing withhypotheticalfutures and scenarios. weave theirjudgementsoffactandvalue,donotexistwhen evidence, whichconstitutethefoundationonjurors esearch exercise. esearchers inthisproject didthat.Biases showclearlyinthe eport. Thisiswhy Iconsiderthistobeanadvocacy, not a equires agreat dealofrigourand self-restraint. Preparing These twoconsiderationsleadmetotheconclusionthat The secondproblem Ihavewiththisstudyisthewayin 27

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esearch in genetic modification where we continue to argue in genetic modification where esearch equiring replication, further verification, and additional inde- equiring replication, scenarios are quickly offset by a substantial number of serious quickly offset scenarios are loss of jobs (liveli- insecurity, negatives, including greater hoods), and political disempowerment. By contrast, Scenario Three liveli- social harmony, is a portrait of rural harmony, personal sustainability, hoods, empowerment, environmental not only that they fall far short of meeting a criterion of being equally appealing, they do not comprise a balanced presen- tation of pluses and minuses. Indeed, they appear to have scenario would that only the third probability a strong created be viewed by the jury as holding any merit at all in terms of bringing benefits into their lives and the lives of poor and crit- marginal farmers in Andhra Pradesh. These scenarios are any benefits Yet report. of the ically central to the credibility indicated for Scenario One by an extensive quickly offset are range of negative factors. The same applies to Scenario Two. But not a single negative or even risk of a negative has been scenario. included in the third scenarios should, at a minimum, always aim at a fully scenarios should, at a minimum, always of pluses and minuses. This is the balanced presentation on the central, defining principle of social enquiry predicated in a way presented construction of scenarios. If scenarios are appealing than far more that makes one of them inherently The descrip- a self-fulfilling prophecy. others, they produce tion of the scenarios in the does not reflect a sufficiently ‘precautionary’ approach, that approach, ‘precautionary’ a sufficiently does not reflect but as promising should have been presented the results r pendent validation. forcefully that results need to be presented with much be presented need to that results forcefully tentativeness and prudence than is generally the case. greater research we have argued that responsible specifically, More considerable inde- requires in genetically modified products claims of scientific generalisability before pendent replication principle’ should should be made and that the ‘precautionary and political policy be followed not only as a matter of social scientific practice. Our but also as a matter of responsible of the conclusion is that the presentation ising avenue of participatory research. It is precisely because It is precisely research. ising avenue of participatory that we this involves novel and experimental methodologies in required are argue that considerable prudence and caution This posi- of results. claims made for the validity and reliability apply precisely tion is neither new nor unique. Our Institutes to new and innovative microbiological the same reasoning r A contribution from Keith Bezanson Keith A contribution from and Nigel Cross We 5 28

[email protected] Several ofthewitnessesandadvocatesexpressed their F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu is notinconstruct- Email: [email protected] Development Studies,Falmer, Sussex,UK. Keith Bezanson,Director, Instituteof [email protected] Apartado 18-1194Lima,Peru.Email: Francisco Sagasti,Director, Agenda:Peru, Switzerland. Email:[email protected] Gland, Programme, WWFInternational, Biksham Gujja,Coordinator, Freshwater racy andjusticepromoted by notionsofdemoc- many willbedisappointedifthewestern ment thathasareal impact.Butthere isalsoadangerthat Andhra Pradesh,andperhapsthiswillleadtoapopularmove- itself influencepolicy. More farmers inacommitteeroom inthe UKparliamentwould by thesuppositionthatpresentation ofthereport by the caseof r mism justified?Bydeliveringa‘verdict’ participantsmight others associatedwiththe is bothsolidarityandoptimismamongjuryparticipants actually changingpoliciesasaresult oftheseexercises?’. There vocabulary of as Goetznotesonp.40isnotthecase),doesquasi-legal cial information,andaccountforitsdecisionmaking(which, toprovideif the‘verdict’ offi- obligesthestategovernment easonably expectaninformedandresponsive judgement.In Goetz asks‘[are] there anyexamplesofpolicy-makers Prajateerpu Prajateerpu [email protected] Street, London,WC1H0DD,UK.Email: Environment andDevelopment,3Endsleigh Nigel Cross, Director, Institutefor International such expectationswere heightened stand up. Prajateerpu Prajateerpu Prajateerpu process. Isthatopti- fail todeliver. s are plannedfor

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, 6 Director,Agenda, Peru , Coordinator, Freshwater , Centre for the Study of , nita Suryanarayanan This is precisely what was achieved during the what was achieved during This is precisely Programme, WWF International, Switzerland Sagasti Francisco Lindsey Colbourne Environmental Change and Chair of the Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University, UK Biksham Gujja Vi Brian Wynne well over half of the agricultural work in India is undertaken by women; and women’s between men’s stark differences are there about farming; and, perceptions creating a context where rural women feel comfortable a context where creating enough to voice their concerns, by without any interference of their concerns. expression men, is essential to the sincere a majority of women. The rationale for such a decision is at least three-fold: • • • ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ through the politics of , from the onset, to form a jury with , from University of Orleans, France Professor of Action Professor of , , Prajateerpu Prajateerpu , I propose to look into four dimensions that set to look into four dimensions , I propose

eter Reason

Research/Practice at the Centre for Action Research/Practice at the Centre for Research in Professional Practice, School of Management, University of Bath, UK Carine Pinotti P autonomy this event apart from other citizens’ juries. other citizens’ this event apart from 1.A of women on the jury majority A clear and well thought-out decision was made by the organisers of Having had the privilege of being a silent observer of the Prajateerpu A contribution from Carine Pinotti A contribution from Understanding such as citizen juries? organisations through the use of participatory approaches, organisations through Contributions to this area of the discussion were received from the registrants listed below: ■ ■ with democratically elected governments and civil society with democratically research and advocacy? How can donors engage effectively research and advocacy? How can they be used to foster effective links between to foster effective How can they be used spaces for constructive exchanges between key stakeholders? spaces for constructive How can citizen juries and related approaches help create How can citizen juries the policy process the policy of engagement with of engagement Contributions on issues on Contributions 6 30

I wouldarguethat theseefforts were notinvain.Indeed, Every stepintheelaborationofthiscitizens’jury onthe This highlevelofsensitivitytogenderconcerns F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu cinPa NSP,India Action Plan(NBSAP), National Strategy and Biodiversity Group of Agro Coordinator, Professor of Agriculture and Expert witness TN Prakash, and thosewho the jurymembers, pertainingtotheirownreality. Thus, soon brought backintothefold byincisivequestionsfrom population, hunger, andgenetic engineering,buthewas conjecture onthe alleged interconnectedness between world leading agro-chemical company)didforinstanceattemptto attempted thetrick.Partha Dasgupta from Syngenta(a in encountersofthissort.This isnottosaythatnoone a purely technicalorscientificdebate,asissooften thecase farmersonthejuryinto to ‘hijack’theprocess bycornering linkedto theuseofchemicals. ures andhealthconcerns depletion, diminishingcattlepopulation,repeated rainfail- included lowmarketprices,overproduction, soilfertility economic orecologicalproblems addressed bythejurors long intostatisticalortheoretical considerations.Othercore hood issues,withoutlettingthewitnessesstrayawayfortoo are forthegreat majorityofthem‘heavilyindebt’. District spokeabouttheplightoffarmersinhisregion, who or contestedbythespecialwitnesses.Ajuror from Warangal happenings intheirdailylifetothelargerpoliciesdefended r control andaccessbyproducers likethemtoproductive of different socio-economiccategories,andonthestakesof on theirlives,thedifferential treatment betweenfarmers ing thespecialwitnessesonimpactofnewtechnologies members foundmore andmore effective waysofquestion- tions pertainingtotheirindividualsituations,thejury address avastarrayofissues.Graduallydepartingfrom ques- grasp oftheirrole inthisprocess, andtheconfidenceto as thedaysunfolded,panelofjurors acquired afuller (right) and Paparao Ganeshra (left) J ury members esources. There wasnoreal scopeforanyof the specialwitnesses Jurors managedtosteerthedebatearound centralliveli- There wasaverystrong will,ontheirpart,toconnect Praja- 31

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Democratic inquiryisneverfinal,butratheremergent.So F ebruary 2003 Handbook ofActionResearch Prajateerpu scenario presentations one ofthethree video thejurywatch Day two: project, I . Bjørn • asacollective-selfratherthanrestrict it looking atthe‘self’ • demands andneedsasapetitionalone. needs inanempoweringmannerratherthanvoicetheir facilitate therepresentative individualstoarticulatetheir informed andinquiringdialogue. important iswhetherwehavecontributedtoawideningof there willbeneveronebestway. Whatismuchmore complex, andimmenselycontroversial issuesuchasthisone point: ofcoursetheseissuesare important,butinalarge, the conclusions‘right’inthiscaseissomewaystomiss about whetherwehavegottherepresentation, theevidence, the processes ofemergingdemocraticengagement.To argue ourselvesmore with looking forfinalanswersandconcern the qualityofparticipativeactionresearch wemuststop be seeninamuchmore positivelight.SoIsuggestinjudging as partofanemergingprocess ofdemocraticdebateitmay A contributionfrom Vinita Suryanarayanan tation ofthepolicy needstobesetup. that willworkat monitoringandsupporting theimplemen- tutional structure thatwouldensure citizens’participation to beaninherent part ofthepolicyitself.Inaddition,aninsti- and theclearfixingofaccountability onrelevant agencieshas tional mechanismsthatwould translatethepolicyintoreality directive cannotonly beastatementofintent.Theinstitu- collective vision,whichwouldthenformthepolicy. Apolicy collective articulationwouldleadtothecrystallisationofa villages andurbanareas –citizens,atlarge.The process of collectives, communitiesacross thevariousstrataofsocietyin whether theyare electedrepresentatives, membersoflocal formulation isthearticulationofpeopleinState– developmental planning.Attheheartofprocess ofpolicy Developing anyeffective policyrequires along-termvisionof A contributionfrom Vinita Suryanarayanan people’s ownneeds,interests, andaspirations. ing, tobelievethatpolicydecisionsneedevolvefrom up amechanismbutcallsforre-haul ofthedominantthink- or donorsfeeltheneed.Thisdoesnotimplymerely setting rather thanbe‘setup’or‘calledfor’onlywhenorganisations need tobecomepartofongoingprocesses atthelocallevel Citizens’ juries/anyothersimilarparticipatoryapproaches play anongoingprocess ofdiscussion,action,andreflection. the participantsandpeopletheyrepresent andsetsin does notstopwiththeissueathand,butinsteadempowers designing thestakeholderengagementexercise sothatit to individualneedsandinterests alone; and, Tw To

o issuesremain unresolved: ensure aconstructiveexchange,theprocess should 33

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Guest editors’note:Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002)was aFrench sociologist, Maybe there are importantdifferences betweentheaim The visionwhichtheyputforward –borrowing from the F ebruary 2003 (1984), whichwasnamed 1 It mayinvolve oeet IOM,Asia Movements (IFOAM), F International General Secretary, Alexander Daniels, Expert witness, issues’. ‘pro-poor’ credentials, theyreply by raising ‘procedural But whenthesameapproaches are usedtoquestiontheir governments. of womenetc.)are veryhandy incornering the donors,participatory approaches (e.g.involvement not betoeveryone’s satisfaction,includingthedonors.For debated animportantpolicyissue. Theoutcomemayor citizens’ jury, with allitsimperfectionsandlimitations,has teerpu ally more forthebenefitofdonorsthan people. ‘participatory techniques’tolegitimisetheiractions–gener- howtoemploy toohavelearned ‘elected governments’ effect are anexpression ofthe‘willpeople’.Nowsome –whichin circuiting democraticallyelectedgovernments must besaid,thishascontributedtounderminingandshort- times thishasledtopositiveoutcomes,andsometimes,it participatory approaches wheneverithassuited them.Some- engaged inlargerpolicydebates.Sofar, donorshaveused issue. Rarely havepeople,particularlypoorbeen their policiesdirectly. ManyNGOshaveraisedthisasamajor ments anddonorsisfineaslongonedoesnotchallenge groups continuetodowhattheylike. aboutit,butpowerful many peopleare airingtheirconcerns interest groups andnotthemajority. Thisisnotasecret and sources, someofwhichare beingusedtobenefitcertain knows theStateistakingquestionableloansfrom many T larger policyprocesses thataffect themandtheirfamilies. countries (LDCs)–donothavespaceorscopetoengagein context. Peopleinmanycountries–includinglessdeveloped debate surrounding This [questionofengagement],forme,isthekeyissue.The A contributionfrom BikshamGujja ederation ofOrganic Agriculture ake theStateofAndhraPradeshasanexample.Everyone In thesameway, articulatingcriticalopinionsofgovern- should belookedinthiscontext.Forthefirsttimea Prajateerpu should belookedatinthis Praja- 35

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tedly aprocess thatitisveryhard toholdthemaccount- the decisionmakersaystheywilllistentoresults (admit- decision makers.Inaclassicconsultation/dialoguesituation ipants abouthowtheresults willbeusedtoinfluencethe F ebruary 2003 LA1 4YG,UK.Email:[email protected] Science Studies,LancasterUniversity, Lancaster mental ChangeandChairoftheCentre for Brian Wynne,Centre fortheStudyofEnviron- India. Email:[email protected] 5th block,Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, V inita Suryanarayanan,MAYA, 111,6thMain, • toring, evaluationetcwillbeessential. such asstakeholderanalysis,independentreporting/moni- outcomes, thenmore formalandcareful useoftechniques more cannyabouthowtheycanuse/manipulatethe and both‘sides’(theconsulted,thedecisionmakers)get All thispointstothefactthat,asparticipationincreases, opinion...) with thelobbyingthatisdoneonbackoftheirgiven even becomedangerous forparticipantstobeassociated the results maybeused.(Iguessinsomesituationsitmight written whichsetoutinagreement withparticipantshow process. Sonew‘rulesofengagement’mayneedtobe theresultthere intoanykindoflobbying aneedtoturn them. Inneitherofthesesituations(intheoryatleast)is how theywillusetheresults andare empowered toacton tions) and/orparticipantsare abletodecidethemselves able to,exceptinsituationsofverystrong consensusreac- [email protected] V Director,Lindsey Colbourne, InterAct,Castle [email protected] Apartado 18-1194Lima,Peru.Email: Francisco Sagasti,Director, Agenda,Peru, Switzerland. Email:[email protected] Gland, Programme, WWFInternational, Biksham Gujja,Co-ordinator, Freshwater iew, Harlech,II462YE,UK.Email:

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F 7 A contribution from Peter Newell Peter A contribution from say at the outset I making my contribution, I should Before am neither a specialist in participation nor someone who has the surrounding followed the controversy on this particular exer- detail to comment directly in sufficient cise. It is my sense nevertheless, and this is confirmed by of talking to participation practitioners, that the whole area Honorary Chair- Chair IUCN CEESP , , ellow, Institute of Develop- ,F Coordinator, Freshwater , Research Fellow, Institute of Centre for the Study of Environ- , ,

eter Newell

P Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK Chengal Reddy Peddireddy man,Association, of Farmers’ Federation India Anne Marie Goetz ment Studies, University of Sussex, UK Brian Wynne mental Change and Chair of the Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University, UK Biksham Gujja Collaborative Management Working Group,Working Collaborative Management Co- on Communities, Theme chair CEESP/WCPA Equity,Areas, and Protected Switzerland Programme, International, WWF Switzerland Borrini-Feyerabend Grazia poor people? processes more responsive to the needs and priorities of processes more responsive Contributions to this area of the discussion were received from the registrants listed below: ■ other actors more accountable, and make policies and policy other actors more accountable, used to hold government departments, donor agencies, and used to hold government are accountable? How can such participatory processes be are accountable? How Who decides to whom and for whom citizen jury processes Who decides to whom transparency of accountability and of accountability Contributions on issues on Contributions ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 7 38

e-training mayprevent asituationinwhich someone The questionis:wouldthissortofapproach helpto F ebruary 2003 of Jules Pretty K Tr community plans, trees for Matrix ranking of na Courtesy enya. ans Nzoia, implementation, ormanagementoftheprogrammes. Our as farmers,were notactivelyinvolved inthepreparation, ment, andproviding healthandeducationservices. increasing agricultural productivity, creating ruralemploy- opment, health,andeducation havehelpedenormouslyby programmes pertainingtoagriculture, irrigation,ruraldevel- and particularlyruralareas. Furthermore, mostofthe opment programmes havebenefitedpoorpeople inurban and ruraldevelopmentprogrammes. Manyof thesedevel- provide fundingtodevelopingnationsforvariousagriculture North AmericancountriesandJapan,havecomeforward to opment Bank(ADB)andlargenumbersofEuropean and tions, suchastheWorld Bank,theIMF, DFID,theAsianDevel- organisa- schemes. Overthepastfewdecades,international implementation ofagriculture andruraldevelopment isations andothergrassroots groups inthepreparation and to provide thefinancialassistancetoinvolvefarmers’ organ- national developmentagencies,andotherswhoare seeking scienceandtechnology.fruits ofmodern the verybenefitsthattheythemselvesenjoy, includingthe ests offarmersandruralcommunitiesbyaskingustoforego ‘guardians’ ofthepublicinterest workagainstthereal inter- ‘sustainable development’.Alltoooften,theseself-appointed agendas undertheguiseof‘environmental protection’ or opment, actuallyholditbackbyadvocatingtheirown claiming topromote agriculturalinnovationandruraldevel- and unaccountablelocalforeign NGOswho,despite we farmershavebeenconfronted byanewthreat: unelected progress inruraldevelopmentmanyplaces.Inrecent years, these self-servinganddeceitfulcharactershavehindered businessmen, anduntrustworthylocalelites.Theactionsof officials, lazyextensionofficers,corrupt government crooked years, beenexploitedbyunscrupulouselements,including Farmers inIndiaandmanyothernationshave,for farmers’ organisationsintheStateofAndhraPradesh,India. isation representing sometwomillionmembersfrom 500 Farmers’ Association(FFA), anon-profit, independentorgan- teerpu I wishtocontributethedebateemergingfrom the A contributionfrom ChengalReddyPeddireddy complimentary role to state-organised ‘consultations’. complimentary role tostate-organised thereby servetoshowthattheycanplayanimportant appropriate participatoryanddeliberativemechanisms conditions inwhich,andthepurposesforjuriesare approach mighthelptoadvanceourunderstandingofthe overall aimofanexercise. Ifthiswere tohappen,suchan No doubt,there are caseswhere localstakeholders, such I writethismessageasapleatodevelopednations,inter- r eport andprocess onbehalfoftheFederation Praja- 39

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edress forpoor-quality decisionmaking.Dosocialaudits Janmabhoomi Janmabhoomi We I wouldbeinterested inhearingofanycaseswhich 1

By thisImeanthatthesemeetingsdonotgivepartic- are sendingthisnotetoyou,witharequest thatit Prajateerpu F ebruary 2003 is apeople-centred developmentprocess launchedinthe Stateof in AndhraPradeshisanexampleofthis– case doesnotfallintothiscategory)they without accountabilityissurely arecipe fordisenchantment. Probably r at best,meansforimproving theawareness, andideally, the tunities for‘participation’indecisionmakingisthattheseare, abouttheproliferation ofoppor- by participants.Myconcern poor’ actuallyledtotheprosecution ofgrievances expressed forums for‘consultation’designedtoelicitthe‘voicesof F Taghi Courtesy ofM. accountable toher? her governmentmade Inwhatwayis village. A womanfrom arural r involving scientific andtechnicalinputs,more democratically tries butalsoindevelopedcountries, tohelpmakepolicies scientists andagenciesworking notonlyindevelopingcoun- There are lotsofimportantissues raisedbythiscase,forsocial Social scienceandpolitics A contributionfrom Brian Wynne esponsive, ethically sound,andultimatelymore socially(and eceptivity, ofofficials towards theclients ofpublicservices. arvar Janmabhoomi at itsbestdoesthis.Butelicitingvoice 41

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esponses tocriticalappraisalofofficial policiesandcommit- eport are utterlymisconceived,sincetheyare theysay, [Some critics]assertthatthe[ I wanttopropose somedebateaboutthisparticular V V ision 2020 F ision 2020 ebruary 2003 V seem toexposesomethingvergingonthe ision 2020 r eport tofindhowactive ‘policy statement’isthesameas neutral- ’ . [Theydeny]thatthisvisionis Prajateerpu Prajateerpu re port authors] Prajateerpu process and debate. are rarely opentotrulydeliberativeandinclusive discussion donors. Theprojects, andthepoliciesunderpinningthem, and/or conceived anddesignedelsewhere bygovernments to legitimise,regularise, properly orienttheprojects already okay… Frequently, participatoryapproaches are putinboxes objections totheprocess andoutcomethenitshouldbe As longaspeople,particularlypoorare notraising A contributionfrom BikshamGujja • how tomakesure thatthepowerfuldo not alwayscome be addedtoyours,suchas: Other, muchmore relevant andominousquestions should who are working forparticipatory, empoweringprocesses. all theburden oftheproof isputontheshouldersofones initial round ofdebates.Theproblem Ihaveisthatonceagain listed, andIwouldaskyoupleasetolistthisaspartofyour IDS… Ihave,however, aproblem withthequestions you This isthekindofinitiativethatIwasexpectingfrom IIEDand A contributionfrom Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend • can governments anddonorsparticipateincitizens’juries, can governments • anddonorsprovide enoughresourcescan governments • to • can donors,before decidingonwhat isgoodforthepoor different questions,someofwhichare: We needtoask questioning thedonorsandgovernment. transparent andaccountable. ment anduseofscientificadviceinpolicymakingisproperly radioactive wastedisposal,tonamebutafew, policyprocure- the fiascosofBrent Spar, BSE,GMcrops andfoods, tions, promises, andclaimssupposedlyensuringthat,after prescrip-whilst weare witnessingaplethoraofgovernment those commitmentsfrom debateandaccountability, even Thedenialsare apowerfulformofprotectionconcerned. of so where scientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentsare visions ofthefuture –issowidespread, andmaybeespecially means? public opinions through allsort ofdirect andsubliminal up ontopbyusingtheirphenomenal capacityto‘create’ the verdict ofthepeople? provide evidence,agree tobecross-examined, andaccept and, tive participationinanopendebateonkeypolicyissues? citizen-jury typeprocesses toallowbroad andrepresenta- informs andinfluencestheirpoliciesprogramme? ology, authenticatedevidence,etc.)andseehowthat citizens’ juries(withproper representation, proper method- some sortofdeliberativeandparticipatoryprocess, suchas toworkwith,engagein and whoisthebestgovernment Prajateerpu seems tohavecrossed thatline– 43

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ackling rural poverty

We have hadsomepreliminary meetings,inHyderabad andin wish tocomment onthestatementsandimplications

are lookingatwaysinwhichadebatearound thefuture F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu re port report bytheUK believes thatagricultural developmentin Readers ofthe report maygain theimpression that DFID agricultural development DFID’s approach totacklingrural povertyand broad programme in cultural developmentandreviews theUKGovernment’s describes DFID’s approach totacklingruralpovertyandagri- Prajateerpu about theactionsandprogrammes ofDFIDcontainedinthe teerpu they betakenintoconsideration whenreviewing the we havedecidedtosetoutourpointsinwritingandaskthat r However, wetakestrong exceptiontothetext inthereport lead tonewmethodologicalinsightsandinnovations. the onedocumentedin zens’ juries.Forthisreason, wewelcomeexperimentssuchas ipative approaches tofostercitizenengagement, suchasciti- hoods. programmes onthemthatwouldadverselyaffect theirliveli- poor farmersfrom theirlandsortoimposepolicies and actively andcallouslysoughttodisplacelargenumbersof points, weseektodispelthemisplacednotionthatDFIDhas elating toDFID’s motivesandactionsin India.Forthisreason, DFID fullyendorsesefforts todevelopandemploy partic- document. r eport, publishedbyIIEDandIDS.Thisnote Andhra Pradesh. In setting out out setting In Andhra Pradesh. Prajateerpu r nhaPaehis Andhra Pradesh eport, whichcan Praja- these 45

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eplicated elsewhere. ing fundsfrom anumberofdonors. AndhraPradeshhas ofIndia and receiv-driven programme, runbyGovernment The DistrictPrimaryEducation Project; thisisacentrally Other DFID-supportedinterventions inAndhraPradesh We The overallshapeofDFID’s programme inAndhra

r ecognise thevalueofparticipationandconsultation, F ebruary 2003 ments, andCitizens’Charters. powersectordocu- Framework, papersone-governance, Fiscal ReformStrategy, BudgetandMedium-Term Fiscal ReformStrategy,Andhra PradeshincludetheGovernance the r programme. Itwasnotprovided to implementagricultural government’s broad economicandpublic sectorreform r tation totheAssembly. ing yearwere publishedforconsultationpriortothepresen- year, andthedraftbudgetaryallocationsforforthcom- r consultative processes ontheseissues; forexample,onpower note thatsomeprogress hasbeenmadeindeveloping cies, e.g.VAT, whichisbeingintroduced across India. We ofIndiasupportssomepoli- objectives. Also,theGovernment hasbeenclearaboutits and themedia,government issues directly, theyare muchdebatedintheStateAssembly r state ownedenterprises,fiscalstabilisation,andpower and highlytechnical;e.g.theintroduction ofVAT, reform of issues onwhichweprovide technicalassistanceare complex poverty reduction anddevelopmentinthestate.Someof changes andprogrammes thatwilladdress constraintsto intakingforward keypolicy supporting thegovernment • • • Andhra Pradesh:www.andhrapradesh.com 3 by aseparateproject withthenewlyestablishedCentre for reforms aretoring andanalysisunit.Governance supported ness ofpublicexpenditure, andsettingupapovertymoni- including workonanti-corruption, improving theeffective- the World Bank-fundedEconomicRestructuring Project, provides technicalassistancetosupportthisprogramme and eform, there are publichearingsontheleveloftariffs each eform. WhileDFIDhasnotconsultedpoorpeopleonthese eforms. Relevant papers produced by the Government of eforms. Relevantpapersproduced bytheGovernment eports andelsewhere wasprovided tosupportthestate These documentsare of availableontheofficial websiteoftheGovernment the majorpovertydiseases. which isacentrallydesignedprogramme, tacklingoneof The NationalRevisedTuberculosis Control Programme, cial servicestopoorwomeninself-helpgroups. works verycloselywithgrassroots NGOstoprovide finan- NGOCARE,which states. Itisrunbytheinternational CASHE, whichisamicrocredit project, workinginthree income. go toschool,ratherthanearn NGOs toraiseawareness andbuildsupportforchildren to IPEC); theproject workswithparents, employers,and The ILO-managedchildlaboureliminationproject (ILO- communities intherunningofschools. established villageeducationcommitteestoinvolvelocal The £65milliongrantthathasbeenmentionedinpress DFID’s programme inAndhraPradeshalsofocuseson 3 As wellasthegrant,DFID Reflections on the e-forum and Prajateerpu report by the UK Department for International Development, India 8

Good Governance, whose Board includes representatives supporting their efforts, including the APRLP, by providing SPECIAL ISSUE from the public and private sectors. long-term financial, institutional, and technical advice and DFID does not claim to be contributing to the design or assistance. implementation of a flawless process of people-centred In closing, we would like to state that DFID supports the development in Andhra Pradesh. We do believe, however, free and open exchange of ideas on matters of substance, that the Government of Andhra Pradesh and its many public such as the key discussion points to be addressed in this e- and private partners are genuinely working to find ways to forum. We look forward to hearing the views of all interested reduce poverty and improve the livelihoods of poor people individuals and groups who wish to contribute their ideas and across the state. For this reason, DFID remains committed to opinions to this important debate.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Robert Graham-Harrison, Head of Office, UK Department for International Development (DFID), B 28 Tara Crescent, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi, India 110 016; Tel: (+91) (11) 265 29123; Fax: (+91) (11) 265 29296; Email: [email protected]; Website: www.ukinindia.com/htdocs/dfid.asp

February 2003 47 48

emarks are madeinourpersonalcapacity, notinthe nameof

Having beentrainedasnaturalscientists,bothofuswere Prajateerpu thank allcontributorstothise-forumfortheirengagement F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu process. However, readers shouldbeclearthatwe organising team. Prajateerpu debate andtheirofteninsightful Prajateerpu – mostofwhomare inAndhra r and women,aware and oftheirinterest inautonomy(self-governance) a reflection offree andopenpublicdiscussion.In thedemocracyheenvisions,men of ‘deliberativedemocracy’,inwhichagovernment’s lawsandinstitutionswouldbe Thomas McCarthy)tothedomainsofpolitics andlaw. Hehasbecomeanadvocate (1984) BeaconPress: Boston;Vol. 2(1987)PolicyPress: Cambridge;translatedby hisinfluential work Habermashasturned Germany, andintroduced astyle ofanalysisknownasCriticalTheory. Inhisrecent This schoolofthoughtdevelopedattheInstitute forSocialResearch, inFrankfurt, philosopher, socialtheorist,andaleadingrepresentative ofthe‘FrankfurtSchool’. educational practiceandliberation.Jürgen Habermas(1922–)isaGerman able todrawupon,andweavetogether, anumberofstrandsthinkingabout the mostquotededucationaltexts(especiallyindevelopingworld).Freire was Oppressed a significantmarkonthinkingaboutprogressive practice.His 1 acting intheworld.Inhelpingdesign more holistic,inclusive,anddemocraticwaysofknowing Freire, Habermas,andothers. r transformative actionthrough research. Thisparticipatory ing newknowledgeandtheopeningupofpossibility possible from within.We believethat hassucceededinproduc- empathic, receptive eyethatseekstounderstand as much both factsandvalues,bringingtogethercriticalanalysisan ology hasbeenanattempttoallowthedemocraticscrutinyof the participatoryactionresearch process. r r we havedrawnontheevolvingparadigmofparticipatoryaction esponsibility, would agree toadhere onlytothe better-reasoned argument. esearch. Theaccusationmadebysomeofourcriticsthat eport lacks‘objectivity’and‘independence’misunderstands esearch paradigmdrawsontheemancipatory traditionsof Guest editors’note:PauloFreire (1921–1997),theBrazilianeducationalist,hasleft (30th Anniversaryedition,2000,Continuum:London)iscurrently oneof report 1 Theory ofCommunicativeAction Theory Prajateerpu Prajateerpu Pedagogy ofthe ’s method- process, (Vol. 1 49

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Prajateerpu ’s ith hindsight we realise how important it was to involve ith hindsight we realise W took place prior to publish- A second level of peer review When judging participatory action research, the use of When judging participatory action research, epresentatives of marginalised communities and more of marginalised epresentatives om Wakeford, eport co-author r by UK Department for InternationalDevelopment (DFID)-India do we say that DFID does in our report Nowhere in particular. on the lack of not use participatory methods. Our comments methodologies to bring the voices of the ‘use of appropriate refer programmes’ poor into the planning and design of aid and independ- to questions of scale, quality of participation, ent oversight of participatory processes. a panel of independent observers to check for bias and quality of deliberation and pluralism, and misrepresentation, of the and trustworthiness vouch for the credibility which included extended peer community, This methodology. r powerful actors, had the power to decide which methods and video scenarios, balance of jury, (representativeness processes and what appropriate of witnesses, quality of facilitation) were this constitutes valid knowledge in that context. Through innovation we sought to decentralise and democratise the that the as well as ensure knowledge validation process, teerpu possible. ing the T colleagues in India and the UK. However, we are not claiming we are colleagues in India and the UK. However, that this makes this positivist science, what is called ‘objectivity’ is actually consen- on their own subjec- people who rely sus between different tivity and value-laden theories to decide what is (or what is not) trustworthy and universally valid knowledge. at best, intel- positivist notions of validity and objectivity are, At worst, they can become direction. ligent looks in the wrong ury field J visit claim to have has become part of a series Prajateerpu eport allowed us to clarify or r as a deliberative and participa- Reflections on the e-forum on participatory processes for policy change by the authors of the Prajateerpu report Prajateerpu of the by the authors change for policy processes on participatory e-forum on the Reflections , encouraging criticism from our part- , encouraging criticism from Prajateerpu Prajateerpu Prajateerpu process. process. Prajateerpu Prajateerpu For them, knowledge and the process of coming to know For them, knowledge and the process In designing None of the organisers of esearch processes in the long term. in the long term. processes esearch should also serve democracy and the practical goals of social should also serve democracy and the practical cutting edge of this and ecological justice. By existing at the new mode of enquiry further a number of important matters of fact, those disputed of controversies that we believe will strengthen action- that we believe will strengthen of controversies r the partial our strategy was aimed at overcoming tory process, methodologies (e.g. of different and incomplete nature scenario workshops, participatory video, citizens' juries, stake- holder panels) by combining them in a particular sequence so that the internal of the whole is greater rigour and credibility and than the sum of its parts. Overall, we think that robust practically useful lessons have emerged out of the complex and dynamic interactions between the methods, arguments, formed actors, and extended peer community that, together, the designed and facilitated a perfect and flawless deliberative describes mistakes, limitations, and omis- Our report process. sions. As Robert Chambers says [in the ‘Issues of Evidence’ section, p.23] we have been very open in describing the short- comings of ners and colleagues as a pre-condition for open learning ners and colleagues as a pre-condition and constructive dialogue. In two instances we made a statement all the evidence we had or implied a motive without providing assembled. This was largely because those of whom we were that – regret critical might consider the evidence private. We – we did not always make the reasons for the sake of brevity that followed the Correspondence for such absences clear. publication of the 9 50

eport intheUKHousesofParliament[in2002]pres- Prajateerpu F ebruary 2003 (see sectionfourofthereport) anditsendur- Prajateerpu Prajateerpu have offered a exercises be [email protected] upon Tyne NE14EP, UK.Email: Institute, UniversityofNewcastle,Newcastle Associate, PolicyEthicsandLifeSciences Brighton BN19RE,UK,andResearch Development Studies,UniversityofSussex, Formerly Research Officer, Instituteof T om Wakeford, Prajateerpu and relationships withnature. policies, technologies,andinstitutionsthatshapesociallife Pradesh, includingdiversepeopleandplacesinthechoiceof itate similardemocraticprocesses ineachdistrictofAndhra and incomplete.Oneofthekeychallengesaheadistofacil- conscious thatwhateverhadbeendoneandsaidwaspartial over AndhraPradesh.They, andthefacilitators,were was theirwishthatmore the oneplannedforthemfrom above.Equallyremarkable have offered abroad visionofaverydifferent future from ions through allsortofdirect andsubliminalmeans?’ by usingtheirphenomenalcapacityto“create” publicopin- to ensure that‘thepowerfuldonotalwayscomeupontop Borrini andBrianWynne,weaskwhatcanbedoneinfuture Grazia Pionetti, BikshamGujja,andRobertChambers).With validity of autonomy havebeenlargelyignored indiscussionsonthe talking ofthejurymembersonneedforapolitics rural futures inAndhraPradesh? encing anemergingdemocraticdebateonfood,farmingand How istheauthenticityofjury’s voicesandverdict influ- ofAndhraPradesh? nature ofBritishaidtotheGovernment gence ofawidecommunitycooperativeinquiryoverthe ence ofonethejurymemberscontributedtoemer- The smallandmarginalfarmersinvolvedin We

need toaskwhytherichness,vibrancy, andplain Prajateerpu and itspolicyimplications?(cf.Carine Prajateerpu exercises bedoneall Prajateerpu

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Drawing on a long tradition of participatory action 10 Guest editors’ note: Gaventa is presenting what may be described as a Guest editors’ note: Gaventa is presenting esearch, Gaventa makes a case for an alternative Gaventa makes esearch, set of crite- about future scenarios. This complexity presents, as Sagasti scenarios. This complexity presents, about future points out, particular challenges for the design of such exer- statements about the the empirical base for cises where conjectural. necessarily remains future r ria for evaluating participatory events of this sort, stating that the ‘missing those immersed in the positivist paradigm are point’. He argues against the ‘mythology of neutrality’ and a concern of the discussion away from calls for a redirecting with idealist questions about truth and validity claims and a concerntowards for pluralistic dialogue, pragmatic is important. sense of what outcomes, and a reflexive 1 ‘phenomenological critique of positivism’, which refutes the principle of verification. ‘phenomenological critique of positivism’, which refutes the verification principle, but to science is to relax The phenomenological approach of the requirement still rule out metaphysical justification (phenomenology retains entails a big This approach empirical falsification of statements about reality). the requires concession (i.e., that truth cannot be verified) and therefore establishment of some criteria for deciding what constitutes a meaningful statement. on the consensus (or to evaluating science is to rely The phenomenological approach the ‘acceptability’ – ‘intersubjective’) opinion of the community of scholars regarding What is theory? What is science? or trustworthiness – of statements about reality. to the phenomenological position, the answers to What is good science? According with the community of scholars and in the case of participatory these questions rest the community of practitioners. It is this community that decides if a set of processes, It is this community that decides when work meets statements qualifies as a theory. the criteria of science and qualifies as ‘good science’. And it is this community that decides not the truthfulness of statements, but their acceptance as the best statements possible until something better comes along. e-forum exercise raised important exercise . These are very rich in insights . These are Prajateerpu PLA Notes Prajateerpu

and reflections and serve to advance the debate in a and serve to advance and reflections number of important ways. This was certainly our hope for the e-forum when it was set up. Issues of evidence policy research. is much talk today of ‘evidence-based’ There But what does this mean? What evidence, and whose evidence counts? The This final article is an attempt to provide an overview of the This final article is an attempt to provide on Participatory during the e-forum commentaries received we moderated for IIED for Policy Change, which Processes and IDS in August and September 2002. It is by no means that people read recommend exhaustive, and we therefore in the full set of contributions that have been reproduced this special issue of Lessons from the e-forum Lessons from firmly questions about this issue. Some commentators were wedded to a conventional positivist view of knowledge and and independence rigour, like validity, truth, using words institutes, see Bezan- of our respective (including the directors took a however, The majority of commentators, son/Cross). view of issues of knowledge in policy making, reflective more arguing that all knowledge is necessarily situated and constructed, and that no simple truth can come out of, espe- highly contested, complex, and uncertain deliberations cially, by IAN SCOONES and JOHN THOMPSON by IAN SCOONES and JOHN the policy change: reflectionspolicy change: on Participatory for processes 10 52

esults ofaquantitative samplesurveyorthe discussionsof eport –addedanotherlayerofinterpretation – or‘spin’– esponsibility’ ofconvenors participatoryevents.There marked thatthesometimes-loadedcommentaryand Wynne goesontonotetheimportance of‘interpretive A numberofcommentatorsexpressed theirdisappoint- To

interrogate issuesfrom allsides,Stirling,forexample, F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu exercise (oratleastthereport) r And are their'voices' Who are 'thepoor'? eally beingheard? discussion anddivertattentionfrom more pertinentissues. those whoobjectedtotheresults were abletoreframe the on issuesof‘quality’definedinnarrow, positivistterms, controversy over commentators agreed thatthiswascertainlyevidentinthe those whochallengeadominantdiscourse’.Many have historicallybeenusedbythoseinpowertodiscredit ogy. withmethodology AsGaventaobserves,‘Concerns has beentherelated questionofthepoliticsmethodol- those withoutsuchaccess. who don’t agree canoftenoverridethedeliberationsof notes, related toaccesspowerandresources, andthose they are hearing.‘Legitimacyandauthority’are, asGujja ment are discredited bythosewhoperhapsdon’t likewhat opportunities formore deliberativeandinclusiveengage- will beimportanttoaddress theseissuesheadonlestthe others –tocomplementotherroutes topolicyinfluence,it donors, byNGOs,farmers’organisations,unions,and become more byaid andmore used–bygovernments, ity andmanipulationofresults? Asthesesortofexercises can thefacilitatorsandauthorsavoidaccusationsofpartial- can theindependenceofprocess beguaranteed?How the fore, particularlywhencontentiousresults emerge.How tion ofsupposedlyimpartialresearch)? stance ofindependenceandneutrality(intheclassictradi- tual) ordotheyreport simplywhatissaidandmaintaina think are fortheirowngood(theactivist,organicintellec- alised people,interpreting theircommentsinwaysthatthey aries –increasingly akeyrole –actonbehalfofmargin- participants inacitizens’jury. Dothosewhoare intermedi- science noranobjective one. with humanconduct andreactionary behaviour, itisneitheratruepositivist objectivity andarguethat,inasmuchas policy scienceandresearch deals universal laws.However, many socialscientistsdisputetheseclaimsto us believethatpolicyresearch isobjectiveandunbiased,abletoproduce r apply theprocedures ofthe natural sciencestofitresearch thatfallsintothe areas ofinquiry. Positivistswithinthedisciplineofpolicyscienceattemptto scientists viewthescientificmethodasuniversal andequallyapplicabletoall for sciencethatcanverifythetruthfulness ofstatementsaboutreality. Positivist 2 aired andnewonesdeveloped.Suchdeliberations, almost is theessenceofadeliberativeideal,where allviewscanbe plural perspectives,opendebate,anddiversityofviews.This for evaluating‘evidence’andassessingresults. rial approach, withawiderviewaboutacceptable criteria this stance,arguingforamore plural,open,and lesscenso- The contributorstothise-forumhave,byandlarge,rejected ealm ofsocialscience.Moreover, traditionalpolicyresearchers wouldalsohave Guest editors’note: An underlyingthemeofthemanycontributions pointsout,issuesofcredibility cometo As Colbourne Many contributorshaveemphasisedtheimportanceof ‘positivist’ philosophyattemptstoestablishasetofrules Prajateerpu . With afocusofthedebate . With 2 53

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elatively largestakeandrelatively smallvoice in thedeci- These exchangesseemtoraisetwootherpertinent Furthermore, asBrown suggests,there seemstobean Much e-forumcommentaryalsodweltontheissueof exercise mayhavelimitedthedebate.They call F ebruary 2003 Prajateerpu Prajateerpu . Ascenariobasedonthis process. Someviewedthese marginalised group butaparticular large, to 'represent' societyat The jurywere notintended Praja- by theframing assumptionsandpoliticalcommitments of r exploration andelaboration. tials, butthese,asallcontributors agree, deserve further experimented withhere clearlyhassomeimportantpoten- argue. Theinnovativeparticipatory scenarioapproach AP urgently‘neednewoptions’,asDeshingkarandJohnson green NGOs.Poorpeoplein ment consultantsornorthern manage- not thosebasedonthemodelsofinternational natives suitedtoreal people’s livelihoodsandaspirations, the real workhastobeincreating – andpromoting –alter- visionof in APandbeyonddo)themodernist hood strategiesiftheyare towork.Whilerejecting (asmany options therefore mustfitintoand buildonexistingliveli- different conditions.Newtechnologyanddevelopment mently ‘anti’othertypesoftechnologyoptionunder nology, forinstance,undercertainconditions,andvehe- In otherwords, manymaybe‘pro’ certaintypesofbiotech- Reddy Peddireddy inthe‘Issuesofaccountability’section). impact onlabour, andsoon)(apointreinforced furtherby know aboutthewiderdeal(debtburdens, hiddencosts, automatically ‘anti’newtechnologyperse,butwantto ingkar andJohnsonpointoutthatpoorpeopleare not technical expertshelpedbypublicvoices’. commitment, imagination,andreflection byscientificand observes, ‘To scientificopportunitiesrequires seealternative a ‘no’toallaspectsofitundercircumstances. Ashe to the notes, thejuryresult wasuncontrovertibly aresounding ‘no’ focused onthisaspectofthejuryoutcome.AsWynne tation ofthejuryresults tothemediawasmostdefinitely view. Thisisofcourseanimportantstep,andthepresen- Critiques ofthe of alongerprocess ofpolicyengagementanddebate. A deliberativeeventofthissortisnecessarilyonlyonepart Issues ofengagement perhaps artificial‘closingdown’toanagreed verdict. hole’ betweenpolarisedpositions(Wynne),andavoidthe on thetrade-offs betweenscenarios,exploringthe‘gaping Perhaps amore interesting route wouldhavebeentofocus potentially leavinganarrayofimportantissuesuntouched. across scenarioswas,itappears,notpartoftheprocess, beyond asimplerejection ofthedominant sustainable ruralfuture, muchmore workhastobedone visionfora with it.Butinorder todevelopanalternative certainly didnotstartwith eframing debates. With muchpolicydiscourse constrained eframing debates. With A keychallengefordeliberative processes istoassistin On thebasisoftheirextendedresearch inAP, Desh- V ision 2020 Vi approach, butalso,andimportantly, not sion 2020 Prajateerpu approach adoptedinAP , norwilltheyend V Vi ision 2020 sion 2020 , 55

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what extentdodeliberativeprocesses, suchas Goetz askswhethercitizenjuries orotherdeliberative Prajateerpu the modeltowards improving accountability Prajateerpu , 57

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eligion, morality, andvictimblaming. Themore positiveend orld Concern pioneered Participatory Learning andAction pioneered ParticipatoryLearning orld Concern F ebruary 2003 throughout Asia.Structured, expensive,professional led, apeutic Community (TC).ExamplesofTCs are growing For manyyears,SaharaHouse inNewDelhihasbeenaTher- Drug usertreatment on theAsiandrugscene,including IKHLASinKualaLumpur. drug users,anumberofdrop-in-centres (DICs)alsofeature in NewDelhibyanIndianNGOcalledSharan.Forstreet-based include opiatesubstitutionandneedlesyringeexchange approaches amongstdruguserscomefrom Asia.These Some ofthemostcelebratedexamplesharm-reduction Harm reduction Mekong sub-region, notleastinMyanmar’s ShanStates area. come unstuckinthelocalpoliticalandinsurgentmire ofthe DrugControl ProgrammeNations international (UNDCP)have border initiatives,oftensupportedbytheUSAand theUnited military mostfrequently inthefiringline.Numerous cross- borders withMyanmarandLaoPDRplacetheirpolice drugs inSoutheastAsia.ThailandandChina’s long,porous Interdiction absorbsalargeproportion offundsrelating to Supply reduction knowledge levels. tend todolittlechangebehaviourdespiteimproving 59

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r Some participants begantomakechanges thatwould them decidetoreduce intheirowntime’. it –juststopit.Ifyouwish,it’s your decision”.Andmostof r explained, ‘Isay, “It’s yourdecisionwhetheryouslowly only beachievedusingthis approach. Oneworker for theirfamilyagainwaspartofanactionplanthatcould toworkandbecomingresponsibleSometimes returning cases ex-clientsreported thatthisenabledthem towork. Some participantshadreduced theirdruguse. Insome their druguse. smokers thanintravenousdrugusers. evidence thattheywere more likelytobetheheavyopium participants havestoppedusingdrugs.There issome drugs. Some participantsreported thattheyhadstoppedusing educe HIVtransmission. Manycommented on howthey educe orstop,butyoumust decide whetheryoucando Group participantsencountered opportunitiestojoinina Participative implementationplanningallowedtheteams F ebruary 2003 • • Collaboration withotherprojects improved. • Community ‘gatekeepers’changedtheir attitudestowards • • Others inthecommunitybegantoworkwithdrugusers • people withabilities tochangetheirlifestylecontexts, theuse were insomewaysgratefulthat asamethodforimbuing use behaviourchange.Knowing theirownconstraints,staff tunities, itisunreasonable toexpectmuchinthewayofdrug- philosophy. short-term evaluationoflimited indicators)butanoperational should notbeconsidered merely amethod(andsubjectto project’s keypositionsarisingoutofthiswork:PLAwork behaviour change.Itreinforces theimportanceofone driven consciousness-raising insettingthesceneforinternally own. However, theseanecdoteshintatthepowerof were informallyinitiatingandconductingPLAgroups oftheir by thework. behaviour changecanbeexpectedtohavebeenaccelerated taken bythePLAprocess). Theoretically, longer-term dation ofdetailedpersonalandcontextualanalysesunder- simple butsignificantandachievableactionplanonthefoun- progress through thisspiral(around two-thirds planneda large percentage ofparticipantshadmadesignificant andBenton,1999).Theproject showedthata spiral (Parnell ing thecyclingthrough ofalonger-term behaviourchange interested inshorttermbehaviourchange,thanpromot- an easyprospect. Thiswasexpectedandtheproject wasless Follow-up forahighlymigrantdrugusingcommunityisnot Longer-term outcomes implementation. Staff developedsustainableskillsinmanagementand their worth. in theirconceptualisation/perception ofthemselvesand r byworkersforthemwas The unconditionalconcern drug users. in alessjudgmentalway. the nature ofthePLAprocesses. occurred aspeopleinthecommunitybecamefamiliarwith Significant improvements tothe‘enablingenvironment’ more opentotheeducationmaterial. It ispossiblethatinthePLAgroup settingparticipantswere whether thisbethrough theIECmaterialorfacilitator. the groups haveservedtoprovide educationtoclients, and separatebladestoavoidAIDS’.There isevidencethat prevent infection.‘AfterdiscussionIusedisposablesyringes abouttransmissionof infectionandhowto had learnt eported bymanyparticipantsasbeingnewandsignificant Lastly, withoutaccesstoappropriate rehabilitation oppor- Staff were surprisedtohearthatsome formerparticipants 61

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The adoptionofthePLAapproach tounderstand the F ebruary 2003 groups) eachwithtwofacilitators. Eachgroups started by students were dividedintogroups (inmostcases five adequate representation forthePLAactivities.Theselected then randomlyselectedacross theclassestoensure purpose andtheactivitiesto be carriedout.Studentswere students were assembled ineachschooltotellthemofthe their schools,andoftheneedforfullcooperation. schools were informedoftheactivitiestobecarriedoutin The to showtheinvolvementofstategovernment. prepared bytheStateMinistryofEducation were presented and theteachers.Inschools,lettersofintroduction team memberswere from withinthecommunities. importantly, togainentryandacceptancesincenotallthe acquaint themwiththepurposeofactivities,andmore the fieldactivitiescommencedinallcommunities,to cally, meetingswere heldwithcommunityleaders before tional zonescommencedwithaone-daymeeting.Specifi- eight OyoStatezones.ThePLAactivitiesinalltheeduca- tion, andschooladministrationcarriedouttheactivitiesin grounds, includingsocialsciences,education,healtheduca- Four teamsoffacilitatorsfrom multi-disciplinaryback- The process After discussionswiththe schoolauthorities,the There thenfollowedmeetingswiththeschool principals 63

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Death Disobedience Childlessness eenage mother We atherless babies T STD/HIV/AIDS F Appendix 1: Early sexual life flow chart. Flow chart on early by boy students at Odinjo developed sexual intercourse School,Grammar Ibadan cannot compete with their counterparts in other countries. cannot compete with their counterparts Learning about youth culture PLA helped us to interact with and learn about youth implemen- programme which helped to advise the culture, a series of discussions and Through tation re-structuring. social mappings, we learnt and understood their use of in its is perceived language, terms, and slang. If culture social mapping/school perspective, the adoption of broader within schools mapping gave us access to places and areas as sex and smoking activities such and communities where often take place. The youth had various names for these to identify locations, which would have been difficult without the transect walk. due to ignorance about human physiology and physical likely to more adolescents are development. Consequently, engage in behaviour detrimental to their well-being, such and abortion. The sex, using drugs, as having pre-marital use of body mapping exposed the ignorance of many of negatively the students as to parts of the body that are For example, many sexually by this behaviour. affected active students did not know which parts of the body were Another tool that helped to facili- by pregnancy. affected tate understanding was the use of individual interviews, which followed the use of the sexuality lifeline. Using Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) in understanding and planning an adolescent life planning and reproductive health reproductive planning and life an adolescent planning and in understanding (PLA) Action and Learning Participatory Using learnt that pre-marital sexual relations and multiple learnt sexual relations pre-marital that Through the use of pair-wise ranking and matrix scoring the use of pair-wise Through The analysis of the visual tools took place at three levels. at three The analysis of the visual tools took place After the transact walks the groups drew the maps of the maps drew the groups After the transact walks

the implementing partners also showed their understand- faced by students. The ing of the various social problems lack of seri- a perceived able to demonstrate students were ousness on the part of the government to meet the educa- to tional needs of the students. They linked this problem the inability of most students to achieve their academic and inadequate education of life plan objectives. The problem facilities in schools was also linked to one of the reasons why many students fail their examinations and why they sexual partners are major reproductive health problems major reproductive sexual partners are amongst young boys and girls in the schools. These prob- in cases of increase associated with the lems were school for from and withdrawal unplanned pregnancy young girls. Discussions amongst the young people, during flow charts, revealed of developing the various the process of conflict between sex is a major source that pre-marital also learnt this tool We through and their wards. parents that aware that many of the young boys and girls were having multiple sexual partners put them at risk of sexually transmitted infection, including HIV/AIDS (see Appendix 1). Learning about young people’s knowledge and Learning about young people’s of sexual health and well-being perceptions We The first stage, which is very important, was during the The first stage, which is very important, of the discussion and drawing of the visual materi- process points to the issues. als. The discussions served as reference field activities The facilitators at the end of each day’s the visual materials conducted the second stage, reviewing by the participants. The last stage of analysis was created identify and classify carried out outside the communities to the eight educational the issues raised by participants across zones. their respective schools using available materials and FGD their respective an opportunity for held. The FGDs presented sessions were themselves, and it was the outcome participants to express to identify of these discussions that enabled facilitators used to further gain selected visual methods which could be health prob- insights into the life planning and reproductive visual tools used lems and behaviour of the students. The ranking/scoring, school included flow charts, pair-wise and the sexuality matrix scoring, mapping, school calendar, lifeline. conducting a transect walk to familiarise them with the conducting a transect The interaction at this stage served schools’ environments. of other tools in all the groups. as a guide in the application 12 64

lwcat ylgnGamrSho,Idere (boys) Ayelogun Grammar School, Flow chart: Appendix 2: outh FriendlyClinicstobecitedwithintheircommunities. No progress Drug abuse education One focusoftheLPEprogramme isdirected atpoverty One importantbenefitderivedfrom thesocialand Non-entity P oor F ebruary 2003 Rascals pregnancy Unwanted P overty T F ruancy ailure Abortion Disease Thief Laziness Infertility Death their skillsinnegotiating fortheuseofcondom. oped sexualrefusal amongstthegirls.Italso developed tory methodologiesinimplementing lifeplanninghasdevel- schools pre-marital population.Theadoptionofparticipa- cases ofunplannedpregnancies havereduced inthe discussions withoutfearofintimidation. Many ofthemcannowparticipateinpublicdebatesand developed self-confidence,assertiveness,andboldness. esteem’ intothecurriculum.Manyofstudentshave give intopeerpressure. Soweincorporatedthetopic‘self acceptance isveryimportanttoadolescents,hencethey of howtheseproblems couldbesolved. that youngpeoplewere notignorantoftheirproblems nor priate strategiestosolvethevariousproblems, aswelearnt The adoptionofflowchartsenabledustodesignappro- an acceptableschool-basedsexualityprogramme Impact ofparticipatorymethodologiesindesigning whose parents are notwellread. among thechildren oflow-income parents, andthose found thatteenagepregnancy wasmore predominant linked withtheirreproductive healthbehaviour, itwas lwcat ehds rma col Igora MethodistGrammar School, Flow chart: Appendix 3: Competition Death Employment T opportunity oo muchthinking According toreports received from theschool principals, Through flowchartsitwasdiscovered thatgroup When thewealthrankingproduced bytheyouthwas economy Good High blood pressure Imprisonment Stealing Destiny P oor sales Lack ofmoney by parents care ofchildren Inappropriate Bad gang Harlotry Retrenchment Quest for money Retardedness/ pregnancy Unwanted J dejection azz misappropriation Inability tomeet Discontentment expectations Misconduct F inancial Prayer F children atherless P overty 65

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ebruary 2003 F The adoption of participatory methodologies also The adoption of participatory methodologies also influenced the topics included The PLA approach eliable sources, especially on sex and reproduction, adoles- especially on sex and reproduction, eliable sources, focus group discussions and pair-wise ranking of preferred discussions and pair-wise focus group able to identify students were of LPE information, sources available to them, and the sources of information sources to use (Appendix 5 and 6). Importantly, they would prefer allowed students to be in this process the PLA approach available sources critical in their assessment of the various avenues. certain to them and why they would prefer trained Teachers changes the teaching methods in classes. schools also started to deliver life planning sessions in the subjects. This made a adopting the methods in other core not teachers who were between them and other difference Students trained in the use of participatory methodologies. on career now interact with their teachers for counselling which was unusual decisions and subjects combination, of LPE teaching in the selected prior to the introduction schools. curriculum. The curriculum for adoles- in the programme thing to compile. difficult health is a cent reproductive found that While the use of participatory approaches information via eagerly seeking correct adolescents were r the subject. These cents also believed many myths on The way this was needed to be addressed. issues therefore done was to bring the youth to the curriculum develop- ment workshop as active participants. Thus the topics those identified jointly included in the LPE curriculum were The students, stakeholders to the project. by the different the health care and teachers, including their parents, immensely in and opinion leaders, contributed providers ranking to rank the differ- The use of pair-wise this process. as important, ensured perceived ent issues, which were that only the most important topics and those preferred 7). Preparing included in the curriculum (Appendix were that all identi- the curriculum using participation ensured of concern included in the context. fied areas were emale teacher Male teacher Mother Father Doctor Friend F Have many houses Have good house materials Has a position on his own (chief) Has many workers Sends his children to better schools Have no problems Has a house Has a position under some person (worker) Sends his children to ordinary school Has some problems Sends them to school (ordinary) Has some problems Depends on some person Has many problems Depends on some person Has no motor Has no house He cannot send his children to ordinary school

Adopting these tools has shown us that reducing the reducing Adopting these tools has shown us that is Also, since the Life Planning Education Programme ell-being ranking/perception of wealth ell-being ranking/perception ery poor sons and daughters Has ery-rich Have many motor cars oor Has sons and daughters amiliarityriendliness *** * * * ****** ***** ** ***** * * *** Rich Has a motor P V Category V KnowledgeF SecrecyF ***ProximityTOTAL * * **** 12 ** * ** 6 ***** **** * ** 23 *** ****** *** 13 * ** 10 ** 9 elations amongst sexually active students. Matrix scoring with SS girls at Nurudeen Grammar School,Matrix scoring with SS girls at Nurudeen Grammar Ogbomoso Appendix 4: School, Grammar Okeho-Iganna Okeho W 09/07/1999 JS2-SS1 Male group spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually related problems and other sexually related of HIV/AIDS spread but approach an individual cannot be solved through collective, and community an interactive, through sexually topics about sexuality, Introducing approach. transmitted diseases (STIs), and HIV/AIDS, especially regard- ing disease transmission by using body mapping, reduced sexual sex and unprotected the number cases of pre-marital r education topics in the at teaching life planning directed able to ascertain the method/s of we were classroom, delivery that have the most impact with students. Through Using Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) in understanding and planning an adolescent life planning and reproductive health reproductive planning and life an adolescent planning and in understanding (PLA) Action and Learning Participatory Using 12 66

emple Jagha,Research andEvaluationOfficer, emi Olawale,OyoStateMinistryofHealth, umi Adekunle,Programme Officer, Associa- F ebruary 2003 carried out. and FamilyHealth,Ibadanwhenthisstudywas Officer withtheAssociationforReproductive office, wasaSeniorResearch andEvaluation Gbenga Ishola,nowwithCEDPA/Jos Field NOTES Reproductive andFamilyHealth,2000. (ELPE SeriesNo.2)publishedbyAssociationfor ELPE NeedsandResources AssessmentReport and Experience (Eds), Adolescents’. InDeKoning,K.andMartin,M. patory AppraisalsonReproductive Healthwith ‘Listening toYoung Voices: FacilitatingPartici- Meera, K.S.,Rose,Z.andMary, S.(1999) February 2000. sexual andreproductive health’in duction toRights:ParticipatoryApproaches to Andrea, CandAlice,W. (2000)‘From Repro- REFERENCES Participatory ResearchinHealth:Issues Participatory . London:ZedBooks. PLA Notes ,

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1 13 ellington’s central business district. Original inhabitants of ellington’s ellington harbour, Ngai Tara, settled many of the surround- Ngai Tara, ellington harbour, The work was undertaken for the research component of Michael’s Masters of component of Michael’s The work was undertaken for the research and Gaventa, 2001), we felt that it was important to extend and Gaventa, 2001), we felt that it was of heritage into the arena the application of such processes in partici- assessment. This article discusses a pilot exercise patory heritage assessment carried out in 2000 in Newtown, capital the most ethnically diverse suburb of New Zealand’s we discuss below and process The approach Wellington. city, associ- criteria and processes aimed to challenge the current an alterna-ated with built heritage selection and to provide ethnic and cultural inclusive of different tive, which was more to the past relationships groups’ Development Studies degree at Victoria University of Wellington and built upon his at Victoria University of Wellington Development Studies degree expertise as a heritage planner. professional Context valley to the south of along a shallow Newtown stretches W W ing hills but the physical layout of the suburb actually began England in 1840. with the arrival of immigrant ships from 1 such an application of participatory learning and action (PLA) an It provides or elsewhere. has not been attempted here impor- of increasing within an arena innovative approach tance to local community identity and economic develop- ment worldwide. 38, 2000; Gaventa, 1993 in Cornwall llington, Aotearoa/ llington, Aotearoa/ PLA Notes

Given the recent increasing use of participatory and delib- increasing Given the recent When built heritage is presented, choices are inevitably choices are When built heritage is presented, erative processes within the ‘North’, which seek to challenge within erative processes ‘expertise’ and ‘expe- the boundaries between and rearrange rience’ (see made about what ought to be included and protected. At made about what ought to be included and protected. made by the New Zealand Historic are these choices present, criteria to and TLAs, which use official (Trust) Places Trust status and protec- buildings for heritage select ‘appropriate’ tend to reflect of selection tion. The criteria and process ‘white, middle-class, literate value-making assumptions about what people want and should know about the past’ (Fowler, heritage buildings tend to be 1992:91). Not surprisingly, ethnic majority significant to the country’s those considered rather than significant to indigenous Maori or other minor- ity ethnic groups. There is considerable interest in built heritage in interest is considerable There local authorities (TLAs) are Zealand. Territorial Aotearoa/New which helps to using the past to enhance urban renewal, and inject restore, retain, community identity and to promote pride. But what we see of heritage, the way it has been iden- tified and the way we use it is, to a considerable extent, decides what is worth Who contrived. What do we protect? keeping? Who is it meant for? Introduction By MICHAEL HARTFIELD and SARA KINDON New Zealand We heritage: an example from heritage: an to the assessment of built to the assessment A participatory approach 13 68

hat doweprotect? Who decideswhat A listofbuildingsisthenincluded inaDistrictPlanandthe What usuallyhappensisthatagroup of‘experts’,often The Wellington CityCouncil(WCC)hasidentifiedand F ebruary 2003 ciation mainly Pacific Nationspeoples,alongsideanalready activegroup of involving Chinese,Indian,Polish,Moslem,Samoan,andother various cultural,church, andresidents’ groups asawayof letters, phonecalls,andpersonalcontactswithmembersof Newtown’s diversepopulation.Contactwasmadethrough the activeinvolvementofawiderangepeoplefrom A more participatoryapproach wasadopted,whichsought Alternative participatoryassessmentprocess 2 contested termbecause ofitsassociationwithcolonisation. descent. Itisincommon usagewithinpublicandmediadiscourse, butisalsoa • refreshments(either • wrap upanddiscussionofownershipinformation and • • • • • introductions; generally tookthefollowingform: involved insomeaspectoftheprocess. interviews were undertaken.Intotal,130residents were and architects livinginthesuburb,andindividualinformal meetings were heldwithlocalcommercial property owners by theNewtownResidents’Association.Inaddition,smaller or ethnicgroups andanopenpublicmeetingwasorganised Newtown. of sitessignificancetoMaori.Anumbertheseare in had developedadetailedandinnovativecitywideinventory approached toparticipateinthisworkas1994,theWCC minority groups are rarely recognised orincorporated. andinterests ofdiverseethnicandcultural tice theconcerns While theseprocesses promote participationintheory, inprac- interested andcommittedtoaspectsofthebuiltenvironment. Pakeha istheMaoritermgiventoNewZealanders whoare European of(Western) the nextstageofprocess; and, included inmore ‘informal’culturalmaps; for formalheritagelistingandoneswhichshouldbe a decision-makingprocess aboutwhichsitestorecommend tation andclassificationonamapofthesuburb; ings andsites(somelisted,othersnot)theirrepresen- the sharingoforalhistoriesassociatedwithparticularbuild- criteria; a facilitateddiscussionabouttheexistingWCCheritage of currently listedheritage buildings; managed; abriefhistoryofNewtown;and,photographs précis ofthewayinwhichheritageiscurrently selectedand of theproject; asummaryoftheintendedoutcome; a slideshowpresentation outliningthegoalsandobjectives In manyinstances,participants offered theirprivatecollec- Participatory exercises were adaptedtoeachsituationand A numberofmeetingswere heldwith particularcultural Pakeha 2 . IndigenousMaoriresidents were notdirectly r esidents withintheNewtownResidentsAsso- in situ or atalocalpubcafe). 69

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Heritage BuildingsInventory (1994)Wellington CityCouncil. Running paralleltothismore formalprocess, wasastrong 3 . F ebruary 2003 for listing congregation proposed byits Baptist Church – Chinese Photo 3: meetings with the WCCandTrust. Aworkshopforheritage information from theproject hasbeenshared via informal have generatedconsiderableinterest intheprocess. To date, for thesuburb. education, andwere directly involvedwithandconcerned participants were more homogenous,hadhighlevelsof owners were particularlysuccessful,probably becausethe meetings withthearchitects andcommercial property particular passionforthetopic.Thissaid,twosmaller public meetingsastheyusuallyinvolvedresidents witha r was timetotalkinmore detail. went extremely well,asparticipantswere relaxed andthere informal gatheringinthepubfollowingonepublicmeeting histories andstoriesassociatedwithparticularplaces.The about thesuburb’s historyandthepersonalcollective public meetingswere successfulatgeneratingdiscussions tion aboutsitesandbuildingsinNewtown.Inparticular, the andgeneratedaconsiderableamountofinforma- concerns, different backgrounds andattitudestodiscovercommon a rangeofethnicandculturalgroups, allowedpeopleof interviews, tookabout30hours,involved130peoplefrom The wholeprocess ofparticipatoryappraisal,includingthe P lessons learned positiveoutcomesand Reflections ontheapproach: listings. in more culturallydiverseandrepresentative builtheritage assumptions astothesortsofbuildingsselected,andresult ture andEuropean historyandaccordingly makefewer help ‘experts’tomoveawayfrom anemphasisonarchitec- ular theyfeltthattheparticipatoryassessmentprocess would edge wasbetterrespected andreflected inlistings.Inpartic- were usefulingettingresidents involvedsothat theirknowl- procedures andthatusingparticipatoryexercises likethisone needed toconsultmore widelywhencarryingoutassessment assessment procedures. local authoritiesinconjunctionwithmore formalheritage could berepresented andacknowledgedappropriately by inexpensive waysinwhichtheirunderstandingsofheritage former buildings.Bothwere seenastangibleandrelatively convey informationaboutparticularbuildingsorsitesof Newtown’s historiesandtheinstallationofplaquesthatcould informal culturalmapsthatcouldrepresent thediversityof espects, theywere more focusedanddetailedthanthe ositive outcomes The suggestedlistingsandthe culturalmapsproduced The informalinterviewswere productive. Insome A numberofparticipantsalsofeltthattheTrust andWCC Residents recommended theproduction ofaseries 71

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F ebruary 2003 Island ofAotearoa/New Zealand. project withaMaoritribeinthecentralNorth currently involvedinaparticipatoryvideo methodologies overthelasttenyears.Sheis W Universityof opment StudiesatVictoria programmes ofHumanGeographyandDevel- Sara KindonteachesasaSeniorLecturer inthe development. with international sents 50NewZealand-basedNGOsinvolved currently worksforanorganisationthatrepre- advisor toWellington CityCounciland Michael Hartfieldwastheformerheritage NOTES ellington andhasbeenworkingwithPLA Kernohan, D.(2000)PersonalCommunication. Kernohan, University ofWellington, Wellington. Studies Thesis,InstituteofGeography, Victoria Anyway? Hartfield, M.(2000) MA. North America and T. Jackson(eds) gles inaninformationage.InPark,P. Hall,B. powerless andtheexperts:knowledgestrug- Gaventa, J.(1993)Thepowerfulandthe Society –Then,Now. Fowler, P. (1992) ability, the Gap:citizenship,participationandaccount- A.andGaventa,J.(2001)Bridging Cornwall, REFERENCES North, Overview –participatoryprocesses inthe Flower, C.Mincher, P. andS.Rimkus(2000) PLA Notes PLA Notes Unpublished MastersofDevelopment . BerginandHadley, Amherst, The PastinContemporary , 40,pp32–35. , 38,pp14–18. Participatory Researchin Participatory But WhoseHeritageisit Routledge, London.

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The present study was conducted to identify major study was conducted The present 14 elated mainly to poultry and sewing income-generating a reasonable living standard. In order to reduce poverty, illit- poverty, to reduce In order living standard. a reasonable their health status, women need to and to improve eracy, actively participate in income-generating activities; this can on household security and child impact have a far greater incomes tend to income, as women’s nutrition than men’s and in smaller amounts, and it may frequently come more on daily needs. readily be spent more women while engaging themselves faced by rural problems in various income-generating activities. An attempt has also operation of these and been made to assess the nature income-generating activities in which the rural women are engaged. Methodology The study was conducted in the Food and Agricultural and the in Tehsil, area project Organisation (FAO)-UAF Four villages were Faisalabad district in the Punjab province. in the project Women selected for the purpose of this study. study The present carried out a number of activities. area r female labour is involved. The participatory activities, where rural appraisal (PRA) techniques used in this study included flow diagrams, and interviews, causal semi-structured ranking of these activities. problem

omen’s status can be improved by making them by making status can be improved omen’s

W A very high rate of population growth in the past anni- A very high rate of population growth ‘earning’ who participate directly family members. Women (whether it is on the farm, in the activities in production family craft business, or any other enterprise) can expect a higher status within the household than those women whose work is confined primarily to housework. In rural households, both men and women need to work to realise hilated most of the development achievements and the socio-economic indica- poor in terms of country remained tors. For example, the annual per capita income in Pakistan liter- is $460. Only 24% of women and 50% of men are ate, and about 60% of the total population has no access to safe water; satisfactory sanitation is available to only indicators show that 30% of the population. Various low status, relatively to men, women have a compared region. to other countries of the compared The most urgent problem that blights the lives of most that blights The most urgent problem The people in Pakistan is the wholly unacceptable poverty. the where largest number of the poor live in rural areas, rural market is characterised by low wages and as a conse- quence of this, a substantial section of the rural labour starvation, and of under-nourishment, lives in a state force despair. Introduction By AHMAD,BASHIR NAZIA TABASSUM, ARBAB and GILL PARSA the Punjab, Pakistan the Punjab, participatory approaches in participatory women’s welfare through welfare women’s Diagnosing priorities for rural priorities Diagnosing 14 74

elatively poor. Thisenterpriseismostoftenrunonavery eport thatincontrasttomen’s, ahighproportion of eadily ondailyneeds’ oultry W The participatingwomenfoundthatadecentamount omen whowere involved inthisactivitywere more F ebruary 2003 and sixtotheGolden breed. extent. Theparticipants assignedascore ofthree to Missri rates andlossesinoverallproduction toaconsiderable Extreme coldweather conditionsresulted inhighmortality protected from cats,birds ofprey, andfrom coldweather. women participantswere oftheviewthatchickswere tobe young chicksduringanydiseaseoutbreaks. village level,andalsothatnotreatment facilitywas availablefor and mainlyduetothelackofvaccinationcoveravailableat found tobemore seriousintheGoldenthan Missribreed, problem, andisrankedhighest.However, thisproblem was T tain theseriousnessofproblems inthetwopoultry breeds. Using dateseedsascounters,anexercise wasdonetoascer- levels ofproblems intheMissriandGoldenpoultry breeds. facilities (eight).Thedirect matrixexercise showeddifferent followed bycare ofchicks(nine),andthelack of vaccination icant wasdiseaseprevalence, whichwasgivenavalueoften, various problems were identifiedandranked.Themostsignif- ranking varietiesofcrops andfruits.Inthepresent study, was adoptedbyDrinkwater(1993)andChambers(1992)for to prioritisetheproblems inraisingpoultry. Asimilarapproach were reported. Adirect matrixrankingexercise wasconducted the MissriandGoldenbreeds. Very fewbirds ofdesi(local)type arriving atsomeconcrete conclusions. distilled, andsubsequentlyusedforrankingproblems and problem-causing diagram,ashortlistofkeyissueswas women’s poultrygroup. From thefinalversionof constructed (Figure 1)withtheactiveparticipationof poultry enterprises,aproblem-causing diagramwas In order tolookatthecausesoflow-levelparticipationin Ranking poultryraisingproblems iue1 Problems inPoultry Enterprise Figure 1: able 1indicatesthatthediseaseprevalence isthemostserious High mortality The proper care ofchickswasanotherproblem. The T (New castle) wo commonpoultrybreeds raisedintheproject area are Flow pox Ranikhet rate P v accination facilities Non-availability of oultry-rearing Inadequate/non- availability of problems good chicks Small eggsize P oor financial position 75

14 GENERAL SECTION la notes 46>

A girl from a sewing group is busy sewing clothes at home Figure 2: Problems associated with stitching enterprises

Deferred payments Non-cooperation Non-availability by men of machines

Low work Low participation Small egg size productivity in sewing enterprises Inefficient marketing GENERAL SECTION facilities Headaches Health problems Poor vision Muscular Backache problems

larly spare time as they had to look after their household were inadequate marketing facilities and the non-availability affairs, and attend to their children, husbands, visitors, and of required matching thread. other related family matters. When the women involved in this activity discussed the matrix scores, they noted that due to poor financial condi- Ranking sewing activity problems tions, or to bad habits (including those of well-off people), Problems/causes of low participation in sewing activities are often fees were not paid in time, despite several requests for indicated in Figure 2. payment. In some cases, people did not pay for several These problems are made worse due to the frequency months. For the other problems, their ranking was similar to and seriousness of them. It was observed that the members the one estimated above in the matrix. of the group were interested expanding this activity, provided that customers paid for their clothes in good time. It was Proposed intervention noted with concern that even resourceful people did not pay It was proposed that proper marketing facilities must be them at the appropriate time. The participants ranked these provided, as well as credit to purchase electric sewing deferred payments as the number one problem. machines for the further expansion of this enterprise. Health problems associated with this activity were ranked The project is now providing loans for sewing activities. as the second highest. The usual symptoms reported included However, the solutions to the problems identified do not headaches, backache, and muscular strain. Also mentioned come under the purview of the project activities.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Bashir Ahmad, Professor and Dean, Faculty of This work was generously supported by the Ahmad, B. and Ahmad, M. (1995) Rapid Rural Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Food and Agricultural Organization of the Appraisal of Pilot Area Real Life (PARL) Project, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. United Nations (FAO). Khurrianwala, Department of Farm Manage- Email: [email protected] ment, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Nazia Tabassum and Parsa Arbab Gill, Graduate Faisalabad. Students, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Chambers, R. (1992) Methods for Analysis by Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Farmers: The Professional Challenge. Institute Faisalabad, Pakistan. of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. Drinkwater, M. (1993) ‘Sorting Facts From Opinion: The use of a Direct Matrix to Evaluate Millet Varieties’. RRA Notes, Number 17.

76 February 2003

GENERAL SECTION 77 la notes 46>

Photo 1: Villagers constructing a 3-Dimensional model 15 When linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS), echnical Knowledge (ITK) found among marginalised, Systems’ (GPS) readings, and secondary sources. Systems’ (GPS) readings, the P3DM method bridges the gap existing between and spatial Indigenous Geographic Information Technologies T natural resource-dependent isolated, and frequently partic- of a 3-D model leads communities. The manufacture a collective learning (see Photo 2) to ipants through process the visualisation of their economic and cultural domains in models, which relief the form of scaled and geo-referenced purposes. These can be subsequently used for different ) to produce stand-alone scale relief stand-alone ) to produce 1

P3DM integrates people’s knowledge and spatial infor- P3DM integrates people’s latively accurate data storage and analysis devices and at Contour lines can be sourced from existing topographic maps or from digital data existing topographic maps or from from Contour lines can be sourced elated mainly to resource use and tenure and aimed at use and tenure elated mainly to resource emote sensing, etc.), P3DM is definitely cost effective (2-3 USD/km2 at 1:10,000 emote sensing, etc.), P3DM is definitely cost effective sets. Bringing source data to the desired scale (e.g. from 1:50,000 to 1:10,000) may scale (e.g. from data to the desired sets. Bringing source involve enlargement via digital copiers (modern photocopying machines) or in The first solution is the cheapest, but suffers elaboration in a GIS environment. accuracy and increases GIS into the process Incorporating terms of loss of accuracy. to other adds communication power to community knowledge. Compared data (aerial photography, and scaled used to generate geo-referenced processes r and to important is that by adding accuracy and transparency scale). What is more people's knowledge, the method definitely amplifies communication capacity. ... Obviously this does not happen for free 1 mation (contour lines Participatory 3-D Modelling (P3DM) is a community-based Participatory 3-D Modelling (P3DM) is mapping method developed in Thailand in the 1980s and fine-tuned in the Philippines over the past eight years. P3DM has been conceived to support collaborative processes r analysis and deci- public participation in problem increasing sion making. by GIACOMO RAMBALDI and LE VAN LANH VAN and LE RAMBALDI by GIACOMO training exercise in Vietnam training exercise dimension feedback from a dimension The seventh helper: the vertical helper: The seventh models (Photo 1) that have proved to be user-friendly and to be user-friendly models (Photo 1) that have proved re the same time excellent communication media (Rambaldi et al., 2000). Relief models may display exclusively community maps of the partic- the mental knowledge composed from infor- ipants or be enriched by additional geo-referenced field surveys, Global Positioning mation obtained from 15 78

eferenced data,conductingadditionalanalysis,andproduc- Practitioners usingphysical3-Dmodelsatcommunity To One majorconstraintofparticipatory3-Dmodelsistheir

upscale theirutilisation,P3DMexercises are bestinte- F ebruary 2003 decision making step forinformed thefirst learning, Discovery Photo 2: geA,Vietnam Nghe An, Mat NationalPark, scale modelofPu 1:10,000 Photo 3: 2 interpretation, relief modelling,mapping,etc. • Manufacturing a relief modelhaspositiveeffects instim- • The methodisespecially effective inportrayingrelatively • • • • The physical3-dimensionalrepresentation ofspaceoffers al., 2000andRambaldiet2002): 2002). (Rambaldi etal., – offers substantialadvantagesfordepictingcognitivemaps communication meanslikecolours,shapes,anddimensions which –byaddingtheverticaldimensionandusingsimple spatially reproduce people’s knowledge,P3DMistheone e.g. sketchmapping, transectdiagramming,participatoryaerial photo- sion. language barriers,andcreate commongrounds fordiscus- a powerfulmediumforeasingcommunicationand Relief modelsprovide stakeholdersandlocalauthoritieswith one. where landmarksandsalientfeatures are from whichtoacquire aholisticviewofthelandscape users aso-calledbird’s eyeviewandacommonperspective use planningandmanagement. practical constraintstopublicparticipation inland/resource extensive andremote areas, overcoming logisticaland ownership oftheterritory. awareness oflinkedecosystems,anddelineateintellectual Both process andoutputfuelself-esteem,raiselocal (Chambers, 2002). owned andunderstoodbythosewhohavecompiledthem quantitative geo-referenced data that are intellectually manner, itgeneratesrelatively accuratequalitativeand If themethodisappliedinagenuinelyparticipatory Here are somenotedadvantagesofP3DM(Rambaldiet Among thedifferent visualisingmethods visible 2 to every- used to 79

15 GENERAL SECTION la notes 46>

The exercise wentthrough aseries ofphasesincluding The 1:10,000-scalemodel,measuring2.8mx2.4m, F ebruary 2003 the relief model themselves vis-à-vis informants locating Key Photo 4: about thecapacity ofthevillagerstofruitfully relate tothe the actualexercise –mostofthem expressed somedoubts staff toattendthe training.Interestingly –before starting work, andenvironment. ing atleastthree disciplines:cartography/GIS, community is meanttobefacilitatedbyamulti-disciplinary group includ- tively contributedtotheoutcome.Infact,anyP3DMexercise ogists, socialsscientists,andparkmanagementstaff) posi- of thegroup (includingcartographers,GIStechnicians,biol- ally workedasateam.Thediverseeducationalbackground tions, easilybecamefamiliarwithoneanotherandgener- entire exercise. Thetrainees,coming from different institu- Careful attentionwaspaidtogroup dynamicsduringthe Group dynamics The managementofthePuMat NationalParksentten 81

15 GENERAL SECTION la notes 46>

The exercise ledtothemanufacture ofarelief model As Andrew Weir (EUCo-director, SFNC)spelledoutinhis F ebruary 2003 We definitely helpswhenitcomes todepictingmentalmaps. and how?Experiencehasshown thatthethird dimension the so-calledsixhelpers–who, what,where, when,why, ulate theirreplies. Thisisgenerallyachievedbytheuseof open-ended questionstoallow respondents tobetterartic- frequently advisedtostimulatediscussionbytheuseof the physicalverticaldimension. a blankcontourmapandthecorresponding relief modelis Participatory RuralAppraisal(PRA).Thedifference between manner ofrepresenting spatialknowledge inthecontextof case insketchmappingwhichhasbeenthemostcommon of features tobedepictedonagivenarea. Thisisnotthe 3-D modelsfacilitatescaling,allowsalsoforalargenumber accurate, geo-referenced, andscaled manner. Thefactthat viduals torecompose theircognitivemaps inaquite tional cuestomemory, thusenhancingthecapacityofindi- ising, hasproven tobesuccessfulindiverseculturalsettings. which includedalongpreparatory phaseofcommunitymobil- areas, andamonghilltribesinThailand.Theappliedprocess, among indigenouspeoplelivingwithinoraround protected wonderwhether ‘3-Dhints’couldbeadded tothelist. In promoting discovery learning, facilitatorsareIn promoting discoverylearning, The useofthethird dimensionappearstooffer addi- the exercise the dynamicsof key informantsto second group of introducing a Villagers Photo 6: 83

15 GENERAL SECTION la notes 46> Partici-

Contributed by PERRY WALKER, GHEE BOWMAN, GWEN VAUGHAN, and ROWENA HARRIS

For this issue, we look at how Drawing Shields has been used during workshops and courses in different ways by different practitioners. Each example describes how the Shields can be used in different ways: as an icebreaker, to encourage workshop participants to open up; to consider issues, to find common ground, and to discuss change and ways forward; TIPS FOR TRAINERS TIPS FOR as a means of self-expression, and to consider their own strengths and skills; and to create an atmosphere of trust and reflection amongst the group.

Drawing Shields An example from Perry Walker What I did was to introduce the idea of a coat of arms as a means of self- expression. I then asked participants to: • draw an outline of a shield, with a horizontal line across it (they were welcome to make the shield any shape they liked if that would help to demilitarise it); • draw an animal that had resonance for them above it; • do a drawing on the top half of the shield about their current life; • do a drawing in the bottom half of the shield about their desired future life; • underneath the shield to draw on An example from Rowena Harris depending on the group size. the left factors inhibiting the I’ve used Drawing Shields, and I Aim: To introduce participants to achievement of that desired future make it up according to what I want each other and foster an and on the right factors promoting participants to consider, discuss, or atmosphere of listening and it; and, become aware of. This could be openness. • at the bottom of the page to write strengths, dreams, visions, or what is Materials required: A4 paper and a motto – the only place where most loved or valued; interests, marker pen for each participant, and words are allowed. hobbies, or pastimes; or qualities your own example of a completed Everyone then talked about his or and skills that participants can shield. her shield. It worked very well. contribute and bring to a team. Context: This exercise works best at ● Source: Perry Walker, Director, Democracy ● Source: Rowena Harris, Independent the very start of a training workshop Programme, New Economics Foundation, Facilitator, BJ Associates, Top Office, 49 or course, when the majority of Cinnamon House, 6–8 Cole Street, London Thingwall Park, Bristol BS16 2AJ, UK. Email: participants don’t know each other SE1 4YH, UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 7089 2848; [email protected] yet. ICA:UK regularly use this activity Fax: +44 (0)20 7407 6473; Email: at the start of our Volunteer [email protected] An example from Ghee Bowman Orientation Weekends. Time taken: 20 minutes or more, Steps: Before the session, prepare

84 February 2003 Tips for trainers

your own Shield (at least in your them plenty of time for this; it’s often the course (details on request). TIPS FOR TRAINERS head if not on paper). Draw a Shield a good chance for people to share ● Source: Ghee Bowman, Volunteer on a piece of paper with a marker other ideas and anxieties about the Service Programme Coordinator, ICA:UK, pen and divide it into four. In each course. Tell them that they’ll be 15 Mile Lane, Exeter EX4 9AA, UK. quarter draw something that’s introducing their partner to the whole Tel: +44 (0)1392 422216; significant in your life – a person, a group later. Email: [email protected]; thing, a place, a hobby, or an When they’re ready, bring them Website: www.ica-uk.org.uk interest… four things about yourself back into a circle and ask them to that you’re prepared to tell the show their partner’s Shield, indicating An example from Gwen Vaughan group. It helps if you don’t draw it to the different drawings, and to I have loved using the shield: it is too neatly or professionally, as you introduce their partner to the group. simple, powerful, and very flexible! can make a joke about not needing For example, ‘This is Hannah, she likes In the context of change, to be a great artist for this exercise. reading, she was born in Italy, she has whether personal or organisational, Write your name on the Shield. two sisters and a twin brother, and it can be the protective shield with Show your Shield to the group she’s a nurse’. which we go into battle. The four and briefly explain the four sections. When everybody has introduced sections contain representations of So in my Shield I might draw a quick their partner, thank them and where we are, where we wish to go, picture of my wife Rebecca and appreciate the wealth of skill, interest, and the factors that help or hinder daughters Alex and Hannah, the ICA and experience in the room. Put all the change. The representations symbol to show my work, a map the Shields in a prominent place on may be literal or metaphorical – the showing Egypt (where I worked as a the wall for the duration of the key is the visualisation of change volunteer for two years) and me course, and remember that some and the discussion around the running – one of my hobbies. Other people may want to take their Shield issues. people might draw something more away with them at the end. On a lighter note, the shield abstract like a concept, something Variations and limitations: VSO makes a great introductory exercise related to their studies, something have used a similar exercise on their (and quite fun for an international about where they live… whatever is Preparing for Change course, where audience, some of whom have no important in their life that they’d a group of four participants each concept of heraldry, to learn like to share with the group. draw one concern in a section of a something that comes from my Give each person (including course large Shield, then write a motto cultural traditions). For participants leaders) a sheet of paper and a marker underneath to express a positive to be able to draw the things that pen, and give them five minutes or so approach towards their shared mean home, an animal that to do the same (don’t rush them, it concerns. represents self, a vehicle to represent may be difficult for some). Some people find the word your work, and the thing that makes When most of them have ‘Shield’ carries some negative feelings you happiest, can introduce a finished, ask them to pair up with of being defensive, so instead call the closeness and depth of somebody they don’t know and product a ‘Coat of Arms’. communication early in an event. introduce themselves using their We usually follow this exercise ● Source: Gwen Vaughan, Shield (make sure the course leaders with another exercise to discover Freelance consultant. are included in the pairings). Give what the participants expect from Email: [email protected]

February 2003 85 86

esource forthe training materials thatyouwould yourself? Are you aware ofanykey methodologies? Are youatrainer courses inparticipatory forthcoming trainingeventsor Tr for otherreaders. network andprovide contactdetails experiences? Pleasetellusaboutthe material/library? aforumforsharing newsletters? resource network provide –training? Ifso,whatdoesthis learning? practitioners ofparticipatory networksfor international r Networks elcome totheInTouch sectionof ecognised local,nationalor aining F . Doyouknowofany ebruary 2003 . Through thesepageswe . Doyouhavelinkswith PLA Notes audience, publication date. material twomonths before the June, andOctober. Pleasesubmit PLA Notes Email: [email protected] ODD, UK. 3 EndsleighStreet, LondonWC1H Rural LivelihoodsProgramme, IIED, PLA Notes Please sendyourresponses to: • • • this section.Ifso,pleaseletusknow. information thatwouldbeusefulfor ideas aboutothertypesof Other information participatory methodologies? exchange orprovide informationon which pages ontheInternet of anyelectronic conferences or Electronic information r videos thatyouwouldlikeother produced anybooks,reports, or you (orhasyourorganisation) methodologies andtheiruse?Have key publicationsonparticipatory Publications like toshare withothertrainers? eaders toknowabout? , SustainableAgriculture and is publishedinFebruary, Fax: +44(0)2073882826; . Doyouknowofany . Perhapsyouhave . Doyouknow W +(6221)52993111; Fax: 21) 52993000; +(62 Tel: Indonesia. Jakarta 12190, 52–53, Kav. Sudirman, Jend. Jl. 12th &13thFloors, J ■ r implications, andoffers some process, thefindingsandtheir Indonesia. Thebookdocumentsthe locations infourprovinces of action research inurbanandrural framework tocarryoutparticipatory DFID’s SustainableLivelihoods The authorsofthisbooktestedthe discussed intheWorld Bankreport. provide qualitativedepthtoissues participatory povertyassessmentsto would organisealimitednumberof agreed thatDFIDandtheWorld Bank poor peoplethemselves.Itwas could reflect thevoicesandrealities of New StrategyforPovertyReduction Indonesia ( strategic report onpovertyin discussed howtheWorld Bank In 2000theWorld BankandDFID 2002 World BankandDFID, Carriere, 24 a:+(6221)3141824 Fax: 6264; J J Book reviews kraSokEcag ulig Tower 2, akarta StockExchangeBuilding, kra130 noei.Tl +(6221)315 Tel: Indonesia. akarta 10310, Thamrin 75, M.H. Jl. BritishEmbassy, akarta, eflection onthemethodologyused. bie www.worldbank.or.id orDFID ebsite: vial rm World BankOfficeJakarta, Available from: Indonesia: Constructinga W ● r to sexualand transforming approaches Realising rights: eproductive wellbeing lor es,ZdBos 2002 ZedBooks, elbourn (eds), Andrea Cornwall and Alice adoo andE. Hardjono, ● r poverty sustainable links for and livelihoods: P Indonesia eduction in ol,poverty eople, N. uhre,J. Mukherjee, ) Book reviews

Sexual and reproductive wellbeing has reproductive and sexual rights real. It management. The study is based on IN TOUCH gained recognition as a basic right, contains food for thought for the qualitative empirical data gained in enshrined in international law. Yet development analyst and critic, as two participatory projects in reality on the ground is different, as well as new insights and valuable Honduras, where action processes society, health programmes, and aid methods for the practitioner. were initiated and facilitated. The agencies are all entrenched in old Gita Sen, Sir Ratan Tata Chair Professor, book discusses the potential benefits ways. Fundamental shifts in thinking Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, and limits of participatory M&E and its and practice are needed to realise India. prospects and strategic value in the these rights and transform these Gender inequity, with its context of participatory research. realities. This book portrays a wide consequent lack of real sexual and ■ Available from: Margraf Verlag, range of innovative examples from reproductive choice for women, is the Laudenbacher Str. 9, Postf. 105, 97990 around the world. From popular greatest catalyst to the spread of HIV. Weikersheim. Tel: +49 (0)79 34 3071; Fax: theatre in Nigeria to participatory Yet, despite the great strides made in +49 (0)79 34 8156; Email: info@margraf- research in Britain; from role-playing medical technology over the past verlag.de in Cambodia to visualising decades, similar advancement is not reproductive health in Zimbabwe, and evident in women's rights to sexual Assessing from collaborative planning in Egypt autonomy. I eagerly await the book, participation in to community dialogue in the Andes, which will fill a crucial gap in our Poverty Reduction these 24 chapters reveal the value of analysis of this important aspect of Strategy Papers: a transforming approaches to sexual human life. desk-based and reproductive wellbeing. All begin Susan Paxton, Research Fellow and AIDS synthesis of with the need to engage women, Activist, La Trobe University, Australia. experience in sub- men, and youth more directly in Saharan Africa determining pathways to change; and ■ Available from: Zed Books Ltd., 7 Cynthia ● Rosemary McGee with Josh Levene and all highlight both the complexities and Street, London N1 9JF, UK. Tel. +44 (0)20 Alexandra Hughes, IDS, 2002 the possibilities of making rights real. 7837 4014; Fax +44 (0)20 7833 3960; This study, carried out by the Some other reviews of the book Email: [email protected]; Participation Group at the Institute of include: Website: www.zedbooks.demon.co.uk Development Studies (IDS), provides This remarkable collection is an update on practice and revolutionary. Subjects supposed to Participatory experiences of civil society be too sensitive have been explored monitoring and participation in the development of with an unexpected frankness and evaluation: a Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers freedom… If the bottom line of promising concept (PRSPs). The report concludes that civil development is human wellbeing, in participatory society participation can add here is a book with huge research? Lessons considerable value to PRSPs and development potential. It is more from two case policy processes more generally, and than just essential reading: it is a studies in Honduras. can contribute to more responsive source of practical new ideas for ● Kristen Probst, Margraf Verlag, 2002 behaviour on the part of donors and good things to do; and an invitation In agricultural research, user and governments. However, the review to action. Read it and be inspired! farmer involvement in monitoring and does not demonstrate conclusively Robert Chambers, IDS. evaluation (M&E) seems to be widely that in all countries significant value The discourse on human rights limited to the evaluation of has been added to date. Much and the practice of participatory technologies, and to consultations on remains to be done to consolidate the development tend to remain in adoption and impacts of innovations. gains made so far. unfortunately separate, almost water- The focus of this book, instead, is on ■ Available from: Institute of Development tight, compartments. This book participatory M&E as an instrument to Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 sensibly and valuably brings them support regular self-reflection and 9RE, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1273 678 269; Fax: together by making participatory learning processes in participatory +44(0) 1273 621 202 or 691 647; Email: processes central to making research for natural resource [email protected]. Electronic copies of

February 2003 87 Book reviews / Workshops and events

the report (pdf and Word format) are also The central theme of this book is concerted action, and so on. The available at the IDS Participation Group ‘social learning’ in the context of book is organised around some website www.ids.ac.uk/ids/particip rural resource management. The major themes in the discourse of concept of social learning reflects social learning, from the significance Wheelbarrows full the idea that the shared learning of of theories of social learning to its IN TOUCH of frogs: social interdependent stakeholders is a key application in agriculture, the role of learning in rural mechanism for arriving at more facilitation and the relations resource desirable solutions to complex between social learning and management problems in rural environment. It is institutions. ● Cees Leeuwis and based on interactive problem Available from: Koninklijke Van Gorcum Bt, Rhiannon Pyburn (eds), solving, conflict resolution, shared P.O. Box 43, 9400 AA Assen, The Van Gorcum, 2002 learning, convergence of goals, Netherlands.

group interaction and networking, facilitator; learning PM&E tools; Workshops and topics include: the origins of designing a monitoring and participatory development, learning, evaluation framework; actions plans; events and application of PRA/PLA tools; the and much more. A project clinic will application of participation to project include projects from participant’s Participatory communication design; monitoring and evaluation; workplace and provide a rich 16th – 20th June 2003 developing effective facilitation skills; environment for feedback. Ottawa, Canada building action plans; and team- ● For further information about these This is a new introductory workshop building. Two-day community courses, please contact: Mosaic-net about participatory communication. It assignments proposed by International, 705 Roosevelt Ave., Ottawa will focus on a variety of practical community-based organisations in K2A 2A8, Canada; Tel: +1 (613) 728 1439; tools and innovative processes that the Ottawa region will allow Fax: +1 (613) 728 1154; Email: seek to strengthen and give voice to participants to apply tools learned in [email protected]; Website: all stakeholders, particularly the poor. the workshop to real-life situations. www.mosaic-net-intl.ca Participants will learn to apply the steps in a communication planning Participatory monitoring and Group facilitation methods process, including active participation evaluation 9th – 10th April 2003,London in audience research and 28th July – 2nd August 2003 29th – 30th April 2003, Cambridge communication strategy Ottawa, Canada 11th – 12th June 2003, Manchester development. At the end of the Participatory monitoring and A structured introduction to the basic workshop, participants will be able to evaluation (PM&E) involves a different ToP focused conversation and identify communication needs and approach to project monitoring and consensus workshop methods. The initiate a communication strategy to evaluation by involving local people, focused conversation method address those needs. project stakeholders, and consists of how to: conduct development agencies deciding purposeful, productive focused Participatory development: together about how to measure conversations; capture the wisdom of concepts, tools, and application in results and what actions should the group; stimulate feedback; and PLA/PRA methods follow once this information has reach shared awareness in meetings. 23rd – 28th June 2003 and 21st – been collected and analysed. This The consensus workshop method 26th July 2003 workshop is practically focused with includes: channel input; integrating Ottawa, Canada daily excursions into the community diverse ideas; building a group These intensive six-day PD workshops and a three-day community consensus; and developing solutions. focus on core participatory concepts, assignment. Topics covered at the tools, and their application. Set in the workshop include: origins of PM&E; Group facilitation skills community to maximise learning, skills and attributes of a PM&E 10th June 2003, Manchester

88 February 2003 Workshops and events

There is a whole range of skills that a Email: [email protected]; Website: Services Centre, The University of Reading, IN TOUCH facilitator needs to bring into play www.icaworld.org Harry Pitt Building, Whiteknights Road, P.O. both before, during and after the Box 240, Reading RG6 6FN, UK. Tel: +44 event itself in order to ensure that the Dealing with data from (0)118 931 8025; Fax: +44 (0)118 975 process and the methods employed participatory studies: bridging the 3169; Email: [email protected]; are effective. In this pilot one-day gap between qualitative and Website: www.reading.ac.uk/ssc course participants learn how to quantitative methods share actual experiences and 14th – 25th July 2003, Reading Participatory appraisal challenges; explore ways of This workshop, facilitated by the 28th April – 2nd May 2003, addressing these in future; reach a International and Rural Development Edinburgh deeper understanding of what it Department and the Statistical This workshop concentrates on the means to facilitate; and experience Services Centre of the University of practical application of PA, with three the ToP focused conversation and Reading, will help participants to days spent on practical exercises and consensus workshop methods. achieve an optimal combination of other methods for learning about PA. PRA tools and statistical principles The remaining two days will include Participatory strategic planning for dealing with qualitative and placements in Edinburgh and the 12th – 13th May 2003, London quantitative information collected in surrounding area, and will provide an The course presents structured long- participatory studies. The workshop opportunity for a practical application range planning process, which will include sampling, design of of the approach. Placements will vary incorporates the consensus workshop tools for information management, in their duration, location, and host- method for building consensus, the data handling, and analysis group composition. The placements focused conversation method for techniques that are relevant for will include evening work; this is effective group communication and social mapping, trend analysis, necessary to accommodate host- an implementation process for ranking and scoring, and seasonal group schedules. turning ideas into productive action calendars. Each participant will ● For further information, please contact: and concrete accomplishments. receive, free of charge, a copy of the Vikki Hilton, Honorary Fellow, Institute of Previous experience in group add-in macros developed by the Ecology & Resource Management, The facilitation methods is a pre-requisite Statistical Services Centre for data University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, for this course. analysis. Participants do not need to Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, ● For further information about these have prior statistical knowledge to Scotland, UK. Tel: +44 (0)131 650 6439; courses, please contact: Martin Gilbraith, attend this workshop. Fax: +44 (0)131 662 0478; Email: ICA:UK, P.O. Box 171, Manchester M15 ● For further information about this course, [email protected]; Website: 5BE, UK. Tel/Fax: +44 (0)161 232 8444; please contact: Lorna Turner, Statistical www.ierm.ed.ac.uk

February 2003 89 90

www.deliberative-democracy.net/ www.jefferson-center.org/ ecognises andsupportsthenascent, -participation F ebruary 2003 citizens' jury. methods andresults ofthefirst third provides anoverviewofthe dynamics incitizens'juries;andthe constitutional convention. a webzine,e-voting,andsimulated and links,current andarchived news, global direct democracy, bookreviews projects andorganisations,eventson contains informationaboutmajor around theworld.It governance political systemsatalllevelsof citizens tohaveauthenticinputinto all formsthatdirectly empower face-to-face deliberativetechniquesin technologies(ICT)and use ofmodern T Movement T and sciencetechnologylinks. news articlesfrom varioussources, extracts availableonline),provides projects, publications(withsome website describesLoka’s ongoing and technologydecisionmaking.The involvement invitalfacetsofscience everyday citizenandworker grassroots, public-interest groups, and expanding opportunitiesfor by and environmental concerns technology more responsive tosocial Loka workstomakescienceand The LokaInstitute the World BankPovertyNet website. This istheEmpowermentsection of perspective Bank aWorld Empowerment: www.auburn.edu/tann/ www.loka.org index.htm www.worldbank.org/poverty/empowerment/ NN theGlobalDemocracy AN+N: AN+N isdedicatedtothecreative available. r experience. Documentsandlinks practices principallyfrom theBank's analytical toolsandaselectionof with briefdescriptionsofrelevant online EmpowermentSourcebook empowerment, togetherwithan Wo It provides adescriptionofthe listings, andaglossary. documents andfilms,contact abstracted selectionofuseful few decades.Italsopresents an from manycountriesoverthepast pioneering projects andexperience guidance. Theyare basedon drawn onforinspirationand to beuniversallyrelevant, andcanbe methods, andscenariosthatappear Specifically, itlistsprinciples, methods ofcommunityplanning. website provides anoverviewofnew This wellstructured andpractical The CommunityPlanning Website 'democratise' biotechnology? ofthe poor?Howcanwe concerns more inclusiveandresponsive tothe such ashowcanpolicyprocesses be affect thelivelihoodsofpoor, questions abouthowpoliciesreally series. Thepapersaskcritical including anewbriefingpaper Institute ofDevelopmentStudies, on biotechnologycoordinated bythe selection ofmaterialsfrom projects This websitecontainslinkstoa countries policy processes indeveloping Agricultural biotechnologyand www.communityplanning.net/ www.ids.ac.uk/biotech elated tothetopicare also rld Bank’s approach to RCPLA Network

In this section, we aim to update readers on activities of European Region: Jane Stevens, Participation Group, NETWORK RCPLA the Resource Centres for Participatory Learning and Action Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, Network (RCPLA) Network (www.rcpla.org) and its Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. Tel: + 44 (0)1273 678690; members. For more information please contact the RCPLA Fax: + 44 (0)1273 21202; Email: [email protected]; Network Steering Group: Participation group website: www.ids.ac.uk/ids/particip RCPLA Coordination: Tom Thomas (Network Coordinator), Latin American Region: Fernando Dick, Dirección de Director, Institute for Participatory Practices (Praxis), S-385, Programas de Investigación y Desarrollo (DPID), Universdad Greater Kailash II, New Delhi – 110 049, India. Tel: +91 11 Nur, Casilla 3273, Ave Cristo Redendor No. 100, Santa Cruz, 641 8885/ 6/ 7, 623 3525; Fax: +91 11 641 8885/ 6/ 7, Bolivia. Tel: +591 3 363 939; Fax: +591 3 331 850; Email: 623 3525 Extn: 21; Email: [email protected] [email protected]; Website: http://dpid.nur.edu Lilian Chatterjee, Director of Communications, Institute for North Africa & Middle East Region: Ali Mokhtar, Center for Environment & Development (IIED), 3 Endsleigh Street, Development Services (CDS), 4 Ahmed Pasha Street, London WC1H 0DD, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 20 7388 2117; Email: Citibank Building, Garden City, Cairo, Egypt. [email protected]; Website: www.iied.org Tel: +20 2 795 7558; Fax: +20 2 794 7278; Asian Region: Jayatissa Samaranayake, Institute for Email: [email protected]; Participatory Interaction in Development (IPID), 591 Website: www.neareast.org/explore/cds/index.htm Havelock Road, Colombo 06, Sri Lanka. Tel: +94 1 555521; Southern and Eastern Africa Region: Eliud Wakwabubi, Tel/Fax: +94 1 587361; Email: [email protected] Participatory Methodologies Forum of Kenya (PAMFORK), West Africa Region: Awa Faly Ba, IIED Programme Sahel, Jabavu Road, PCEA Jitegemea Flats, Flat No. D3, P.O. Box Point E, Rue 6 X A, B.P. 5579, Dakar, Sénégal. Tel: +221 2645, KNH Post Office, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel/Fax: +254 27 824 4417; Fax: +221 824 4413; Email: [email protected] 16609; Email: [email protected]

News from Praxis combination of tools to assess the our research. The final design Praxis has been working with EMF financial performance, social employed a combination of Films, The Netherlands on a impact/relevance, technical quality, qualitative and quantitative research documentary project focusing on the and systemic strengths of an methods. realities of poverty and the poor in intervention from the perspective of The development audit is an India. EMF films were particularly primary and other internal/external important step towards assessing and interested in the participatory research stakeholders. It is an instrument that understanding the impact of poverty and films that Praxis has produced in can be used by organisations to alleviation programmes on the lives of recent years. Both Praxis and EMF increase accountability, effectiveness, the poor. It also provides a Films recognise the huge and transparency (and thus, transparent analysis of the complimentarity between research acceptability) of programmes/projects mechanisms that are required to and the media in bringing the through stakeholder engagement. implement such a scheme from the perspectives of the poor and A holistic, participatory approach, perspectives of the implementing marginalised to a wider audience. involving all stakeholders at all stages agencies. The results of the In November 2002, Praxis was of the audit, was adopted. development audit will be converted commissioned by the World Bank to Participatory workshops were into actionable procedures that will conduct a Development Audit of the conducted with stakeholders at involve key stakeholders of DPIP. As World Bank-funded District Poverty various levels from state to village as the development audit is a Initiative Program (DPIP) in Rajasthan. well as with external stakeholders. groundbreaking initiative Praxis will This mid-term development audit This enabled stakeholders to offer publish the results for a wider exercise was undertaken to assess the their perspectives about the audience, and for use as a guide for efficacy, orientation, and systemic implementation and impact of the similar projects to be conducted in the strengths of the project. It was a programme initiatives and to provide future. forward-looking exercise, aimed at suggestions for improvements. The Continuing our commitment to informing the design of the remaining design of the development audit was providing opportunities to young phase of the project. constantly evolving to ensure that all people interested in pursuing a career Development Audit (DA) is a facets of the DPIP were captured in in the development sector, Praxis was

February 2003 91 RCPLA Network

joined in January by a volunteer, gives GNTP the opportunity of sharing events in Uganda and Nigeria over Shane Boris, an Economics, Religious Bolivian experiences in citizen the last nine months. These included Studies, and Political Science participation and local governance national workshops, local radio, local undergraduate from the University of with other countries. language newspapers, poster Ohio, USA. He came to India to get GNTP recently celebrated its first campaigns, and theatre events. For exposure to participatory approaches year of support by DFID, which means more information see IDS Research in India and to learn about the that the second phase is just Report 54 (details below). contribution of participatory beginning! We hope that it will bring A New Weave of Power, People approaches to policy making. Shane further achievements and the and Politics: the action guide for RCPLA NETWORK embraced the opportunity to be consolidation of the network as a advocacy and citizen participation involved in all areas of Praxis work, learning community. (Lisa VeneKlasen with Valerie Miller) including a field study in Haryana. ● For more information about GNTP, visit was published by World Neighbors at www.GNTParticipa.org. the end of last year. It is a manual for News from DIPD people and organisations grappling DIPD has been coordinating the News from IDS with issues of power, politics, and National Working Group for Over the last few months we have exclusion. Extracts from the manual Participation (GNTP) over the past been involved in two important featured in issue 43 of PLA Notes. year. GNTP is a network of institutions workshops. The first, ‘Sharing Copies are available from World and independent members Experiences on Values, Attitudes, and Neighbors (www.wn.org). committed to participatory processes Behaviour: Exploring Opportunities March sees the publication of IDS in Bolivia. Formed in 1994, it has for PLA and Advocacy in Trade Research Report 54 Poverty applied participatory methods and Unions’ Work’, was convened by the Knowledge and Poverty Processes in tools in different development areas Nigeria Labour Congress in Uganda: case studies from Bushenyi, all over the country. It has also collaboration with the UK Lira, and Tororo districts (Brock, provided training expertise for specific Department for International McGee, Okech, and Ssuuna). Limited projects, municipalities, government Development. It provided a forum for numbers of many of our publications institutions, and international trade unions to share experiences and are available for Southern cooperation. reflect on how they have engaged organisations and resource centres for GNTP fits into the current national with their constituencies and other free. Please contact us for details. reality by concentrating efforts on the actors in their work. implementation of Poverty Relief The second, ‘Tools and News from IIED Programmes within the PRSP, Methodologies for Participatory General news Dialogue Law, Popular Participation Urban Governance’, held in China in IIED welcomed a new Chair, Jan Law and HIPC II resources. It is February, was sponsored by Ford Pronk, former Environment Minister involved in a series of projects aimed Foundation China. and brought and Development Minister in at strengthening local actors in together twenty-five participants from successive Dutch governments. Mr Northern Potosí (Caripuyo, Llallagua), local governments, NGOs, community Pronk, who was UN Special Envoy for Vallegrande and other municipalities organisations, and academic the World Summit on Sustainable in order to reinforce the participation institutions, Participants were able to Development, is able to contribute his spaces established by law and work through concepts, tools, and considerable knowledge and promote social and institutional methodologies used in pursuing the experience in government and the capacities and citizens’ practice of participatory governance United Nations. empowerment. in other countries and to explore how Take the chance to have your say GNTP is also contributing to the these might be employed in their own in IIED’s information survey entitled ‘Is LogoLink Programme, the contexts. IIED meeting your information international comparative learning Our three-year research project on needs?’ Complete our survey and you experience coordinated by the Poverty Knowledge and Policy could win US$100 worth of our Participation Group at the Institute of Processes has seen project partners publications. The IIED Information Development Studies in Brighton. This engaged in a series of dissemination Survey can be filled out online

92 February 2003 RCPLA Network

(www.iied.org/infopubs) or you can Robert Brook describes a Settlements Programme at IIED. NETWORK RCPLA download a hard copy and return it participatory planning process in five The Gatekeeper Series, produced to us by email, post, or fax. If you peri-urban villages, including the by IIED’s Sustainable Agriculture and would like a hard copy emailed or tools used, the main issues which Livelihoods Programme (SARLs), has posted to you, contact us at the usual emerged from the process, and their regular papers on participation. The address. relevance to different groups aim of the Series is to highlight key (women, landowners, landless, and topics in the field of sustainable Participation news lower castes). ‘Youth participation in agriculture and natural resource IIED continues to work on El Alto, Bolivia’ by Caspar Merkle asks management. Each paper reviews an participation in a variety of ways. One why disadvantaged youth in El Alto, issue of contemporary importance of these is bringing together and Bolivia fail to involve themselves in and provides preliminary disseminating information on the local political system even though recommendations for policy makers, participation through our publication they are highly organised and active researchers and planners working in programme. As well as PLA Notes, in social and cultural groups. The agricultural development. Recent IIED publishes Environment and paper identifies the many constraints papers have covered topics such as Urbanization, which regularly that contribute to this lack of participatory watershed includes papers on participatory involvement, including the corruption management, the life sciences approaches used in an urban context. of local officials, the low level of industry, community wildlife The April 2003 issue, on Rural-Urban political education and awareness, management, and participatory Transformations, includes two papers and the various regulations that evaluation. For subscription details, on participation. ‘Participatory action make prosperity a prerequisite for please contact the SARLs programme planning in the peri-urban interface: real participation. Further details are at IIED or visit the SARLs pages on the the twin city experience, Hubli- available from IIED’s website (www. IIED website. Free downloads of Dharwad, India’ by Meera Halkatti, iied.org, then follow the links for some Gatekeepers are available Sangeetha Purushothaman, and E&U) or write to the Director, Human through the website.

February 2003 93 pla notes subscriptions order form

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highlight the strategies various state ● IIED Sustainable Agriculture and Rural IN TOUCH Recent agencies use to control participation Livelihood Programme and IDS Participation in decision-making processes relating Group, 2002. ISBN: 1 84369 036 5. Order publications to forest and water resource no: 9134IIED. Price: USD22.50/£15. management. You can read more from IIED about this book at Local Perspectives Available from: Earthprint Ltd, PO Box 119, www.iied.org/agri/ipa.html#9169 on Forest Values in Stevenage, SG1 4TP,UK or ● IIED Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Papua New Fax: +44 (0)1438 748844 Livelihood Programme and IDS Participation Guinea – The Email: [email protected] Group, 2003. ISBN: 1 84369 242 2. Order Scope for Website: www.earthprint.com. no 9169IIED:. Price: USD22.50/£15. Participatory Methods State versus People-Oriented Maryanne Grieg- Participation: Approaches in Gran and Irene Natural Resources Global Guijt with Basil Peutalo Management in Conservation: Is Wild resources are often overlooked Europe the Leopard in policymaking and land use Andréa Finger-Stich Changing its decisions, yet they are important for and Matthias Finger Spots? local communities and often critical Volume II in the Sally Jeanrenaud for their survival. IIED’s Hidden Harvest Institutionalising Whereas local project examines the role of wild Participation Series. The participation people were once considered a threat resources in local livelihoods in of the public, local communities, to nature and were often removed different countries and ecosystems. indigenous peoples, and various from protected areas, many This report presents the outcome of a other stakeholders in natural international and national Hidden Harvest training workshop resources policymaking, planning conservation organisations now and field exercise carried out in Papua and/or management has been promote a wide range of people- New Guinea which focused on wild increasingly promoted in oriented conservation approaches. forest resources. Using examples from international and national policies. Despite these changes, this paper the fieldwork, the report highlights This book analyses and discusses how suggests that we should be cautious some methodological questions participation does – or does not – about claiming that ‘participation’ related to valuation in transitional occur in the management of forest has been mainstreamed in global communities. These questions are and water resources at various conservation programmes. Drawing particularly pertinent for research institutional levels in European mainly on case studies from the related to economies that have not contexts. More precisely, the authors World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), commoditised all natural resource critically analyse how the state has, the author suggests that management-related economic over time, strengthened its own organisational structures, fundraising activities or for professionals seeking development interests by removing imperatives, dominant conservation to use complementary decisions over the management of narratives, and western methodologies. The report concludes natural resources from local users and environmental values all work against that participatory methods have an communities’ hands and today tends the ‘leopard changing its spots’. important contribution to make, to instrumentalise people’s Volume I in the Institutionalising given the challenges in local level participation for its own legitimacy Participation Series, This book is now valuation, both as a complement to purposes. This evolution is considered available in French as a pdf more conventional approaches and in in the light of two more recent (Populations Locales et Conservation their own rights as a tool to inform trends, namely the globalisation of de la Nature: Le Léopard serait-il en decision making. economic interests and the demands train de Muer?). ● IIED Sustainable Agriculture and Rural for democratisation, decentralisation, Read more: www.iied.org/agri/ipa. Livelihoods, 2002. ISBN: 1 35793 8X. Order and accountability. The authors html#9134fr no: 6155IIED Price: USD25.00.

February 2003 97 Recent publications from IIED

Cheminer avec le been developed over a number of training others Conflit: Méthodes years by the organisation Responding in the use of Pratiques (French) to Conflict (RTC) in collaboration with participatory Simon Fisher, Dekha practitioners from around the world. methods, Ibrahim Abdi, Jawed Includes a guide to understanding whether they IN TOUCH Ludin, Richard Smith, conflict, how to build effective are researchers, Steve Williams, Sue strategies to address conflict, practitioners, Williams intervening in situations of acute policy-makers, New French translation of Working conflict, and the skills involved in villagers or with Conflict, previously published by evaluation and learning. trainers. The guide provides a Zed Books and Responding to ● IIED, 2002. ISBN: 1843692287. Order comprehensive background to the Conflict. This source book is for no: 9157IIED. Price: USD22.5/£15.00. principles of adult learning and people working in areas affected by details 101 interactive training games conflict and violence. Easy to use, Participatory learning and action: and exercises. well laid out, and including helpful a trainer’s guide ● IIED Sustainable Agriculture and Rural visual materials, it provides a range of Jules N Pretty, Irene Guijt, John Thompson, Livelihoods Programme, 1995. practical tools – processes, ideas, Ian Scoones Also available in Spanish. ISBN: visual aids, and techniques – for Designed for both experienced and 1899825002. Order no: 6021IIED. tackling conflict. These tools have new trainers, who have an interest in Price: USD 31.50

98 February 2003 Notes NOTES

February 2003 99 100 NOTES Notes F ebruary 2003