ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 12 |December 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

THE PLACE OF THE HISTORY OF IN THE OF THE NATION

Isroilov Abdurahim Ismoilovich Senior Lecturer Andijan State University

ANNOTATION The is a branch of (a science and academic discipline) that studies music, primarily European, by era, country, and school. Music, as part of a culture, is influenced by all other aspects of it, including socio- economic organization and experience, climate, and access to . The emotions and ideas expressed in music, the situations in which music is performed and perceived, and attitudes toward performers and vary by region and era. KEY WORDS: , national culture, form of music, tradition, , history of music.

DISCUSSION "music of the ancient world". The oldest known The methodological tradition also referred to recorded on a cuneiform tablet was found in the the history of music as musical palaeography, excavations of Nippur, it dates back to 2000 BC. The systematization of musical forms in their historical tablet was deciphered by professor A.D.Kilmer from development, and instrumentology. In Western the University of Berkeley, it was also demonstrated science, musical palaeography is studied by that it was composed in thirds and used the philologists, form is studied by music theorists, and Pythagorean system. instruments (their construction, historical Double pipes, such as those used, for descriptions, acoustic structure) are studied by all example, by the ancient Greeks, and ancient musicologists (historians, theorists, musicologists- bagpipes, as as a review of ancient drawings on folklorists, etc.) without exception. vases and walls, and ancient writing (see, for It is assumed that the appearance of modern example, Aristotle's Problems, Book XIX.12), which man occurred about 160,000 years ago in . describes the musical technique of that time, indicate About 50,000 years ago, settled all the polyphony. One pipe in probably provided the habitable continents. Since all the people of the background, while the other played melodic world, including the most isolated tribal groups, passages. Instruments such as the seven-hole possess some form of music, historians have and various types of stringed instruments have been concluded that music must have been present in the found in the Indus Valley civilization. first people in Africa, before they settled on the References to Indian (marga) planet. Music is thought to have existed for at least can be found in the scriptures of the . The sama 50,000 years after its origin in Africa and has Veda, one of the four Vedas, describes music in gradually evolved into an integral part of life detail. The history of music in Iran (Persia) dates across the planet. back to the prehistoric era. The great legendary king, Prehistoric, or primitive, is commonly is credited with the invention of music. Music in Iran referred to as an oral musical tradition. Modern can be traced back to the days of the Elamite Empire American and Australian Aboriginal music is (2500-644 BC). Fragmentary documents from sometimes also referred to as prehistoric, however various periods of the country's history show that the the term is usually applied to European music. For ancient Persians had an extensive musical culture. prehistoric music of non-European continents, the Sasanian period (226-651 AD) E.), in particular, left terms folk, folk or traditional music are often used. us a lot of evidence indicating the presence of a lively The flute is the oldest recorded musical musical life in Persia. The names of some important instrument. One specimen was found next to , such as Barbad Mervezi, Nagisa and that date back to 35-40 thousand years BC. Ramtin, as well as the names of some of their works The prehistoric era ends with the transition have been preserved. to a written musical tradition. The next era was called

2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 507 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 12 |December 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

On the walls of the , in . First, the Catholic Church began to make papyri, in the collections "Texts of the Pyramids" and significant efforts to unify the various directions of "Book of the Dead" there are lines of religious the Gregorian and to bring them all within the hymns. There are "passions" and "mysteries". A framework of the Gregorian liturgy. The second popular theme was the "passion" of , who died important event was the appearance of early and was resurrected every year, as well as women's polyphonic music: the octave doubling (polyphony) -lamentations over the dead Osiris. The used in ancient times was replaced by the performance of songs could be accompanied by accompaniment of the church melody by means of a dramatic scenes. second voice, which formed intervals from unison to Music played an important role in the life of a quart (two-voice organum, or "diaphony"). The the ancient . The significance of music in third and most important event for the history of ancient Egypt is reflected in the wall reliefs of music was the attempt to recreate , ancient Egyptian temples and tombs depicting which followed the end of almost five hundred years musicians. The ancient musical instruments of the of research by composers in this field. For the first Egyptians were the and flute. During the New time, lines are used to record notes and the first 7 or Kingdom, the Egyptians played bells, tambourines, 15 letters of the Latin alphabet are used. The founder drums, and imported from Asia. [6] Rich people of modern musical notation is considered to be Guido arranged receptions with the invitation of of Aretino (died in 1037), who reduces letter and professional musicians[7]. non-letter notation into one harmonious system. It is believed that it was in Ancient Greece In the period after 1100, several schools of that music reached its highest flourishing in the polyphonic music stand out in music: culture of the Ancient world. The word "music" itself • The school at the monastery of Saint- is of ancient Greek origin. In ancient Greece, for the Martial (Saint Martial) was characterized by the first time, a natural relationship between pitch and presence of one main stable theme and a fast-moving number was noted, the discovery of which tradition second voice in the form of a two-voice organum; attributes to Pythagoras. Music as a subject of * The School of Notre-Dame, which gave education and upbringing and as a component of the world high examples of polyphony of that time social life was of great importance for the Greeks and became the first school of European choral and, in general, for the entire later European polyphony, with its founders, the monks Leonin and civilization. Perotin; Ancient music is a general term used to • school of Santiago de Compostela in the describe music in the European classical tradition province of Galicia, the former at that time a centre from the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD to the for pilgrims, wandering pilgrims and a place of work end of the Baroque era in the mid-18th century. The of the composers of many musical traditions of the music within this vast span of time was extremely late middle Ages, much of the work which has diverse, spanning multiple cultural traditions within a reached our times in the writings Calixtine code; wide geographical area. Many of the cultural groups • The English school, whose music is from which medieval Europe developed already had represented in our time in the Old Hall Manuscript musical traditions of which little is known. The and in the manuscript known as the Worcester unifying origin of these in the Middle Ages Fragments. was the Roman Catholic Church, and its music Together with these schools of church served as a focus for musical development during the music, there were also secular trends in the first thousand years of this period. Secular old music development of music of the Middle Ages, which is also preserved in a large number of sources. were reflected in numerous compositions of According to the evidence of numerous troubadours, trouvers and Minnesingers. The musical ancient documents and artistic images, the musical forms and aesthetic ideas of secular musicians of the life of the Early Middle Ages (until the 800s AD) time gave rise to the development of early was quite rich and rich. However, history has , but the minstrel culture itself was preserved to this day mainly the liturgical music of largely destroyed during the Albigensian Crusade in the Roman Catholic Church, a significant part of the early thirteenth century. which is occupied by the so-called Gregorian chorale, Ethnic music is a direction of modern music named after Pope Gregory I. Modern scholars that combines traditional folk and . An consider the evidence of the musical contribution of analogue of the well-known English term "world Gregory the Great to be a legend. Most of the music" (music of the world). National music refers to compositions of the Gregorian chorale in the period both musical folklore and music written in the spirit between the milestones of the activities of Gregory I of the nation and gained popularity in it. and Charlemagne belong to unknown authors. This is music adapted to North American During the ninth century, several important and European standards of commercial events occurred in the development of Medieval recording, as well as modern "Western" music with a

2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 508 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 12 |December 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

wide use of borrowed from traditional folk music In the 1960s, many rock musicians resorted (various cultures of the world) and classical music of to the means of traditional music of the East. For non-European traditions of sound patterns, example, Indian elements appeared in the music of instruments, performance styles, etc. In the works of The Beatles, and the members were taught to ethnic music, the of "hoomei", djembe, play the sitar by the famous Indian Ravi duduk, sitar, bagpipes, and many other Shankar. musical instruments are used. Sampling of folk In the same era, the reggae style, which is instruments and is common. referred to as "" in English-speaking The English term "world music" refers to all culture, originating in the sacred , music that is not part of modern Western music and and its largest performer, Bob Marley, became originates outside the cultural influences of Western widely popular. Europe and English-speaking countries. World music In the 1980s, there was another surge of can be defined as "local music from outside" or interest in ethnics in the West. On the one hand, "someone else's local music". Western musicians were looking for new influences The term became widespread in the 1980s as and discovering folk music, on the other hand, ethnic the name of a section of the classification of such music was promising from the point of view of phenomena in the music . This category marketing and the . Then there were includes: radio programs ("World of Music" on the radio * Traditional folk music; station "Voice of America", "D. N. A: destination * Folk music -modern with Africa" on "BBC Radio 1Xtra", the Andy Kershaw pronounced elements of ethnic music (for example, show on "BBC Radio 3" , and others); festivals Celtic music, Afro-Cuban music, reggae). (WOMAD), labels ("Real World "by Peter Gabriel, The term "ethnic music" adopted a founded in 1988," Piranha Music", World Music compromise: the term "world music" sounds Network,"Luaka Bop" by David Byrne) specializing incomprehensible in translation. Therefore, the term in ethnic music. In Russia, there are also many labels "ethnic music" was taken, which in English specializing in World Music and ethnics: Sketis historically describes a line of musical products Music, Dom Records, Dolina Bortanga and others produced specifically for Eastern markets and for (due to the general decline of the physical media emigrants from Eastern countries (primarily from industry, only Sketis Music can be distinguished India). from the actual Russian world music labels). The appeal of Western civilization to the In Russia, in recent years, the genre of exotic traditions of folk music and the music of other ethnic and world music has become more and more civilizations can be confidently traced back to the popular. Bright images of the Russian world music . There are many pieces of music at scene were such groups and musicians as "Rada and the intersection of ethnic and classical music. At the Ternovnik", "Melnitsa", Inna Zhelannaya, Zaman, same time, it should be noted that the Theodor Bastard, TL "Ruda Navi", "Va-Ta-Ga", Antonin Dvorak wrote "Slavic " under the Namgar, "Volga", Raven Wing, "vedan kolod", influence of folk music of the peoples of Central "Volkov Trio", Sergey Starostin, Bulat Gafarov, Europe and "Symphony No. 9" ("From the New Viktor Savenko, Ivan Smirnov, Stepanida Borisova World") under the influence of folk music of Negroes (Yakutia), Yarga Sound System, Nino Katamadze, and aborigines of North America. Pelageya, Drums ASHE, Godlav, Fudjin-HAO. On the classical and later scene of the Uzbekistan is considered one of the cradles XX century, musical archaism is established as an of human civilization, a country with a rich historical independent direction in the form of neofolclorism. past. The culture of our people is one of the most " of the Seven Veils" from R. Strauss's opera unique and original, which has been formed for "Salome" is called one of the first and most striking thousands of years. Since ancient times, various types examples of the author's aestheticization of folklore. of arts, including music, have developed on the In 1913, Igor Stravinsky poetized paganism in the territory of Uzbekistan. ballet "Sacred Spring", which was a kind of Monuments of material culture and extant manifesto of neo-folklore. His influence has written sources testify to the ancient origins of the significantly affected the works of Sergei Prokofiev, musical heritage of the Uzbek people. On the Rodion Shchedrin and others in Russia, and abroad monuments of fine art related to the culture of the — Bartok and Kodai in Hungary, Martinu in the Kushan period, you can see images of musicians. Czech Republic, de Falla in Spain, Vila Lobos in One of them is represented on the frieze with a Brazil, Chavez in Mexico and many others. stringed harp-like instrument in his hands, another Ethnic music (especially Oriental music) had with a wind instrument similar to a flute, and the a great influence on such American composers of the third with a double-sided drum of an oblong shape. 20th century as Henry Cowell, John Cage, Lou From this we can conclude that the Kushans and Harrison and Alan Hovaness.

2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 509 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 12 |December 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

Sogdians knew the main types of instruments and young people in the spirit of love for the Motherland, used them both solo and in an ensemble. loyalty to the ideas of independence, respect for In the IX-XII centuries ("The Renaissance») national traditions and values, various creative Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv, Urgench and other cities forums, festivals and competitions of republican are becoming leading scientific and cultural centers. significance are held in Uzbekistan. Such song Local traditions in all fields of science, literature and contests as "Yagonasan, Mukaddas Vatan", "Nihol", art are being revived, and a huge number of scientific "Mardi Maydon" contribute to the identification of treatises are being created. The best examples of young talents in the field of national song art, their musical art received generalized coverage in treatises comprehensive support and stimulation. To on the music of such Central Asian encyclopedic strengthen the creative cooperation of poets, scholars as al-Farabi, Abu Ali Ibn Sina, al- composers and performers, various creative projects Khwarizmi, Jami and others. and forums are regularly held. After gaining independence, one of the Throughout the country, monitoring is being priority tasks of the state was the revival and conducted to identify and preserve centers of preservation of the spiritual values of generations, intangible cultural heritage, including such types of careful attitude to the cultural wealth of the country, performing arts as "bakhshi", "lapar", "makom", the veneration of great ancestors. In recent years, "yalla" and others. The Directorate of Academic Folk Uzbekistan has carried out significant work on the and Artistic groups, which unites the State Choral deep study and further development of musical art. Chapel, the Chamber "Turkiston", the The country has created the necessary legislative Classical Ensemble "Mumtoz", the National Song framework for training young talents, which provides and Dance Ensembles "Uzbekistan", the Chamber an opportunity for the younger generation to get an Ensemble "Soloists of Uzbekistan", the State education based on the traditions of Uzbek culture Orchestra of Folk Instruments named after-T. Jalilov and art, world standards. It also serves to stimulate and Symphony orchestra. All these groups actively the work of teachers, scientific and creative workers participate in the holidays dedicated to Independence in this field, as well as to strengthen the material and Day, Navruz, and also represent Uzbek musical technical base of educational institutions of culture creativity on various international stages. and art. Recognition of the unique value of the In all regions of the republic there are traditional musical and artistic heritage of the peoples children's schools of music and art equipped with of Uzbekistan was the fact that a number of new musical instruments, palaces of culture, colleges phenomena of folk culture were included by and lyceums in the areas of art. A special place in this UNESCO in the World Representative List of list is occupied by the State Conservatory of "Masterpieces of the oral and Intangible Heritage of Uzbekistan, which is considered to be the oldest mankind". In particular, this is the heritage of Baisun higher music educational institution in Central Asia. as an example of preserving all types of folk art in Since March 22, 2002, the university staff has been the region (traditional customs and rituals, oral poetic operating in the new building. Equipped with special heritage, music); "Shashmakom" as a unique musical modern equipment and instruments, this beautiful heritage of the makom art of the nation, a building has 305 classrooms and classrooms, 4 phenomenon of spiritual culture of the peoples of concert halls, 4 educational recording studios, a Central Asia; the original song genre of the Ferghana Museum of national Instruments, a specialized Valley "Katta Ashula" with its own peculiarities of research center, a publishing house "Music", a music musical and poetic language and performance. library, 4 sports halls. Thus, there is everything Thus, the musical art of Uzbekistan, necessary for the implementation of fruitful distinguished by its richness and diversity of forms educational, creative, research and performance and genres, is an integral part of the national culture, work. a unique way of communicating with the world Also in our country, a large number of community. musical events of international importance are held, designed to promote the revival, preservation and REFERENCES enrichment of the traditions of musical folklore and 1. Farxodjonova N. Features of modernization and academic performance skills. Among them is the integration of national culture //Scientific International "Sharq Taronalari Bulletin of Namangan State University. – 2019. – "("Melodies of the East"), held every two years in Т. 1. – №. 2. – С. 167-172. Samarkand. Musicians and performers from all over 2. Ergashev I., Farxodjonova N. 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2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 510 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 12 |December 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

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