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Krauss Chapter Nine

Wave Parameters

= λ = Length between crests (or troughs) • Wave Number = κ = 2π/λ (units of 1/length) • Wave Period = T = Time it takes a wave crest to travel one wavelength (units of time) • Angular = ω = 2π/T (units of 1/time) • Wave Speed = C = ω/κ a wave crest travels per unit time (units of distance/time) • = 2a = Twice the wave • Wave Steepness = Wave Height/Wavelength

1 - Ideal waves Propagate but not Mass

Wave Equation

Navier-Stokes Equation

Ignoring viscous and looking just at the x and z components…

Expanding the terms…

2 These equations used Eq. 1 to establish boundary conditions… (see Krauss) Eq. 2

This expression solved to obtain … (see Krauss) Eq. 3

Guess a solution for Eq. 3 of the form… Eq. 4

Plug Eq. 4 into Eq. 3 to yield the following differential equation…

Eq. 5

Eq. 5

One solution to Eq. 5 is… Eq. 6

So…

The lower boundary condition requires that w (or… dΦ/dz) go to zero at z = h (h is the seafloor depth) (see Krauss)

The boundary condition at the must satisfy the following expression (see Krauss)

The lower boundary condition requires B=0 The free surface boundary condition requires (see Krauss)…

Eq. 7

3 Eq. 7

or…

or… Also known as the relation of Lamb (1945) or…

Given that the can be written as C = ω/κ it follows that…

Phase velocity as a of wave number and depth

note…

Therefore…

For h < λ/20

For h > λ/2

4 – Wave Speeds -

• Deep-Water Waves (Bottom Depth > λ/2) – Speed is a Function of Wavelength Only – Waves with Longer Wavelength move faster than Waves with Shorter Wavelength

• Shallow-Water Waves (Bottom Depth < λ /20) – Speed is a Function of Depth Only – Waves Travel Slower in Shallower Water Irrespective of Wavelength as long as Depth < λ /20

Deep-Water and Shallow-Water Wave Regions

5 Speed of Deep-Water and Shallow- Water Waves as a Function of Wavelength and Depth

Important Consequences of Wave Speed Dependency on Wavelength or Bottom Depth

6 Wave Dispersion: Self Sorting of Deep-Water Waves Leaving a Storm Region based on Wavelength. It Occurs Because Longer Wavelength Waves Travel Faster than Shorter Wavelength Waves (for Deep Water).

Wave :

Bending of Shallow-Water Wave Fronts Due to Change in Bottom Depth. The Leading Edge of a Wave Front Enters Shallower Water and Slows While the Remaining Front Continues at Higher Speed. The Net Result is a Rotation of Wave Fronts To Become Parallel with Bottom Depth Contours.

7 Consequence of Wave Refraction Focusing and Defocusing of Wave Energy on Headlands and Bays, Respectively

Group Velocity

8

Group Velocity

using a trigonometric rule…

recall… Wave Speed = C = ω/κ for: Then by analogy…

In the limit…

9 C = ω/κ or ω = C κ

The Main Point: Group velocity for Deep Water Waves is 1/2 the . Group velocity for Shallow Water Waves is equal to the phase velocity.

Wave Spectra

10 Spectral Analysis Time Domain to Transformation

Spectral Analysis Two Waves at 260 Hz and 525 Hz, Respectively

11 Spectral Analysis derived from the Summation of the Two Sine Waves

Spectral Analysis from Time Domain to Frequency Domain of Previous Time Series

12 Distribution of Wave Energy in the as a Function of Wave Frequency or Wavelength

13 in Wave Sampling

14 Wave Generation

Wave Height of Wind-Generated Waves is a Function of…

1. Wind Speed 2. Duration of Wind Event 3. Fetch - the distance over which wind can blow without obstruction

Full Developed Waves (Unlimited by Fetch and Duration)

15 The Importance of Fetch Northerly/Southerly Winds Produce a Long Fetch Over Finger Lakes (A), and Easterly/Westerly Winds Produce a Short Fetch (B)

A B

Fetch in the Open Ocean is Limited by the Size of the Storm System

16 Lateral Spreading of Wave Energy from a Storm Source

(95% of Energy Contained Within ±45o of Storm Direction)

17