Development of Historical Learning Media Based on Documentary Film to Strengthen Student’S Understanding of Local History

International Journal of Research and Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210525 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Research Paper E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Development of Historical Learning Media Based on Documentary Film to Strengthen Student’s Understanding of Local History

Elis Setiawati1, Bobi Hidayat1, Umi Hartati1, Anggi Widiastuti1

1History Education Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Muhammadiyah Metro, Indonesia

Corresponding Author: Elis Setiawati

ABSTRACT documentary film with the material of Ethical Policy Implementation through Colonization One of the goals of learning history is in Policy in Metro Lampung deserves to be tested addition to fostering historical awareness; it also as a historical learning medium to strengthen introduces the concept of collective identity in students' understanding of local history in high students. Awareness of identity is very schools. important for the life of the nation and state amidst the strengthening of globalization. Keywords: Instructional Media, Documentary Strengthening awareness of collective identity Films, Historical Understanding, Local History through historical education can use a local historical approach that contains local identities. INTRODUCTION Local history has a more contextual position Indonesia is now entering an era of from the student's point of view because it is disruption in world globalization. An era of closer to and around students. So that uncertainty that demands every nation to strengthening the understanding of local history continue to struggle to maintain its existence is the initial stage that must be taken. Therefore, the use of historical learning media that utilizes amid an increasingly uniform world culture. local history material in schools is important. National identity is becoming increasingly This study uses the first level Research and important to be fought for. History is one of Development method, with a focus on designing the keys to recognizing identity and finding learning product designs. The results showed self-identity, society, nation, and state. that the design of learning media for historical National identity can be found in the history documentary films with the material of the of nationality, while social identity can be Implementation of Ethical Policies through found through the history of the society Colonization Policies in Metro Lampung was by itself. So that national history and local the core competencies and basic competencies history will complement each other. Given in the 2013 Curriculum. The results of the importance of learning local history, of validation by stage 1 material experts were 59.3% with the criteria "Eligible", the second course, understanding the history that is stage material expert was 93.3% with the around students is very important because criteria "Very Appropriate", while the results of knowledge of localization can be useful as the validation of the 1st stage design expert an identity amid globalization or the were 76.6% with the "Proper" criteria, the 2nd expansion of global culture that will obscure stage design expert was 88.6% with the criteria unique and distinctive identities. "Very Feasible". The results of the responses of Local history is a history that is very students to the design of learning media were close to students, it is closely related to 88.4% (Very Feasible). It was concluded that identity. By studying local history, students the learning media in the form of a historical will be invited to recognize and deepen their

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 177 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Elis Setiawati et.al. Development of historical learning media based on documentary film to strengthen student’s understanding of local history. collective identity as part of society. Local their fate in the past. History will support historical information is stored as a form of the foundation for the personality of a memory in historical stories, local wisdom, nation in the form of conditions that are and historical remains. These legacies are provided and passed on by my experience traces of predecessors who shaped and (Samat, 2021). The process of forming created the current state. In this regard, personality and identity will run if students Lampung in the past was an area that had a can think historically which grows and long historical journey. Among them were develops from their history learning process when Lampung was made the location for (Fadli et al., 2020), as well as taking values the implementation of Ethical Policies in the from every history and whatever is left by early twentieth century, as the location for the past to become a character. which can be the placement of colonization policies or the developed (Amboro & Anindita, 2020). relocation of people from Java to outside One of the educational institutions in Java in 1905. Policies as part of this van de Metro that has fairly good educational Venter Trilogy (Education, Irrigation, and institution qualifications is SMA Migration), especially migration which later Kartikatama Metro, which is one of the became known as colonization, was carried private schools in Metro City. The out in several waves from 1905 to 1942, and availability of learning facilities and the Metro area was one of the areas that infrastructure is good enough for this emerged and developed due to the school, including learning technology implementation of this colonization. In facilities. However, the learning history has historical records, Metro, which was the not yet optimized the existence of local capital of the Sukadana Colonization, was history, local events, sources, and learning considered as an example of the success of media relating to the local context which are the colonization program implemented by very close to the students. The learning that the colonial government. Until now, there has been carried out so far is very rigid and are many historical heritages, both material fixated on the national curriculum, namely and intangible, that exist today (Amboro, the 2013 Curriculum. Even though the 2013 2021; Amboro et al., 2018; Amboro & curriculum itself provides space for every Bambang, 2020; Kuswono et al., 2020). teacher to explore all the potential that However, the existence of this local history exists around students to be used in learning has not been fully utilized by the activities, both as a source of learning and community, also in the context of education. learning media. Even though these local historical events Asyhar revealed that learning media can be a reminder and reinforcement of is anything that can convey or transmit community identity because they explain messages from a source in a planned how a community originated, grew, and manner, resulting in a conducive learning developed until it is today. environment where the recipient can carry History has an important role in out the learning process efficiently (Asyhar, recognizing one's identity, society, nation, 2011). In this study, the learning media figures, and heroes in every area of life. It is developed based on the existing potential is so important that history is a fundamental in the form of historical documentary film knowledge that has an important role in media. Apart from its advantages as an shaping students' identity, character, and audio-visual media that can help students mindset. Through the process of learning understand learning material, develop history, a nation will increasingly historical imagination skills, it also helps understand its identity, because history will students to be motivated in learning history explain its origins or background. Through even though in distance learning due to the history, humans will know the actions, Covid-19 pandemic situation. Several thoughts, and struggles of humans to reveal previous studies have shown that the use of

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 178 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Elis Setiawati et.al. Development of historical learning media based on documentary film to strengthen student’s understanding of local history. instructional media according to needs has a a medium for learning history can be seen positive impact on the optimal achievement that history learning is learning that presents of learning objectives (Afifah & Hidayat, important events that occurred in the past so 2019; Agustina & Amboro, 2018; Ernasari that using historical documentary film & Amboro, 2017; Hartati, 2016; Rafika & media will greatly help students learn to Amboro, 2018). construct their knowledge of the past. One type of learning media that is attractive to students is the type of audio- RESEARCH METHODS visual learning media. Audiovisual media is The research method used in a combination of images, sound, and video. developing learning media is a development Where the three types are combined into a model adapted from Sugiyono level one complete unit that can be enjoyed by the research (Sugiyono, 2015). This research audience. Audiovisual media can convey was conducted at SMA Kartikatama Metro information or understanding more with the following research steps: concretely and interestingly in a way that Potential and problem analysis. can be felt in real terms compared to what is This research begins with a potential and conveyed through spoken or written words. problem analysis. Potential is everything if A historical documentary film is a it is utilized to have added value so that it is form of audio-visual learning media. Based known the development of learning media on its definition, documentary films are needed in the field. After conducting programs that present a reality based on observations, interviews with teachers and objective factors that have essential and students at SMA Kartikatama Metro, there existential values that are relevant to life, were problems in learning, namely the tell facts, and reality without engineering unavailability of unique, creative, and (Rikarno, 2015). The documentary film is a contextualizing learning media for local medium that displays moving history material in schools. objects/images with sound effects Study of literature. After the (audiovisual), are made based on facts and potential and problems are found, then it is describes a situation or reality, and does not necessary to collect various information that contain elements of a scenario (Susanto et can be used as material for planning certain al., 2021). Based on this definition, products that are expected to overcome documentary films are very by the these problems. Literature studies are characteristics of historical science which carried out to find a theoretical basis and the prioritizes the truth of events based on facts results of previous studies that have been and authentic evidence, as stated by carried out to be considered as material for Hayward that documentary films are a considering the design of instructional creative way to represent reality (Utami, media to be developed. The results of the 2010). So that documentary films are very literature review in this study focus on appropriate when used as a medium for learning media theories, types of learning history. instructional media, documentary films, Several previous studies regarding local history, especially the material on the documentary films show that the use of Implementation of Ethical Policies, namely documentary films in the learning process Colonization in Metro Lampung and has a good influence on the achievement of previous studies that examine the problems learning objectives, both in the form of of developing learning media, documentary critical thinking skills, preservation of films, and contextualization of local history traditions, to digital historiography in Indonesian history subjects. alternatives (Ratmanto, 2018; Rikarno, Product Design. The product design 2015; Susanto et al., 2021; Utami, 2010). in question is the initial product design that The accuracy of using documentary films as will be validated, the results of potential and

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 179 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Elis Setiawati et.al. Development of historical learning media based on documentary film to strengthen student’s understanding of local history. problem analysis, and information Based on interviews and gathering. The product design to be observations conducted on August 31, 2020, developed in this study is a historical it was found that the learning media documentary film that uses the learning facilities at SMA Kartikatama Metro were material for the Implementation of Ethical quite complete. Including the existence of Policy, namely Colonization in Metro internet facilities. In the process of learning Lampung. The result of this stage is the history, teachers not only make use of preparation of the initial product design, subject textbooks, but also use other which is ready to go through the validation historical learning media such as maps, test phase in several stages. The design globes, presentation media such as LCD stage begins with preparing the material projectors, and even use multimedia rooms. obtained based on the results of a literature However, when observations and study, compiling a documentary film script, interviews were carried out, the learning recording sources, and the film editing process took place online because it was process. still in the Covid-19 pandemic situation, Product design validation. Design through a distance learning approach, so validation is an activation process to assess that the various learning media available in whether the product design is feasible or schools and classrooms could not be used. not. The validators or experts to validate this Based on the results of interviews with historical documentary film media, namely teachers and students, information was lecturers from Muhammadiyah Metro obtained that local historical materials had University as material experts and film not been taught. The absence of learning editor practitioners as design experts, as resources and learning media that can be well as class XI students at SMA used is the root of the problem. The teacher Kartikatama Metro who gave responses as said that they still have limited knowledge users. about local history, especially the history of Product Design Improvement. Metro City, the area where students live and After going through the product design even go to school. The existence of the validation stage, it will be known what the existing learning media does not contain strengths and weaknesses are. The next step information about local history materials. is to improve the design to complete the Most of it is just general history and shortcomings and ask for corrections to Indonesian history. matters relating to the appearance and appropriateness of the learning media Analysis of the Needs of Teachers and presented. The results of this revision are Students in Learning History at SMA expected to formulate a learning media for Kartikatama Metro historical documentary films on the material Starting from the unavailability of of Ethical Policy Implementation, namely historical instructional media that relates to Colonization in Metro Lampung, especially local historical events, the learning media in class XI at Kartikatama Metro. The currently needed by teachers are those that product design improvement stage is contain local historical content. The results declared complete if it meets certain criteria, of observations made by researchers namely if the product draft has been indicate that the teacher has prepared declared feasible and is ready by the learning strategies that can facilitate the use validator to be tested in the field. of local historical content. However, the existence of available learning media is RESULTS AND DISCUSSION limited to textbook modules that generally Utilization of History Learning Media at do not link, contextualize with local history Kartikatama Metro High School or local historical events that exist around students. Whereas historical learning about

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 180 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Elis Setiawati et.al. Development of historical learning media based on documentary film to strengthen student’s understanding of local history. local knowledge that is around students is (5) appearance comprehensive historical very important, and educators need to teach documentaries such as editing, sound it to their students through contextual layout, image layout, and narration. approaches both progressively and After determining Core regressively (Amboro, 2019; Barton & Competencies, Basic Competencies, Levstik, 2008; Booth, 2003; Kyvig & determining indicators and materials that are Marty, 2010). Teaching local history will by the 2013 Curriculum, the next step is to open students' understanding of history collect data related to the material on the more concretely and become an initial Implementation of Ethical Policies through means of building affective aspects that are Colonization Policy in Metro Lampung. relevant to history (Amboro, 2013, 2015). After the material is arranged, the next step Utilizing local history that exists around is to draft a historical documentary film students, will make it easier for students to product, determine the informants and find historical significance as part of resource persons, make the documentary historical thinking skills that need to be built film narrative flow, and match the material from historical education both formally and that has been collected. The product of this informally (Amboro, 2020; Clark & development is in the form of a historical Levesque, 2018; Levesque, 2008). documentary in which it tells about the Based on the results of the needs implementation of colonization in Metro as analysis, it can be concluded that the the beginning of the formation of Metro teachers and students of Class X SMA City. Kartikatama Metro need learning media that A documentary film is a medium can be used in distance learning through that displays moving objects/ images with technical assistance. The existence of sound effects (audiovisual), are made based learning media in the form of historical on facts and describes a situation or reality, documentary films containing local history and does not contain elements of a scenario material can be the right step to optimize the (Susanto et al., 2021). Based on this achievement of history learning objectives definition, documentary films are very by during a pandemic. the characteristics of historical science which prioritizes the truth of events based Historical Documentary Film Design on facts and authentic evidence, as stated by Developed Hayward that documentary films are a Based on the results of the needs creative way to represent reality (Utami, analysis which illustrates the conditions in 2010). So that documentary films are very the field that require learning media that can appropriate when used as a medium for be developed for student learning according learning history. to their needs, the researcher will develop a After the flow of the preparation of historical documentary film media the historical documentary film is complete, specifically discussing the Implementation the next stage is validating the material and of Ethical Politics through Colonization validating the design. The feasibility test of Policy in Metro Lampung. This is done by a historical documentary film developed adjusting Core Competencies and Basic based on the judgment of an expert, in Competencies to link the material to be determining the validator, there must be a developed. In preparing the development of consideration in his ability to assess the documentary film media, there are several product that the researcher has developed, aspects to consider, including: (1) aspects of namely a historical documentary film. The material feasibility, (2) presentation aspects, assessment carried out by this validator also (3) feasibility of linguistic aspects, (4) contained suggestions and comments from appraisal feasibility of historical the validator team. documentary films for historical learning,

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 181 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Elis Setiawati et.al. Development of historical learning media based on documentary film to strengthen student’s understanding of local history.

Product Validation Data Presentation results of validation by material experts in The Historical Documentary Film that has stage 1 and stage 2, which are as follows: been developed will then be validated by a team consisting of three design experts who assess aspects of editing, sound, images, layout, and narrative. Furthermore, three 100.0% material experts assessed historical 80.0% documentary films in presenting the material, language, and then collect 60.0% responses from class XI students of SMA 93.3% 40.0% Kartikatama Metro as users. 59.3% This stage is an activity in which to 20.0% assess the rationale for product design carried out by experts. Each validator and 0.0% student will fill out a questionnaire sheet Stage 1 Stage 2 that has been given by the researcher by Figure 1.The results of the material validation assessment in marking a checklist (√) in the column that stages 1 and 2 corresponds to the existing assessment aspect or indicator. Based on the data above, it can be concluded that the historical documentary Validation Test for Historical film has met the material feasibility to be Documentary Films tested. Based on the data obtained on the Meanwhile, at the design validation validation of learning media carried out by test stage, there is a comparison of the three material expert validators, the aspect results of the design validation test stage 1 being assessed is the feasibility of the and stage 2. In the design validation test material. In the first stage of validation, the stage 1, the percentage of the design assessment results were obtained with an validation of a historical documentary film eligibility percentage of 59.3% with the is obtained by 76.6% with the criteria criteria "Enough". Meanwhile, in the second "feasible". Furthermore, the design stage of validation obtained the percentage validation test stage 2 obtained a percentage of feasibility is 93.3% with the criteria of 88.6% with the criteria "Very "Very Appropriate". The results of Appropriate". The following is an validation carried out by material experts illustration of the percentage of the results between stage 1 and stage 2 increased by of the historical documentary film design 34%. The following is an illustration of the validation test results in stages 1 and 2.

90.0%

85.0%

80.0% 88.6%

75.0% 76.6%

70.0% Stage 1 Stage 2

Figure 2.The results of the design validation assessment at stages 1 and 2

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 182 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Elis Setiawati et.al. Development of historical learning media based on documentary film to strengthen student’s understanding of local history.

Based on the data from the one of the references for historical learning validation test results above, it can be media that can provide insight in linking concluded that the learning media in the local historical material. To see a clearer form of historical documentary films that picture regarding the results of validation by have been developed have met the design and material experts, the following requirements and several criteria at the are the responses by class XI students of validation test stages 1 and 2. The historical SMA Kartikatama Metro by getting a documentary film media that have been percentage of 88.4% with the criteria "Very declared feasible to be tested for history Good" as follows: learning in class XI can be tested. become

Figure 3. The results of the percentage of material and design validation assessments, historical documentary film media at stages 1 and 2, as well as student responses to the draft historical documentary film products.

Based on the data above, it can be Policy in Metro Lampung can be a concluded that the draft of the development reference for learning media that is product in the form of a historical creative, innovative, and has local documentary film has met the feasibility of historical content can help students to the material and design, as well as positive better understand historical events that responses from students to be recommended have occurred in the immediate to enter the next stage, namely the testing environment and around them. phase. 2. The presentation of learning media in the form of audio visuals can make Strengths and Weaknesses of the history learning more interesting so that Developed Historical Documentary Film it can increase student learning Media motivation. Based on the results of the 3. The learning media in the form of this development of learning media products in historical documentary film has been the form of Historical Documentary Films developed based on certain criteria and with learning materials on the aspects which are the requirements for a Implementation of Ethical Policies through good learning media so that it can be Colonization Policies in Metro Lampung, it used by all ages. can be identified that the advantages of the product drafts that are ready and worthy of Whereas those that are still lacking being tested are as follows: in learning media products in the form of 1. Historical documentary film media with historical documentaries with learning material on the Implementation of material on the Implementation of Ethical Ethical Policy through Colonization

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 183 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Elis Setiawati et.al. Development of historical learning media based on documentary film to strengthen student’s understanding of local history.

Politics through Colonization Policy in much of the local history material in Metro Metro Lampung are as follows: City has not been deepened and used as 1. The learning media for this historical material for local history learning. Then documentary film has limited scope, make developments in both teaching namely only on the material of the materials, media, or worksheets with Implementation of Ethical Politics different local history materials in Indonesia through Colonization Policy in Metro to improve the quality of education, Lampung, and is local. The limited especially history learning scope of this material certainly does not describe or represent similar events that Acknowledgement: None occur in different places even though there are similarities in the timing of the Conflict of Interest: None events. 2. The products developed from this Source of Funding: None research are highly dependent on audiovisual media player devices, such as REFERENCES laptops, computers, smartphones, so 1. Afifah, N., & Hidayat, B. (2019). they cannot be used in all classes and Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran learning places. Berbasis Videoscribe pada Materi Sejarah 3. This research is a level I development Kerajaan Islam di Sumatra dan Akulturasinya Kelas X SMA research, so there is no result of the Muhammadiyah 1 Metro. effectiveness of the product after being SWARNADWIPA: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah, tested. Sosial, Budaya, Dan Pembelajarannya, 2(3). https://www.ojs.ummetro.ac.id/index.php/s CONCLUSION warnadwipa/article/download/889/650 Conclusion 2. Agustina, D., & Amboro, K. (2018). Historical Documentary Film Media Pengembangan Desain Media Pembelajaran with learning material on the Berbasis Katalog Peninggalan Sejarah Lokal Implementation of Ethical Politics through Untuk Menguatkan Pemahaman Sejarah Colonization Policy in Metro Lampung has Lokal Siswa di SMA Negeri 3 Menggala been declared valid/worthy from the Tulang Bawang. SWARNADWIPA: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah, Sosial, Budaya, Dan assessment of the validator team. This is Pembeajarannya, 2(3), 165–178. based on the results of the validation by the http://www.ojs.ummetro.ac.id/index.php/sw first stage material expert of 59.3% with the arnadwipa/article/view/886 criteria of "Eligible", the stage 2 material 3. Amboro, K. (2013). Hubungan Antara expert of 93.3% with the criteria of "Very Pemahaman Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Appropriate", while the results of the Sikap Nasionalisme dengan Kesadaran validation of the stage 1 design expert were Sejarah Mahasiswa Program Studi 76.6% with the criteria "feasible", design Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Universitas experts stage 2 amounted to 88.6% with the Muhammadiyah Metro Tahun Akademik criteria "very feasible", and student 2013/2014. Universitas Sebelas Maret. responses obtained a percentage of 88.4% 4. Amboro, K. (2015). Membangun Kesadaran Berawal Dari Pemahaman; Relasi with the criteria "very feasible". Pemahaman Sejarah Dengan Kesadaran Sejarah Mahasiswa Program Studi Suggestion Pendidikan Sejarah Fkip Universitas The suggestion from the first Muhammadiyah Metro. Historia: Jurnal researcher is to continue this research to the Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 3(2), next stage, namely testing, to determine its 109. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v3i2.150 effectiveness in learning. The second 5. Amboro, K. (2019). Kontekstualisasi suggestion is to deepen the material because Pandemi Covid-19 dalam Pembelajaran

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Dokumenter dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33153/acy. Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa. v2i1.93 Historia: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 9(1). How to cite this article: Setiawati E, Hidayat B, https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/hj. Hartati U et.al. Development of historical v9i1.2980 learning media based on documentary film to 27. Utami, C. D. (2010). Film Dokumenter strengthen student’s understanding of local sebagai Media Pelestari Tradisi. Acintya, history. International Journal of Research and 2(1). Review. 2021; 8(5): 177-186. DOI: https://doi. org/10.52403/ijrr.20210525

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