2 .Ianuary 2007 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOc. WASH 109{1 1. 2007. pp 208-·222

THE ID ENTITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF EFFERIA PLEN A (HINE) AND E. N E M OR A L 1S (HINE) (DIPTERA: AS l LIDAE)

J EFFR EY K. BARNES

T he Arthropo d M useum, D epartmen t o f Entomol o gy, U nive rsity of A rkan sa s, Fayettev ille, Arka nsas 72701- 120 1, U .S.A. (e-mail: jbarnes@ uark.edu)

Abstract.s-s-Efferia plena (Hin e) and E. nem oralis (H ine ) fro m the eastern and so uth-centra l U nited St ates are red escri bed a nd illustrat ed . T hese m embers of the Efferia staminea species gro up a re similar in appearance, an d specimens of E. plena ofte n have been m isidentified as E. nemoralis. Severa l characters fo r reli able iden tification of m ales are offered. T he di st ribu tions of th e species are mapped. A lect otyp e is designated from th e syn type series of Erax nemoralis Hine Key Words: D ipter a , robber fly, As ilidae, Efferia, Erax, Pogon iefferia , Pogonioef­ feria, Nearctic

Efferia, wit h a bo ut 110 spec ies recog­ species grou ps, ba sed largely on wing nized in th e United St ates (Poole 1996) characte ristics . a nd m ore th an IJ0 species in the mo re America n species we re assigne d to so uthern reach es of th e Americas (Mar­ Erax until M artin (1961) showe d th a t tin and Papavero 1970), is o ne of t he M acquart shou ld ha ve erec te d a new largest genera o f Asi lidae in the New ge n us fo r th e A merica n species . He W orld. Coqu illett (1893) erected th e recognized th at Efferia is the fir st ge neric genus to receive a smal1 gro up of North name availa ble fo r the North a nd South A merican species previously referr ed to American species . Hull (1962), a pparent­ th e o ld Palea rctic genus Erax Scopo li, ly un a ware of M artin 's (1961) work, while leaving othe r North American state d th a t th e New W o rld species only species in th at Old W orld genus. H e su pe rficia lly resem ble th e Old W orld su bsequently (Coq uillett 1910 ) design at­ Erax species and proposed th e new ge nus ed E. candida Coq uille tt as type species Nerax to receive th e maj ority of A mer­ of his new N orth Ame rica n ge nus . ican species, while reserving Efferia fo r Assignme nt of W estern H emisphere th e species included in Hine's Erax ro b ber flies to Erax began with M ac­ anomalus group - th e species in which .:. q uart (1838) an d co ntin ued for a long the recu rrent br anch of vein R 4 joins peri od. He assigne d 29 species, m ost o f R 2+ 3 ra the r than ending blindly in ce ll them A merica n, to th e ge nus . Willis ton 1'2+ 3, M artin (1965) soon synomym ized (1891) listed 74 species from South Nerax under Efferia. In his revision o f Ameri ca . In his Erax revision, Hine the Nor th American species, W ilcox (191 9) recognized 76 va lid North Amer­ (1966) fo llowed M artin's (196 1, 1965) ican species of Erax sens u Macqua.rt, in terpret ation of th e genus Efferia a nd a nd he placed them in eight info rmal Hine's ( 1919) species group classifica­ VOLUME 109. NUM BER I 209 tion. H e described 30 new species and O n closer exam inatio n, it was foun d that recognized a total of 100 sp ecies in North m al es of the two species differ in the America north o f M exico. color p attern of the third a bdominal Artigas and Papavera (1997) d ivided ter gite and in th e form of the gonocoxite Efferia. They contin ue d to recogn ize t he and the apex of the epandrium. ge ne ra D ip losynap sis E nderlein and P or­ H ine (1911 ) described Erax nemoralis as ilus Cu rran , removed Nerax from from sev eral specimens, bo th m al e and synonymy, reserved Efferia fo r anorn­ femal e, collected a t New Roads, P ointe ola-grou p species, and describ ed the five Co upee P a rish, Lousiana, o n J uly 15, new genera Albibarbefferia, Aridefferia, 1905. Bromley (195 1) descri bed Erax Carinefferia, P ogoniefferia, and Tubercu­ rn onk i from a m ale h olo type collecte d lefferia to receive o ther species . (Artigas at Donna, H id al go County, Texas, o n and Pa p avero (1997) used the spelling Octo be l' 1, 1933 . H e distinguishe d it P ogoniefferia most freque ntly, but the y from E. nemoralis by its smaller size, a pp a rently misspelled it as Pogonioef­ m ore slen de r build , hyaline wings, white feria in one instance; the fo rm er spelling rnystax an d beard, darker legs, an d more is her e selec te d as correct.) T hese ge nera ro unded m al e ge nitalia . W ilcox ( 1966) are nearly iden tical to Hine's (19 19) did no t study specimens of E. monki species grou ps, ba sed on su perficia l be fore publis hing his work on North differen ces in se tatiori and wing ve nation American Efferia. H e merely quo ted th at can vary among individuals of the Br omley's descr ip tio n, and did the best same species. A lth ough th e latest catalog he could in cons tructing the keys. Brom­ of ro bber fly genera recognizes all of the ley (1951) in dicated that the hol oty pe A rtigas and Papaver o ge nera (Geller­ was in the A merican M useum of Natural Grimm 2003), it is perha p s better to treat Hist ory, but thoro ugh searches of th at the m as synonyms of Efferia until in m use um, the Natio nal Museum of Nat­ depth phylo genetic ana lysis provide s ur al History, t he California Academy of additional d ata upon which to base Sciences, the Texas A &M University a co nclu sio n. Insect Collectio n, and several o the r New species of Efferia are still bein g m useu ms and co llections h ave fai led to recognized and descri bed in wes tern prod uce any ty pe speci mens of E. monki. North A merica (Bullington a nd Lavigne A syn type ser ies of E. nemoralis and the 1984; Forbes 1987, 1988), but it is rare to hol otype of E. plana we re located in the find new species in the East. While C harles A . T riple horn Insect Collectio n, su rveyin g the ro b ber flies of the south­ O hio St ate University. I n ow regard E. central U nited States, it becam e ev iden t monki as a sp ecies inquirenda, o f doubtful th at trays of Efferia nemoralis (Hine) at identity an d needin g furt her investiga­ the U n ive rsity of A r kansas Arth ropod tion. The hol o type and some othe r Museum and other collections act ually specimens were co llected in the G ulf containe d tw o species. D ifferences in Coastal region late in the season , sug ­ co loratio n o f the ves titure of the mystax gesting th at it mi ght be j unior a syn on ym and legs in itiall y suggested the p resence of E. nemoralis. of two species . A specimen wi th a m yst ax Study of the genitalia of the E. plena th at is in te rpreted as bei ng "yellow or h ol otype a nd E. nernoralis lectotype, yellowish" keys to E. nemoralis, and designated herein , ha s led me to the a specimen with a rnystax that is in te r­ conclusion that specimens of E. plena preted as bein g white keys to E. m onk i h ave often been m isidentified as E. (Bromley) in Wilcox's (1966) semi nal nemoralis and placed in trays wit h mono graph o n Nort h American Efferia. properly id entified E. nemoralis. For this 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENT O M OLOG ICA L SO CIETY OF WASHINGTON

reason, E. plena was recorded from only veins R 4 and R, is located basad to the Kansas and Oklahoma by Martin and level of the basal section of vein M 2 Wilcox (1965) in their catalog of North (apex of cell d) , and the m ale abdomen American ro bber flie s, and it s wide­ has several silvery pollinose segments spread occurrence in Arkansas was not with long, parted, white hairs. Within recognized (Scarbrough 1972, Whitcomb th e staminea group, they are segregated and Bell 1964). Hine (1916) de scribed from many other species by the black Erax plenus from a m ale holotype femora and white or yello w m ystax. Both collected in Douglas County, Kansas . Efferia plena and Efferia nemoralis occur No date was given. That specimen and widely in Arkansas, wh ere th e former several others studied by Hine have sp ecie s is apparen tly most a bundant in a light colored abdominal tergite 7. One June, and the latter species is most sp ecim en from Onaga, Pottawatomie abundant in July and August . Efferia County, K ansas has a dark colored plena has a wide distribution from Mary­ tergite 7, but Hine (1916) dismissed this land and North Carolina in the East to condition as intraspecific variation. Kansas, Oklahoma, and T exas in the However, Wilcox (1966) admitted to n o Midwest. Efferia nemoralis is strictly va riatio n, and he identified only speci­ a south-central species, occurring also mens with a " silvery pollinose" segment in Mississippi, Louisiana, northeastern 7 as Efferia plena. Most specimens of E. Texas, and southeastern Oklahoma . The p lena that I have seen h av e a dark­ ranges of the two species overlap in colored tergite 7, an d they are identified Arkansas and Mississippi. Several ch ar­ as E. nemoralis when using Wilcox's ac ters for reliable identification of males (1966) key. are described . No reliable ch aracters In his revision of th e genus Erax , Hine have been found separating the females (1919) separa ted male E. plena from male of the two species. E. nem oralis by the color pattern of a bd om inal tergites 1-3. The holotype of MATERIALS AN D METHODS E. plena has the first three abdominal segments dark, mostl y with black h air Terminology largely follows th at found above (Fig. 1) . That species is thus in the M anual ofNear ctic Diptera (McAl­ distinguished from E. nemoralis, which pine 1981, Wood 1981) . Antennomere to Hine describes as h aving m ale a bd o min al scape r atios were formulated by dividing segments 1-2 and a ba sal tri angle of the length of each antenn omere by the segment 3 dark and largely clothed with length ofthe first an tenno mere (the sca pe) black hair, but the apex of 3 is white and and then listing the numbers in order. covered with long white hair parted in Specimens from the foll owing collec­ the middle and directed outward tions were stud ied : Colorado State Uni­ (Fig. 4A). Unfortunately, there is a great versity, Department of Bioagricultu ral de al of va ria tion in the color pattern of Sciences and Pest Management, C. P . abdominal tergite 3 of E. p lena speci­ Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversi­ mens, with many showing a well de­ ty, Ft. Collins (CSUC); Mi ssissippi St ate veloped white posterior band and long, University, Mississippi Entomological white parted h airs (F ig. 2) . Even the Museum, Mississippi State (M EM U ); holotype has some posterolateral white N ational Museum of Natural History, areas and some long, white hairs (Fig. 1) Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D . Efferia plena and Efferia nemoralis are C. (U SN M ); C harles A. Triplehorn In­ members of Hine's (1919) staminea sect Collection, Ohio State University, group of species . The junction of wing Co lum bus (OSUC); Oklahoma State VOLUME 109, NUMBER I 21 J

Fig. l. Efferia plena, hol otyp e abdome n, dor sal view sho wing abdominal tergitcs 3 and 7.

U niversity, K . C. Emers o n Museum, - A bdominal tergite 3 shining dark brown to Stillwater (OSEC); K ansas State Univer­ black dorsally on anterior ha ll', almost devoid of black setae, with broad, po sterio r, sity , D epart m ent of Ento mology, M an­ silvery polli nose band V-not ched a t midline hatt an (KSUC); Texas A & M U niver­ (F ig. 4A); epand riurn with deep a pica l sity Insect Collec tion, College Statio n notch, as in Fig. 48; go nocoxite with poster­ (TA MU); U nive rs ity of A rkansas Ar­ oventral lob e na rro w, more or Jess parallel­ thropod Museum, Fayettev ille (UAAM ); sided; apex surpassing that of ant erodorsa l lobe; gonos tylus lo ng, surpassing go nocoxite U niversity of K ansas Natural H ist ory by di stance ap proximating length of apica l Museum, Sn ow Ento mological Collec­ go nocoxite lobes (Fig. 4C) ; aedeagus sha rply tions, Lawren ce (SEMC); U nive rsity of hooked and somewha t sigmo id ba sa lly M ichigan Museum of Zoology, Insect (Fig. 4D) E[(eria nemoralis (H ine) Division, A nn Arbo r (UM MZ); Univer­ sity of Missouri, D ep artment of Ento­ Efferia p lena (Hine) m ol ogy, Wilbur R. Enns Entomology (Figs . 1- 3) Museum, Colum bia (UMEE). Erax plenus Hine 1916: 21; Hine 1919: 148. SYSTEMAT ICS Efferia plena: W ilcox 1966: 2 14. Pogoniefferia plena: Artigas and P apa ­ K EY TO AD U LT MALES vero 1997: 73 . Both E plena and E. nemoralis key to Male.- Body length: 19.4-28.6 mm co uplet 9 in Wilcox's (1966) key to males (mean S.D.: 23.0 1.8; N = 63). of the staminea group. They can be ± ± Width 1.5 times eye hei ght. separated as follows: H ead: Face go lde n tomentose, with lar ge gib­ 1. Abdom ina l tergit.e :I m ostl y shining black bosity a bo ut as deep as length of scape or dark brown dorsally and bearing many ex ten ding nearl y two- th ird s of dist ance black se tae (Fig. 2A); epand rium wit h sha llow apical not ch , as in F ig. 2B; gono­ fr om oral margin to antennal bases. cox ite wit h postero vent ral lobe broad M ystax cons isting of long pale yellow ba sa lly, tap ered to ro un ded apex; apex to deep go lde n yellow bristles covering not surpassing that. of anterodorsal lobe; en tire facial gibbosity, sometimes with 1­ go riostylus sho rt. not surpassing go nocox­ 4 bl ack bristles in ventolater al co rners . ire by distance a pproximating length of apical go rioco x i te lobes (Fig. 2C) ; aedeagus Gena brown, thinly go lden p ollinose. smoothly ro unded ba sa lly (Fig. 2­ F rons brown, subsh ining medi all y, go ld­ D) ...... Efferia p lena (H ine) en p ollin ose laterally, with 3-5 long 2 12 PR OCEE DI N GS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHIN GTON black bristles and patch of m any black, each di vid ed by narro w line of p ollen shorter, hai rlike setae laterall y. Vertex , alo ng transver se su ture, an d pair of including oce lla r tubercle, go lde n polli­ thinly pollinose, cent ral, brown vittae nose. Ocellar tubercle bearing 2-4 long, extending from p ronotum to region just stro ng , black bri stles and several weaker posterio r to transverse suture , pair sep ­ ones. Postcranium whi te to rnentose. arate d by narrow lin e of go lden p ollen D orsal postocul ar se tae black; lateral a lo ng m id-dorsal line of scu tum . Posta la r postocular setae pale yellow. Lower callus densely go lden polli nose, covered occiput, postgena, and base o f labium with short black setae and 3-6 lo ng, wit h de nse ves tit ure o f long, slender, strong black bristles. Scute llu m convex, go lden plumose hairs. Proboscis black ; brown, golden pollinose, with 6- 12 palpus black, usu all y with black setae strong, long, erect, black m arginal bristles d orsally and apically, go lde n setae ven­ and m any short black setae on disc. trally near base. Ante nna, includi ng M edioter gite brown, thin ly go lde n polli­ style, 2.0-2.5 mm long, brown; scape nose; anatergiie gray pollinose; katater­ setose d o rsally, laterall y, and ventrally, gite gray p ollin ose, with de nse fan of long with setae usu all y bl ack dorsally, often black and go lde n bristles. A ll mesopleural go lde n yellow laterall y and ventrally; sc lerites brown , golden pollinose. Anepis­ pedicel setose apically; first fla gellornere ternum with long, fine , go lden to d ark attenuate; an tennornere to scape ratios brown, apically-crinkled ha irs along an­ 1.0-0.5- 1.0- 1.5. terio r, d orsal and posterior ma rgin s; Thorax: Ce rvical sclerites brown, a nterior a nd dorsal hair s erect; p osterior sparsely go lden pollinose, co ve red with hairs reclinat e. Anterior basal are brown, long, pal e, plumose h airs. Pronotum thinly pollinose, with long, fine , black, sparsely go lde n pollinose, covered wi th apically-crinkled hairs a long anterior sparse p ile of long, slen de r pale and margin; posterior brown, thi ckly go lden black ha irs; antep ronotum with tr ans­ pollinose. Katepistern um with long, fine, verse row of about 6-11 black bristles; black, apically-crinkled hairs posterodo r­ postpronotallobe brown, densely golde n sally. Anepimeron with few long, fine, p oll inose, covered with short, black, blac k or pale, apically-crinkled hai rs erec t to reclinate setae. Propleuron posteriodaorsally . K atep imeron and brown , go lde n p oll inose, with vest itu re meron lack ing setae or h airs. Basal of long, declinate, plumose white hairs swelling of pleural wing process go lden on ante rior p ortio n of proepisternum; p ollinose. Subalar scle rite bro wn . Mete­ dec linate go lde n ha irs on posterior p or­ pi sternum go lden pollinose, covered with tion of proepisternum ; and reclinate seve ral long, fine, b lac k or pale, apically­ go lde n to brown h airs on p roep im eron. crinkled hairs and dense crescentic patch Scutum brown in ground co lor, covered of sho rt brown hairs p osteroven tr all y. th ro ugh out with ves titure of sh o rt o r M etepimeron gray polli nose, with very long, black, erect or slightly reclin ate fine , apically-crinkled, erect go lden h airs. setae; postsu tu ral hairs a nd setae longer L egs: Coxae brown in grou nd co lo r, than presut ural hairs and setae; lateral go lde n pollinose; forecoxa de nsely cov­ margin of scutu m, in ad di tion to several ered with long, go lden , declinate bristl es weake r black setae, wi th 3-4 strong, anteriorly; m idco xa wit h long, go lden, blac k presutu ra l setae and 1-3 st rong, declinate bristles an teroventrall y and black postsutural, sup ra -alar setae; scu ­ so me st ronger go lden bristles laterall y; tum mostly covered with den se go lden hind coxa with fine, long, apically­ pollen except for p air o f broad, p oster o­ crinkled, p ale h airs anterola te rally and later al , thinly p ollin ose or bare patches, posteriorly, and about 3 long black to VOLUME 109, N UMBER I 213

B

c o

Fi g. 2. Efferia ph-no , male. A, Tergit es 3-5, left to right (Arkansas: Cra ighead Co., near Jonesb oro). B-D, Male genitalia (Arkansas: Benton Co., Siloam Spr ings, Ch esney Prairie N atural A rea). B, Epandriurn, right lateral view . C , Gonocoxite and go uosty lus, right lat er al view. D , Ae dea gus, righ t lateral vic",'. Abbreviation s: adl , a ntero dorsal lobe of go uocoxire: gs. go nostylu s; pvl, post er ovcn tral lo be of go nocoxite . pale bristles posterolaterally. Femora 4--5 sto ut, black bristl es and 2..·3 sto ut, dark brown to bl ack, subs h ining. Fore­ bl ack bristles on basal half of anterio r femur lacking stout bri stl es, with many fac e. Hind femur with many sho rt golden long, black hairlike se tae dorsally, ante­ setae anterodorsall y on basal three­ riorly, and ventroapically, and with fourths; many long, dark, ap ically-crin­ many long, golden, hairlike set ae poster­ kled , hairlike se tae posteroventrall y; ven­ iorly and ventrally near base, these tral ro w of 7- 9 sto ut black bristl es; and ventr al setae much longer than other s. an terio r row of 2-3 sto u t black bristles. Midfemur simila r to forefernur, but with Tibiae reddish brown, darkened at api­ anteroventral and p ostero ventral rows of ces. Foretibia with many long, golden, 214 PROCEEDIN G S O F T HE ENTOMOLOGICAL SO CIETY O F WASHINGTON a pically-crinkled, hairlike setae poster­ hairlike setae ; posterior b and narrow, oventrall y; dense brush of short, fine, with setae parted at midline, fa lling o ver golden hairs anter oventrally; rows of sides of tergite. T ergite 4 (Fig. 2A) sto ut, black bri stles antero dorsa lly a nd almost entirely silvery pollinose; de void posterodorsally; and circle of seve ral of bl ack; covered with m any long, wh ite, stout, black bristles at apex . Midtibia a pically -crinkled, hairlike setae parted at with many long, golden, a pica lly-crin­ midline and fa lling over sides of ter gite. kled, hairlike setae ventrally; row of 4-6 Tergites 5 (F ig. 2A ) a nd 6 a lmost entirely stou t bl ack bristl es posterodorsally; a nd silve ry pollinose; de void of black setae circle of several sto u t, black bristl es a t and co vered with many short, fine, white apex. Hind tibia with many long, golden, se tae p arted a t midline and falling over ap ica lly-crinkled, hairlike setae ventra lly; sides of tergite. Tergite 7 (F ig. 1) som e­ dense elongate p atch of short golde n times silve ry p ollinose, but u su all y large­ setae po sterodorsall y; and sto ut black ly shining brown excep t fo r silvery to bristles as follows: 1 anterodorsall y and 1 grayish brown pollinose ante rior V­ poster odorsall y ne ar base, 1-2 an tero­ shaped area and n arrow lateral band; dorsally a t about midlength, 1 an terio rly covered with many short, fine, recum­ at abo ut apical fourth, 2 anteroven trally bent, posteri orly direct ed , bl ack setae. a long apical third, and 5 circling apex Ster nites 1-3 grayish brown pollinose, except posterodorsally. Tarsi uniformly except for narrow, silv ery pollinose brown; length of first tarso rne re about posterior m arginal band on sternite 3. 1.0--1 .3 times len gth of seco n d and third Sternites 4-7 silvery pollinose. Sternites com bine d . A ll claws black with brown 1-4 covered with many long, white, base. A ll pulvilli pale yellow. apically-crink led, hairlike setae; sternites Wing: 11 .6-18.0 mm long (mea n ± 5-7 with sh orter, white, hairlike setae . S.D.: 14.5 ± 1.4; N = 63) . Very lightly Sternite 8 shinin g brown, wit h narrow infuscated, ne arly hyaline; so metimes p osterior band of long, slender, black more heavily in fu scated in subcostal cell. bristl es directed p osteri orly. Halter with stem yello w, knob often Epandrium with shallow apical n otch , darker. as in Fig. 2B . Goriocoxite with poster ­ Ab domen: Ter gites dark brown to oventral lobe broad basally, tapered to bl ack in ground co lo r. T ergite I brown rounded ap ex; apex not surpassing that in gro u nd co lor; covered with grayish of ante rodors a l lobe. G onostylus short, brown pollen and fine bl ack se tae not surpassing gonocoxite by distance throughout; with 5-8 sto ut black bristles app roximating length of ap ical gonocox­ and sever al long, pale , a pically-crinkled ite lobes (Fig. 2C). Aedeagus sm oothly h airlike setae p osterolaterally. Tergite 2 rounded basally (Fig. 2D). mostly shining dark b rown to black, with Type M ateri al. - The holotype m ale is broad lateral a nd narro w posterior gray­ in the C ha rles A . Tripleh orn Insect ish brown p ollinose band; covered dor­ Collectio n at Ohio State University. It is sa lly with m any long, black, h airlike labeled " D ouglas C o., Kan. 900 ft ., F. H . seta e; with n arrow lateral band of long, Sn ow.lTYPE [red label]/Erax plenus Hine pale, hairlike setae. Tergite 3 (Fig. 2A) [handwritten, with black border]." The m ostl y shinin g dark brown to black , spe cimen is 27 .4 mm long, and its wings usually with broad lateral grayish brown are 15.5 mm long. Tergite and sternite 7 polJinose band a nd narrow posterior are silvery pollinose. A p aratype mal e in silvery pollinose b and; covere d m ostl y the same collection is labeled "Osborne with bl ack setae; with posterior and Co, K an. 1557 ft. , F. X . Williams, A ug. 3, lateral bands of white, apically-crinkled, 1912 [date h andwritten]/PARATYPE VOLUME 109, NUMBER I 215

Fi g. 3. Di stribution of Ellena plena b y county.

[red label). It also has a silvery pollinose grass and forbs, 15 July 2004, N . Lavers tergite and stern ite 7. (1 0" , UAAM); Jonesboro, 5 June 1964 , Other specimens examined.-AR­ A . G . Scarbrough (I 0", UAAM), 28 KANSAS. Benton Co.: Chesney Prairie June 1964, A . G . Scarbrough (I <5, Natural Area, near Siloam Springs, 7-12 UAAM), 31 May 2004, N . Lavers (l 0" , June 2004, J . K . Barnes (I 0" , UAAM); UAAM); near Jonesboro, 16 June 1971, 12--18 June 2004, J . K . Barnes (3 0", A . G . Scarbrough (2 0" , UAAM). Drew UAAM). Boone Co.: Baker Prairie Co.: Seven Devils Wildlife M anagement Natural Area, 2 July 2003, M. D . Area, understory trail, above swamp , 23 Warriner (I 0" , UAAM). Craighead August 2004, H . Raney (1 0" , UAAM). Co.: Bono Bog, 22 May 2003, N . Lavers Faulkner Co.: Bell Slough Wildlife (I 0", UAAM); Hatchie Coon, on mud in Management Area, 26 M ay 2003, H. overflow area, 1 August 2004, N. Lavers Raney (I 0" , UAAM); Camp Robinson (I 0" , UAAM); Hatchie Coon, I August Wildlife Management Area, I June 2003, 2004, N . Lavers (2 0" , UAAM); Hatchie H . Raney (l 0", UAAM). Franklin Co.: Coon Wildlife Management Area, tall Cherokee Prairie Natural Area, 19 M ay 216 PROCEEDINGS OF T HE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHIN G T ON

2003, M . D. Warriner (1 6, UAAM). N O R T H CAR O LINA. Mecklenb urg Lafayette Co. : Lafayette Wildlife M an­ Co.: C har lotte, 5 June 1927 (5 6, agement A rea, roadcut alo ng fields, 15 USNM). A ugust 2004, H . Raney (1 6, U AA M). OKLAHOMA. Comanc he Co.: F ort Poinsett Co.: Lake H ogu e, 27 June 2004 , Sill, East R ange, Parks Hill, 12 June N . Lavers (l 6 , U AAM). Sh arp Co.: 2003, J . Owen s, J . Sc hmidt (I 6 , CSUC); Strawberry Ri ver Preserve, in ope n field Fort Sill, East R ange, Dr H oyle Bri dge, near river , 22 M ay 2004, H . R aney (1 6, pinned with presumed p rey : Colias phi­ UAA M). Iodice Godart, clouded sulphur butterfl y, I NDIAN A. Cla rk Co.: Sta te Forest, 12 June 2003 , J. Owens, J . Schmid t ( I 6, 13 June 1933, M ontgomery (l s , CSUC). C ra ig Co.: Bluejacket , 17 June U M M Z) . 193 [ (I 6, O SEC) ; Centralia, 26 June KANSAS. Cl ay C o. (l s, OSU C) . 1931 (1 0, OSEe). Jefferson Co.: D ouglas Co.: 5 mi . NE of Lawren ce, 18 W aurik a Lake, 13 July 1983, H . C. Reed June 1971 , V. P . Gapu d (I 6, SE M C) . & J . Nelso n (2 s , OSEC). M cCurtain Osage Co.: 12 June 1923, H. Darby ( 1 6, Co.: Id abel , 9 June 1931. (L 0 , OSEC). U AAM), 14 June 1923, H. D arby (I 6 , Nowata Co.: N owata, 28 June 1935, C. U AAM), 16 June 192 3, R. H. Beamer A . Sooter (l 6' , O SEC). Okm ulgee C o .: ( I (; , UAAM). Riley Co.: 5 June 1955, Bryant, II J une 1934 , C. A. Sooter (l (; , W. W . G ibson (l 6' , K SU C) . Pottawa­ USNM), 13 June 1934, C. A. Sooter (2 (; , torni e Co.: Onaga, 20 Augn st 1901 ( I (;, USNM); H enryet ta , 7 June 1934, C. A. O SUC). Sooter (l 6 , U SNM), 15 June 1934 , C. MARYLA ND. Prince George 's Co.: A. So o te r (1 6, USN M). Osage Co.: CoJlege Park, 9 June 1935, C. T. G ree ne Pawhuska, 3 June 1934 , A . E. Pritchard (l 6 , U SN M). (l 6', U SNM). P ushrnata ha C o. : Tusk a­ MISSISSIPPI. Ok tibbe ha Co.: 3 June homa, 23 May 192 8, R . H . Beamer ( I 0 , 1989, T. L. Schiefer (3 s , M EMU ); 3 mi. UAAM). W of Adato n , 20 June 1996, T . L. T EN N ESSE E. CoITee Co.: M anch e­ Schiefer (l 6 , M EMU), 12 June 1998, ster, 20 June 1941 , W. S. C raig ( I 3 , T. L. Schiefer (l s , M EMU ); 6 mi . SW U MEE). of St arkville , 6-7 July 1984, R . L. & B. T EXAS: Calho un Co.: Port Lavaca, B. Brown (l 6, M EMU ); Agricultu ral 12 A ugust 192 5 (l s , OSUC). College, 16 M ay [92[ , W . F. Turman (I Di stribution (Fig. 3).- N earctic: U nit­ 6 , M EMU); J ohn Starr M emorial For­ ed States (Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, est, [4 June 1995, D . M . Poll ock ( I 6 , M aryland, Mississippi , M issouri, Nort h M EMU); Longview, 8 June 191 9, F . Carolina. Oklahoma, T ennessee, T exas) . Oswalt (L s . M EMU ); State College, I Existing co llectio n records seem to in­ M ay 1940 , C. M. Wells (l s, M EM U). dicate th at E. plena is relatively rare east MISSO URI. A ud rain Co.: M exico, [ of the M ississippi, but abundant in A ugus t 1993, T. W oods ( I s , U MEE). Kansas, Oklahoma, A rkansas, and M is­ Ca lla way Co.: Tuck er Prairie, 19- 20 so uri. It is tem pting to specula te that t his June 1968 (2 6 , U MEE), 2- 6 July 1968 is a prairie species that spread eastward (5 6 , U MEE), 8 July 1968 (2 6 , with deforest at ion. U MEE), 12 July 1968 (3 s , U MEE), N ote.- The m ystax and the long 14 July 1968 (I 0 , U MEE), 18 July 196 8 ven tral hairs of th e femora and tibiae (l 0, UMEE). Lawren ce Co.: Mt. usu all y a re golden yellow, althoug h in Vernon, 16 June 1954, W. R . Enns (2 same specimen s th ey appear to be p aler. 6, U MEE). Pi ke Co.: New H ar tford, 24 They are usu all y distinc tly m ore richly June 1938, W . S. C raig (l 6 , U SNM). co lo red th an th ose of E. nem oralis. VOLUME 109, NUM BE R I 217

Fi g. 4. Efferia nemoralis. male. A , Tergites 3-5. left to righ t, lect otyp e (LOUI sia na : Point Coupee Parish . New R oad s). B- D , Male genita lia (Ar kansas: H emp stead C o. Ri ck Evans Grandview Prairie). B, Epandriurn, right lat era) view. C, Gonocoxite and gonostylus, rig ht lateral view. D , Aedeagus, right lateral view.

A specimen fr om Fort Sill , Com anche Male.-Body len g th: 20.5-27.9 mm Co., Oklahoma is pinned with its pre­ (mean ± S.D.: 24.2 ± 1.9; N = 49). sumed p rey , an ad ult clouded sulphur Head: Width 1.5 times eye height. F ace butterfly, Co lias philodice G odart. white tomentose, with large gibbosit y about as deep as length ofscape extending Efferia nernoralis (H ine) nearly two-thirds of di stance fro m oral (Fi gs. 4--5) margin to antennal bases. M ystax con ­ Erax nemoralis Hine 19 I 1: 311 ; Hine sisting of long white or sligh tly yellowed 1919: 147. bristles coverin g entire facial gibbosit y, Ej(er ia nemoralis: Wilcox 1966: 208 . sometimes with I o r a few black bristles in P ogoniefferia nemoralis: Artigas and vento la te ra l co rners. Gena bro wn, thinly Papavero 1997: 73 . pale pollinose. Frons brown, subshining 2 18 PR O CEE DING S OF T HE ENTO MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON med iall y, golden pollinose later ally, with dense golden p ollen exce pt for p air of 3-5 long black bristles and patch of m any broad, posterolateral, thinly pollinose or black , sho rter, hairlike seta e later all y. bare patches, each di vided by n ar ro w line Vert ex, including ocellar tubercle, golden of p ollen alo ng transverse suture, and poll inose. Ocellar tubercle bearing 2-4 pair of thinly p ollinose, cen tral, brown lon g, strong , black bristles an d several vittae exten ding from pronotum to re­ weaker o nes . P ostcr aniu rn white tomen­ gion j ust posterio r to tr ansverse sut ure, tose alo ng ocular margin, wit h thin pale th e pair separated b y narrow line of p ollen elsew here. D orsal postocula r setae golden pollen alo ng mi d-dorsal lin e of black; lat eral post ocular setae p ale yellow scutum . P ostalar callus densely go lde n or brown. Lower occiput, postgena, and poll inose, covered with short black seta e base of labium with de nse ves titure of a nd 2-4 long, strong black bristles. long, slende r, white, plumose hairs. Pro­ Scutellum co nvex, brown , golden polli­ boscis black; palpus black, with black n ose, with 6- 10 strong, long, erect, bla ck setae dorsall y and apica lly, wh ite setae marginal bri stles and short black set ae on ve ntrally near base. Antenna, including disc. M edi otergite bro wn, thinl y p olli­ style, 2.2- 2.6 mm long, brown; scape nose; anate rgite gray pollinose; k atat er­ setose dorsally, laterally, and ventrally, gite gray pollinose, with den se fa n of long t he setae usually black dorsall y, often bla ck and pale bri stl es. All m esopleural whi te laterally a nd ventra lly; ped icel sclerites bro wn, at least p artly go lde n or setose apically; first fla gellornere attenu­ gray pollinose. A nepisternum with long, ate; ante nnome re to sca pe ratios 1.0- 0.5­ fine , golde n to dark brown, apica lly­ 0.9- 2.1. crin kled hairs al on g a nterio r, dorsal and Thorax: Ce rvical sclerites brown, gold­ posterior margin s; a nterior and dorsal en p ollinose, covered with long, White, hairs erect ; posterio r hairs rec1inate. plumose hairs. Pronotum sparse ly golden Anterior bas alare brown, thinly p olli­ pollino se, covered with sparse pile of nose, wit h long, fine, black, apica lly­ long, slende r pale and black h airs; ante ­ crinkled hairs alo ng anterio r margin ; pronotum with transverse row of a bo ut po sterior basalare yellowish bro wn , sil­ 11-20 black bri stles; postpronotal lobe very pollinose. Katep isternum with long, brown , den sely go lde n pollinose, covered fine, black , apica lly-crinkled h airs poster­ with short, black , erect to reclinate seta e. odors a lly. Anepimeron with few long, Propleuron brown, go lden pollinose; fine, black o r pale, apically-crinkled with vestit ure of long, declinate, plumose hairs posteri odorsall y. K atepimeron and white hairs o n anterio r portion of proe­ meron lacking setae o r h airs. Basal pisternu m; declinate go lden hairs o n swelling of pleural wing p rocess silvery po steri or portion of proepi sternum and p ollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. M ete­ anterio r portion of pro epimeron; and pisternum golden p ollinose, covered with reclinate black hairs on posterior portion several long, fine, black o r p ale, apically­ of proepimeron. Scutum brown in cr inkled hairs and d en se crescentic patch ground co lor, co vered through out with of sho rt brown hai rs postero ven tr all y. vestiture of sho rt or long, black , erect o r M etepimeron gray pollinose, with very slightly reclinate setae; p ostsutural hairs fine, apically-cr inkled, erect white to and setae longer than presutural hairs go lden hairs. and setae; lateral m argin of scu tum, in L egs: Coxae br own in gr ound col or, addition to several weake r black setae, gray to golden pollinose; forecoxa dense­ with 2-4 strong, black presutural setae ly covered with long, white, declinate and 1- 3 strong, black postsutural , supra­ bri stles anteriorly; midcoxa with long, alar setae; scutum m ostl y covered with white , declinate bri stl es ante roventrally VOLUME 109, NUMBER I 219 and longer, stronger, white to pale Wing: 13.7-18.8 mm long (mean ± golden bristles laterally; hind coxa with S.D.: 15.8 ± 1.0 ; N = 49). Lightly sparse, fine, long, apically-crinkled, infuscated ; more he avily infuscated in white hairs anterolaterally and poster­ subcostal cell. Halter with stem and knob iorly and about 3 long black to pale yellow. bristles posterolaterally. Femora dark Abdomen : Tergites dark brown to brown to black, su bshining. Forefernur black in ground color. Tergite I brown lacking stou t bristles, with many long, in ground color; co vered with grayi sh black hairlike setae dorsally, anteriorly, brown pollen and fine black seta e and ventro apically, and with many long, throughout; with 5-8 stout black bristles pale, hairlike set ae posteriorly and ven­ and several long, pale , apically-crinkled tr ally near base, these ventral setae much hairlike setae posterolaterally. Tergite 2 longer than others. Midfemur sim ilar to mostly shining dark brown to black, with forefemur, but with anteroventral and broad lateral and narrow posteri or gray­ posteroventral rows of 4-5 stout, black ish brown pollinose band; covered dor ­ bristles and 1-2 stout, black bristles on sally with many long, black, h airlike basal half of anterior face. Hind femur setae; with narrow lateral band of long, with many short yellow setae anterodor­ p ale , hairlike seta e. Tergite 3 (Fig. 4A) sally on b asal three-fourths; many long, shining dark brown to black dorsally on pale , apically-crinkled, hairlike setae anterior half; with broad silvery pollinose posteroventral1y; ventral row of 5-9 band laterally and al ong p osterior hal f, V­ stout black bristles; and anterior row of notched at midline; a lm os t dev oid of 4-5 sto ut black bristles. Tibiae yellowish black setae and be aring many long, White, brown, darkened at apices. Foretibia apically-crink led, hairlike setae parted at with m any long, pale, apically-crinkled, midline an d falling over sides of tergite. hairlike set ae posteroventrally; dense Tergite 4 (F ig. 4A) mostly silvery polli­ brush of short, fine, golden hairs ante­ nose excep t for anterior, mid-d orsal V­ roventrally; rows of stou t, black bristles notch; devoid of black setae and covered anterodorsally and posterodorsally; and with m any long, white, a pically-crinkled, circle of severa l stout, black bristles at hairlike set ae parted at midline and falling apex. Midtibia with many long, pale, over sides of tergite. T ergites 5 (Fig. 4A) apically-crinkled, hairlike seta e ven trally ; and 6 mostly silvery p ollinose except for row of 4-6 stout black bristles poster­ usually brown mid-dor sal line or V-notch; odo rs ally; and circle of several sto ut, devoid of bl ack setae and covered with black bristles at apex. Hind tibia with many short, fine , white setae parted at many long, pale , apica lly-crinkled , hair­ midline and falling over sid es of tergites. like setae ventrally; dense, elongate patch Tergite 7 largely shining brown except fo r of sho rt golden setae posterodorsally; silvery pollinose anterodorsal V-shaped and stout black bristles as follows: I area and narrow lateral band; covered anterodorsally and 1 posterodorsally with many short, fine, recumbent, poster­ near base, 1 anterodorsally at abou t iorly directed, bl ack setae. Sternites 1 and midlength, I anteriorly at abou t a pical 2 brownish gray pollinose, except for fourth, 2 anteroventrally along apical narrow, silvery pollinose posterior mar­ third, and 5 circling apex except p oster­ ginal band on sternite 2. Sternites 3-7 odorsally. T ar si uniformly brown; length silvery pollinose. Sternites 1-4 covered of first tarsomer e about 1.3-1.4 times with many long, white, apically-crinkled, length of second and third combined. All h airlike set ae ; ste rnites 5-7 with shorter, claws black with brown base. All pulvilli white, hairlike setae. Sternite 8 shining pale yellow. brown, with narrow posterior band of 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIE TY O F WASHINGTON

Fig. 5. Di stribution of Efferia nemo ralis by cou nty a nd parish. long, slender, black bristles directed clarification and to ensure stabilization po steriorly. in nomenclature. It is labeled " N ew Epandrium with deep apical notch, as R oads, La, July 14-l8'05 /Jas. S Hine, in Fig. 4B . G onocoxite with posteroven­ CollectoriCOTYPE" [red label] /Erax ne­ tral lobe narrow, more or less parallel­ m oralis Hine [handwritten, with black sided; apex surpassing that of an terodor­ border]/Lectotype M ale [red type] , Dip­ sal lobe. Gonostylus long, surpassing tera: A silidae, Efferia nemoralis (Hine)/ gonocoxite by distance approximating designated by, J . K. Barnes [red bor­ length of apical gonocoxite lobes der] ." New R oads, Louisiana, is located (Fig. 4C). Aedeagus sharp ly hooked in Point C oupee Parish. The lectotype and som ewha t sigm oid basally (Fig. 4D). abdomen is mounted on a paper point, Type materiaL-None of the female and the di ssected genitalia are in a micro­ syntypes were found. One specimen from vial, both attached to the same pin that a syntype series of four m ales located at h olds the main body of the lectotype. the Ohio State University Insect C ollec­ Paralectotypes, 3 males, United States: tion is hereby designated lectotype for " N ew R oads, La, July l4-l8'05/Jas. S VOLUM E 109. NUMBER I 22 1

H ine, Collector/COTYPE [red label]/ M adison Co.: 2 1 June 1931, Bibb y & Paralectotyp e M ale [red type], Di ptera : T at e (l 6, T AMU); S. Br omley (I J , Asilid ae, Efferia nem oralis (Hinej/de t. J . U SN M ). M cLen nan Co.: Waco , 22 June K . Barnes [red border]." The lectot ype 1948, P. A. G lick (l s. US N M). Rusk and paralect ot yp es range in len gth from Co.: T a tum, 8 June 1949, D . J . & J . N . 24.4 to 25 .0 mm; their wings range from Knull (l 0 , O SU C). Co . u nknown: 15.1 to 16.5 mm lon g. The lect otype Liberty, 10 June 1934 (8 6' , T AMU). wing is 16.5 mm long. Di stribution (Fi g. 5).- Nearctic : Unit­ Other specime ns exami ned .-AR­ ed St at es (A rkansas, Louisiana, M issis­ KANSAS . C onway Co.: Pointe Remove, sipp i, Oklah oma, T exas). 27 July 2003, H. R aney (1 0 , U AA M ). N ot e.- The myst ax an d th e lon g Craighead Co.: H atchie Coon, 18 July ventral hairs of the fem ora a nd tibiae 2003, N . Lavers (I 0 , U AAM) , 24 a re usu ally straw yellow, altho ug h in August 2003, N . Lavers (l 0 , UAAM). so me specimens th ey appear to be so rd id D allas Co .: sweepi ngs, 15 August 1960, P. white. They a re usually distinctly paler Deema (l 0 , UAAM). Faulkne r C o.: than in specime ns of E. ple na. Camp Robinson, 21 July 200 3, B. Bald­ win (I 0, UAAM); Camp R ob inson A CKNOWLEDGMENTS Wildlife Development Area, 26 July I am grateful to Norm Lavers o f 2003 , (l 0 , UAAM). Hempstead Co.: Jon eb oro , A rka nsas, for drawing my cott on, 1 Jul y 1959, (l 0 , UAA M) ; attentio n to tbe problem th at is th e sweepings , 10 Augu st 1960, P. D eem a subject of thi s pape r and to Eric Fisher, (l 0 , UAAM); Ri ck Evans G randview California D ep artment of Food and Prairie, 400 ft., 25 M ay- 2 June 2004 , J. K. Agriculture, Sacramento , for discu ssions Barn es (l <5, UAAM), 2-14 June 2004, J. concerning the genus Efferia . Eric Fisher, K . Barn es (I 0 , UAAM) , 18 June-2 July T orsten Dikow (Cornell U niversity and 2004, J . K . Barnes (3 0, U AAM), 26 A me rican Museum of N atu ral Hi st ory), August-7 September 2004, J .K . Barnes (1 and an anonymous reviewer provided <5 , UAAM). Little R iver Co.: weed s, 4 tho ug htful suggestio ns th at materi all y July 1961, (2 6, U A A M) . Pe rry Co.: improved th e m anuscript. The following H arris Brake Wildlife M an agement A rea, individuals donated spec imens used in 19 July 2003, H . Raney (I 6 , U AA M) . this study: N orm Laver s, Herschel R aney LOUISIANA. Bossier P arish : Barks­ (Conway, A rkan sas), and Aubrey Scar­ dale Air F orce Ba se, 3 June 1998, D . M . brough (Towson University, M aryland). Poll ock (3 s. MEMU ). St. T ammany The follo wing individ uals provided loans Parish : M ad isonville , 11 June 1951, P . of specim ens : Bo ris Kondratieff (CSUC) ; Beamers ( I 6, SEMC) . W ebst er Pari sh : Terence Lee Schiefer (MEMU); F. Ch ris­ Lake Bistineau St at e P ark, 22 M ay 1996, tian T ho m pson (USN M); Luciana Mu­ M . M acGown ( 1 0 , M EMU ). sett i and Creighto n Freeman (OSUC); MISSISSIPPI. Oktibbeh a Co.: Stark­ D on. C. Arnold (OSEC); G regor y Zol­ ville, 22 June 1982, R . L. Brown (l 6, nerowich (KSUC); Edward G . Riley M EMU); State College, July 1948, Sim­ (TA MU); Zachary H . Falin (SEMC); mons (l 0 , MEMU). Mark F. O ' Brien (UM MZ); and R o bert O K LAHOMA. Choctaw Co .: Hugo , W . Sites (UMEE). 20 June 1934, A. E . Pritchard (1 6' , USNM). L IT ERAT UR E C ITE D T EXAS. Hunt Co.: G reen ville, 10 Artigas, J. N . a nd N. Pa pavero , 1997. T he June 1935, (2 0 , TAMU), 13 June Amer ican genera of Asilida e (D ip tera): keys 1935, (6 6 , TAMU ; 2 6 , USNM). fo r iden tifica tion with a n at las of fema le 222 PROCEEDIN G S OF THE ENTOMOLOGIC AL SO CIET Y OF W ASHIN GTON

spen n atheca c a nd ot he r morphological details . ---. 1965. Dis tribu tio n patterns a nd co rrected IX .2. Subfam ily Asilinae Leach - Efferia­ identifi cations o f asilid species reported as gr oup, with the proposal o f five new gene ra common to Nor th and So uth A me rica (Dip ­ and a catalogue of th e Neotro pical species. ter a : Asilidae). T ransactio ns o f the A me rican A rq uivos de Zoologia 34(3): 65-95. Entomologica l Society 9 1: 1- 37. Bromley, S. W . 1951. A silid n o tes (Dip tera), with M artin , C. H . and N . Papavero . 1970. Fami ly descriptions o f thirty- two new species. Amer­ Asilid ae. A catalo gue of th e D iptcra o f th e ica n Museum Novitates 1532 . 36 pp. A me ricas so uth o f the U n ited States, fa sc icle Bullington , S. W . and R . J . Lavigne. 1984. 35 b. Museu dc Zoologia, U nive rs idada de Sao Description and habitat o f Efferia k ondratieffi Paulo , Bra zil. 139 pp. sp . nov. with notes o n Efferia aestuans (L.) M artin, C . H . a n d J . Wilcox. 1965. Family (D ip tera : A silid ae) . Anual s of the En to molog­ Asilid ac, pp. 360-40 1. In Stone , A. , C. W . ica l Society of America 77(4) : 404-413. Sa brosky , W. W . W ir th , R . H . Foo te, and J . R . Coqu illett , D . W . 1893. A new a silid gen us relat ed Coulso n, eds . A Cata log of th e D ipter a o f to Erax. Cana d ia n En to mologist 25: 175-1 77. Amercia North of M exico . Un ited Sta tes ---. 1910. The typ e-sp ecies o f the Nort h Depa r tme n t of Agriculture, A gricult ure Re ­ America n gene ra of D ipt era . Proceed ings of searc h Service , A gric ulture H andbo ok 276. the Un ite d S ta tes Natio na l Museum 37 : 1696 pp. 499- 647. M cAlpinc, J . F . 1981. M o rphol o gy and terminol­ ogy - Ad ult s. pp. 9-63. In M cAlpine, J . F ., et Forbes , G. S. 1987. The s ta tus of Efferia simi/is aI., eds . M anual of Nearc tic Diptcr a, vo l­ (W illiston), with d escriptions o f t hree new ume l. R esearch Br anch A griculture Canada Nearc tic Efferia species in th e albibarbis group M onograph 27 . 674 pp . (Diptera: Asilidae). P an-Pacifi c En to mologist Po ole, R. W. 1996. Di ptera, pp . 15- 604. in Poole, 63(3): 292-300. R. W . an d P. Gcn tili, eds. Nomina Insecta - - - . 1988. T hree new species o f Ef fe ria fro m Nearc tica: A C heck L ist of the Insec ts of so uthe rn C alifo rnia a nd Arizon a (D iptera: Nor th Ame rica, vo lu me 3. D ipt era, Lepid op­ Asilidae). Annals of the E n to mologica l Society tera , Sip ho nap tera. E nto mological Inl'orma­ of Ame rica 81(4): 554--559. lion Ser vices, Rockville, M a ryland. 114 3 p p. Ge ller-Grimm , F . 2003. A world ca talogue of the Scarbrough , A. G . 1972 . R ecords o f robber flies genera of the family A silid ae (Di ptera). Studi a from northea stern A rka ns as . Proceedings o f d iptero logica 10(2): 473-526. the Entomolo gical Society of Wa shi n gt on Hine, J , S. 1911. New species of 0 iptera of the 74(4) : 375 -378. genus E rax . O hio Naturalist 11(6): 307 -3 11. Wil co x, J . 1966 . Efferia Coquille tt in America ---. 1916. D escriptions of robber flies of th e no rth of M ex ico (D ip tera: A silida e) . Proceed­ gen us Erax, O hio Journal of Science 17(1 ): ing s o r the Califo rn ia Acade my of Sciences 21-·22 . 34(2) : 85-234. ---. 1919. R obberfl ies o f th e genus Erax, Willist on. S. W . 1891. Catalogue of the de scrib ed Annals of the En to molo gica l Society of A me r­ spec ies o f South A me rica n Asilid ae . T ra nsac­ ica 12: 103-1 54. tions of the America n En to mologica l Socie ty Hull, F. M . 1962. R obber flies o f the wo rld: The 18: 67-9 1. gen era of th e fa mily Asilida e. Part 2. U n ite d Whitco mb, W . H. a nd K . Bell. 1964. Predaceous Sla tes N a tio na l M use um Bulletin 224(2): insects, spiders, a nd mit es of A rkansa s co tton 433- 90 7. field s. U nive rs ity of Arkansas Agr icultural Macquart, J. 1838. Diptcrcs exotiqucs nou veaux ou Ex perime nt Statio n Bulletin 690, 84 pp. peu connus, vo lu me 1, part 2. Paris. 207 pp. W o od, G . C. 1981. Asiiidae, pp. 549-573. i n M artin , C. H . 1961. The m iside n tifica tio n of Erax. M c Alpinc, J. F ., et al., eds. Manual ofNea rc tic Scopo li in the A mericas. Journal of the Kansas Diptera, vo lume I . R esear ch Branch Agricul­ En to mologica l Society 34( I ): 1-4. tu re C anada M onograph 27 . 674 p p.