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Chapter One- Introduction
Chapter One Introduction The story of the 2118th Battalion AIF begins in Sydney when it was formed as one of the three battalions of the 22nd Brigade, the first brigade of the 8th Division AIF. This thesis traces the battalion's development from its formation in Sydney in 1940 and training in Australia, through its posting to peaceful Malaya as support for the British garrison, the Japanese invasion and, eventually, to the battalion's withdrawal, along with all other Allied troops, to Singapore. The general withdrawal from Malaya signified Japan's victory in the Malayan Campaign. Hindsight clearly reveals that, from a military perspective, the 2118th Battalion's peace time and battle experiences in Malaya were irrelevant to the result of the campaign as well as to subsequent events; consequently, military histories often omit reference to either. From a different standpoint, however, both the social and military experiences of the 2/18th Battalion in Malaya during 1941 and early 1942 do have historical significance. The 22nd Brigade was the first large Australian contingent to go to an Asian country-the soldiers' adaptation to the different conditions and people they encountered is part of Australia's wartime experience. This thesis uses the approach of microhistory to show how the men and officers of the 2118th Battalion interacted in their everyday life, with each other and with the immediate world beyond. It contends that the men of the 2/18th Battalion had their own codes of behaviour and their own agenda according to which they initiated, co-operated or resisted. With discipline and training any military unit will function and in the 2/18th Battalion the discipline never eased. -
Malaya Would Require at The
Chapter Four Preparing for War The Australian army had plenty of experience in transforming recruits into soldiers at home. It had experienced training and fighting both in the Middle East and Western Europe. However, it had no experience at all of what in 1940 was known as the Far East. In Australia, the training of the three battalions of the 22nd Brigade had been along what were then conventional lines, suited to the wide spaces of the desert or the fields of Western Europe. It had been anticipated that the posting to Malaya would require at the very least some alteration to the training regime. With time, it in fact precipitated a raft of changes in many facets of army life. In Malaya the AIF faced two challenges from the outset. The soldiers needed to acclimatise to the different conditions that pertained in a new and unfamiliar environment-the climate, the terrain, the local foodstuffs and even their drinking water which had always to be boiled. They also had to deal with what were often inappropriate, inadequate or insufficient clothing, equipment, weapons and ammunition. The soldiers of the 211 8th Battalion had no more say in the suitability or quality of their equipment than they had had in the location of their posting. While they could expect to be paid, fed, clothed, equipped, trained and eventually taken to the war, they were justified in concluding that "the AIF in Malaya was ... low on the priority list as far as food, clothes and equipment was concerned.") They had no option but to put up with the chronic shortages that affected the various aspects of their daily life and work. -
Captive Audiences / Captive Performers - Complete Text Sears Eldredge Macalester College
Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Book Chapters Captive Audiences/Captive Performers 2014 Captive Audiences / Captive Performers - Complete Text Sears Eldredge Macalester College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/thdabooks Recommended Citation Eldredge, Sears, "Captive Audiences / Captive Performers - Complete Text" (2014). Book Chapters. Book 24. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/thdabooks/24 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Captive Audiences/Captive Performers at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A i D E D I C A T I O N Laurie Allison Jack Chalker ii All art is a challenge to despair. —Eric Bentley The Life of the Drama *** In the performance they affirmed the drama as freedom. They asserted the superior life of the imagination. In the moment of performance they were not in custody. They created character from a longing for other life. They demonstrated by their conviction that drama was a necessity and not a pleasure or a diversion. —Howard Barker “On watching a performance by life prisoners” *** One has to wonder whether the act of performing art—whether theatre or music—may be accompanied by a wholeness of self that transcends time and place and creates a buoyancy of mood and spirit. By engaging an audience who needed something emotionally meaningful to hold on to, perhaps they temporarily sustained the will to live. —Rebecca Rovit Theatrical Performance during the Holocaust 1 Introduction Wonder Bar On the evening of 19 May 1944, a remarkable theatrical event was about to take place. -
FROM DONEGAL to NAGASAKI FRANK SCOTT
FROM DONEGAL to NAGASAKI The Life and Times of FRANK SCOTT 1907 – 1982 Schoolboy, Emigrant, Farmer, Miner, Fisherman, Powder Monkey, The River Finn, County Donegal, Ireland Surveyor’s Assistant, Australian Soldier, Husband, Father. PROUD SAPPER OF THE 2/6th FIELD COMPANY ‘MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ORIGINALS’ 7th DIVISION ENGINEERS AUSTRALIAN ARMY 1940 -1946 Mushroom cloud over Nagasaki August 1945 PRISONER OF WAR 1942 - 1945 Till a voice, as bad as Conscience, rang interminable changes In one everlasting Whisper day and night repeated -- so: "Something hidden. Go and find it. Go and look behind the Ranges -- Something lost behind the Ranges. Lost and waiting for you. Go!" RUDYARD KIPLING b. 1865 ‘The Explorer’ WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY PETER RUSSELL SCOTT 2015 1 | P a g e CHAPTERS: PART 1 18A Japanese Government POW Records 18B Biography of MAJ LJ Robertson 1. Prologue .......................... p2 2. County Donegal 1600s to early 18C Biography of LT MJ Flynn 1900s ............................... p6 3. A time of change – Ireland after 18D Three Pagodas Pass the Easter Uprising .......... 11 4. The Flight from Ireland ..... p12 18E USS Cape Gloucester 5. In England 1922-1926 ...... p13 6. Emigration to Australia 1926 18F The Death Railway – A Dutch ........... p16 Viewpoint 7. The Western Australia years ............. p16 18G Australian unions exposed as war 8. Darwin around 1940 ..... p19 saboteurs 18H 70th Anniversary of the sinking of the CHAPTERS: PART 2 Rakuyo Maru 9. Australia in 1940 - Joining the 18J The Yasakuni Shrine in Tokyo 2nd AIF ........ p20 18K Reference Books/Sites 10. Off to War - The Middle East, North Africa and Syria ...