Missed Opportunities: How Media in India, Brazil and Kenya Present Child Rights
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Missed Opportunities: How Media in India, Brazil and Kenya Present Child Rights A REPORT BY INTERNEWS EUROPE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH DOUGLAS GOULD AND COMPANY Missed Opportunities: How Media in India, Brazil and Kenya Present Child Rights Missed Opportunities: A report from Douglas Gould & Company and Internews Europe by Megan Freed, Lauren Weybrew, and Susan Angle How Media in India, Brazil and Kenya With the support of Present Child Rights Available online at: http://www internews eu/About-Us/Resources Design: Carrie Chatterson Studio Copyright © 2013 Internews Europe Executive Summary 2 Summary of Methodology 11 India Country Report 13 Kenya Country Report 37 Brazil Country Report 59 Indicators to Measure Future Success 80 Appendix A – Methodology 82 Appendix B – Complete Outlet List 88 Appendix C – Complete Keyword List 89 Bibliographies 90 Internews Europe | Missed Opportunities: How Media in India, Brazil and Kenya Present Child Rights 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report—commissioned by Internews Europe with research, analysis and writing by Douglas Gould and Company (DG&Co )—presents an in-depth investigation of Key Indicators the current quality and quantity of media coverage on child rights in India, Kenya and • Quantity of traditional news media Brazil content on child rights DG&Co analyzed content from sample TV, newspaper (during June 2013), and radio • Quantity of social online media outlets (listened to live during August 2013) as well as traffic across social media tied traffic linked to child rights to child rights policy and violations in each country First, a broad review assessed the violation and policy • Quantity of child/youth voices quantity of child rights coverage over a set time period Secondly, a sample of specific stories and content was “pulled” for detailed and careful analysis and rating of the in content • Quantity of child/youth produced character, quality and tenor of coverage and content – developing a complex and nuanced assessment of media coverage of child rights in these varied and complex content • Quantity of CSO/advocates countries Local Internews researchers in each country supported the research and a multinational, multilingual team of translators was directly commissioned by DG&Co voices in content to perform the analysis The DG&Co media content analysis is one part of a six- • “Quality” of content as Executive Summary month, in-depth review by Internews Europe of the media landscape and child rights measured by IFJ guidelines sector within each target country and other criteria Many children across India, Brazil and Kenya face complex and varied risks to their Nine Individual “Quality” well being, with as many as half of the under-18 population confronting hunger, This multi-country media analysis provides a layered quantitative baseline to Indicators: violence, under-education and exploitation The manner in which the media in these understand the quality of media presentation of child rights and from which to 1. Avoiding stereotypes of countries present information on child rights and portray children and child rights measure shifts in this landscape and the success of relative projects Broadly, the children as victims violations —including TV, radio and newspapers as well as media on the Internet— content analysis measures the primary aspects of “news items” as they appeared 2. Avoiding sensationalized influences how well or how poorly children’s well-being and basic rights are during June and August 2013 and which affect the quality of information about child coverage protected by parents, societies, governments and legal systems rights available to the public, the social debate, and the understanding of the issue 3. Protecting privacy of Thus, the content analysis provides a measure or number from which to gauge the children Internews Europe, with support from the IKEA Foundation, undertook a rigorous success of any future programmes designed to improve quality and expand quantity 4. Children’s voices amplified media analysis to understand how child rights issues are covered in India, Kenya and of media coverage on child rights across varied media platforms Brazil It is the intent of Internews Europe that the results of this content analysis will 5. Verification of information provided by children lead to programmes to expand the public and policy debate, and amplify child and The data and analysis also create an analytical foundation to assess the current advocacy voices on child rights Ultimately, this work strives to support sustainable, contour of the information linked to child rights violations and child rights policy that 6. Includes broad child rights context fundamental shifts in the way child rights issues are discussed, understood, major media outlets are presenting and which is trafficking on the Internet The media addressed and defended in India, Kenya and Brazil and, thus, enable the improved content analysis, thus, presents a snapshot of the quality or lack of quality of the 7. Includes reference to policy and laws protection of child rights in these countries information available across communications platforms in India, Kenya and Brazil It assesses the tenor of information that is available to support social understanding, 8. Inclusion of possibility for policy dialogue and debate, information that in turn influences the legal, political and improvement, means of Possible Future Support Better Protect the solution Activities in India, Changes Rights of Children societal practices and level of defence of rights of children in India, Kenya and Brazil Kenya, Brazil Specifically, the analysis measures the amount of media coverage on child rights; 9. Information on how children Sustainable, fundamental Child rights better protected and parents can protect how much children and youth—as their own and best spokespersons—are included Support traditional media improvements in the way by parents, societies, rights, get help and support outlets (TV, radio, newspa- child rights issues are advocates, governments and contributing content; how much child rights advocates are included, as well as pers) and apply new media discussed, understood and legal system; Children assessing the “quality” of the coverage itself The quality of media coverage on child (internet/social media; and addressed in India, & youth better able to rights is determined based on nine factors (The nine-factor quality scale is described cellphones/SMS) to better Kenya, Brazil; Children & protect their rights and in more detail below in the Summary of Findings ) communicate information youth better able to use effect relevant policy on child rights; support media to understand and Importantly, these research data provide detailed country-specific information to help ways for child/youth and communicate on the understand what specific interventions in these countries would most effectively advocates to amplify their their rights voices and to better utilize improve child rights protection These activities might include, for example, designing strength of media for child effective projects to train journalists to better report on child rights; encouraging protection editors to cover child rights issues; empowering children to create their own content 2 Internews Europe | Missed Opportunities: How Media in India, Brazil and Kenya Present Child Rights Internews Europe | Missed Opportunities: How Media in India, Brazil and Kenya Present Child Rights 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY on child rights; supporting better use of the Internet to communicate on child rights; All countries scored poorly (below the median threshold of 4 5) The average score and by helping advocates network with the media so that their views are included in for a Brazilian news item was 3 9 on a 9-point scale; followed by India at 3 5; and Across all countries content and so that media and civil society can, together, raise the standard of child Kenya at 2 7 across all traditional rights coverage This research thus presents actionable data to support the most media platforms, there relevant and effective work in these complex and varied countries, bringing about Two factors measured by the nine-point rating system were the level of sensational was no child- or 2 sustainable change in the way that media, society and government address and media coverage (as identified by headlines, content and images), and the charac- youth-produced media terization of children as hopeless, helpless victims In these areas, the results were support child rights Recommendations are presented throughout the report that content The coverage unexpected, with the level of sensational media coverage and the categorisation would help design specific in-field activities and leverage these research findings and content itself is of children as victims lower than the research team hypothesised In fact, of the nine for actual results on the ground missing a voice of indicators in the rating system, avoiding sensational coverage is the variable in each country with the highest score The second highest scores for India and Brazil came truth and authenticity from avoiding stereotypes by not characterising children as hopeless, helpless that represents the Summary of Findings victims In background research conducted by Internews Europe prior to this perspective, situation content analysis, media and child rights experts from all countries had pointed to and viewpoint of Results from the content analysis were both expected and surprising Among the