Notes
1 Cromwell's Foreign Policy. The Historical Assessment
I. 'Spain or the Netherlandt? The Dilemmas of Early Stuart Foreign Policy', in Howard Tomlinson (cd.). Befort tM English Civil War, pp. 79-101. 2. ClarM Papers, vol. ~ , pp. 207-8. 3. See discussion in Chapter 5. 4. Michael Roberts, 'Cromwell and the Ba1tic'. in his EsJa'jJ on Swedish Hillary, p. 174. 5. Thurloe made it clear to Clarendon that he regarded this as the crucial reason why England preferred France: to Spain. See rhe 'Memoran· dum' in Stau Popn-s o/lolm Thurloe (subsequently referred to as Thurloe), vol. 1, pp. 759-63. 6. Harleian MisalWny, vol. 1, pp. 287-9. 7. Edmund Ludlow, MtmOirs. vol. 2, p. 3. 8. Poenu and uttn3 of Andrew Marotll, vol. 1, p. 212. In a similar vein, Pepys noted nostalgia for Cromwell's succeMeS after the disasters of the Second Dutch War; Diary (ed. Latham and Matthews, Cambridge University Press, 9 vob). vol. 8, p. 332 (12 July 1667). Foreign powers held a similar view of the strengths of Cromwell and Charles II; Burnet records that when the Dutch refused to return fugitives to England in 1672 the King complained that they had done so for Cromwell. Their envoy retorted: 'Hat Sir, that was a different matter. Cromwell was a great man and made himself feared by land and sea' (History of my own Tirm, vol. I, p. 145n). 9. In a way, Cromwell's policies could never be adequately appreciated until the commentators were sufficiently aware of his special problems, for which a parallel case was an advantage. 10. This mistake is based on a misinterpretation of Cromwell and Thurloc's priorities, and overemphasis on public statements. 11. Thurl«, vol. 4, p. 188. 12. See speeches in the 1659 Parliament, e .g. by Sergeant Maynard (Diary of Thomas Burton, vol. 3, p. 461) . 13. Thomas Carlyle, uttn's and Sp«d~s of Oliver CromwtU (ed. S.C. Lomas), 1857 edition. 14. Birch's edition of Thurloe's papers had been published in 1742, but the first scholar to make systematic use of them was S.R Gardiner. 15. S.R. Gardiner, History of Commonwtalth and Prouctorou; Sir Charles Firth. Tk lAst YlaJ'l' of tM ProuctonJu. 16. Firth, Last Ylan, vol. J. p. 340. 17. S.R. Gardiner, CromwtU'S Play in History: Six Lutum Delivered w t~ Univer:Jity of Oxford, p. 201. 18. Firth ·s review of Wolfgang Michael's biography of Cromwell, EHR, XXV (1910), p. 776.
254 Notes 255
19. Wolfgang Michael, Oliver Cromwtu. 20. Leopold von Ranke, E1IgWche Gucilichte (Berlin, 1859-68), III, p. 396. 21. Firth, 'Cromwell and the Insurrection of 1655', EHR, III (1898), pp. 313-50; 'Cromwell's InslJ\lctions to Lockhart 1656', EHR, XXI (1906), pp. 742-6; 'Royalist and Cromwellian Armies in F1anders, 1657-61', TRHS, XVII (1903), pp. 69-110. 22. SA Swaine, 'The English Acquisition and I....o.u of Dunk.irk', TRHS, I (1884), pp. 93-118. 23. George L. Beer, 'Cromwell's Policy in its Economic Aspects', Political Sciena QuatUrly, XVl (1901), pp. 582-611. 24. W.C. Abbott, Writing! and 5pudw of Oliver Cromwtu, vol. 4, p. 48. 2.5. Christopher Hill, God's EngwJulUJn: Oliver CromwtU and tJu English Revolu.ticn. 26. Robert Paul, The lArd Protector: &/igimI and Politics in 1M Lift of Oliver CrmrlWtlL 27. Hugh Trevor-Roper, 'Oliver Cwmwell and his PiU"liMuents', in ibid., Riligion, the &fonnalion, and SOOal Changt. pp. 345-92. 28. Roger Crabtree, 'The Idea of a Protestant Foreign Policy', in Ivan Roots (ed.), C1117/'WJItll: A Profik, pp. 160-89. 29. See Chapters 3 and 4. !O. William M. Lamont, GotUJ Rule: Politics and Religion, 1603-60, pp. 136-8. 31. Charles P. Korr, Cromwell and 1M New Model Fureign Policy: E1Iglond'J Policy Towards Frana, 1649-'8. 32. Ibid., conciwion, pp. 196-211.
2 The Decision-making Process: Council, Secretary and Ambassadors
1. The King's Cabinet opnud, see GiU"diner, His"", of 1M Gnat Civil War, vol. ii, p. 258. 2. Basadonna 10 Senate, 8 February }651 (NS), espy 16-17-'2. p. 169. 3. list of the 'Rump's' Sixth Council of Stale, CSPD 16'2-3, p. xli. 4. list of the 'Committee of Fordgn Affain' in 16.53, CSPD 16'3-." p. 53. 5. For the size of the armed forces as of December 1654, see BL Add. Mss 2884. 6. See Chapter 5. 7. Giavanna, 24 August 1657 (NS), espy 16'7-9, pp. 101-4. 8. Whitelocke, MnnorialJ ofEnglish Affain, pp. 56-70. The effectiveness of the 'Instrument' was limited by the absence of s.anctions to enforce compliance on Cromwell. 9. BL Thomason Mss E 728 (.5), pp. 21-46. 10. Bodleian, Tanner Mss 52, f. 159v. II. George D. Heath Ill, 'Cromwell and Lambert 1653-7', in Ivan Rootll (ed.), CrDmwtU: A Profile, pp. 72-90. 12. Peter Gaunt, 'The Single Penon's Confidantll and Dependantll: Oliver Cromwell and his Protectoral Councillors', in HiJwncaljounwl, XXXII (1989), pp. 537-60. 256 No,,"
13. w.e. Abbott. Writings and 5pucha of OliVf!'f Cromwtll, vol. 3, p. 455. 14. Negotiations were regularised on 4/ 14 April by the appointment of separate committees to deal with Cardenas and Bordeaux, CSPD 165"1, p. 73. 15. Whitelocke, Mmwriab of English AJJain. p. 222. )6. Firth, Last YUln, vol. 2. pp. 7-9. 17. G.E. Aylmer. T~ Slate's Servants: The Ciuii Snvict o/the EnglUh &public, 1649-1660, p. 47. 18. Brodrick to Hyde, 2 March 1658 (NS), CSPCIar, vol. 4, p. 9. According to this report matten of importance were dealt with by Fleetwood, Desborough. Whalley, Goife and Thurloe, and the trivia by Broghill, Wolsdey and Pickering. The pre-eminence of Thurloe in foreign af· fairs in certain, but the Protector's most trusted officcn (e.g. Coffe) were probably restricted to security matters; apart from Fleetwood, none of them seem to have been interested in foreign affairs. 19. Thurlot, 1, pp. 7S4-5; Whitelocke, MrtMrials of English A!Jairs, vol. 4, p. 289 on Pierrepoint's influence in 1657. 20. HfJMan Misuillmy, vol. 3, p. 483. 21. Parliamentary Committee appointed 26 Jum:/ 6 July 1657; Lambert, Jones, Fleetwood, Desborough, Thurloe; to consider reunion of Prot· estant churches. Lambert resisted the efforts of the other officers for this; Firth, i.AJt Years, vol. I, p. MO, and C.H. Turnbull, Dury, Hartlib, and C"'nenius; Gleanings from Hartlib's Papns, p. 285. 22. A Woolrych, ComJMnweaUh 10 Prouctorau, p. 381. 23. Harleian Misctllany, vol. 3, p. 477. 24. See Roy Sherwood, Tlu Court of Dlivtr Cromwtll, pp. 142-6 on Jones's position as Comptroller of the Protectoral Household. 25. See Chapter 16 on Fleming's meetings with Paulucci; also Chapter 2, n. 48. 26. Blair Worden, Tlu Rump Parliament, 1649-16'3, pp. 389-91 for the lists of attendance at Westminster of Cromwell's Councillors and other MPs. Lists of the Councils of State 1649-53 in CSPD: 1st Council (1649-50), CSPD 1649-'0, pp. lxxiv-Ixxxv; 2nd Council, CSPD 1650, pp. xl-xli; 3rd Council, CSPD 16'1, p. xxxv; 4th Council, CSPD 1651- 2, p. xlvi; 5th Council, CSPD 1652-3, p. xxiii. 27. See Pickering's entry in the DNB, vol. 45, p. 242. He was also cousin to the poet Dryden. 28. DNB Skippon, vol. 52, pp. 353-6. DNB Lawrence, vol. 22, pp. 256-8. DNBFiennes, vol. 18, pp. 430-2. Fleetwood (DNB, vol. 19, pp. 261-3) asserted after the Vaudois Massacre that 'His Highness was particularly raised up for such a day as this, to be a shelter to poor persecuted Protestants in foreign parts', Fleetwood to Thurloe 23 May/2 June 1655, Thurioe, vol. 2, p. 468. 29. Victoria CounfJ Histury: Cambridgt and lJlt of Ely (ed. R.B. Pugh), vol. 4, p. 254. 30. G.E. Aylmer, Tiu King's Snvants: Tiu Civil &ruiu of CharleJ I, 1625-42 (Routledge &: Regan Paul, 1961): for Wolseley's father Sir Roberl Wolseley, Clerk of Palents in Chanct:ry, pp. 303-4. For F1t:t:cwood's father Sir Miles Flet: twood, Receiver of Ihe Court of Wards, pp. 357, 361. Notes 257
31. See DNB on Lisle (Philip Sidney), vol. 52, pp. 2M-6. See also HMe. 77th &part: Ik L '[su Papen (Peruhunl), vol. 6, pp. 502-3 on Lisle's residence at Sheen, Surrey, with it! QaMica1 statuary. For Sidney's bastards, see Alymer, Stau's &roants, p. 399. 32. DNB Mulgrave, as 'Edmund Sheffield', vol. 18, pp. 12-13. Mulgrave's son John became Earl of Buckingham and built the original Buclting ham Palace. For other sources on the background of the Councillors, see DNBon Wolseley (62, pp. 320-3); Row (49, pp. 316-17); Sydenham (55, p. 246); Jones (30, pp. 151-3); Desborough (14, pp. 403-5); Strick.land (55, pp. 54-5). 33 . DNB on William Fiennes, Viscount Saye and Sele, vol. 18, pp. 433-6. 34. Lord Hatton to Hyde, 13/ 23 May 1653; CSPClar, vol. 3. 35. Carte, Origitull Letters, vol. 2, pp. 89-90. 36. Hugh Trevor-Roper, 'Cromwell and hu Parliaments', in ibid., &Ugion, /Uf~ion, and Social Change. 37. Roots, CTomwtU: A. Profile, pp. 72-90. ~. Christopher Hill, God's EnglUhman, pp. 166-8. Abbott (vol. 1, p. 73) discounu this. 39. Aylmer, St6U's SmHmtJ, pp. 234-8. 40. DNB, vol. 21, pp. 672-4. 41. Charles Webster, TJu Great [nst6uTation: Science, MedicifU and Sodal /Ufonn. 1626-60, pp. 72-3. 42. Ibid., pp. 72-3, 67-9. 43. Webster, The Grtat inst6uration, p. 73, n. 140. 44. Whitelocke, MmwrialJ ofEngli.shA.JJairs, vol. 4 (1853), pp. 221 ff; Thurlbe, vol. vi, p. 477. 45. See entries in the Council 'Coun Boou' (SP, 25). In particular, Thurloe took the lead in the approach to the Swedish talks in spring 1656; SP, 25/ 54 (27 March/ 6 April 1656), Thurla<: insisted that the negotiators be instructed to insert a provision for banning the export of 'articles useful in war' as contraband as in the Dutch treaty; SP, 25/ 55 (1 / 11 May), Thurloe reported on behalf of the negotiators; SP, 25/55 (1 / II May) , Thurloe also reponed on behalf of the Dutch Maritime Treaty team. The impression given is that the Secretary acted as gen eral coordinator of the Government's approach to the temu of these !.alks; due to his position, he wa\ involved with aU talks and could make compari50ns between them. 46. The most fully documented, e.g. of the proce ss of English talks with a 'minor' power is that of Venice. In this case, Ambassador Paulucc:i's negotiations before the advent of the Protectorate were conducted with the 'Master of Ceremonies' Sir Oliver Fleming. who had held this position throughout the Republic but was retained by Cromwell, whose cowin he was. Fleming was ex-ambassador to Savoy and thw aware or European politics. See Paulucd's despatches of 20 September 1653 (NS), CSPV 1651-'1, p, 126, and 5 December (NS), ibid., pp. 152-3. Under the Protectorate, Thurloe normally dealt with the Venetian envoys, e.g. Paulucci's despatch oft 3 September 1654 (NS) , Each new ambassador would have an audience with the Protector; e,g. Paulucci (31 January 1654, NS, espV 1651-'1, p. 177). Sagredo (12 November 1655, CSPV 1655-6, pp. 135-7), Giavarina (21 July 1656, NS, ibid" pp. 258 No",
243-4). Cromwell would normally receive an ambassador on other occasions where there was something imporunl to discuss, e.g. Paulucd on 31 July 1654, NS (CSPV 1653-", p. 232). Thurloe would receive him if Cromwell was busy or indi5p<»ed, e.g. he met Giavarina:W July/ 9 August 1658 (CSPV 1657-9, pp. 229-30). 47. Examples of letters drawn up or amended by committee: letters to New England confirming the existing regimes were approved and amended by the Council after report by Lord Lisle, 9/ 19 March 1654 (CSPCol, 1574-1650, p. 414); 17/ 27 May 1655 Thurloe, Fie-nnes, Slricltland and Pickering to draflletten urging action over the Vaudoi.s Massacre; 8/18 January 1657 Fiennes, Lisle and Lambert to consider a letter which Giavouina wants .sent to Rendish (SP 25/ 77). A commit tee abo amended the 'Manifesto' against Spain, October 1655 (CSPD 1655, pp. 399-400). 48. Those 'Instructions' which we can identify are Thurloe's work, e.g. Lockhart's orden April 1656 (ERR, XXII, 1906, pp. 74~-6),jephson ' s orders April 1658 (Thurioe, vol. 7, p. 6~ ). It is likely that all the instructions were drawn up in detail by him, under the general super vision ofCromwdl and the Council who approved their contents. The Council's deliberations were restricted to general matters of policy, e.g. the two debates on the Western Design and the order to Fiennes, Fleet wood, Desborough, Strickland, Roul and Thurloe on 14/ 24july 1657 to consider what to do about the Danish threat to Sweden (SP 25/ 77). 49. Lawrence's letter to Virginia, 4/ 14 january 1654; GSPCol, p. 412. 50. The list of the original 'Vaudois Committee' of june 1655 and its additions of january 1656 and November 1657 are in SP 25/ 126. 51. 27 june/ 7 july 1657 Lambert feports to the Council on Moreland's spc'ech to the committee; SP 25/ 77. 24 Decrmber/ 3january 1657/ 8 the committee reports to the Council on a draft declaration for a collection for Polish exiles, CSPD /657-8, p. 229. The Polish exiles' agents requested £100 to pay for some Bibles, 6!l6july 1658, CSPD /657-8, p. 89. 52. CSPD 16", p. 240. 53. CSPD 1655-6, pp. 1-2. 54. Whitelocke, Mnnorials, vol. 4, p. 216. 55. See Massachusetts HistoriCAl Collu tion, 4th Series, vol. 7, pp. 462-4. 56. Approval of Lord Ddatour's petition, 29 May/8 june 1656, GSPCo~ p. 441. 57. CS/'CQl, p. 416 (14/ 24 April 1654). 58. Ibid., p. 416 (24 April/4 May) . Both petitions were sent to jones, Mackworth, Cooper and Wolseley on 8/ 18 May (ibid., p. 416). 59. 27 November/7 December 1656, Lambert, Wolseley, Fiennes and Mulgrave to consider abandonment of Newfoundland, ihid., p. 452. 60. 29 May/ 8 june 1656, patents granted to St Stephen, Crowne and Temple (ihid., p. 441). In April 1657 a naval convoy was ordered to escort Temple to his colony (ibid., p. 456). 61. Ad.! and OrdirnmUJ of tJu Intnrtg7Jum. vo l. ii, pp. 1099-1100. 62. 8/18 February 1654, Cromwell to Sedgewick and Leverett and Thurloc:'s orders to the Governors, TAurine, vol. I , pp. 771-2. Notes 259
63. 1656: 15/25July. Leverett's afTean considered (CSPCol, p. 445); 181 28 November, Leverett complains and Council recommends payment of £4482 3 ltd (ibid., p. 450). 1657: 22 Scptember/2 October, Leverett complains at non1'ayment (p. 459); 17/27 December, Dcsborough, Sydenham and Wolsclcy to consider (p. 461). 64. For an accoun! of the dispute between B;tltimore and his enemies, sec Charles M. Andrcwes, The Cokmial Period oj A.merican History: The Stitk menu, vol. 2, pp. 315-22. 65. December, 1653, 'Vlfginia Committee' created: Cooper and Strickland; later Lambert and WoJsclcy added, CSPCol. p. 412. 66. 31 Marchl to April, Kirke's petitions, 24 April/4 May, Tregowrie ~ tition, ibid., p. 415; 8/18 May,Jones, Mackworth, Cooper and Wobelcy to consider the petitions, ibid., p. 416. 67. Rhode bland petition to Cooper. Lisle. Montague and WoIscley, 151 25 February 1654. ibid., p. 414; 14/ 24 January, Richard and other traders to Barbad<» request a new commission of government loyalists to run Barbados, ibid., p. 413; 6/16 December 1654, petition ofSamucl Waad of Topsham over shooting of hi! son at Montserrat by Governor Osborne, ibid., p. 419; 29January/8 February, to Desborough, Mulgravc, Montague and Pickering, ibid., p. 421; 20 Februaryll March, Council endorses report and orders Searle of Barbad05 to investigate, ibid., p. 421. 68. 2/ 12 March 1655, creation of 'Plantations Committee': Lambert. Li5le. Mu1grave, Fiennes, Pickering, Wobelcy, Desborough. SP25/122 (Council Committee Book). 69. 29 Februaryl lO March 1656, bwiness of the New England Charters to Sydenham, Dcsborough. Woisclcy, Lisle, Slcippon, CSPCo~ p. 437. 29 May/ 8 June 1655, Boston piracy complaint to Mulgrave, Woisclcy, Fiennes. Montague; 26 June/5 July, Wolsclcy and Montague report (ibid., p. 426). 70. Virginia petitions Council against illegal planting of English tobacco in Gloucestcrshire, 6/16 July 1654, CSPCol, p. 417. Virginia's com plaints considered in Council, 6/ 16 March, ibid., p. 422; 24 Marchi 3 April. ibid., p. 423; 27 AprilJ7 May, ibid., p. 423. Council approves order to loc;tl authorities to uproot the plants and quell disturbances, 27 April/ 7 May, ibid., p. 423 and SP 25/75. 14/ 24June 1655 order to local authorities to quell disturbances, SP 2~/75. 71. CSPCO~ p. 413. 72. 18/ 28 December 1657, Cromw(;i1 approves Digges. CSPCo~ p. 461. 73. 18/ 28 December 1657, Jamaica Committee approves Digges and Council follows suit, ibid .• p. 461. 74. 30 April/IO May 1657, order to suspend 'Somers Island Company' elections, ibid., p. 456. Dcsborough was succeeded as Governor in 1655 by John Oxenbridge. 75. 7/ 17 September 1658, Bermudans petition against Sayle. ibid., p. 468. 14 /24 September 1658, Noell, Sydenham, Bridge and Mills agree on behalf of the 'Americas Committee'; 23 Seplembcr/3 October, Desborough and Jones recommend sending him with a warning, ibid., pp. 468-9. 260 No'"
76. 23 March/ 2 April 1658 ~tition; 25 March/ 4 April to Desborough, Ficnncs, Fleetwood, Richard Cromwell, Jones, Mulgrave, Wolseley. CSPCol, p. 4M. 77. ThuriDe, vol. 2, pp. 542-3. 78. 'jamaica Committee' listed 26 SeplCmbcr/ 6 October 1655 - Ficnncs, Lambert, Lisle,Jonel, Sydcnham. Dcsborough, Strickland, Montague. Wolseley, CSPCol, p. 430. Pickering added 11 / 21 September 1656, CSPCoI, p. 440. 79. Committee considers sending out wives, 19/ 29 December 1655, CSPCol, p. 434. Committee considers reinforcements (600 men and 4 months' provi!ioru), 11 / 21 April 1656, ibid. , p. 438. Committee considers sup plies, 8/ 18 May 1656, ibid., p. 440. Committee considers pay. 8/18 May, ibid" p. 440, 15/ 25 May. Committee considers Lambert's report on the tools needed on Jamaica (e.g. 2000 spades. 2000 hatchets, 40000 nails) and to treat with Noell or whomever they think fit. 19/ 29 June; Council Committee BooIe. Committee considers other colonists to be removed to J;unaica: Long Island, 19/ 29 August, G.SPCo~ p. 446; America, HV211 November, ibid., p. 450; E1euthera, 211 December/ 2 January 1656/ 7, ihid., p. 4511. Committee considers sending out Irish, 3/ 111 October 1655, ibid., p. 431, 1000 youths and 1000 girls; also W November/ l0 D«ember 1655, ibid., p. 41111. SO. 'Americas Committee' created 15/ 25 July 1656, CSPCOl, p , 445, Original members, limbel)', Colonel White, Tobias Bridge, A1derne, Nodi, John Thompson, Salmon, Talbot, Mila and Stephen Winthrop. Pickering added 13/ 23 September, ibid., p. 448. 81. 'Committee for Jamaica to call to advise the Committee appointed this day to whom the management of His Highne5!l' affairs in the West Indies is referred', 15/ 25 July, Council Q,mmittu BooIe. Committee considers American transplantation, 13/ 23 November, 1656, G.SPCol, p. 450. Committee considers Nevis removal, 26 September / 6 October, ibid., p. 448. Committee considers the safety of the Somers Islands, 111/ 211 September, ibid., p. 448. Report of this issued , 7/ 17 October; recommends: (a) patent granted for owners, the current regime for the moment; (b) commission for the Somers bland Company, with Desborough as Governor and Colonel Rowe as deputy governor, ibid., p.449. 82. The Council's dealings with the visiting Colond Kc:ynell in 1656; 3/ 13? April, Keynell presents proposals, ibid., p. 439; 15/ 25 May, Kc:ynell petition to Council for Trade, ibid., p. 440. J/ ll July Keynel! presents his requests to Council; for (I) free cwtoms for Antigua, (ii ) 500 soldiers, or (iii) servants and negroes, ibid., p. 443. 3/ I3July, Keynel! meets Colonel Jones on his proposals on customs, ibid., pp. 443-4. 15/ 25 July, Keynell meets Colonel Jones on his proposals on customs. ibid., pp. 443-4. 15/ 25 July, Keynell urges haste as he has nearly ruined himself supplying Antigua's ddence requirements until now and is in Londo n at his own expense, ibid., p. 445. 6/ 16 August, Cromwell issues his commission as governor to Keynell, BL Egerton Mss 2395, f. 68. Keynell also required an amount of public arms and ammunition from the Tower (warrant issued , 24 July/3 August, CSPQ,l, p. 448) . Notts 261
83. Charles I's Council had considered a 'West Indies Company' in 1637, see CSPCol, p. 257, 'Propositions for a West Indies Company'. This paper's strategy foreshadowed Cromwell's: 'some fit port in the Indies should be seized for a safe retreat, and the opportunity to invade by land and make prizes at sea'. The Committee the King was urged to appoint would have included Roe, whose idea it may have been. 84. BL Egerton Mss 2095, ff. 87-8. 85. DN8 Povey, vol. 14, pp. 2~5-6. 86. Povey's 'Lener-Book': BL Add. MS5 11411. He was particularly in terested in the Surinam colony founded by the imprisoned Royali.u commander Lord Willoughby of Parham, and may have speeded Willoughby's release to go to Surinam (CSPCol, p. 461, 26 November/ 6 December 1657). Povey's brother William was Provost-Marshal at Barbados. 87. 9/19 June 1655, 2000 Bibles to be .sent to the West Indies, ibid., p. 426. 29 Septemher/9 October 1657, the Americas Company to con sider the lack of ministers on Jamaica, ibid., p. 459. 88. BL Egerton MS5 2095, ff. 56-7, 89-113, 202-37. 89. 'Mr Secretary to assisl' the Committee drawing up the 'Manifesto', CSPD 1655, p. ~99 . 90. For reporu of the chaos and delays that ensued when Thurloe was ill, see Giavarina's report of 10 March 1656 (NS), CSPV 1655-6, p. 187; and 1 March 1658 (NS), CSPV 1657-9. 91. See Thurloe's entry in the DNB, 56, pp. 431-2. 92. Thurlot:, vol. I, pp. 759-M. 93. Aylmer, Till Stau's Stroants, pp. 264-5. 94. BL Add. Mss 38 100, f. 367. 95. Ma.uon, Lift of Milton, vol. 5, p. 398. The 'Manifesto' is referred 10 as Milton's in CSPD 1655, p. ~97 . 96. DNB Morland, 13, pp. 965-70. DNB Meadowe, 14, pp. 192-4. 97. For Lod.hart's instructions, see £HR, XXI (1906), pp. 743-6. Crom· well's instructions to Jephson, 22 August/I September, 1657, Thurl«, vol. 6, pp. 478-9. 98. For example, Thurloe to JephllOn on Cromwell's attitude to a 1c:ague with Sweden, 26 March/ 5 April 1658, ThuriM, vol. 7, p. 727: and Thurloe's orders to Jeph50n on the mission to Brandenburg, 9/ 19 April 1658, ibid., p. 63. 99. Prideaux's letters to Thurloe: e.g. ThuriM, vol. 2, pp. 558, 597, 607-8; vol. ~, pp. 17~, 187,255-7,575-7. Cromwell was evidently his main proposer. 100. Bordeaux to Brienne 8 May 1656 (NS), PRO SP 3In/99. lOt. Burton, Diary, vol. 1, p. 181. 102. Turkey papers (SP 105/ 17) , entry for 16 August 1653. 103. Turkey papen (SP 97/17, f. 119), 10/20 February, Lawrence announces his arrival.. 104. Ibid., f. 121, Hagen 10 Lord President Lawrence, March 1654. 105. Levant Company Committee Book (SP 105/ 151), entry for 19/ 29 June notes Bendish's refu$3.l, as a result of which another petition was being sent to Cromwell for Salwey's appoinunent. 262 Nom
106. Levant Company Court Book (SP 101 / 151), entry for 7/ 17 July 1654. 107. Letter book (SP 105/112), entry for 30 August/9 September 1654. 108. See the Levant Company's 'utter-Book' and 'Court Book' for 1654- 6: SP 105/112, 151. 109. Levant Company's Court Book, 6 February 1658. 110. CSPD 1656-7, p. 304. Ill. Ibid., p. no. 112. Thurlot. vol. 6, p. 278.
3 Cromwell's Approach to the 'Two Crowns', 1651-4
1. AJ. Loomie, 'Alomo de Cardenas and the Long Parliament, 1640-8'. EHR, XCVII, 1982. pp. 289-307. 2. CSPV J647-52, p. 126. 3. France was hindered by Mazarin'! need not to offend leading nohles by appeasing regicides; Spain had more freedom of manoeuvre. 4. He had written A. Discount wherein is examined who: is proaiMily lawful during the ronfwWru and mKUutww of Gowmmmt (London, 1648). 5. Wt!tl\ly InleUigencer, 20-27 April 1652. 6. Articles JrroPosw It tJrnstUJ en to duJmbrt S. Louis par fa tUpula tW quotn CDmfJagrlin, Paris 1648, article 22. 7. OnnmtmS joumalJ, vol. 6, pp. 284-5. 8. Croulle to Muarin, 26 September and 7 November 1650; PRO SP 31/ 3/ 90. 9. Grignon to Brienne and Mazarin, 15 February 1649; PRO SP 31 / 3/89. 10. Mazarin to Le Tellier, 13 October 1650, Lettres 18. Violet Rowe. Sir Hmry Vane 1M Younger: A Slud, in Political and Adminu traliw History. pp. 247 if. 19. TM juumtJl of Joachim HalU was edited by Sir Charles Firth and pub- lished in 1895-6. 20. BL Add. Mss 29 546. f. 89; 32093, f. 281. 21. Knatchel, Engtand and 1M Fronde, pp. 198-200. 22. Bordeaux to Brienne, 13/ 23June 1653, PRO SP !H/ 3/ 91. 23. Theodorus to Conway, 19/ 29 May 1653, CSPD 1652-3, p. !WO. 24. Abbe de Comac, Mmwim, vol. I , pp. 66-9. 25. Bordeaux to Brienne, 7/ 17 and 11 / 21 August 1653, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 91. 26. Sexby's memorandum, in Clarlct Pa~s, vol. 3. Paulucci informed Sagredo, ambassador in Parili. that 'the government favours Conde rather than the CoUrt party' and 'would seek to foment civil strife': 30 July/ 9 August, CSPV 1653-4. p. 130. 27. Sexby's memorandum, as above. 28. Bordeaux to Brienne, 28 February/ IO March 1653, PRO SP 31/3/ 90. 29. Bordeaux to Brienne, 4/ 14 November 1653, and Bordeaux to Mazarin, I/ ll December 1653, PRO SP 31/3/ 91. 30. Barriere to Gonde, 5/ 15 December 1653, BL Add. Mss 35252. 31. Bordeaux to Brienne, 26 December 1653/ 5 January 1654 and 16/ 26 January. PRO SP 31 / 3/ 92. 32. Quote from Vatican Archives to Gardiner, History of Comwwnwealth and ProtedQrak, vol. 3. pp. 119-20. 33. Sagredo to Senate, 7/17 February 1654, CSPV 1653-4. p. 183. See Bordeaux to Brienne, 8/ 18 and 19 / 29 January and 13/ 23 March 1654, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 92 and 31 / 3/ 93; see also Bordeaux: to 8rienne, 22 March/ 2 April and 26 March/ 6 April, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 94 and While to Servien, 27 March/ 7 April, ibid. 34. Baas to Mazarin, 15/ 25 January, PRO SP 31/3/ 92. 35. Bordeaux to Brienne, 26 January/ 5 February, PRO SP 31/3/93. 36. Cardenas to Philip IV, 3/ 13 March 1654, quoted in Guizot. His"", of Duver Cromw.!ll, vol. 2, pp. 380-~ . 37. Leopold, governor of the Netherlands, to Philip IV, 11 / 21 March, ibid. Leopold may have been auisted by his captain of the guard, Don Francisco Villaquirean, who was in 4ndon to congratulate Cromwell on hili accession (Thurloe, vol. 2, p. 69) . 38. Guizot, History oj Duver Cromwell, vol. 2, pp. 380-3. 39. Hane's letters of ?15/ 25 October and 5/ 15 November 1653; Thurloe, vol. 2, pp. 553, 578. 40. Claw Papm, vol. 3, pp. 197-202. 41. Quirini (Madrid) to Senate, 22 February/ 4 March 1654, ~ 1653- -4, pp. 179-80. 42. Quirini to Senate, as n. 45. 43. Bordeaux had been pointing this out since his arrival. 44 . Thurlot, vol. 2, p. 61 . 45. Hyde to Wentworth, 10/ 20 Milfch 1654, CSPClar, vol. 2. p. 325. 46. Sagredo to Senate, 21 February/ 3 March 1654. CSPY, p. 190. 47. Paulucci to Senate. 24 March/3 April 1654, CSPV, p. 197. Bordeaux believed that aid 10 Conde depended on Mazerolles' succeSliful return with the proposed subsidy; Bordeaux to Brienne. 10/ 20 March 1654, 264 No'" PRO SP ~1 /3/93. p. 94. He still believed that Cromwell 'will have some connection with our enemies', Bordeaux to Brienne, 13/ 23 March 1654, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 93. 48. CSPD 1654, p. 73. 49. Mazarin to Baas, 29 March/ S April 1654, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 94. M;u.ar:in recommends the we of Sir Gilbert Pickering a5 a useful supporter. 50. Bordeaux to Brienne, 10/ 20 April. ibid. Baas singled out Lambert al the enemy of France (Baas to Matarin, 21, 24 ;md 27 April. ibid.) , Bordeaux believed Thurloe WlU abo hostile (to Brienne, n April. ibid.) . 51 . De Pan to Mazarin, 17/ 27 April, in Guizot, Hiswry of Oliver Cromwell, Appendix 8, no. 3. 52. Baas to Muann, 11 / 21 April, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 94. 53. Baas to Mazarin, 14/ 24 April, ibid. 54. Barriere to Conde, 7/17 April, BL Add. MM 35252. 55. Burnet, Hiswry of my own Times, vol. I, p. 134. 56. Unpublished thesis by J.F. Battick, 'Cromwell'. Navy and the Foreign Policy of the Protectorate, 1653,-8', Boston, 1967, 57, Bordeaux to Brienne, 25 December 1653" PRO SP 3,113,/ 92, 58, Venables' ' Narra~ of the Caribbean expedition', chapter 3 in HarlLian Miscellany, vol. 3" p, 513, 59. Clarlu Paptn, vol. 3" pp. 203,-6. 60. Maurin to Bordeaux, 3, May (NS), PRO SP 3113,/ 94. 61. Bordeaux to Brienne, 14 May, ihid., 3113,/ 94. 62. Bordeaux to Brienne, 2 May (31 / 3/ 94). 63,. French Intelligence, 5/ 15 May, Thurioe, vol. 2, p. 262. Petit informed Thurloe that Mazarin had informed the Duke d'Arpajon that an English invasion was planned on behalf of the Huguenots; letter of ]2/ 22 April 1654, Thurloe, vol. 2, p. 246. The Huguenots were optimistic of the new respect with which they were being treated by the French govern ment lest they revolt. Petit informed Thurloe that 'all these favours came, after God, from my Lord Protector for whose prosperity .. . [they] had cause to make continual prayer'. Howtvcr, they now counted a peace treaty, with 'some clause to be put therein for them in general ... desiring not that the busineM should come to extremities', better than a war. They also feared lest Mazarin fall and a less tolerant min ister come to power (Thurioc, vol. 2, p. 262). 64. Barrihe to Conde, 1 June (NS), BL Add. Mss 35252. 65. Sagredo to Senate, 3 March and 5 May 1654, CSPV 16'J-." pp. 187- 8, 208--9. Spain'hoped that this would be the case, Sagredo, }8 August, ibid., p. 248. See also Bordeaux senior to his son the ambassador, 26 May, Thurloe, vol. 2, p. 283. 66. French Intelligence, undated, Thurtoe, vol. 2, p. 275. 67. Bordeaux to Brienne, 2 April 1654, PRO SP 3] / 3/ 94. 68. For example, Mazarin's instructions to Baas of27 March imply that he should use this weapon, ibid., 31/ 3/ 93. 69. Bordeaux to Brienne and Baas (0 Mazarin, 14 May 1654, ibid., 31 / 3/ 94. 70, Baas to Mazarin, 14 May 1654, as above. Notes 265 71. Gardiner, Hutary of Iht Commonwealth and Proucrorate, vol. 3. 72. Barriere to Conde, 15 May, BL Add. MIS 35252. 73. Bordeaux to Maurin, 11 May 1654, PRO SP 31/3/94. 74. As n. 72. 75. Baas to Malann, 21 May 1654, PRO SP 31 / 3/94. 76. Guizot, HuWry ofOlivt:r CromweU, vol. 2, pp. 385-8. Mazerolles agreed: 'the Spanish ambassador has not got a sou', Mazerolles to Conde, 14 July 1654, BL Add. MIS 35252. 77. Colonel Walters wrote to the Council over money owing for his ship ping of I 0,000 Irishmen for Spain in 1652-3, Bodleian Lib .• Rawlinson MIS A261, 0". 13-Uv. Colonels Luce and Owens also complained, and Cromwell wrote to Leopold on their behalf on 4/14 August, Rawlinson MIS A261, ff. 12v-13. Baas wrote that Cromwell had been informed of the poor pay Conde's men received and was very surpruc:d, Baas to Maz.arin, 25 June (PRO SP 31/3/95). 78. Thurf«, vol. 2, pp. 30~9. 79. Barriere to Conde, 20 May, BL Add. Mu 35252. 80. Paulucci, 29 May, espy 1653-4, p. 216. 81. Brienne to Bordeaux, undated, PRO SP 31/3/95. 82. Thurio(, vol. 2, p. 398. On 27 June Bordeaux reported that Cromwell's agents in France had informed him of French culpability, PRO SP !H / 3/ 95. 83. Naudin's confession, Thurioe, vol. 2, p. 412. 84. Pickering informed Baas of this; Baas to Maurin, 8 june, also Brienne 10 Bordeaux, 19 June, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 95. 85. Baas to Maurin, 8 june; Bordeaux to Brienne, 15 june, ibid. 86. Louis XIV to Bordeaux and Baas, 17 June, ibid. 87. Mazarin to Bordeaux, 17 June, ibid. 88. Ibid. 89. Bordeaux to Mazarin, 15 and 27 June, ibid. 90. Baas to Maurin, 25 June. ibid. In fact Whitelocke (journal of tht Swed ish E1Rhasry, vol. 2, p. 73) saY' the alliance was Queen Christina's idea. 91. Bordeaux to Maurin, 14 July, PRO SP 31/3/ 95. 92. Bordeaux to Brienne, 23 July; Thur/.oe, vol. 2, p. 447 and PRO SP 31 / 3/ 95. 93. Cromwell to Marcille, 10/20 June, Abbott, Writings and spttws of Dlivt:r Crol1ltJ)eli, vol. 3, pp. 324, S; Cromwell 10 Louis XIV and Mazarin, 29 June/9july, Bodleian Lib. Rawlinson MuA261, fr. IOv-li. Thurloe was currently gloomy ahour the treaty, writing to PeJl on 14/24 July thar 'little is to be expected' as Mazarin was obstinate over granting tolera tion to the Huguenots; quoted in Vaughan, Cromwell, vol. I, pp. 25-6. 4 The Verge of a Breach with France: July 16M-March 1655 1. Barriere to Conde, 17 July (NS), BL Add. Mss 35252. 2. Barriere to Conde, 26 June (NS), ibid. 3. CSPD 1654, p. 201. 4. Intelligence to Hyde, 29/ 30 June 1654, CSPCI4r, vol. 3, p. 379. 266 Notes 5. Bordeaux to Mazarin, 25 June (NS). PRO SP ~1/3/95. 6. Thuriot, vol. 2, p. 414. 7. Quirini to Senate, 29 July (NS). CSPV 1653-4, p. 241. 8. Abbott, Writinp and Sp«cha of Oliver CrtmlUH'/l, vol. 3, pp. 85-8. 9. Bordeaux to Brienne, 22 june!2 July, PRO SP 31 / 3/95. 10. Petit to Thurloe, 15/25 July, Thurlot, vol. 2, p. 458. II. 'Free trade' appeared in the treaties as follows: French Treaty, Article IV (SP 103/ 12): Swedish Treaty 1654, Articles III and X (SP 108/56); Dutch Treaty. Articles XII and XVII (SP 103/ 56); Portuguese Treaty, Articles IJ and III (SP 103/57). Particular care was taken to recover the goods of Englishmen who died abroad, a point which had been subject to ab~ when foreign governments knew there was no strong regime in England to take such matters up. 12. Cromwell, more inexperienced than Charles's advisers some of whom had been to Spain (e.g. Cottington and Endymion Porter), did not know or take account of traditional dilatoriness. 13. Rawlinson Mss A261, ff. 7v-8v; 13-13v. 14. CSPD 165", p. 236, and Paulucci'$ despatch of 25 july (NS), CSPV 1651-<4, pp. 2~-9 . 15. Cardenas to Thurloe, 15/ 25 july, TAUT/«, vol. 2, p. 461. 16. Mazerolies to Conde, 24 july (NS), BL Add. Ms.s 35252. 17. Pawley to Thurloe, unknown date, ThuT/«, vol. 2, pp. 338-40. 18. Thur/«, vol. I , pp. 759-63. 19. Clarice Papers, vol. 3, pp. 207-8. 20. As n. 18. 21. Quirini to Senate, 2 September, as above. 22. Bordeaux to Chanut, ambassador at The Hague, 8/ 18 August, ThurW, vol. 2, pp. 549-50. 23. Petit to Thurloe, 15/ 25 july, Thurf«, vol. 2, p. 458. 24. Cromwell's address to Parliament, 4/ 14 September, Abbott. ",,"tings and spetcJw. vol. 3, pp. 4:i4-43. 25. Bordeaux to Maurin, I October and 19 October (NS), PRO SP 31 / 3/ 95. 26. Semen insisted that Holland not Hamburg mediate. Servien to Bor deaux, 24 Septem~r (NS), ibid. 27. Bordeaux to Mazarin, 22 October (NS), and to Brienne, 26 OClober (NS), ibid.; and TAurl«, vol. 2, p. 360. 28. Semen to Bordeaux, 24 September (NS) , as n. 26. 29. Mazarin to Bordeaux, 27 OClober (NS), ibid. 30. Leverett to Cromwell, 5/ 15 September, Thur/.M, vol. 2, p. 584. 31. Bordeaux to Brienne, 26 October (NS), PRO SP 31 / 3/ 96. 32. Bordeaux to Brienne, 26 October (NS), as n. 31. 33. Sagredo to Senate, I December (NS), CWV; pp. 282-3. 34. Paulucci to Senale, 260clober (NS) , ibid., p. 271. 35. Quirini to Senate, 7 October (NS), ibid., p. 266. De Haro was not persuaded and still thought that Cromwell intended 10 U$l': the fleet against the Orangists in the United Provinces, Quirini, 14 October (NS), ibid., p. 268. 36. Quirini 10 Senate, II November (NS), ibid., p. 276. NOU$ 267 37. Bordeaux to Brienne, 10 October (NS), PRO SP 31 / 3/ 96. 38. Quirini to Senate, 7 56. Quirini to ~nate , 13 MMch (NS), CSPV. p. 30. 57. ROMO, 9 March (NS). ibid., p. 29. 58. Sagredo, 13 April (NS) , ibid" p. 45. 59. ThutWe, vol. 3, p. 198. 60. Mercu.riw Politicus, 29 March-5 April (OS). 61. Bordeaux to Maz.arin, 15 April (NS) , PRO SP 31 / 3/ 97. 62. Thurloe [0 Pell, 6/ 16 April, quoted in Vaughan, Cromwell, vol. I, p. 64. 63. ~ n. 61. 5 The Western Design 1. Sagredo, 20 October 1655 (NS), CSPV 16"-6, pp. 128-9. 2. ThuriDt, vol. I, pp. 759-63, and Harleian Misaliany. vol. 3, p. 513. 3. For example, Quirini, 17 June 1655 (NS), CSPY, p. 55; and also James Wilson '5 letter of intelligence from Madrid to Thurloe, Tlaurioe, vol. 3, pp. 389-90. 4. Examples of Dutch actions in the same manner as Cromwell's attack are legion, see Geoffrey Parker'! article, 'The Dutch Revolt and the Polarization of Intemiltional Politics', in Parker and Smith (cds), T1u General CrisiJ of the &vent«nth Century (Routledge &: Kegan Paul, 1978). The most notable examples were the attacks on South America, e.g. the attack on Callao in 162<1 and Brouwer's expedition to Chile in 1645. The Dutch were more interested in stirring up the In~ns against Spain than the English usually were, e.g. Van Spil:z.bergen ' 5 plan for a revolt in Chile in 1614. There was a precedent for a large-sca1e con tinental campaign against a rival imperial power in South America, namely the Dutch attempt to wrest Bra:z.il away from Spanish-occupied Portugal in 1630-45. Significandy, the main exponent of a South American campaign in 1655-6 was the Portugue!IC Jew, Simon de Cas5eres (see n. 34). 5. Robert E. Ruigh, The ParlwmnJt of 1624: Politics and Foreign Policy, quotes Eliot's speech of 19 March 1624 (OS), p. 220. Incidentally, Eliot was father·in·law to Nathaniel Fiennes, Cromwell's Councillor. 6. Rudyerd's speech of 1 March 1624 (NS) , ibid., pp. 177-9. These beUicose sentiments about Spain and what to do with her empire were not confined to 'Parliamentary opposition' leaden; they were shared by Sir Francis Bacon. 7. P. Chaunu, Seville ttl'Atlantique (Paris, 1959) , vol. 3. 8. See William Maltby, Tlu Black Legmd in EngltJnd: The lkwlJ>pmmt of Anti-5panish Snitimmt, 1558-1660, and Benjamin Keen, 'The Black Legend Revisited', in Hispanic American RMew, XLIX (1969), pp. 703- 19. 9. CSPCoI 1574- 1660, p. 73. 10. Ibid., p. 257. 11 . C.M. Andrewes, British Committus, Commission.!, and Councils 0/ Trade aM Navigation, vol. I, p. SO. 12. Venables, 'Narrative' ('A Brief and PcrfectJoumal') , in Harlrian M is· a UGn" vol. 3, p. 513. Notes 269 13. Whitelocke, Memmiab, vol. 4, p. 189 (March 1655). According to Burnet, who had most of his relevant information from Stouppe, 'Spain would never admit of a peace with England between the tropics; 50 he {Cromwell} was in a state of war with them in those parts, even before he declared war in Europe'; Gage told him that once Hispaniola and Cuba were conquered the rest would follow (History of my own Til7US, vol. I, pp. IM-6.) 14. Thomas Gage, Tke English-A.merican His Travaib: ()T a 1UW sutmy of 1M Wesl Indias (cd. A. Newton). 15. Ibid., preface, p. 2. 16. Gage's Bmf and True Ob.Jenlatibns, Thv.ri«, vol. ~, p. 59-61. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid., p. 62. 19. Ibid., vol. ii, pp. 542-~. 20. Noell's brother Thomas was his agent in Barbados, and was confirmed as Provost-Gcneral by Cromwell. Pavey's brother was Provost-Marshal, Anthony Ashley Cooper had invested in Barbados, and Maurice Thompson had interests there since he had introduced the fint African slaves in the 1620s. The area was also familiar to George Downing, ambassador to Savoy in 1655, and to the preacher John Oxenbridge (Skippon's brother-in-law). 21. Thv.r/oe, vol. 2, pp. 28-9. 22. Paulucci reported the anger in the fleet (23 November (NS), CSPV 16'3- 4, pp. 143-4) and Desborough's visit (ibid., 1 December (NS), p. 146), Dcsborough's reports on the situation are in Thurioe, vol. 3, pp. ~ and 7. Volunteers were unlikely for the tropiCS, see 'F.B.' to Sir J. Barringlon, 14/ 24July 1655, HislDrical Mss CommisJiDn Report, vol. 7, p . 571. Venables objected to the haste with which his troops were despatched: 'Narrative' 6, in Harleian Misullany, vol. ~, p. 513. He described his recruits as 'heclors, knights of the blade, common cheats, cutpurses, and such like lewd persons' ('Narrative' 3~). Venables W3.$ evidently aware of the dangers involved in the insufficiency of his troops, but he could not have made much protest al the time; the fact that h e took his wife (,Memorial of Elizabeth Venables', Chtham So&ty MisuUan, iv, pp. 9-28) indicates that he was as confident of the lack of resistance "all Cromwell. It is dear, however, from his performance at Hispaniola thai he was not lacking in military abilities, and W3.$ unjustly treated by Cromwell on his return. Penn was a more proper scapegoat. 2~. Cromwell to Penn, 20/ 30 December 1654, HulDricnl Mss Commission &port. vol. 13, app. ii, no. 8. 24. Venables, Narrarivt, pp. 30, 40. Sec also Winslow lo Thurloe, 16/ 26 March, Thv.rioe, vol. 3, pp. 249-52. 25. This was implied in Cromwell's proclamation encouraging 5Cttlement. 26. On 19/29 October 1655 the Council ordered a further eight ships to be sent 10 Barbados (CSPD 16'5, p. 610). A further reinforcement, led by Colonel Brayne, was ordered in April 1656; sec CSPCol, pp. 438-40. Many of them were in fact drowned en route off Ireland, Henry Cromwell to Thurloe, 7/17 November 1656, Thurloe, vol. 5, p . 570. It 270 No'" is noticeable that the Government Wll5 now taking more care over the quality of troops and officers sent out. There were no more blunders like the choice of Captain Butler. 27. For example. Sedgew:ick to Thurloe, 5/15 November 1655, Thurlot, vol. 4, pp. 151-5; Goodson and Scdgew:ick to Thurloe, 24 january/3 Feb ruary 1656, ibid., p. 454; Goodson and Sedgcwick to Thurloe, 12/ 22 March 1656, ibid., pp. 601-2. D'Oyley to Thurloe, 12/ 22 March 1656, (pp. 602-3), 18/ 28 April (p. 711), 6/ 16 October (Thul"ll¥, vol. 6, p. 476) . Brayne to Thurloe, 12/ 22 March 1657, Thulot, vol. 6, p. 110. 28. Sedgewick to Thurloe, 5/ 15 November 1655, Thurloe, vol. 4, pp. 151- 5. Colonel Holdip'$ ciUhicring is reported in Goodson', letter to Thurloe of 25 June/ S July 1656, ibid., vol. 5, p. 151. 29. Sedgewick to ThuTloe, 12/ 22 March 1656, ibid., vol. 4, pp. 601-2. 30, D'Oyley to Thurloe, 18/28 July 1658, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 260-2. 31. Goodson to the Council. 7/ 17 November 1655, ibid., vol. 4. p. 159. ~2. Goodson to the Council, 7/ 17 January 1656, ibid., vol. 5, p. 96. ~S. Sedgewick to Thurloe. 18/ 28 April 1656, ibid., vol. 5. p. 711. 34. Simon de Ca.Meres to Thurloe, undated. ibid., vol. 4, pp. 62-S. ~5. BL Egerton M!.S 1095, f. 109. 36. Ibid., ff. 87-8. 37. Ibid., f. 110. 38. For example, Secretary (Thomas) Noell's letter to Thurloe of 20/ 30 March 1655 denying Royalist intrigues in the militia, CSPClIlr, vol. 3, p. 13. 39. For example. Cromwell to Cotton, M4SJtuhuuUs Historical Collection, 4th SnW. VII, pp. 462-4. 40. Council's Proclamation on settlement of Jamaica. c. 10/ 20 50. Gookin's instructions, 26 Septembc:r/ 6 October 1655, Penn, Mtmorials, vol. 2, p. 585. 5 1. Gookin 10 Thurloe, 24 January/ 3 February 1656, Thurloe, vol. 4, p. 449. 52. Gookin to Thurloe, 10/ 20 May and 24 June/ 3 July 1656, ibid., vol. 5, p. 6 and 147-8. 53. Gookin to Thurloe, 8/ 18 September 1656, ibid., vol. 5, pp. 509-10. 54. As n. 49. 55. Hartlib's epistle dedicatory to Bate's Ireland's Natural History, London, 1645. 56. In fact there was a republican mutiny against O'Oyley's proposal to return to Charles II's allegiance in 1661, and two officers were shot. 57. BL Add. Mu 11411, f. 9. 58. Augier to the Council, 25Ju1y/ 4August 1657, CSPCO~ p. 456. The idea was submitted to a Goundl Committee on 20/ 30 October (ibid., p. 460) and nothing more was heard of it. 59. Broghill to Thurloe, 18/ 28 September 1655, CSPD /65'-6, p. 196. 60. ROM to Nicholas, 11 / 21 February 1656, ibid. 61. On 14/ 24 August 1656 the Council issued an order to apprehend 'lewd and dangerous persons, rogues, vagr.mts, and other idle ~rsons' for removal to Jamaica, CSPCO~ p, 456. 62. 6/ 16 August 1656, Council to Sir John Reruted, CSPCo~ p. 456. 6 Lecla's Mission and the Vaudois Massacre 1. Quirini, 27 February and 20 March 1655 (CSPV 1655-6, pp. 24 and 55-6). Paulucci reported that Cardenas was distressed but continued to negotiate, 8 March (pp. 27-9). 2. Wright to Thurloe, 20 April 1655, Thurltx, vol. ~ , pp. ~66-7. 3. Sexby to de Haro, May 1655, CSPCIo.r, vol. ~ , p. 41. 4. Paulucci, ~O May and 5 June 1655, CSPv; pp. 60 and 62-3. 5. Mazarin to Bordeaux, 25 May, PRO 31 / 3/ 98. Bordeaux to his father, 24 May, Thuri«, vol. 3, p. 437. Paulucci, 14 June, espy, pp. 65-6. 6. Quirini, 3 July, ibid., p. 74. 7. Quirini, 12 June, ibid., p. 65. 8. Council Order Book (SP 25/ 75), entries for 4/ 14 May and 24 May/ :3 June. 9. Paulucci, 18 May, CSPY, pp. 54-6. 10. Paulucci, 30 May, ibid., pp. 59-60. 11. Paulucci, 14 June. ibid., pp. 65-7; this was e x~cted by Bordeaux (Bordeaux to Brienne, 27 May, PRO 31 / 3/ 98). 12. Bordeaux to Mazarin, 20 May, PRO 31 / 3/ 98. I.'l Thurl«. vol . 3, p. 541. 14. Ibid., p. 611. 15. Letters of intelligence received by Council, 17/ 27 May, CSPD 1655, p. 165. Fiennes reports on draft of letters on the crisis, 23 May/ I June, SP 25/ 55 (Council Order Book). 272 Nom 16. Sec Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Prouctorau, vol. 4, pp. 180-6. 17. Evelyn. Diary. ed. de Beer, p. 359 (12 and 24 June OS). See abo Whitelocke, Memorials, vol. 4, p. 203, and Paulucd, 28 June. CSPY, p. 71. 18. Collection ordered, 23 May/2 June. CSPD 1655, pp. 182-3. Fut ordered, 30 May/ 9 June, CSPClar. vol. 3, p. 45. Second collection ordered, 12/ 22 July, ibid., p. 45. 19. CSPD 1655, pp. 184-5; HalSell to Blackbome:, 26 May (OS), Bourne and Foster to Blackborne, 28 May (OS). 20. Mercurius Politicw, 10/20 May. 2l. Fleetwood to Thurloc:. 23 May/ 2 June. Thurlot, vol. 3, p. 468. 22. Abbott, Writings and Spudw. vol. 3, pp. 726-7. 23. Fiennes reported to the full Council on the drafts of leuen, 23 Mayl 1 June, SP 25/55 (Council Order Book). 24. The French soldiers were actually in Savoy en route to ilS!Iut their King's cousin and ally against Spain in Italy. as they had for each campaign during the Franco-SpanUh War. 25. Cromwell to Louis XlV. 25 May/4June, Abbott, Wriling'l and Sp«c1w, vol. 3, pp. 726-7. 26. Cromwell to the SwiM Cantons. 25 May/ 4June, Symmons, Millon, vol. 6, pp. 385-6. 27. Paulucci, 4 July, CSl'V 1655-6, pp. 75-6. 28. Pnfea Diurnal, 16/26 July, Clarlu Papen. vol. 3, p. 45. 29. Thurloe infonned Bordeaux of the likely imistence on a Vaudois settlement preceding the treaty in early June. Bordeaux to Manrin, 3 June. Bordeaux to Brienne, 5 June. PRO SP 31 / 3/ 98. Bordeaux refu~d Cromwell's attempt to put the Vaudois settJements into the French treaty at the end of july (Bordeaux to Brienne, 29 July, ibid.). 30. Bordeaux to Brienne, 5 August, ibid. Nieupoort to Ruysch, 8/ 18 june. Thurloot, vol. 3, pp. !>27-8. For popu ". lar hatred of Catholics, see Bordeaux to Mazarin, 10 June. PRO SP 31 / 3/ 98. Had the Vaudois Massacre occurred in 16!>1-4, instead of happening after the attack. on Hispaniola. it would very likely have pushed England over the brink into war with France. 32. Pell to Thurloe, 3 June, Lansdowne M$$ 745, f. 95b. 33. &rdeaux to his father, 28 June, Thurloot, vol. 3, p. 558. 34. Bordeaux to Mazarin, 19 June, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 98. 35. Bordeaux to Brienne, 13 June, Thuri«, vol. 3. p. 470. 36. Reports of rebellion in Languedoc were noted in Bordeaux's letter to his father of 28 June (ibid .• p. 558). Cromwell asked for the opinion of Stouppe (&rdeaux to Brienne, 15 July, PRO SP 31/3/98) and foreign Protestants, presumably the Huguenot congregation at the Savoy who had sent Dr More to France in 1653 (Bordeaux to Mazarin, 23 july, ibid.). Mazarin thought it worth his while to bribe Stouppe to a.ssure Cromwell that the trouble in Languedoc was over (Bordeaux to Brienne, I July, ibid.). The main responsibility for the stories of revolt circulating in London was believed to be Barriere (Bordeaux to Brienne, 5 August. ibid.). 37. Quirini, 3 July, CSPV 1655- 6. pp. 74-5. Notes 273 38. Bordeaux to Lionne, 21 / 31 july, Thuf'w, vol. 3, p. 680. See abo Bor deaux to Brienne, 3 june, ibid., vol. 2, p. 470. 39. See n. 36. 40. Brienne to Bordeaux, 3 September, ibid., vol. 3, p. 731. Servien to Bordeaux, 21 August, ibid., vol. 3, p. 706. 41. Cromwell to Louis XIV and 10 Mazarin, 31 july/ l0 August, Archives du Ministbt des Affaires Elmngim, vol. 66, pp. 98-9v. 42. Thomas Noell's letter of 5/15june announcing the disaster (Thuf'lo.t, vol. 3, p. 514) was known in London by the time Paulucci WTote his despatch of 8 August (CSPY, p. 91). 43. Bodleian Lib., Tanner MM 52, fI. 121-2. 44. Engluh belief that Mazarin pressuriiled the Duke to reach a quick agreement with the Vaudois before Downing interfered u implied in the instructions later sent to Pdl, Abbott, mi/ingl" and speeches, vol. 4, pp. 104-5. Muarin's preMure on Savoy is revealed in Le Tellier and Brienne's letters to Ambassador Servien of 23 and 25 May/ 2 and 4 june, Archiws des A/faif'l$ EtTangirts ('Savoie'), vol. 49, fr. 299, 301. 45. Bordeaux to Mumn, 10 September, PRO SP 31/3/98. 46. Bordeaux to Brienne, 12 and 26 August, 2 September, 14 October, ibid. Cromwell was believed to be awaiting Downing's report on Pignerol, Bordeaux to Brienne, 9 September, ibid. For Downing's repon of 4 September, M:e Thurl«, vol. 3, p. 734. 47. Thurloe to Pell, 10/20 September, quoted in Vaughan, Cromuwll, vol. I, pp. 260-1. 48. Carlbom, Karl X, pp. 55-6. 49. Masson, Milton, vol. 5, p. 245; Symmons, Millon, vol. 4, pp. 394-5. 50. CSPD 16'7-8, pp. 229-30. 51. lbid., p. 344. 52. Mercurius Politicus, 25 March-I April (OS). 53. Council Order Book (SP 25/ 78a), entry for lIl1January, 1658. 54. Philip Meadowe, History of the Evangdital CAUf'cMS of the Vaae,s of PUd mont and . .. the Late Blood, Massa,", Jean-Baptiste Stouppe, A Collec tion of seveml papen Jent to His Highnas concerning the bloody and barlJt'.lrou.s massacres in Pi«jmqnL 7 Spain's Breach of Relations with England J. Quirini, 24 July, CSPV 165'-6, p. 84. 2. Quirini, 7July, ibid., pp. 81-2. 3. Quirini, 17 july, as n. 2. 4. Quirini, 7 August, cspy. p. 90. 5. Sagrf:do, 12 November, CSPY, pp. 135-7. 6. On June 27-8 (OS), two reports arrived supposing the fall of Santo Domingo, ThurlM, vol. 3, pp. 558-9, 566-7. This would have increased Cromwell's confidence in pressurising the French over a Vaudois set tlemf:nt, and made the news of diS4Uter even more shocking. 7. Bordeaux knew of the disaster by 26 july/ 6 August (letter of that datf: to Brienne, PRO SP 31/3/ 98) , and Paulucci by 29 july/ 8 August (CSPY, p.91 ). 274 No'" 8. Butler and Venables to Cromwell, 4/ 13 June, ThurlDt. vol. 3, pp. 509- II. 9. Bordeaux to Maz.arin, 5 August, PRO SP 31/3/98. 10. See the 'Proclamation' on settlement, c. 10/ 22 October 1655, where the enemy was reported hiding and resistance effectively over when it continued for four more yean. To be fair to the Council, they may well have been misled by Butler and Venables' account of the victory; it was not known when they wrote that Y Sassi would carry on fighting. However, there is no such excll5t: for later attemplS to hide the truth, e.g. a report in Public 11ftelligmaof6-13July 1657 (OS) that 'all things go well and our troops are in perfect health', 11. See the 'Proclamation' of c. 10/ 20 October. 12. Gardiner, History of tJu Commonwealth and Protectorate., vol. 4, p. 169. Sagredo heard in October that the EnglUh would give up the Caribbean War if Jamaica was lost, CSPY, p. 125. In April 1656 it was said that Jamaica would have to be abandoned if the English did not capture that year's Plate Fleet to finance the war, Bordeaux to Mazarin, 17 April, PRO SP 31/3/ 99. 13. Modyford to Thurloe, 20/30 June, Thurloe, vol. 3, p. 565. 14. Quoted in Guizot, Cromwell, vol. 2, p. 548. 15. Cromwell to Blake, 13/23 September, Thurloe, vol. 3, p. 7!W. 16. Sagredo, 25 November, ibid., pp. 142-3. 17. Bordeaux to Brienne, 30 September, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 98; Thurlot, vol. 4, pp. 44-5. 18. Quirini, 11 September, CSPY, pp. 108-9. 19. Sagredo, 8 October, ibid., pp. 119-20. 20. The formal committee consisted of Lambert, UsIe, Fiennes, Suickland, Sydenham, Desborough, Montague and Wolseley (Committee Book PRO) . 21. Urliundt"l'l u. ActmsluM . .. , pp. 728-30, quoted in Abbott. Writings lind Spuclw, vol. 4, pp. 43-4. 22. CSPD 1655, p. 610. 23. CSPCol, pp. 429, 4!W. 24. A committee was set up to consider the Design - headed by iu chief critic, Lambert - on 12/22 September, and received Penn's report eight days later, CSPCol, p. 428. Penn and Venables were arrested on the latter's arrival in London, 20/ 30 September, ibid., p. 429. 25. Hyde to de Haro, 31 August 1655, PRO SP 94/ 43, f. 132. 26. Quirini, 3 July, C5PV, pp. 74-5. 27. Bordeaux to Brienne, 22 September, Thurloe, vol. 4, p. 27. 28. Bordeaux to Mazarin, 10 September, PRO SP 31/3/98. 29. Lockhart to Thurloe, 9 June 1656, Thurlot, vol. 5, pp. 75-6. 30. Bordeaux to Maurin, 30 September (PRO SP 31/3/98) and Cardenas to Philip IV, 8 November (Guizot, Cromwell, vol. 2, pp. 454-5). 3 1. Sagredo, 29 October, CSPY, pp. 128-9. 32. Gardiner, History of /.he CommtmWlfflUh and ProltCtorak, vol. 4, p. 171. 33. Dcsborough, Lisle, Mulgrave and Suickland were the committee. 34. CSPD 1655, pp. 397, 399, 400. 35. Public Inklligenu, 27 October / 6 November. Notes 275 36. Carlbom, &r/ X, pp. 111-12. 37. w.rte, Original Utters, vol. 74, f. 29. 38. AdmiraJty Commiuioners' report of 12/ 22 October 1655, in ThurlM, vol. 4, pp. '79-80. 39. Intelligence to Thurloc, II November, from Brussels (ibid., p. 443), 18 December, from Bru55t:ls (ibid., p. 298), and 17 December, from M.uirid (ibid., p. 292). 40. Hyde to de Vic, 14 and 17 December, CSPClar, vol. 3, p. 71. 41. Father Talbot to the King, 24 December, ibid., p. 75. See also Talbot's letters reporting the Pope's insistence on Charles making an open declaration on Catholic toleration, or becoming one himself, in re turn for aid; something which he supported. For example, Talbot to Ormonde, 51 July, i.bid., p. 151, to Hyde, 13 AUgust, p. 60. Hyde distrusted Talbot, see ibid., p. 86. 42. Richard Talbot to Ormonde, 7 January, ibid., pp. 84-5, and Dillon to Ormonde, 7 January, p. 86. 43. See CSPClar, vol. 3, pp. 70-5. 44. Talbot to the King, 9 December 1655, CSPC/or, vol. 5, p. 70. These terms were revealed to Thurloe by his spy in Cologne, Manning, in a letter of 17 November (ibid., p. 66). The English government was thus aware of Spain's caution and weakness; this would have reauured them as to the feasibility of mounting a resaicted navaJ campaign in 1656. 45. Bordeaux to Brienne, 30 September, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 98. 46. Urhndnl u. Achtenstuhe . . . , vol. 7, pp. 728-50, quoted in Abbott, mit ings and Speeches, vol. 4, pp. 45-5. 47. Thu'f"lM, vol. 1, pp. 759-63. See also Thurloe's comments on the treaty in SP 103/ 12, f. 68. He was determined not to enter a closer league with France until the time was opportune. 48. Burnet, HislorJ of my own Times, pp. 131-2. 49. Longland to Thurloe, 18 December 1655, Thurloe, vol. 4, p. 295. 50. Gil15tinian to Senate, 29 November, CSPv; p. 145. 51. The French government had to order celebrations, Bordeaux to Brienne, 15 November 1655, PRO SP 31/ 3/ 98. See also the reports in Thur~ vol. 4. p. 284. Intellectual opposition was evident in Boileau's Ode against a potential alliance (ed. Montgrcdien, Paris, 1961 ). 8 1656 - England Delays an Offensive Alliance with France 1. For Maurin's comments, see lAlres de Cardinal Ma.tarin (ed. Cheruel), vol. 8, p. 252. The revolt threatened by Marshal d 'Hocquincourl, gover nor of Peronne, encouraged Mazarin to ratify the peace according to Sagredo's despatch of 3 December 1655: CSPV 1655-6, pp. 147-9. 2. Bordeaux to Brienne. 10 April 1655, PRO SP 31 / 5/ 99. 3. ThurltN, vol. 4, p. 121 . 4. Sagredo, 14 January, CSPY, pp. 164-5. 5. Giustinian, Venetian ambauador in Rome, 15 January and 16 Febru ary, cspv. pp. 166, 182. 276 Note, 6. According to Burnet, who was infonned by Stouppe, the fonnal plan for a ProttMant 'College' was intended 'to begin Cromwell's Kingship', i.e. the plan was probably drawn up in early 1657. See Burnet, History of 111'} own Times, pp. 139-40. However, it is likely that the visit of Cromwell's spy. Dr Baily, to Rome was connected with this idea, at least in that he was to acquire infonnation on the Catholic college, De Propagatione Fidei, as well as on papal attitudes to the King. This mission was known to Giwtinian, Venetian amhauador in Paris, by 26 November 1655 (CSPV, p. 143) . Its inception would tie in with Cromwell's interest in an Italian campaign in 1656, which he tried to preu on Mazarin. 7. Thurloe to Pell, 21 February (OS), T/auriot:, vol. 4, pp. 551-2. 8. For example, Cromwell's letters to Charles X in February iUld April 1656, Abbott, Writin8l' and 5p«ches, vol. 4, pp. 94-5, 235-6. 9. Bordeaux to Manrin, 10 April 1656, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 99. See also Giavarina's despatch of 10 March, CSPv; pp. 186-7. 10. Thurloc to Barriere, 8/ 18 March, Thuriot, vol. 4, p. 594. 11 . Mazarin to Rordeaux, 26 April; Bordeaux to Mazarin, 8 May, PRO SP 31 / 3/99. 12. Bordeaux to Mazarln, 17 April, ibid. Apparently 'Fitts' had offered to double-crou Conde if France paid him enough. 13. Bordeaux to Mazarin, 24 April, ibid. 14. Bordeaux to Brienne, 18 April, ibid. 15. Giavarina, 17 March, cspv, pp. 190-2. 16. Bordeaux to Brienne, 8 May, PRO SP 31/3/99. 17. £HR, XXI (1906), pp. 743-6. 18. Ma:2:arin to Bordeaux, 26 April, PRO SP 31 / 3/99. 19. Rordeaux to Brienne, 15 May, ibid. 20. CSPClaT, vol. 3, pp. 111-12. 21. Hyde to Clement, Royalist resident in Rome, 3/13 February, ibid., p. 93. 22. Clement to Hyde, 15 and 22 April, ibid., pp. III and 115. 23. Clarendon, History of the RebtUitm, vol. 6, pp. 37, 47-9. 24. Ronnel to Thurloc, 27 july, Thurloe, vol, 5, pp. 221-2. 25. Lockhart to Thurloc, 8 june, ibid., pp. 53-4. Sagredo had noted Mazarin's opposition to an attack on Italy as early as 4 February (~ p.171). 26. Lockhart to Thurloc, 24 May, Thuri«, vol. 5, p. 21. 27. Lockhart to Thurloc, 10 july, ibid., pp. 172-3. See also Gardiner, His tory of the Commonwwlth and Protectorau, vol. 4, pp. 243-4. 28. Lockhart to Thurloe, 26 July, Thurloe, vol. 5, pp. 217-18. Cromwell warned Count Bonde on 26July/ 5 August that Lionne's succeu would cause 'unavoidable ruin' for the Protestants. 29. For example, report in BL Add. Mu 32093, f. 343. 30. Mazarin had initially refu!Cd to pay; Lockhart to Thurloc, 19 June, Thurlo.e, vol. 5, p. 100. 3t. French Intelligence, 19 July, ibid., p. 198. 32. Lockhart to Thurloe, 20 july, ibid., p. 202. 33. Lockhart to Thurloe. 26July, ibid., p. 217. No'" 277 ~4. Lockhart to Thurioe, 8 August, ibid., pp. 282-3. 35. Lockhart to Thurloe, 12 August, ibid., p. 267. 36. CSPCIar, vol. 3, p. 93. 37. For example, Charles omd Hyde to de Vic, 5? November 1655, Hyde to de Vic, t:. 17 November. CSPCltJr, vol. 3, pp. 62-3. For Cardenas's objections to this plan, sec Ormonde to Hyde. 19 May 1656 (ibid.• p. 191) and Talbot to Hyde, 31 July (ibid" p. 147). The ports were only opened in September 1656 after Blake had shown hopes or peace to be illusory, Hyde to Nicholas, 29 September, ibid., p. 176. 38. See Nicupoort to States.General, 15/ 25 February, BLAdd. Mu 17677w, f. 229; and letters by Captains Thompson (1 January 1657, C5PD }657, p. 6) , and Pile (21 February, CSPD /655-6, pp. 196-7). 39. Thurloe 10 Montague, 4/ 14 March; Carte, Originol uttm, vol. 2, p. 87. 40. Ibid. 41. Examples of complainlS about piracy: Pier. commander at Weymouth. to Admirahy CommiMionen (from which quote is taken), 17 March (OS), CSPD 16"-~ Pley to Admiralty CommWioneu, 7 and 12 April (OS), ibid., pp. 257 and 264; Captain Parker to Admiralty Commi,.. sioners, 8 April (OS), p. 257; Captain Pettock to Admiralty Commi,.. sioners, 8 April (OS), p. 259; Major Burton to Admiralty Comrrtissioners, 14 April (OS), p . 257; Captain HalSell to Admiralty Comis.sioners, 28 April, pp. 298-9. 42. Cromwell only supplemented the inadequate efforts of home-based ships with Montague's fleet in autumn 1657. 43 . csPD 165'-6, p. 293. H Ibid., p. 345. 45. Giavarina, 16 June, C5PY, pp. 230-2. 46. Montague, 20/ 30 April, Thllrloe, vol. 5, p. 67. Cromwell accepted this argument and abandoned the planned attack, Cromwell to Blake and Montague, 8/18 June, ibid., pp. 101-2. 47. Cromwell to Blake and Montague, 28 April/ 8 May, ibid., p. 744. 48. Montague to Cromwell, 22 May/ I June, Thllriht, vol. 5, p . 69. 49. See below, n. 68. 50. Montague to Thurloe, 30 June/ IO July, ThlJrioe, vol. 5, p. 171. 51. Cromwell to Blake and Montague, 28 August/7 September, ibid., p. 363. 52. Montague pointed out the advantages of a base in the Straits, Montague to Thurloe, 8/18July 1656 (ibid., p. ]95) and to Henry Cromwell, 10/ 20 February 1657 (CSPD 1656-7, p . 274) . The Admiralty Commi,.. sionen approved the idea of an agreement with Tetuan in 1657 and recommended that Blake be sent out to negotiate and Nathaniel Luke be made consul. CSPD 1656-7. p. 274. Luke wu sent with official instructions, SP 71/13, f. 103. 53. Montague to Thurloe. 20/ 30 September 1656, ThlJrilM, vol. 5, f. 103. Bordeaux reported that Cromwell told him the news of Potosi in a jubilant manner. Bordeaux to Brienne. }9 October. PRO SP 3In/ 100. For the Spanish criticism, see Zane', despatch of 27 September, CSPY, p. 265. 54. For the encouraging effect of the news on Cromwell, see Bordeaux's 278 Notes letter of 19 October to Briennc, PRO SP 31n/lOO. The English now proceeded with new plans for an attack. on Cuba (Bordeaux to Briennc, 26 OClOber. ibid.) and an alliance with France, Denmark, Sweden and the Dutch (Bordeaux to Briennc, 2 November, ibid.) which showed their confidence now that naval strategy had been belatedly justified. 55. BL Add. Mss Ayscough 6125, fr. !-i-60b. Cromwell made special men tion of how the Royalists were now dependent on Catholic allies - the propaganda advantage which Thurloe had known would accrue from forcing the King and France apart. 56. For instances of MPs' complaints; at commercial losses to trade and shipping in the Parliament of early 1659, see the speeches of Haselrig on 7 February (OS) and of Scot and Uoyd on 21 February (OS) in Burton's DiDry, pp. 288, 394. 57. For the Portuguese Treaty of 10/ 20 July 1654, sec BL Stowe Mu 192, ff. 1, 21. 58. Se~ Giavarina's d~spatch of 12 May 1656 for John's r~mind~r of th~ Church's pow~r, CSPV 1655-6, pp. 213-15. Bord~aux ' s r~marks on Cromw~U's naivety ar~ in his d~spalch of 12 June, PRO SP ~1 / ~ /99. 59. John's l~u~r was r~ad in th~ Council on 14/ 24 Sept~mber 1655, CSPD 1655, p. ~34. Th~ King refused a Protestant church to be ~rected in Lisbon; Maynard's letl~r in 'Public Intellig~nc~ ' of 5-12 May 1656 (OS), Giavarina, 19 May (CSPY, pp. 216-18). 60. Bordeaux to Bncnne, 22 May, PRO SP ~1 /~/99 . 61. The Council's ord~r to Meadow~ of 19/ 29 F~bruary is in CSPD 1655- 6, p. 190. 62. Ibid., p. ~1l0 : 5/15 May, 'Mr Secretary presents letters from Mr Meadowe, to be consid~r~d again tomorrow'. Cromw~1I order~d Blake and Montague to take action in a lell~r on 6/ 16 May, Thuriot, vol. 4, p. 769. 63. Thurloe to Henry Cromwell, 24 Jun~ 1656, ibid., vol. 5, p. ISO. For M~adow~' s refusal to leave, see Meadowe to Blake and Montague, 25 May/ 4 June, ibid., p. 59. 64. Meadowe to Blake and Monlague, 25 May/ 4 June, ibid., p. 59. 65. Meadowe to Blake and Montague, 6/ 16 June, ibid., pp. 12~-4 . 66. Montague to Meadowe, 6/ 16 June, ibid. 67. Montagu~ to Thurioe, 17/ 27 June, ibid., p. 126. 68. Meadowe, 6/ 16 June, as n. 6S. Meadowe was granted lands to the value of £100 in compt:nsation for his injury; CSPD 1656-7, pp. 224-5. 9 The French Alliance of March 1657 1. Bordeaux to Brienne, 4 August 1656, PRO SP ~1 / 3/ IOO . 2. Clarlrt Pa/JnJ, vol. 3. p. 76. See also Giavarina's despatch of 8 Decem ber (CSPV 1655-6, p. 289) and his despatch of 23 February 1657 (crPV 1657- 9, p. 23) . 3. See also Hyde to MOllet, Cardenas's secretary, 31 January 1657, CSPClor, vol. 3, p. 240. Notes 279 4. Talbot to Hyde, t:. 25 August 1656, ibid., p. 164. 5. This was acknowledged in Hyde's ill5tructions to Bristol of22 September 1656, ibid., p. 174. The Duke of Neuberg's activities are reported in Bordeaux to Maurin, 28 September 1656, PRO SP ~1 / 3/ 100. Bordeaux informed Brierme on the SiIlIlle date that Cromwell had informed Parliament of this threat (ibid.) , The Duke had also sent aJesuit priest to Rome in 1656 on Charles's behalf, see Clarendon, Histmy, chapter 14, p. 121. 6. Talbot to Ormonde. 31 July, CSPCia.r, vol. 3, p. 151. 7. Lockhart to Thurloe, 17 September 1656, Thu~, vol. 5, pp. ~ -9. 8. As n. 7. 9. Bamfyldc to Thurloe, 13 September. Thurlot, vol. 5, p. 436. 10. Lockhart to Thurlol!, 11 September, ibid., pp. 368-9. 11. Borde.. ux to Mazarin, 7 September and 4 December, Bordeaux to Brienne, 9 November, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 100. Lockhart himself believed that the restoration of Conde was the sole reuon why Maurin had given up hope of peace, not any goodwill towards England, Lockhart to Thurioe, 8 October, Thurloe, vol. 5, p. 450. 12. Bamfylde to Thurloe, 25 November, ibid., p. 563. 13. Dutch Intelligence, 18/ 28 July, ibid., p. 415. 14. Reported in Bennett's letter to Hyde of 13 July 1657, CSPClaT, vol. 3, p. 324. De Hara in fact sent Cardenas's secretary to London to survey the situation, Bordeaux to Brienne, 4 January 1657, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 101. 15. This was according to Maurin's informants in Brussels, Lockhart to Thurloe, 27 January 1657, Thurl«, vol. 6, p. 1. 16. Bristol to Hyde, 15 November 1656, CSPGJar, vol. 3, p. 199; for Cardenas's secretary, see Bordeaux to Mazilrin, 14January 1657, PRO SP 31/3/ 100. Bristol informed Hyde that Can.cena might be ready in three weeks, in his report of 26 November, CSPCLar, vol. 3, p. 204. 17. Cromwell to Maurin, 26 December 1656, Abbott, Writing! and SpuCMJ, vol. 4, pp. 368-9. 18. Bamfylde to Thurloe, 13 January 1657, ThurbJe, vol. 5, pp. 753-4. 19. Lockhart to Thurloe, 7 February, ibid., vol. 6. p. 22. 20. Ibid. 21. Maz.arin to Bordeaux, 7 March 1657 (PRO SP 31 / 3/ 101 ): Nani to Senate, 17/ 27 January, CSPV 1657-9, p. 10. 22. For Lockhart's mediation, see H.R. Rowen, John de Witt, p. 263. 23. Lockhart to Thurloe, 17 February, Thuri«, vol. 6, pp. 44-5. 24. For the temu of the treaty, see Guizol, Cromwtll, vol. 2, pp. 481- 6. 25. Lockhart to Thurloe, 25 March, Thurlht, vol. 6, p. 115. 26. Bamfylde to Thurloe, 15 April, ibid., pp. 175-6. 27. Secret Articles, 29 April/ 9 May, Abbott Writing" and Spttclan, vol. 4, pp. 915-19. & il result of this agreement, Cromwell warned Nieupoort that in future England would side with France against the Dutch in any conflict; Nieupoort to Ruysch, 18 May, ThurbJe, vol. 6, p. 273. 28. Lockhart reported Mazarin 's request for England to put AdmiraJ Swkes at his disposal in his despat(h to Thurloc of 17 Mar(h 1658, ibid., p. 854. Thurloe gave him the ncceS$af)' permission, and Lockhart reported 280 Notes the Cardinal's thanks on 21 April. ibid., p. 70. The Council of State wuw orders to Stokes to sail to Marseilles and cooperate with Chevalier Paul's expedition on !Sl May/ IO June, ibid., p. 155. 29. Lockhart to Thurloe, 28 July. ibid., p. 251. 30. For example, Cromwell to William, Umdgrave of Hcsse-Cassel. March 1657, Masson, Millon, vol. 6, pp. 427-8. 31. Thurl«, vol. 2. pp. 441-2. 32. Brad!.haw, consul in Hamburg and ambassador-designate to Russia, to Thurloe, 17 April 1657, ibid., vol. 6, p. 178. Abo similar intelligence in an anonymous spy's report from Hamburg, dated the same, ibid" p. 179. 35. Nieupoort to States-GeneraJ. 4/14 September 1657, Brieven van Jan de Wiu (1724), vol. 2, p. 422. 34. Lockhart to Thurloe, 21 April. CSPCJar, vol. 3, p. 275. 35. Cromwell met Schlezer on 14/24 May; see Schlezer's report to Kurfurst (in Berlin), lhtundtn u. Admstud&e, vol. 7, pp. 766-8, quoted in Abbott. Writings and. 5p«cJus. vol. 6, pp. !H 9-20. 36. Bordeitux to Mazarin, 10 May; also in Bordeaux to Mazarin, 14 lliy, PRO SP 51/3/101. 37. Lockhart to Thurioe, 2 May, 28 May, Thuriot, vol. 6, pp. 220, 290. 38. Bamfylde to Thurloe, 30 May, ibid., p. 294. 39. Cromwell's meeting with Schlezer on 8/18June is reported in Schlezer to Kurfunt, 19/29 June, Urltundtn u. Actnutuche, yo!. 3, pp. 773-5, quoted in Abbott, Writinp and Sp«cha, vol. 4, pp. 554-5. 40. Eilenbcrg abo tried to interest Cromwell in assisting the election of Charles Louis as Emperor. This may seem an odd choice of support for a ncar relation of Charles II, but the Dector's kinship with the Stuarts had aJways been a le55 potent force than his ambition; witne55 his deaJings with the new Parliamenwy leadership in 1641. 41. Thurloe to Jephson, 9/19 April 1658, Thurlot, vol. 7, p. 63, 42, For Frederick Wdliam's reply to jephson sec jephson's letter to Thurloe of 1111 May 1658, ibid., p. 108. For his later obstinacy, seejephson to Thurloe, 21 june, ibid., p. 189. 10 England, France and Dunkirk, 1657-8 1. For example, Lockhart's letters of 8 August 1656 (Thuriot, vol. 5, pp. 252-3). 27 january 1657 (ibid., pp. 794-5), 7 February (ibid" vol, 6, p. 22), II February (ibid., pp. 55-7), and on the finaJ agreement on 26 February (ibid., p. 63). 2, DNB on Sir John Reynolds, vol. 48, p. 47. 3, Bordeaux to Mazarin, 7 April, PRO SP 31/3/101. 4, GiaYafina, 18 May, Gs:PV 1657-9, pp. 53-5. 5, Mazarin to Lockhart, 28 May, PRO SP !H/3/101. Bordeaux reported to Brienne on 2 june (ibid.) that he had informed Cromwell. 6. For a recent account, see Awtin Woolrych, 'The Cromwellian Protec torate: A Military Dictatorship?', in Hi.JWrj, LXXV (1990), pp. 207-31, particularly pp. 224-5. Notes 281 7. Edmund Ludlow, Mmwin, vol. 2, p. 24. 8. Bordeaux to Brienne , 28 May, PRO SP ~1 / ~ / 101. 9. Jennings (Antwerp) to Hyde, 2~ May, CSPClar, vol. 3, p. 294. 10. For Cardenas's preference for Sexby to the King,.see Bennet to Bristol, I~ May (ibid., p. 288) and Bennet to Bristol, 23 May (ibid., p. 293). Spain would do nothing without help from the United Provinces, presumably to counter the English fleet; Bennet to Hyde, 2 May ibid., p. 282. It was fortunate for England that Cromwell had not given in to mercantile pressure for a firmer policy on the Dutch. 11 . Somer to Thurloe, 31 M;.u"ch, Thurloe. vol. 6, p. 133. See also Somer to Thurloe, 5 May, CSPClar, vol. 3, p. 283. 12. Bennet to Hyde, 23 May, ibid., p. 293. 13. See Firth, wi Years, vol. 2, p. 3 for a general summary, and Giavarina's despatch of 20 July (CSPV 1657- 9, pp. 84-7). Lambert was jOined in his opposition by Sydenham and Pickering, both known to be men of strong religious scruples, Bordeaux to Mazmn, 23 July, PRO SP 31 / 3/ I 01 . Sydenham threatened 10 resign along with Lambert (Bordeaux to Mazarin, 30 july, ibid.). 14. Giavanna, 25 May, CSPY, pp. 26-8. 15. Ibid., and also Giavarina's despatch of 8 june, pp. 61-3. 16. See Cromwell's orders to Blake and Montague of 28 August 1656, Thur/c.e, vol. 5, p. 363. 17. Giavanna, 6 July, CSPv; pp. 78-80. IS. Giavanna, 3 and 10 August, ibid., pp. 94-6. Blake had already indi rectly aided Portugal by assisting Teruan while they were preoccupied with Philip IV. 19. Giavanna, 20 July, ibid., pp. 84-7. 20. Bordeaux to Brienne, 16 July, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 101. 21. Bordeaux's account of Cromwell's sense of priorities is in his report to Bnenne of 16July, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 101. 22. Bordeaux to Brienne, 2~ july, ibid. 23. Giavarina to Senate, 11 / 21 September, and 25 September / 5 October, CSPV, pp. 101, 116. Mello's public entry 10 London is recorded in Giavanna's despatch of 4/ 14 September, ibid., p. 108. 24. Lockhart to Thurloe, S August, Thur/c.e, vol. 6, p. 426. 25. Lockhart to Thurloe, S August and 12 September, ThurltJt, vol. 5, pp. 426, 495-6. 26. Lxkhan to Thurloe, 7 September, ibid., vol. 6, pp. 487-9. 27. Thurloe to Lockhart, 17 August, Lockhart to Thurloe, 31 August, Thurltx, vol. 6, pp. 477, 490. 28. Cromwell to Lockhart, 31 August, ibid., p. 489. 29. Lockharl to Thurloe, 4/ 14 November 1657, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 101. 30. Guizot, Crom,WI!u, vol. 2, p. 583; and Bordeaux to Brie nne , 5 Novem- ber, PRO SP 31 / 3/ 101. 31. Glavanna, 16 November CSPV 1657-8, p. 128. 32. Thurloe to Lockhart, 26 November, Thurltx, vol. 6, pp. 614-15. 33. Lockhart to Thurloe, 28 November, ibid., pp. 618-19. 34. Thurloe to Lockhart, I December, CSPClllr, vol . 3, p. 526. 35. Lockhart to Thurloe , II December, Thur/c.e, vol. 6, pp. 624-5. 282 Notes 36. Thurloe to Henry Cromwell, 27 October (OS), ibid., p. 579. 37. Bennet to Hyde, 14 November, CSPClar, vol. 3, p. 881. 38. Giavarina, 8 March, 1658, CSPV 16'7-8, pp. 171-2. 39. Giavarina, 8 and 15 March, 1658, ibid., pp. 171-2, 173-4. See also Anonymous to Hyde, 1 March, CSPaar. vol. 4, p. 17. 40. Giavarina, 8 March, cspy. pp. 171-2. 41. For Cromwell's address to Parliament of 15/25 January 1658, see BL Add. Mss 6125, f. 82. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. 44. Giustinian, 8 January 1658, CSPY, pp. 150-1. 45. For the French protests at English trcauncnt of Catholics in June 1657, sec Giavarina's report of 22 June 1657, ibid., 1657-8, pp. 72-5. For the protests in December. see Mazarin's letter to Rordeaux of 13 December, in Cheruel (ed.) UttTes de Mauzrin, yol. 8, pp. 234-6. 46. Thurloe, vol. 6, pp. 610, 725. 47. Mazarin to Bordeaux, 13 December 1657. 48. Lockhut reported meeting 'Don Lewis' in his letter of 11 December, ThurlDe, vol. 6, pp. 624-5. For Pa.uerini, see Giavarina 's repor~ of 25 january and 1 February, and Giwtinian's of 5 February, ~ 1657- 8, pp. 155-6, IM-6. 49. For Goodson's report, su Rawlinson Mss 63, f. 210. 50. Hyde to O'Neale, 22 March; Bennet to Hyde, 15 May, CS/'Clar, vol. 4, pp. 24-5, 45. 51. The renewed treaty is recorded in PRO SP 108/ 55. 52. Giwtinian, 9 April, espY, pp. 18~-4. 53. Ibid. Giustinian did, however, approach the Spaniards who told him Ihat they would accept a conference in the Pyrenees but not in Flanders, Giustinian, 6 May, ibid., p. 193. 54. Goodson to Thuri~ . 4/14 May. ThurilK, vol. 7, p. 113. 55. Turenne's terms for Dunkirk; PRO SP 94/ 43, ff. 93-5. 56. Giavarina, 23 August. CSPY, pp. 2M-5. 57. Lockhart promised to aid any English settlers whom Thurioe recom mended, Lockhart to Thurioe, ~july, ThurUN. vol. 7, p. 198. He also proposed a subscription to aid F1emish Prote5tan1.5 to settle there, Lockhart to Thurloe, 9 july, ibid., p. 216. 58. Boreel's remarks to Giustinian, as recorded in the lauer's despatch of 14 july, CSPY, p. 223. Also see Giwtinian's despatch of 16 june, in ibid., p. 212. 59. Smntrs Tracts, vol. 6, p. 331. 60. Cromwell to Louis }(N, £.. 201M May, Abbott, Writings and Sf>udw, vol. 4, pp. 806-7. 61. Giwtinian, 30 june, CSPv, p. 219. 62. Lockhart to Thuri~ , 14/ 24june, Thurl«, vol. 7, p. 174. 63. See J.H. Salmon, lUlL: A.natomy of a Umspiralor, pp. 308-9. 64. Ibid. 65. Lockhart to Thurloe, 3 july. Thutlot, vol. 7, pp. 197-8. 66. Ibid. 67. Lockhart to Thurioe, 6 july, ibid., p. 206. Now 283 68. For example, Donald Lupton's FiJJndn3: or an aad rompmdium of that fair. gnat, and/at country (London. 1658). 69. Lockhart 10 Thurioc, 27 June, Thurlol!. vol. 7. p. 178. 70. Lockhart to Thurloe, 6 July, as n. 65. 71. Thu~ vol. 7, p. 198. 72. Ibid., p. 249. 73. Lockhart to Thurioe, 10 August, ibid., p. 303. 74. &venue Account a/Dunki'*. 1659, ibid., pp. 715-19. For the local peas- ants' poverty. ~e Lockhart's letter of 9 July, p. 215. 75. Lockhart to Thurioe, 9 July, Thurlot, vol. 7, p. 215. 76. CSPD 1658-9, p. SO. 77. Thurloe to Henry Cr-omwell, 27 Ju~/6 Augwi. Thurlot, vol. 7, p. 295. 78. Lockhart to Thurioe, 26 July, ibid., p. 279. 79. Thurlot, \1(11. I, pp. 759-63. 80. Lockhart to Thurloc, II July, Thurloe, vol. 7, p. 223. 81. Quoted in Rowen, John de ffi"tt, p. 72. 11 Cromwell and the Dutch, 1653-4 1. Thomas Gage. TluEnglish-Americon His Travails: Or /J New Surwy oftht West India, pp. I, 4. 2. S.R. Gardiner, Hislory oj 1M Commonwealth lmd PYotecturau, vol. 2, pp. ~24-9. ~ . Ibid., pp. 169-70. 4. BL Add. Mss 27962. 5. Gardiner, History of the Commonwtalth and Proulkn'ate, vol. 2, pp. 177-9. 6. Ibid., p. 41. 7. ThuTlw, vol. I, p. 418. 8. Roger Lockyer, Buckingham: TM Lije and Corter oj Gurrge Vil/ierJ, 1592- 1628, pp. 293, ~57 . 9. Gardiner, Hiswry of the Commonwtalth and ProtedDTau, vol. 2, p. 288. 10. Quoted in ibid., pp. 287-8. II. R. W. Sleams, TM StrenuottJ Purit(ln: A Lijt oj Hugh Pt/K, p. 189. 12. Thurloe, vol. 1, p. 2~9 . 13. Steams, TM SlrenuottJ Puritan, p. ~91. 14. Quoted in A. Woolrych, CommomlltiUth into Proteclorau, pp. 286-7. 15. Ibid. 16. CSPD, pp. 445, 451. 17. w.e. Abbott, utters (lnd SpaWJ ofOlivt:r Cromrutll. vol. 3, pp. 122-5. 18. CSPD 1653, pp. 362,367,370-2. 19. Gardiner, History of 1M Commonwmith and /TrnedDT(ltt, vol. 3, p. 41. 20. Thurlot, vol. I, p. 370. 21. As n. 18. 22. ThurW, vol. I , p. 125. 23. Simancas Mss 2079: Consuha, 11/21 July 1653. 24. ThlJr~, vol. 1, pp. 535, 538. 25. Ibid., p. 540. 284 Noles 26. Vnbatl wn]an tU Will (quoted by Abbott, Writings and 5p«cJw), p. 171 . 27. Thurl«, vol. I, pp. 576, 597. 28. Abbott, LetIm and 5p«dw, vol. 3, pp. 122-5. 29. Ibid. W. Dutch Intelligence. 28 October!7 November 1653, quoted in Thurlot, vol. 1. 31. Vtrl;.aelvanJan de OOt, p. 276. 32. Paulucci to Senate, 29 January/8 February 1654: CSPV 1653-4, pp. 179-80. 33. Paulucci to Senate, 14/ 24 January 1654, ibid., pp. 174-6. 34. Paulucci to Senate, 4/ 14 February 1654, ibid" pp. 182-3. 35. As n. M . 36. Thurlo 12 The Uneasy Peace: England and the Dutch, 1654-8 1. CSPV 1655-6, pp. 99-101. 2. Abbott, Writings lJnd l.Alen, vol. .3, pp. 4.34-4.3. 3. Vtrbad vlJn]an tU Witl, pp. 482,513. 4. Cromwell to the St.ates-Gcneral, 12/22 September, 1655. Nous 285 5. Thuri.oe, vol. 6, p. 271 . 6. See Chapter 6 for Thompson '5 other activities supporting the Western Design. For Noell's propouls, see Colonial Office vol. 77, viii, nos. 44- 5; and E.8 . Sainsbury, Court Minuw of the East lndW Company 16"-9, pp. 122-6. 7. Dutch Intelligence, 5/15 january 1555, Thurloe, vol. 3, p. SO. 8. Richard Wylde's proposals for a ' national interest' in India with Portuguese coo~ration; BL Sloane Mss 3271. 9. See Sainsbury, Court Minutes. 10. See Abbott, Writing! (lnd SpmheJ, vol. 4, p. II. Penn, Mmwrials, \'01. 2, pp. 28-9. 12. Paulucci to Se:nate, 5/ 15 May 1655. CWV 1655-6, pp. 84- 6. 13. Brie!1t11 van jan de Wilt, vol. 3, pp. 35-6. 14. Ibid. 15. Paulucci to Senate, 2/ 12 November 1655, GSPV, pp. 1:!17-8. 16. See Chapter 14. 17. Cromwell to Nieupoort, 28 September/ 8 October 1655. 18. Brirom van jan de Witt, vol. 3, pp. 145-6. 19. Bulstrode Whitelocke, MtmDrial.J of EnglUh Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 219-20. 20. Thurlot, vol. 4, p. 201. 21. Quirini to Senate, 9/ 19 january 1656, espv, p. 166. 22. Sagredo 10 Senate, 7/ 17 December 1655, ibid., pp. 154-5. 23. Giavarina to Senate, 28 February/ IO March 1656, ibid., pp. 186-7. 24. See Chapter 14. 25. Thuriot, vol. 2, p. 459. 26. Brirom vanian de Witt, vol. 3, p. 184; Quirini to Senate, 24 November/ 4 December 1655, CSPY. p. 104; Giavarlna to Senate, 5/ 15 December 1656, ibid., pp. 292-3. 27. Nieupoort!O the Council, 1/ 11 September and November 1654, PRO SP 84/ 160. 28. See Nieupoort's complaint of 9/ 19 December 1654 in ibid. 29. PRO SP 105/ 55, entry for 3/ 13 April 1655; and for Goffe, Lisle and Long's report on 30 March/ 9 April 1656 advising the ship's return, see SP 84/ 161, f. 140. 30. SP 84/ 160, f. 144. 31. Ibid., f. 152. 32. PRO SP 84/ 161 , f. 189 - Strickland and jones report on the OilUn T~ 33. PRO SP 84/ 160, f. 247. 34. PRO SP 84/ 161 , f. 103. 35. Ibid., f. 105. 36. Council Committee Book (PRO), entry for 3{1 November/ IO December. 37. PRO SP 84/ 161, f. 123. 38. See Chapter 6. 39. A3 n. 37. 40. PRO SP 84/ 161, ff. 3, 10, 20, 42. 4l. Council Order Book (PRO SP 25/75), entry for 4/ 14 July 1655. 42. Ibid., entry for 19/ 29 March 1655. 43. PRO SP 105/ 55; entry for 6/ 16 March 1656. 286 Notes 44. PubUc lnulligmcer, 18-25 February 1656 (OS). 45. Council Committee Book (PRO) , entry for 4/ 14 April 1656. 46. Ibid., entry for 10/ 20 April 1656. 47. Briewn van Jan de mit, vol. 3, pp. 193_4. 48. Thurlo4 vol. 5, p. 279. 49. CSPCla.,-, vol. 3, p. 155. 50. Tlluriot, vol. 5, p. 171. 51. Giavarina to Senate, 25 July/ 4 AugWl1656, CSPV 1655-6, pp. 247-9. 52 . Thuril:M, vol. 5, pp. 358-60. 53. Ibid., p. ~l. 54. PRO SP 77/ 31. 55. CromwelllOld Schlezer on 18/ 28 June that he was trying to lower the risk of war. 56. Carlbom, Kml.x; pp. 97-8. 57. Thurlot, vol. 5, p. 590. 58. Ibid., p. 338. 59. Cromwell to the StateK;eneral, 21 / 31 August 1656, Abbott, Writingl and spetcks, vol. 4, pp. 233-5. 60. H. Rowen, John tk Witt, Grand Pmsionory of HoUond. 61. Thurloe, vol. 5, p. 537. 62. Ibid., p. 535. 63. BriftJen van Jan tU Wilt, vol. 3, p. 323. 64. Thurloe, vol. 5, p. 73. 65. Quoted in Dutch Intelligence, Thurloe, vol. 5. 66. Brievm van Jon tk Hitt, vol. 3, p. 332. 67. Giavarina to Sena~, 19/ 29 Decem~r 1656, CSPV 1655-6, p. 298. 68. Nani to Senate, 17/ 27 january 1657, and Giav.uina to Senate, 2/ 12 March, CSPV 1657-8, pp. 10-11,20-1; and see PRO SP 77/ 31, f. 403 on Gamarra's reception in Amsterdam in March 1657. 69. PRO SP 84/ 161 , f. 18. 70. Giavarina to Senate, 2/ 12 january 1657, CSPV, pp. 3-6. 71. Giavarina to Senate, 5/ 15 Decem~r 1656 and 2/ 12 january 1657, CSPV 1655-6, p. 293 and CSPV 1657- 8, pp. 3-6 as above. 72. Thurl«, vol. 6, pp. 190-1. 73. Ibid., pp. 149- 50. 74 . CSPClar, vol. 3, p. 270. 75 . Thurloe, vol. 6, pp. 347-8. 76. PRO SP 84/ 161 , f. 27. 77. Ibid., fr. 49, 51. 78. Schleze r to Kurfurst, 15/ 25 May 1656, Urtunden u Acttnstuche, vol. 3, pp. 766-8. 79. Thurl«, vol. 6, pp. 347-8. 80. Brieutn van Jan tU Witl, vol . 3, pp. 286-7. 81. Giavarina to Senate, 24 july/3 August and 31 july/ IO August 1657, CSPV. pp. 191-3, 194-6. 82. Thurloe, vol. 6, p. 559. 83. BritvtTI van Jan tU Wilt, vol. 3, pp. 398-9. 84. Thu"t"!&, vol. 6, p. 477. Notes 287 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid., p. 548. B7. Ibid., pp. 545-6. 88. Ibid., pp. 181-2. 89. Ibid., p. 609. 90. Ibid., p. 759. 91. ThuriM, vol. 7, pp. 31 - 2. 92. Ihid., pp. 790-1. 93. Mt;adowt; 's, Nomltivt, p. 62. 94 . Thurtot, vol. 7, p. 113. 95. Ibid., p. 245. 96. Ibid., pp. 310-11. 97. Proct;t;dings of Council of State:, 10/ 20 and 12/ 22 Novt;mbt:r 1657, in PRO SP Intt;rregnum I, pp. 264, 273. 98. Gamarra to dt; Haro, 15/ 25 January 1657 and Consulta, 5/ 15 May, Simanca! My 2092. See also Jonathan Israel, The Duteh &public and /he HiJpanic WOTld 1606-61, chaptt:r 7, section 2. 99. ThuriM, vol. 7, p. 49. 100. Downing, Diary, p. 97. 101. Thurl«. vol. I . pp. 759-63 (tht; 'Memorandum'). 102. Turt;nne to Ikverwt;ert, 23 June/ 3 July 1658 (Atgtme.m Rijlenrschilf, The Hague, Suten van Holland 1759, p. 217); De Witt to Beverweert, c. 19/29 July, ibid., p. 37; see also Rowen. Ik m,t, p. 332. 103. Sainsbury, Court Minuw, pp. 258-9. 104. Thurlot, vol. 7, p. 91. 105. Ibid., p. 293. 106. Ibid., p. 196. 107. Ibid., pp. 332-4. 108. CSPD 1658, pp. 7-9. 109. Thur/ot, vol. 7, p. 253; Downing, Diary, p. 139. 13 Cromwell and the Baltic, 1654-6 1. See di5Cussion in Chapter 1. 2. Michael Robt:rtJ, EslayS in Swedish HiJtory (1953), pp. 358-84. 3. Cromwell's speech to Parliament of 25 January/ 4 February 1658; BL Add. Mss 6125, f. 82. 4. Thur/«, vol. 2, pp. 418-29. 5. Salwey was also considered for Constantinople. 6. Whitelock.e, jrmrnai of lilt Swedish EmbtJ.uy, vol. I, pp. 12-15. 7. PRO SP 108/516 (incomplete copy). 8. Cromwell to Charles X and the Duchy of Bremen, 27 October/ 6 November 1654; quoted in Abbott, Wrilingl and Sp«dta, vol. 2. 9. Thur/ot, vol. 2, p. 379. 10. For example, Henderson (agent in Cologne) to Thurioe, 2/ 12 February 1655; CSPClar, vol. 3, Pell, 8 April, Vaughan, Cromwell, vol. I , p. 164. 11. Thurl«, vol. 2, p. 360. 288 No'" 12. Bodleian library. Rawlinson Mss A26t, fT. 19-190.. 13. AJexis' antagonism had been exaggerated but nevertheless existed. For rebuttal of some of the myths over this issue, sec Loewenstein, 'Did Rus.sia Intervene after the Execution of Charles I?', in Bullttill (If tlu imtitute of HutoricallWUJrch, XIII (1940). 14. Thurloe, vol. 3, p. 173. 15. Ibid., p. 255. Jan Comenius' collection for Chules 11 among English re!idenu in Poland is evidence that many of them wen" hostik, as were significant numbers among the communities in North Gcrman poru and RlWlia. 16. Ibid., p. 303; CSPV 1655- 6, pp. 45-6. 17. Brievtn. van Jan tk Witt, vol. 3, pp. 47, 92. IS. Carlbom, Karl X, pp. 16-18. 19. Cromwell flaltered Coyet on occasion to make up for the lack or serious progress, usuaJJy with the inevitable Protestant propaganda. On 8/ 18June, Coyet reported that Cromwell had called the two states 'the two pillars of Protestantism' who 'might hold Europe in subjec. tion', 8L Add. Mss ~8100. f. IIOv, 20. Quoted in Abbott, Writinp and spucheJ, vol. 3, p. 786. 21. Brieven vanJa?! de Witl, vol. ~, p. 92. 22. Thuriot, vol. ~, p. 618. 23. Ibid., p. 419. 24. CSPD 1655, pp. 201-2; Perfect Diurnal. 28 July (OS). 25. Bonde to Charles X, 23 August/ 2 September, Stock.holm Transcripts quoted by S.R Gardiner in History of the Contmonwtalth and Protecromu, vol. 4, p. 202. 26. 8L Add. Mss 38]00, f. 100; and Thurloe, vol. 3, p. 729. 27. 8L Add. Mss 38]00, f. 269v. 28. Ibid., ff. 189,267. 29. Urltundtn u. Actnulucht, vol. 7, pp. 713-4, quoted in Abbott, ","lings and SpucJw, vol. 4, p. 835. 30. CSPD 1655, pp. 3]5-17 and p. 325. 31. Thurloe, vol. 4, p. 92. 32. Kalling, &nJde'J Am./xJssadcmhiP, pp. ~-5; 8L Add. Mss 38100, f. 52. 33. Whitelocke. Memorials of English Affairs, vol. 4. p. 221. 34. Ibid. 35. Quoted in H. Trevor-Roper. Rrug'on, tilt Rrfurmation, aM Social Changt. 36. Whitelocke. Mtmorials of English Affairs. pp. 221 et ~q. 37. Whitelocke. Diary. p. 428 . .38. Whitelocke, Memorials of Englilh Affairs, vol. 4, p. 222. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid., p. 223; Diary. p. 430. 42. Schlezer's report of 25 January/ 4 February, in Urkundm u. Adtrutuche, vol. 7. p. 735. 1.3. Whitelocke, Mtmorials, vol. 4. pp. 223-4. 44. Ibid .• Diary, p. 431. 45. Ibid., pp. 434-5. No'" 289 46. Ibid., Mt'tNIria/J, 1101. 4, p. 232. 47. Ibid., Diary, pp. 436-7. 48. As n. 45. 49. Carlbom. Knrl X, pp. 90-4; BL Add. M.$5 38100, f. 37Ov. 50. UrlturuUn u. Actensluch.t, vol. 7, pp. 743-5. 51. Carlbom, Knrl X, pp. 90-4. 52. Ibid., pp. 90-100. 53. CSPD 1655, p. 382. 54. As n. 52. 55. Gardiner. His/Qry of 1M ComfMntUotalth and Prokctt:111lk, vol. 3, p. 119. 14 Cromwell and the Baltic, 1656-8 1. CSPD 1655-6, p. 41; Carlbom, Korl X, p. 112. 2. Carlbom, Karl X. pp. 112-17. 3. Ibid., p. 118. 4. Cromwell to Charlc! X, 21 / 31 August 1655, quoted in Abbott, Writings and Spudw, vol . 4. 5. CSPD 165'. pp. 50, 95, 115. 6. Ibid., p. 260; Whitdoc::k.c, Diary. pp. 446-7. 7. Thurl«, vol. 5, p. 413. 8. Giavarina, 10/ 20 ()(:tobcr, CSPV 165'-6, p. 274. 9. As with the Dutch-Br.mdcnburg Treaty. Cromwell showed no sign of joining other states' inter-Protestant alliances when they could be used against an important ally like Sweden. lO. Cromwell to Frederick Ill, 8/ 18 December 1656; Abbott, ~ting.s and SpucJw. vol. 4. II. W. Michael, CromwtU (1907), vol. 2, pp. 168-9. 12. lbid., vol. 2, pp. 223-4. 13. PRO SP 95/ 5/ 52. 14. CSPD, p. 304. 15. Ibid., p. 310. 16. Thuri«, vol. 6, p. 279. 17. CSPD, p. 291. 18. Ibid., pp. 304, 310. 19. The refonn of the constitution and a dangerous Royalist plot including previously unknown ma1contents were the most pressing problems - and dirc:ctly affc:cted the propo-'Cd ambassador as Thurloe's deputy. 20. Svenska riltsradets protokoll, vol. 17. p. 52. quoted in Roberts, Essays in SwMish History, p. 188. 21 . Thurioe, vol. 6, p. 294. 22. Urltundnl u. Adensludit. vol. 8, p. 765. 23. Ibid. 24. Thurioe, vol. 6, p. 220. 25. Ibid., vol. I, pp. 759-63; Somm Tracts, vol. 6, p. 332. 26. Thuri«, vol. 6, p. 425. 27. Ibid., p. 361. 290 Notes 28. The commissioners were Judge-Advocate William Turner. Walter Walker and Richard Skynncr. 29. Thurioe, vol. 6, p. ~71 . 30. Ibid" p. 353- 4. St. Vote of 28 Junc/ 8 July 1657. 32. k shown by his reaction to the Vaudois Massacre , see Chapter 6. 33. Giavarina, 7/ 17 August, CSPV 1657-8, pp. 98-9. 34. Quo~d in Abbott. Writing'! lind SjJ«daeJ, vol. 4. 35. See Chapter 10 on the crisis in relations over Mardyke. 36. ~ n . 34. 37. Ibid., pp. 605-7. 38. Giavarina, 4/ 14 September, CSPV 1657- 8, p. 103. 39. Carlbom, Karl X. pp. 345-9. 40. Carlbom, KLJrl X, pp. 345-9. 41. Ibid. 42. Bowman, Tiu Protestant Interest, p. 58. 43. Abbott, Writings and Spucha. vol. 4, p. 649. 44. Thurl«, vol. 6, pp. 507-8. 45. See Chapter 10. 46. TAur/«, vol. 6, p. 533; BrinIm vanJDn dt l\1u, vol. I, pp. 441-2. 47. Thurloe, vol. 6, p. 515. 48. Public fnulUgmctr, 26 October-2 November (OS). 49. Thurloe, vol. 6, pp. 566-7. 50. Ibid., pp. 573-5. 51. Michael, CromUlf!ll, vol. 2, pp. 169- 71. 52. Thurl«, vol. 6, pp. 545-6. 53. Ibid., p. 582. 54. Ibid., p. 727. 55. Ibid., p. 770- 1. 56. EHR, VII , p. 727. 57. Thurl«, vol. 6, pp. 672-3. 58. BL Add. Mu 6125, f. 82. 59. Thurloe, vol. 6, pp. 797-801. 60. Ibid., pp. 864-8. 61. Thu~, vol. 6, pp. 802-3. 62. P. Meadowe, A. Slwrt Narrativt of the principal actionJ in tlu Wan b 74 . Thurlot, vol. 7, p. 63. 75 . EHR, VII, p. 728. 15 Cromwell and Russia, 1653-8 I. H. Lo~wenstein , 'Did Russia Intervene after the Execution of Charles I?' . in BIHS, XlII (1940). 2. Thu r~, vol. 3, p. 171 . 3. Ibid. 4. SP 25/ 121 , entry for 26 Mari S June 1654. 5. Thur/oe, vol. 3, pp. 561-2. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., p. 558. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid .. p. 562. II. Ibid., pp. 607-8. 12. Ibid., p. 173. 13. Ibid., pp. 255-7. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Prideaux to Thurloe', 17/ 27 March 1655, ibid., pp. 255-8. It may be significant that MilosJavsky, who unwually for Rus.sian boyan had been abroad (on a diplomatic mission 10 Holland), was heOld of the chan· cellery administering foreign mercenaries (the rtUmMi priIuu) who included Scots Ro}'il1ist exiles. 17. Prideaux to ThuTloe, 18/ 28 April, ibid" pp. 386-9. 18. Prideaux to Thurloc:, 10/ 20 May, ibid., p. 426. 19. Prid~aux to Thurloc:, 2/ 12 July, ibid., p. 601. 20. Ibid., pp. 575-7. 21. ~ n. 19. 22. & n. 20. 23. Ibid., pp. 711-14. 24. See Chapter 8. 25. Thu~, vol. 5, pp. 575-7. 26. Ibid., p. 601. 27. See Chapt~r 12. 28. For ~xample, the dispute over the Hamburg merchants' election of Towneley as consul. 29. Bradshaw to Thurloe, 31 March / IO April 1657, Thurloe, vol. 5, p. 155. 50. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 155 (request for J. Dury) . 31. Ibid., p. 278. 32. See Chapter 6. 33. Thurl«, vol. 6, p. 278. 34. Ibid., pp. 323-4. 35. Ibid., pp. 407-9, 439-40. 36. Bradshaw to Thurloe, 20/ 30 October, ibid. 37 . Bradshaw to Thurloe, 1/ 11 November, ibid.. p. 603. 292 Note, 38. Bradshaw to Thurloe, 27 Nov~mber /6 December, ibid., pp. 635-6 (Duke of Courland's advice). Bradshaw to Thurloe, 4/ 14 December, ibid., p. 651 (titles feared at fauh). Sec abo Bradshaw to Thurloe. 18/ 28 December, ibid., p. 607 and 5/ 15 January 1658, ibid., p. 73J. 39. Bradshaw to Thurloe, 26 Fcbruary/ 8 March 1658, ibid., pp. 826-7. 16 Cromwell, the City and Trade: Venice and the Turks 1. BL Egerlon Mu 2395, rr. 149-51. 2. CSPD 1655-6, pp. 1-2, 98. 3. Bernard Capp. CromwtU'S NaV'J, pp. 79, 93. 4. Gardiner, History of tlu Commtm!~lIlth and Protectorate, vol. 4, p. 150. 5. Ibid., vol . i, p. 315. 6. Mercuriw PolilicuJ £.826, 16, quoted in ibid., vol. 6, p. 149. 7. Paulucci, 22 August 1654 (NS); CSPV, pp. 249-51. 8. BL Add. Mss 9304, f. 99. 9. BL Add. MM 9304, f. 99. 10. Blake to Thurloe, 14/ 24 March 1655; Thurloe, vol. 3, p. 232. I L Blake to Thurloe. 14/ 24 April. ibid., p. 390. 12. Dey to Blake. 7/ 17 April 1655, quoted in Gardiner, HistlYfJ of tlu ComnumWfiJlth and Prokaorak, vol. 4, p. 157. 13. Roothousc:'s printed account in 1653, A. Brief Remonstranu of SetMral NatUnMl Injuries perpetrated on tlu public Ministers and JubjectJ of the Comnumwrolth by the Dey of Tunis. 14, Longland to Thurloe, 8/ 18 June- 1655, Thurlot, vol. 3, p. 526. 15. Giavarina to Senate, 8/ 18 May 1657, CSPV 1657-9, p. 55. 16. Giavarina to Senate, 29 May/ 8June 1657, ibid., p. 67; and ditto, 26 June/ 6 July, ibid., p. 79. 17. CSPD 1657-8, pp. 307-8. 18. Levant Company Court Book (PRO SP lOS/ lSI): entries for 15/ 25 May and 23 May/ 2 June 1655. 19. Mere. Fum., 27 June-4 July 1655 (OS). 20. Reported in Bendish's letter to me Levant Company, 5/ 15 June 1657, Levant Company Letter Book (PRO SP 105/ 112), p. 292. 21. Levant Company Court Book (PRO SP 105/ 151): election courts, January 1655, February 1656. February 1658. 22. Paulucci to Senate, 2l/31 January 1654, CSPV 1651-4, pp. 177-8. 23. Paulucci to Senate, 28 July/7 August 1654, ibid., pp. 243-4. 24. Paulucci to Senate, 26 August/5 September 1654, ibid., pp. 255-6. 25. Paulucci to Senate, 19 February/l March 1655, CSPV 1655-6, pp. 24-6. 26. Giavarina to Senate, 29 August/ 8 Se-ptember 1655, ibid., pp. 257-8. 27. Cromwell to 8endish. 19/ 29 October 1655, PRO SP 97/ 17, f. 131. 28. Giavarina to Senate, 22 August/ l September 1656, CSPV 1655-6, pp. 290-2. 29. Giavarina to Senate, 29 November/ 8 December 1657, espy 1657-8, pp. 265-6. 30. Cromwell was reported to be 'much incensed'. No'" 293 31. Abbou, Wo"/inK' ond SpttcJw, vol. 4, pp. 598-9. 32. As n. 29. 33. Thurlo~ requested Venice to include Galilee in a prisoner-exchange with the Turks in February 1657: Giavarina to Senate, 13/23 February 1657, CSPV 1657-8, pp. 18-19. The CilSe was already over three yean old, Galik-e's father having petitioned the Council on 14/24 April 1654 (SP 25/75, Council Order Book) and heard that the Senate had i\.~ued orders 10 deal with it in 1654 (CSPV 1653-"1. pp. 233-4), 34. TliUrlot, vol. 5, p. 749. 35. Longland 10 Thurloe, 6/ 16 November 1657, ibid., vol. 4, pp. 607-8. 17 The F'1I1ancial Aspects of Foreign Policy I. As illustrated in the evidence of resistance 10 County Committees cited by John Morrill in TM Rdltllion 0/ the PrwinUJ: ConsnvativtJ and Radicals in lhe EnglUh Civil War, 1630-50 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976), pp. 125-Y>, 204-5. 2. 'Constitutionalism' was otherwise apparent in the search for precedents 10 justify curren1 actions in Parliamen1- hence lhe in1erest of men m.e Sir Roben Bruce Cotton in pre-Norman legality. 3. See Ivan Roots, 'Swordmlen and Decimators: Oliver Cromwell's M~or Generals', in R.H. Parry (ed.), TM EnglUh auil War and Afor (London: Macmillan, 1970), pp. 59-77. 4. See Chapter 1. 5. BL Egerton M.u 2395, fl. 149-51. 6. Maurice Ashley, Financial and Commercial Policy under tM Cromwellian Prouaorate, passim. 7. Also, more privateers would have been available to take Spanish treasure in the West Indies in 1655-6. 8. Nicholas to Hyde. 21 March 1656. CSPD 1655-6, p. 276. 9. Chapter 10, n. 50. 10. BL Sloane M.u 3271. 11. BL Add. Mu 1l4II, IT. 11-12. 12. BL Egenon Mss 2395, fT. 87-8. 13. Ibid., f. 108. 14. Ibid., f. 110. 15. See Chapter 5. 16. BL Add. Mss 11411, f. 15. 17. E.B. Sainsbury (ed.), Court MinuUs o/the Emt India OJmpany, p. v. 18. Maurice Thompson's petitions, 21 September 1654 (NS) , PRO CO 77, vii, no. 80; 14 November (NS). ibid., no. 83; East India Company petitions, October 1654, ibid., no. 82; November 1654, ibid., no. 85. 19. Evidence of Thurloe's perceived importance in dt;(:i3ion-mak..ing. 20. The importance of the Dutch was one reason for Cromwell to avoid antagonising them by supporting Nodi and Thompson - especially after tlle outbreak of the Spanish War. 21. See the debates on policy in Chapters 3 and 4. 22. See Chapter 5, lruuUquarin of tM Expedition. 294 Notes 23. On 15 March (NS) 1658 Longland proposed hiring ships for trad~ under 'flags of convenience' - albeit partly to help the war effort by enquiring about lbe defences of Peru at Buenos Aires, Thutlot. vol. 6, p.45. 24. See account in Burton's Diary. vol. 3. 25. As Cromwell had hoped in April 1654, Clm#ce Papm. vol. 3, pp. 203- 6. 26. As n. 6. 27. BL Add. Mss 1I411, f. 25. 28. PRO SP 28/ 334. 29. Clarlu Paptn, vol. 3, p. 61. 30. HMe &parts, \/OJ. 5, p. 165. 31. Ashley, Firnlnciai and Commn-ciai Policy, p. 69. 32. BL Add. Mss 2884 and 4156. 33. BL Add. Mss 2884. 34. See Chapter 8. 35. BL Egerton Mss 403. 36. See in particular the recent work of Roy Strong on Prince Henry's artistic patronage. 37. As n. 33. 38. As n. 32. 39, Estimate of 5 December 1659 (NS), in PRO E403/ 1757. 40. Bodleian Ubrary. Carte Mss 74, f. 763 (Army cost); BL RAwlinson Mss A195, f. 241 (Navy cost). 41. BL Add. Ms.s 2884. 42. Bodleian Library, Cartt: Mss 74, ff. 63-5. 43. BL Add. Ms.s 22919, f. II. Bibliography Manuscripts Public &cord Office, London SP 18: State Pa~rs Domestic 65-77, 1654 94-102, 1655 123-31, 1656 153-7, 1657 179-83,1658 SP 25: State Papers Domestic 47-60, Council of State Order Boou, December 1653 to March 1656 75, Council of State Order Book 1654-6 77, Council of State Order Book, March 1656 to September 1657 78a. 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FIRTH, C.H., 'Cromwell and the Insurrection of 1655', English Histoncol &view (EHR), III (1898), pp. 313-50. 300 Bibliography FIRTH, C.H., 'Cromw~II ' s Instructions to Lockhart, 1656', English Hulcrirol &view, XXI (1906), pp. 742--6. FIRTH, C.H., 'Royalist and Cromwdlian Annies in Flanders. 1651-61', Tmru actions of tM Royal HulDricnl SocU!] (TRHS), XVII (1903), pp. 69-110. GAUNT, P., 'The Single Person's Confidants and Dependants: Oliver Crom well and his Protectoral Councillors', Hutoncoljoumal, XXXII (1989), pp. 5~7-60. KEEN, B., 'The Black Legend Revisited', Hispanic AmtricDn &vinIJ, XUX (1969), pp. 703-19. KUPPERMANN, fl, 'Ernnd to me Indies: PuriWl Colonization from Provi dence Island through the Western Design', William and Mary QuarUTly, XLV (1988), pp. 70-99. LOEWENSTEIN, H.t 'Did Russia IntcT'lcnc after the Execution of Charles Jr, Bullmn of 1M Institute of HisWrirol Restarch (BlHS), XIII (1940). 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Index Abbotsbury, attempted massacre by French encouragement to Cooper al 24 Cromwell to attack. 5J Abbot[, W.e., Writings and SptJtcha in Vermuyden Plan 159 of Oliver CromwtU 9 -10 Amsterdam 36, 161, 162, 177, Acadia 27-8,57, 67, 91 242, 250 English colonists attack 63-4 merchants' fear of English aims Acapulco 84 in East Indies 174 Admiralty Commissioners 107, 109 'Regent' class of oppo~d to Admiralty Court 177, 197 House of Orange 164 Admiralty, Dutch. and Saloman Anabaptists 88 incident 178-9 Anatolia 180 Africa 167, 242 Anne of Awtria 38, 112 in Vennuyden Plan 159 policy of regency of 40 Aitzema, Lieuwe van 34, 163, 168, Antichrist, the 78, 109 173,174,176,179,208 Antigua 29 Aldworth, Rich;ard 232 Antwerp 58, 173 Alexander VII (Chigi). Pope 114. Appelboom, Harald, Swedish 116, 122, 131 ambas.sador to Dutch 186 Cromwell on, as m;utennind Appleton, Captain Henl')' 232 behind persecution 203 Archangel 198,218, 22{), 221, Aldeme, Thomas ~ 223, 226. 228 Alexis, Czar of Russia 37, 192, governor of 220-1 205, 210, 218, 220, 222, 223, Poland wants Cromwell to attack 224, 225-6, 227, 228, 229 192 Alps, The 94, 97 Armed forces, the 7, 11 Algiers 232, 233, 237, 245 French fear of 66 embas.sy from 233 lack of employment for 15 Ambusadors, Cromwell's 33-7 use of Western Design to keep Jet aho under Bradshaw, occupied 61 Downing. Dury, Jephson. ~to on Kingship 11 Lockhart, Meadowc:, Morland, see also Army, New Model; Pell, Prideaux Rolt Nary Amboyna, massacre at 11, 165, Army, French 141-2. 143, 149 166-7, 168,171.244 Army, New Model 4, 11, 12, 13, America 24,32,53, Ill. 116, 156, in Dutch Treaty 167 185, 204, 229, 239, 24(), 242, trade with affected by Navigation 253 Act 153 arrears of 97, 152 America, central, Gage in 77 lWIumes power and appoints America, North, Councillors' links Council! of State 16 with 25 Baa! and 52 America, Spanish 9,15,57,71, effects on finances 245, 248-9, 72, 73, 74, 75 250 Cromwell's plans to attack invincibility of, disproved 102, 77-81 107 30] 302 Index Anny, New ModeJ aml. Bamfylde (Bampfield), Colonel leadership targeu Parliament 15~ Joseph 54, 128, 132, 205 mutiny in, fear of 144, 150, 211 at Election Diet 155 opposed to Kingship proposal on Charles II's Catholic 138-9 links 127 opposed to Catholic on Imperial dection 135 toleration 128 urges truce with Spain 127 purge of MPs by 22 Bankers, Dutch 182 radicals in Ireland 88 Bantam 186 ruin of Protectorate and 251 Baptisu 178 tone of Manifesto and 109 Barbados 15, 25, 29, 48, 50, 79, Vaudois Massacre and 95-6 SO, 82, 85, 175 Western Design to finance 61 lack of welcome to Western wont troops sent on Western Design at 82, 85 Design 81-2 Barberini, Cardinal Francesco 116 Arra.s, Spanish siege of 57, 62 BarbraeJcin 220 Artoia 137, 138, 152 Rarekmann, Swedish trade &Cham, Anthony 39-40, 110 commissioner 208 :usassination of. cited in English Barriere, Henri de Taillefer, propaganda 106, 109 Siegneur de 40, 43, 108 Asia 153 Cromwell reveals suspicions of in Dutch Treaty 167 Mazarin to 54 in Vermuyden Plan 160-1 kept on in London in defiance Augicr. Rene ~,98, 117, 125, 176 of French Treaty 114-15 plan for settling Protestant Batavia 188 exiles 88 Beer, George L, article by 9 Awtin Friars Church, London Beex, Jan 168 156 Bendish, Sir Thomas 36-7,231, Austria 203 2M,236 Awtria, House of 5« Habsburgs Bennet, Henry. later Earl or Ayescue, Sir George 16, 29, 156 Arlington Aylmer, Gerald, on Cromwell and condemns cardenas' attitude his Council 18 139 on lack or Royalist/Spanish Baas, Paul de Castelmore, Baron c(H)rdination 144 de 18,44,50,51,52.53,54, Bennett, Richard 28, 29 55,56,69 Bergues 152 Badiley. Captain Richard 232 Berlin 135 Bahama Channel 85 Bermuda 29, 87 Bahamas 87 Bethell, Slingshy 6, 152 Baltic Sea, The 4,:W, 37, 120, The Worlds Mistake in Oliver 134,135,140,172,175,179, CromweU 6 180, 181, 184, 186, 188, 189, Beuningen, Conrad van 186, 212, 190, 194, 196, 203, 205, 207, m 208,209,210,211,212,214, Beverning, Hieronymus VAn 49, 224, 226, 228, 229 156, 158, 165 Cromwell on English need to as De Witt's personal envoy 165 secure free access to 200-1 attacked over Exclusion Article Baltimore, Lord 28-9 169 indLx 303 suspended as Treasurer of Boreel, William 149, 182 United Provinces 170 Boston 87 Birch, Colonel John 249 Bothnia, Gulf of 198, 205 Birch, Thomas 8 Bourbons 138, 139 Bishop, Captain George 31 Bradshaw, John 37, 227 Bismarck, Count Otto von 9 Bradshaw, Richard 31, 36, 37, 'Black Legend', the xii,S, 95, 205,219 145, 252 abortive embassy to R\1S$ia Blagg, Captain Edward 80 227-9 Blake, Admiral Robert 60,61,95, Brandenburg 18, 106, 133, 134, 102, 106, 109, 113, 119, 121, 135, 136, 192, 193, 194, 197, 123, 155, 165, 177, 182, 202, 202, 206, 214, 215, 226, 229 252 8raunsberg 215 in Mediterranean 64-5, 232-4, Brayne, General William 244 236 warns Cromwell over Caribbean new orden to attack Spanish transplantation 87 shipping 92, 94, 105 Brazil 183, 211 Plate Fleet victory off Smta Portuguese reconquest of from Cruze 140, 144 Dutch 141, 160 threat to Catholic monarchies Vermuyden Plan on 160, 161, 15 1B1 threat 10 Savoy 97 Breda 36 Blunt, Sir Henry 231 siege of (1625) 21 Board for the Colonies, Bremen 207 Parliamentary (1644) 3,25, dispute with Sweden 192 33,73 possibility of English occupation Bohemia 2, 75 of 203, 204-5, 209, 211 refugees from 100 Brest 245 Bond, Denis 156, 231 Cromwell tries to acquire 57 Bonde, Count Chriestem 33, 100, Bretton, Spencer 36, 232 109, 176, 179, 208 Brienne, Henri de Lomenie, mission to England 193, 195, Comte de 52, 66, 99 196-201,202 Bristol 20 Bonifaz, Friar 117 Broghill, Roger (Boyle), Lord 89, Boothouse, consul at Tunis 232 13B Bordeaux, city of 34, 235 Bromsebro, Treaty of (1645) 211, in rebellion 41, 42, 43 213 offer of sovereignI)' to Cromwell Brouwer, Admiral 79 42-3 Browne, Geoffrey (?) 234 Bordeaux (-Neufville), Antoine de, Bruges 126, 181, 204 embassy 10 England 18, 35, Brussels 51, 92, 110, 115, 116, 43,44,45,46,49,50,51,53, 126 56, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, Buchan, John, biography of 93,95,97,98,99,110, 113, Cromwell 8 121,122,134,141,142,179, Burnet, Bishop Gilbert 11l-12, 200,224 114 Bordeaux (-Neufville), Antoine de, Butler, Captain Nathaniel 82, 103, ~nior, advises his son against m a breach with England 66-7 Bye, de, Polish ambassador 192 304 Indn: Cadiz 64, 105, 119, 120, 179 Muarin encourages Cromwell to Cagliari 233 tolerate 128, 146 Calais, offers of 41,49, 56,92 ordered out of London 144 Calvinut Statute on Religion. Parliament pres.surises 128 SwedUh 194 Cavaliers, the 143, 188 Cambrai 141 Cecil, William, Lord Burleigh 31 Cambridge, University of 33 Chaloner, Thomas 15,27,39,40, Canary lslands 182 153, 156 missed English opportunity to expelled from Council of Trade capture 140-2 27,231 Candia, Turkish siege of 233. 235, Gage's patron 77 2'. Chancery, Court of 23 Capitulations. Imperial Accession Charles 1 xii, 1, 2, 5, 10, II. 14, (1658) 135-6 21,23, 50, 37, 39, 75, 76, 96, Caracas 76 192, 223, 227, 238. 245, 248 Caracena, Mou-quis of 142, J52 children of 23 Cardenas, Alonso de factions at court of 14 assessment of failings of 110 Charles 11 xiii, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, II, embassy of 18,39,41,42,44, 33, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 68, 45,46,50,51,53,56,58,59, 69,72,96,107,110, Ill, 112, 62,91-2,93,94,95,97.98, 119, 125, 126, 127, 139, 142, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 116, 143, 144, 146-7. 155, 166, 175, 139, 161 181, 183, 185, 187, 190, 192, miscalculations of 93, 108, 126, 194, 202, 2G4, 211, 225, 226, no 239, 249, 251 'Two Eyes' remark on and Cromwell's Councillors Cromwell's lenns 64, 91 24-5 Vaudois Massacre and 98 Spanish Treaty with 115-16 Cardia 205,219, 227 and Thurloe 32 Carlyle, Thomas 9 Charles X, King of Sweden 5, 37, biography of Cromwdl 8 70,134,172,175,180,184, Caribbean, the 3, 4, 15, 29, 30, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 47,48, 49,59, 61,67,73,74, 198,200,201, 2G4, 205, 206, 76, 79, 84, 85, 86, 100, 107, 207, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 121,172,174.207,242 216, 224, 226, 228, 229, 252, Carleton, Dudley 31,35 253 Cartagena 80, 81 eulogised by Cromwell 212 Garter, Colonel Francis 25 and Imperial election 134 Cascaes 123 invades Denmark 185-7, 189, Caspian Sea 194 212,216-17 Cas.seres, Simon de, plan to attack offers Danish territory to South America 84 Cromwell 210 Casson, Edmund 232, 233 Treaty of Roskilde and 213-14 Castellamare 65 Charles XII, King of Sweden 217 Catalonia, rn-olt against Spain in Charles, Duke of Lorraine 117 39, 49,92,117,133 Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy Catholics, aggre.uion by 25, 62 91.94,95,97,98,99, 101 Catholics, English Charles Louis, Elector Palatine 135 inform Spain of Western Design Chile 79, 84 92 Christendom 163 lnfkx 305 Christi... n IV. King of Denmark Connecticut 88 207. 248 Constantinople 49, 236 Christin .... Queen of Sweden 93. embassy ... t 36-7.231 146. 191, 192 Cony, George 247 City of London 110, 144. 160, Cooper. Sir Anthony Ashley 231.234.240,241,242,243, Cooper, I ... ter Earl of 246,250 Shaftesbury 18. 19, 21, 24. City of London, merch ... nt 25,28,46,48, 157, 162, 220 Comp... nies of, ... nd choice of resign ... tion of 68 ... mbasssadon 36-7 Copenhagen 210. 212, 229 Civil W... r, the 8. 13. 24. 76. 137 CornwaJl 22. 177 Claiborne. William 28. 29 Cosnac, Abbe de 43 Clergy, Dunkirk. Lockhart Cotterd, Captain 177 persu... des to stay to ... U... y Cottington, Francis 31, 35 French fe ... rs 150 Cotton, John 27 Clergy. French, as 0pponenlj of an Council of Officers 15 Angil:~Fr~nch ... ccommod... tion Council of State, The 117-18, 128-9, 131 (Commonwealth's) 22, 23, Clergy. Portuguese, as opponenlj 27, 42. 154, 156, 157 of Anglo-Portuguese Tre... ty Council of State. The (Cromwell's) terms 122 3, 11, 12. 13-37,44,45-6.51, Cogel 213 63. 69. 75. 80-1, 84-5, 88, 96, Cologne 175 106,107,108-9,110.115, College. intern ... tion ... 1 Protestant, 118, 119, 120. 179. 181, 183, Cromwell's pl ... ns for 114 192, 193. 199, 203. 205, 208, Colonels, Petition of the Three 214, 220, 227. 235. 242, 252 10. civilian/ military factions in 24 Colonists, English, r~fuse to assist Cromwell's relatives in 20 Western Design ... dequ... tely crises over Humble Petition and 82. 85-7 Advice ... nd o ... ths in 138-40 Columbus, Christopher 78 diplom... tic experience of 21 Comenius. J... n 228 divisions on foreign policy in Committee for Foreign Affain, 17.43-4.51. 115, 195 Army Council of State's (1653) f... te of members 24-5 15 godliness of 22 Committee for Prop... gating the membership of. analysed 19-20 Gospel 22 military experience of 21 Commonwealth, The 8, 10, 12. policy debates on 47-9. 58-61 25. 66, 85. 88, 154. 158, 165. as representing districts of 179, 187. 191,219.221.234 eountry 22 Conan. burgess of La Rochelle Council of State. Committees of 41,43 ad hoc committees 26-7 Conde. Philippe de Bourbon. American affairs 27-30 Prince de 33, 38, 39-40, 42. Dutch negoti... tions 157. 165 43,44.45,46.50,51.52,55, embargoes on Spanish goods 56, 58, 63, 66. 97, 99, 108, 108 125. 129,249 French and Spanish negoti... tions, Cromwell dismissive of 46-7 1654 46 p ... rdon of: required by Cromwell Jamaica Commiuee 30, 107, 50; requir~d by Sp... in 117 24' 306 lnda Council of State (Committees) and Council of State 16-26 wnt. and Council of State debates on jamaica or West Indies foreign policy 46-9, 58-61 Committee 30 Fleetwood's view of role 22 leiters after Vaudoi.! Massacre foreign policy of JU alw under 96 Dutch, France, Portugal, Maritime Treaty with Dutch 178 Russia, Spain, Sweden and the seizures of Dutch ships 177 Baltic Plantations Committee 28 DUTCH POUCY: before full Ruuian cmba5S)' committee 205 auumption of power 155-6; Western Design committee 1655 talks 156-66; Exclusion 80-1 crisis 164, 167, 168-70; Council of State, French 107 relations 1654-5 172-80; Council of State, Spanish 51, 107 mercantile clashes 176-8, Cardenas advises on attitude to 178-9, 183 Maritime Treaty England 110 talks 178; Rosin mission cum~rsomcneu 92 180; North Sea dispute ]82; knows of Western Design 56 Franco-Dutch dispute 182-3; orders Cardenas' return 104-5 Dutch-Portuguese dispute Council of (or for) Trade 30, 181, 183, 184-5; Flanders 181,231 184, 187-8; Dutch fleet Courland, Duke of 229 prevented from aiding Courts Denmark 184; Downing Charles 1'5 75 minion 185-8; Baltic crisis French 66,68, 114. 149 185-6; East Indies disputes Polish 192 186-7, J88 Courtin, French arobaMador to ntENCH POUCV: Thurloe on The Hague 180 essential nature of alliance 5- Coyel, Peter Julius 192-3, 198 Councillors pro- and anti- 17; Crabtree, Roger 10 Cromwell's role during Rump Cranfield, Lionel 23 and the French rebellion Craven 23 38-44; rivals France and Spain Creoles 78 forced to bid for support Crete 233 44-6,49-51,57, and Council Crew, John 27 debates on attitude towards Cromwell, Bridget 19 France 46-9, 58-61, and the Cromwell. Henry 88, 137. 143-4, Baas Affair 51-4; delayed 152, 184, 207 negotiations 61-7; and attack officers' dinn!':T at bis house on Acadia M-4; threat to evidence of anti-French fuling French expedition to Naples 46 64-5; Penruddock Revolt Cromwen, Oliver crisis 67-70; Vaudois and advisers 14-26 Mauacre crisis 92-100; and ambassadors 53-7 finalisation of pcace-treaty and American connections 25 107-8, 110-]2; relations and constitutional position in during 1656 and Lockhart 1654-7, 16-17,43-4 mission 11 3-29; dispute with and constitutional crises of 1657 Dutch ]29-30, 1657 l1'eaty 138-40 130-3; Imperial election and. Index 307 133-6; F1anden campaign and 196-203; effects of Spanish Dunkirk 137-47; intentions war on 194-5; abortive on Dunkirk 148-52 English embassy plans of POkTUCUESE POUCY: ] 654 treary 1656 196; Treaty of 122; enforcement of by Konigsberg and 197,201; 'gunboat diplomacy' 123-4; Treary of Elbling and 203; preservation of from Dmch attempts to acquire English 181 , 183, 184-5; preservation military aid 203-4, 206, 207; of from Spain 141 attempt! by English to acquire kUSSIAN POLICY: ]654 embassy Bremen 204-5, 208-9, 210; 218-26; 1657 embassy 226-9 commercial talks 207-8, 212; SPANISH POUCY: Councillors pro attempt! of Charles X to lure and anti- 17; policy under Cromwell with Danish Commonwealth; aiding against territory 209-10; Swedish France 38-43; rival offen to attack on Denmark 212; France considered in 1654 Treaty of Roskilde 44-6,49-51,57; and Council 213-14; 'Heads of a Treaty' to debates on wisdom or ease of tie Swedish aggression to attacking 46-9, 58-61; English aims on Cromwell's unacceptable Continent 214-15; Cromwell demands of Spain 57-8, 64; fails to estimate Charles' and Western Design 70-90; priorities 215-16; second uda mission 92-4; orders to Swedish attack on Denmark, Blake aimed at Spain in the resolution of which is Jeft Euro~ 94; Vaudois Massacre to Cromwell's successors crisis utili5t:d by Spain 98; 216-17 Spain's breach with England VENE'l'lAN, TUkKlSH AND 102-6; Cromwell shaken by MEDITElUtANEAN POUCY: 230-7 Hispaniola disaster but WESTERN DESICN: 71-90 enemies do not take advantage and Lambert 23-4, 103-4, 103-4; explanation of breach 138-9; Council disputes with to Schlezer 106, 110-11; 46-9, 58-61 declaration of war on Spain and mercantile community su 108-10; events of 1656 and City of London, East India 114-29; naval strategy against Company, Muscovy Co. Spain 119-21, 123-4; failure and Milton 32 of Spain to il.\Sist Royalists miscalculations of 71,73-4,78, 126-7; French Treary of 1657 79,81-2,84-90,251-2 aimed at Spain 1.50-3; quick and Parliament: speeches (1654) reaction by Spain prevents 62; (1656) 121, (1658) 145-6, Anglo-French advance in su also Parliment: 'Rump', Flanders 137-8; failure to 1654-5, 1656-8 invade England 143-4, and Thurloe: comparisons of 146-7; Spanish defeat in views of foreign policy, 32 Flanders 147-52 views of: by near-contemporarics SWEDISH POLICY: Whitelocke 6; by historians 6-12 miSSIOn 191-2; initial fear of Cromwell, Richard 20,24, 27, Charles X 192; Bonde's 187,251 mission and offers 193- 4, overthrow of 12 308 Index Croulle, M. de 39-40 Dixmunde 152 Crown, the 132 Dogger Bank 184, 211 crisis over possible usumption of Dorislaus, Isaac 155, 188 by Cromwell 1~-9 Dorset 22, 24, 46, 48 threat to Cromwell if he took it Dover, Straits of 184 110 Downing, George 25, 28, 35-6 threat to Cromwell by Spain's embassy to France 99-1 ()() alliance with &xby over embassy to United Provinces iJ.I.fumption 139 185-8, 216 Cuba 81,93 D'Oyley, Edward 83 Cugnac, Marquis de -40 Dragonnades 95 Culpeper, Cheney 196 Drake, Sir Francis 79, 140 Culpeper,John 187 Dl'lIopers Compwy 33 Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester Danzig 35, 122, 179, 191, 197, 14, 157 203, 206, 212 Dunbar, Bitttle of 40 as Dutch 'bread·basket' 195 Dunes, Battle of the 147 Dutch relie:f of 202 Dunkirk 41,46,47,49,50,56, Dardanelles. The 2.34, 236 57, 113, 115, 116-18, 124, 125, D'Artagnan, Charles 54 128, 129, UO-2, 136, 137, Daugnon. Louis Foucault, Comte 138, 142, 143, 147, 152, 173, 41 178, 181, 183, 184, 188, 204, D'Aumont. ManIlal Antoine 147 209, 245, 251 Delatour, Lord 27 ChitrJes 11'5 sale of 151 Denmark 67, 133, 159, 179, 184, Dutch alarm at English in 187 185, 189, 192, 193, 194, 202, English occupation of 148-51 203,204,205,206,207,208, financial position of under 209,210, 211, 212, 215, 229 English rule 151 English sett1ement with (1654) surrender of 147 164, 170 Dury, John 2, 25-6, 36, 76, 133, England prevents receiving 196,227 Dutch nava] assistance 211 Dutch 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, to, II, 21, England saves from Swedish 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 43, 44, dismembennent 213-14 46,54,58,67,69,72,73,77, Thurloe accuses of cawing the 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 96, 99, 120, 'Northern War' of 1657-8 122, 128, 132, 134, 141, 146-7, 207 149, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 'De Propagatione Fidei', Papal 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, College 114, 146 203, 204, 'lOS, 206, 207, 208, Desborougb,John 17,19,20,24, 210,211,212,213,214,215, 25, 29, 82, 138, 157, 183, 187, 216,217,226,229,244,245, 208, 251 246, 248, 252 Desborough, Samuel 25 pirates 29 D'E.strades, Godefroi, Comle 41, shipping: Navy 79, 141, 183, 52 184, 208, 211 Diet, Imperial Election 135 War (1652-4): 14, 15,28,41, Digby, George, Earl of Bristol 43, 62, 72, 152, 232, 247 II. su also Cromwell, Oliver, foreign Dissenters, The 3 policy: Dutch United Provinces Intkx 309 Eau India Company 114, 153,161,167, 177,191, com~nsation under Dutch 219, 238 Treaty 168 Evans, Michael 170 complains to Cromwell about Evelyn, John 95 Dutch 186 Exton, Dr John 171 model for WeSl Indies Company 85 Fairfax, General Thomas 20 ~titions Cromwell 188 Fairlight 155 renewal of Chilrter 173-4 Feake, Christopher 156-7 and Vermuyden Plan 160 Federation, Anglo-Dutch Eau India Company, Dutch 174, Cromwell speaks in favour of 188 158, 162-3 East Indies 160,168-71,186-7, Dutch insist on full sovereignty 188 in 162 Edam, ship of 177 suggestions of by English Edwards, John 170 negotiators 153-4, 157-8 Eilenberg, Baron George von, Vermuyden Plan on 159 Palatinate envoy 135 Fenland, The 19, 22, 159 Elbe, R. 210 Ferdinand n, Grand Duke of Elbling, Treaty of 186, 203, 216 Tuscany 166, 232 Eleuthera, colonists ordered to Ferdinand III, Holy Roman move to Jamaica 87 Emperor 1~~-4 , 163, 196, Eliot, Sir John 73 199,202,206,209,226 Elizabeth I xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 71, Ferdinand, King of the Romans 73, 145, 190,229,23&,248 Elizabethan era SN Elizabeth I Fiennes,'" Nathaniel 12, 18,20,21, Elizabeth 'of Bohemia', Electress 22,24,25,31, 100, 177, 178, Palatine 2 200 EII(is), Captain William 237 in favour of Cromwell taking Elsinore 210 Down 138 Empire, Spanish 71,72,77,79, more pro-Sweden than other 108, 160-1, 182 negotiators 198, 199 England 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 32, 34, Swedish Treaty negotiator, 46, 57, 50, 64, 65, 66, 67, 85, 1656 196 105, 112, 114, 126, 143, 152, riennes, William, Lord Saye and 157, 163, 167, 168, 173, ]74, Sele 20, 23, 25, 76 175, 184, 188, 194, 210, 218, Finance 221, 222, 223, 225 boosted by capture of Plate Fleet Cromwell on need to avoid 125, 137 i50lationism in 145-6 Cromwell's policy on, analysed districts of, represented in 23B-!)() Council 22 impossibility of ~rmitting aid to popular opinion anti-French Sweden 211,215 40, 127, 137 Major-Gcnerals exacerbate reaction to Vaudois Massacre in problems 69 95-6 parlous state of 125, 187 Essex 22, 23, 36 requires avoidance of costly Europe 2,4,6,7,9,36,47,59, Continental entanglemenlS 61,67, 71, 72, n, 83, 95, 109, 12' 310 Index Finance cont. IN also Cromwell, Oliver: Foreign report of July 1658 shows Policy: French policy weakneS5 151-2 Frankfurt 135 Finland, Gulf of 219 Frederick, Elector Palatine 2 Firth. Sir Charles 9 Frederick III of Denmark 164, Fitts, Mr (or 'White'), Spanish 170, 184, 185, 186,203,204, agent in London, 1656-7 206, 207, 109, 210, 211, 213 115, 128 Frederick William, Elector of Fitzjames, Colonel John 41 , 52 Brandenburg 133, 135-6, Flanders 18, 48, 63, 70, 90, 93, 193, 194, 197, 200,206-7, 214, 99, 100, 104, 113, liS, 121, 215, 216 124, 126, 127, 137, 139, 140, Friesendorff, Baron Johann 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, Frederick von 209-11 149,151-2.172. 175,177, Friesland 168, 169 179,181,184,187,199,201, Estates o f 156, 164 209,231,250 offer of East F, to Cromwell by Fleetwood, Charles 17,19,20, 22, Sweden 210 24, 37, 100, 114, 187, 197, Frigates, Cromwell's reliance on to 205, 208, 226, 239, 251 take Spanish treasure 59, 84 Dutch Maritime Treaty Frondes, The !S, 39, 107 commissioner 178 Frost, Gualter 31 on Vaudois Mauacre 96 FuensaJdagna, Luis Perez de warns Cromwell agairut taking Vivero, Count 110 Crown 138 Fuller, Governor of Maryland 28 FleelWOOd, George 37,206,208,210 Funen 212 and embassy to Russia 205, 226 and loan of Bremen to England Gabbard, Battle of the (1653) 156 204 Gage, Thomas IS, 72, 82,84, 153, negotiations for English troops 161 197,204 advises Cromwell on attacking Flee twood, Sir Miles 22 Spanish empire 77-9 Fleming, Sir Oliver 21,26,158,198 Galilee, Captain 237 and Venetian ambassadors 233, Gamarra, Don Stephen de J 20, 234, 235 128, 129, 141, 176, 183, 185, Fletcher. Giles 221 187, 191 Florida, Noell's plans for colony in Gardiner, Samuel Rawson 8, 9, 44 85, 244 Garonne, R. 45 Florida, Indian chid, from, visits Garway, William 37 London 85 Gascony 142 Folkestone 157 Gaunt. Peter, analysis of Council of Fouquet, Nicholas 45 State 18 Foxcroft, George 231 Geneva 100 Foxe, John 14 Genoa 103, 114 France 3, 5,6, 7, 8, 10, 11 , 14, Gcntillot, Sieur de 41 16, 17, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 160, Gerard Plot, The 52 166, 172, 175, 180, 18 1, 182, Gerbier, Balthazar 155-6 184,191,198,204,210, 213, Germany 127, 130, 134, 135, 136, 215, 223, 232, 234, 235, 248, 159, 193, 195, 199, 202, 205, 249, 250, 252 206, 215, 216 Ind Giavarina, Franct"Ko 119, 140, 206, 207, 210, 213, 214, 215, 143, 203 216 aSSt"~m.::1lt of English aims 148, Hague, The 35, 120, 154, ISS, 251 158, 159, 170, 172, 173, ISO, n.::gotiations with Cromwell 188, 196 235-7 Hamburg 36, 37 , 1M, 174, 227, Gibraltar, Rock of, Cromwdl 229 considt"rs seizing 119-20, 141 Hampshire 21 , 22 Gibraltar, Stn.it.s of 48,65, 184 Hampton Court, Palace of 202,248 Giustinian, FranceKo, French Hane, Joachim 34, 43, 45, 47 ambassador in Paris, involved Haro, Don Luis de 102, 103, 128, in Spanish peace-plan 147 139 Clamorgan 20 misjudges We5tem Design 98 Glencairn, William Cunningham, refuses to contemplate breach Earl of 48, III with Cromwell 93 Gloucest.::r, Henry, Duke of 126 suspicious of Cromwell 64. Glyn , John 17 Harrington, James 158, 239 Goffe, Colonel William 19 Harrison, General Thomas 4, 12, Goldsmiths Hall, London 170 15, 16, 19, 53, 69, 157, 159, Good Ho~ , Cape of 167 172, 230 'Good Old Cause', The 7,24, 110 Baas enquires about 52 Goodson, Vice-Admiral William Hartlib, Samuel 25-6, 76, 88, 80,84, 146-7 114, 196 Gookin, Vincent 87-8, 107 Harvard, University of 185 Gothenburg 191 Harvey, Sir Job 231 Gravelines 130, 137,147 Harvey, Colonel Edmund 247 Turenne prefers as target to Ha.seirig, Sir Arthur 15, 156, 239 Dunkirk 41, 129 Hastings, Henry, Earl of Great Britain 16, 26 Huntingdon 14 Great Power balance, the 6, 8 HalSell, Captain Henry 27,28, 47, Greenwich Palace 248 74, 231 Greenland 210 Havana 64, 79, 81 Grignon, Pomponne de Bellievre, Hays case 174 Comte 40 Heath, George 17-18, 23 Groningen, Province of (United Heath, Sir Robert 75 Provinces) 169 Hebden, interpreter in Moscow Guelderland, Estates of 164 225 Guiana 29 Henri IV, King of France 96 Guienna 45, 53, 56, 59, 63, 66 Henrietta Maria, Queen 52 Guise, Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Henry VlI 78, 154 49, 64-5, 66, 114, 233 H enry VlIl 31 Gustavus Molphus, King of Henry, Prince of Wales 248 Sweden 148, 190, 193, 195, Hes.se-Cassel 215 217, 225,251 Hill, Captain 119 Cuysen, William van 168 Hill, Christopher 10 Hispaniola 23, 50,61, 71, 76, 78, Haak, Theodore 25 80,81,89, 92,99, 100, 103, Habsburg, House of 1, 2, 14, 38, 106, 107, 110, ll2, 118, 119, 63, 101 , 112, 133-4, 136, 191 , 124, 249 312 lndn: Hobart, John 17 on foreign policy-making 16 Holdip, Richard 80 revision of 18, 138-9 Holland 128, 157. 161, 168, 169, Intncursus Magnus, The 154 174, 176, 180, 186.204 Interregnum, The 8 as mediator in Anglo-French Ireland 17, 19,21,25,39,60,88, commercial di5putc 68 89, 137, 157, 196,210 Pensionary of 155 army in anti-French 98 Hollister, Colonel 157 1641 massacre in 95 Holy Roman Empire 193, 224, Ireton, Henry 19, 242 22. Ireton, John 242, 248 invasion-threat to France 130 Irish Catholic army, threat of, }645 5uccession Loclc.hart cont. Manchester, Earls of 23 125, 127-30, 130-3, 1M, 137, Mandoui, envoy of Caraeena 152 142, 142-3, 146, 147 Manifesto, The, and declaration of governor of Dunkirk 148-52 WM on Spain 31,108-9,112, mediates between France and 1"" Dutch 129-50 Marcello, Lorenzo 236 London 19, 35, 40, 44, 52, 55, 66, Marcin,John, General 43,139 67, 69, 89,93, 108, 110, Mardyke (Mardyck) 26,35, 125, 114-15, 123, 133, 135, 140, 130, 184 144, 150, 155, 156, 162, 166, capture and danger of Spanish 170, 177, ISO, 192, 193, 197, recapture of 142-3 203,206, 207,212,215,239, Mazarin tries to fob LAckhart off 248, 250, 251 with, in place of Dunkirk 117 aldermen of 152 Marseilles 48,65, 114, 177, 232 Skippon governor of (1642) 21 Marvell, Andrew 7, 33 trained bands of 21 Mary, Princess of Orange 155, Vaudois Massacre and 95 164, 166 Langland. Charles 36, 180, 232, Maryland, Royalist and 237.246 Parliamentarian factiom in 28 Lords. Home of .3 Massachusetts Bay Colony 185 Lorraine 117 Matthews 28 Louu XIV 4,6,45-6,50, 67, 95, Mayo, Christopher 58 100, 129, 183, 223, 224 Mazarin, Cardinal Jules (Ciulio) Cromwell's letters to 96, 99, 149 11 , 32,34, 35,~, 39, 40, illness of 152 41-2,44,45,46, 49,52, 53, Imperial election chances of 54,55,57,61,62,63, 64, 133-6 65-6, 68-9, 95, 97, 98, 99, suspicions of 96-7 100,107,111, 112,113, Low Countries, The 6, 21 114-15, 116,117-18, ]21, 125, Lower, Nicholas, heirs of 173 127, 128, 129, 130-6, 137, Luce, Colonel Lucas 58 ]~, 139, 141, 142, 143, 146, Ludlow, Edmund 7, 24 147, 149-50, 152, 182, 185, criticism of Cromwell 6, 152 187,250 Lutheranism 148 Mazerolles, agent of Conde 46, Lyons, Captain 119 51,58 Meadowe, Philip 33,35,36, 101 , Mackworth, Colonel Humphrey 131, 184, 186, 193, 215, 229 20,22 distrustful of Plate Fleet strategy Madrid 34, 39, 54, 58, 73, 74, 12. 104,106, 110,117,139,176 mission to Denmark 205-6, Maidstone, John 25 208,209 Mainz, Archbishopric of 136 mission to Portugal 122-3 Major, Richard 20, 22, 24 mediation in Treaty of Roskilde Major-Generals, The 17, 69, 103, 212-14 105, 121, 124, 125, 195,249 Mediterranean The 15, 36, 56, Malaga 15 61,65,94,95,97, 113, 160, Malhamdale 23 165, 172 Malta, Knights of St John of 233 Cromwell's overall policy in Malyn, William 33 232-7 Index 315 Medway, R. , DUlch a!lack on and fleet, 1656 119 (1667) xiii, 7 and Portuguese crisis 123 Mnrurius POUticus 96 threat of fleet to Dutch over Mello, Don Francisco de, request Baltic 184, 211 English aid for PorlUgaI 141 threa[ of fleet to Dutch over Mercantile community, me, and Portugal crisis 141, 183 Cromwell 7, 49, 181, 245 Montauban 142 analysis of Cromwell's relations MontecuculJi, General 63 with community, in City Moncmedy 14]-2 230-7 MonlSerrat 29, 177 expulsion of merchants from Montrose. James (Graham). Moscow 2]8 Marquis of 191 expulsion of merchants from More, Dr 43 Spain 105-6 131 Morea, Levant Company petition to Cromwell againsl consulship in 37 Spanish action 105 Morgan, Sir Thom:u 137 petition to Cromwell for Moscow Morland, Samuel 27,31,33, 36 mission 220 miMion to France and Swiss 96, ships sacrificed to imperatives of 99, ]00-1 naval strategy 119 Morley, Herbert 153 using Dutch middlemen during Morozov, Boris 222, 226 Spanish war 188 Mwcow 35,37, 218, 220, 221, Mexico, Bay of 85, 89 226, 227, 228, 229 Miami 85 Mulattoes 78 Michael Romanov, Czar of Russia MUn, Thom:u 240 22' Muscovy Company 218, 219, 220, Michael, Wolfgang, assessment of 222 Cromwell 9 and emb:usy to Russia 37, 192, Middleton, John, Earl of 48, III 220 Midlands, E:ut 22 Milan 114 Naples 49, 65, 66, 68, 114, 133, Militia, arrears of ]52 146, 233 Miloslavsky, llya 222, 226 Narva 198 Mihon, John 22, 23, 75, 180 Naseby, Battle of 14, 21 and Manifesto 109 Naudin, Dr Theodore 52-3 Mitau 228 Naval c1uhes, with France 40 Mitchell, Captain 233 Naval supplies from Baltic 36, Mocenigo, Lauaro 236 134, 170, 191, 226 Mohammed IV, Ouoman Sultan Cromwell admits primacy in 234, 237 determining policy 200 leller to 236 English seek to prevent export mission to CoUrt of 36-7 of to Spain 197-8 Monck, General George 12, 48, Meadowe stops Sweden from 107, 151 monopolising 213 Montague (Mountagu), Edward, Navigation Act, The 82, 153, 155, later Earl of Sandwich 18, 20, 163, 174, 181, 184,241 22, 23, 24, 27, 46, 158, 165 Navy, The 15, 39, 67,72, 102, and failure of Cromwell's lOS, Ill, 130, 132-3, 139, 144 blockade of Spain 120 arreaTS of pay of 152, 250 316 Index Navy con!. Cromwell informs him of belief Cromwell thealens to we against in French complicity in Dutch enemies of Exclusion Vaudois Massacre 97 Article 169 Council protests to over Captain debts owing at start of Spanish Saloman 1M War 109 protests over ship seizures funds for 97 176-B lack of in Mediterranean, Thurloe to concerning Imperial dangers of 165-6 election 134 possibility of aiding Sweden 197 Nieupoort, town of 132, 151 threat to from mutiny. 1656 Jl9 Nieucheses, Admiral 65, 66 threat to from Sexby plou 92. Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow 225 110 Nimes, Huguenots of 43 threat to foreign powers: Noell, Martin 27, 30, 74, 103, Denmark 170, Dutch 143, 231,242-3,244,247 181, 183-5, 211 backs proposed West Indies victories over Dutch assist Company 85 English negotiations 156, 158 on Western Design committee victories over Spanish Plate Fleet 80 aid finance and morale renewal of East India Company 120-1, 140-1 Charter and 173-4 Navy, Merchant Noell. Thomas 103 Cromwell blunders in lack of North Mrica 56 stimulus to 174 Northern Association, Lambert privateers' damage to 119, 245 commander of 23 Negroes North Sea 67, 175, 187, 194 on Jamaica 83, 86 fisheries in 155 in Spanish America, as potential fishing dispute in 182 allies against Spain 73, 78 Norway 170,211,213 Neville, Henry 153 Nuncio, Papal in France, as Nevis, colonists move 10 Jamaica as opponent of English alliance ordered 86-7 129, 131, 147 Neuberg 126-7 New Amsterdam 28, 57 Okey, Colonel John 185 Newcastle 245 Olivares, Gupar de Guzman, New England 25, 26, 27-8, 29, Count-Duke of 39 50, 63, 64, 107, 240 Olivenza 141 lukewarm response to Western Orange, House of 1&4, 165. 172, Design in 86-8 180 Newfoundland 27-8, 56 'Exclusion' (or 'Seclusion') of New Haven 88 1&4, 165; written into Dutch New Plymouth 25 Treaty 167-8, crisis in Anglo Nicaragua 76 Dutch relations over 168-71 Nicholas, Sir Edward 195 Orangist faction 63, 154, 156,1&4, Nieupoort, William 156, 157, 158, 168,172,175, IBO. 185,252 161, 165, 168, 169, 174, 175, Ordnance Office 248 176, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, Orinoco, R. 79 184, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 'Ormee', Bordeaux rebel faction 194, 195, 204 34, 42 317 Orkncy Islands, Thc 1)9 Parliament, 1654-5 18,57,173, Osborne, governor of Montserrat, 230,239 accused of murder 28 Cromwell addresses 62 Ostend 132, 147, 151-2, 179, 183 dissolution of 68 Ottoman Turks, Sultanate of the estimates and conrrol or 194,219,221 Government finance 246-9 relations between Cromwell and sitting of, cffect on foreign 231-7 policy 62 Vermuyden Plan on trade with Parliament, 1656-8 33, 116, 117, 160 144, 182, 184-5, 202, 206. 239 Overton, Colonel Robert 53 committec on Protestant alliance Owen, Colonel Francis 58 19,208 Oxford, University of 36 Cromwell addresses, 1656 121, Ozama, R. 82 127, 1658145-6,212 dismissal of 211 Pack, Sir Christopher 27, 36, 100, finance and 249-50 114,231,248 pa.ues anti-Catholic legislation and embauy to Northern 128-9 Protestants 195, 226 votes money 10 Cromwell Palace Yard, Westminster 165 125-6 Palatinate, The 135 Parliament, 1659 ('Richard Panama 76, 82 Cromwell's) 151, 188 Paris 21 , M, 35, 40, 46, 52, 99, Parliament, Cromwell's 'Second 112, 114, liS, 1I7, 128, 185, House' of 138 234, 235 Parliamentarian cause, the 3, 13, Parlement of 39, 40 2!1l1 Parliament 2,3,4,5, 7,8, 10, 16, Paul, Chevalier de 133 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32, Paul, Robert 10 36,69, 73. lOS, 124, 132, 161, Paulucci (Pauluzzi), Lorenzo 21, 179. 181 , 187. 195, 219, 238 165, 233 Parliament of 1624 73, 75 negotiates with Cromwell 234-5 Parliament, 1649-53 ('The Rump') Pauw. Adrian van def 155 xii, 3, 10, IS, 19,21, 157, 230, Pawley, Royalist agent 34, 59 239,240,241,251 Pel!, John 26,31,36,98, 114, 133 and Cardcnas 39 Peneguaio, Dom Pantaleon de Sa and embargo on French goods d, 4{\ brother of Portuguese and France 39-40, 41 amba.uador, executed 123 and naval policy of blockade 122 relatives of, try to assassinate and Navigation act 153-4 Meadowe 123 and overthrow by Army 16, 153 Penn, Admiral William 16,31,80, sensitivity of 46 103, 175, 177, 251 Swedish policy after 1659 arrest of 107 rCSlOration 187 failings of 82-3 Parliamcnt, 1653 ('Short' or Pciioranda (or Peiiaranda), Gaspar 'S.uebonc's') IS, 19, 157, dc Bracamonte, Count de 162. 230 102, 103 and Constantinople embassy 36 Penruddock, Colonel John 68, 69, and umber! 23 175, 225, 239 318 Index Penryn 177 Plymouth 231,240 Pepys 185 Poland 27,37, 194-5, 197, 202, Peronnc 113 203, 206, 210, 214, 215, 216, Perre, Jobn van def 159 218, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229 Perre, Paulus van def 156, 159, 164 Charles X invades 175 Peter, Hugh 25 Charles X abandons attempt to and Dunkirk 151 conquer 210 and nCaT-tccason in trying to Cromwell assist! exiles from stop Dutch War 155-6 100-1 Petit, Jacques 34, 107 Cromwell prepared to abandon? Philip IV, King of Spain 92, 98, 19. 125, 140, 181, 190, 199.209, Rus.sian invasion of 192 215, 22~ Pomerania 199, 215 and breach with England 103 Poole 177 Cromwell excuses attacking 106 Pope, The 17, 156 treaty with Charlel Il 115-16 Jtt also Alexander VII, Pope Philip. Archduke of the Popery 14 74 Netherlands 154- Cromwell's College to combat Philip Wllliam, Count Palatine and threill of international 114 Elector of Neuberg 126, 127 Cromwell on international PianclZa, Marquis of 94 alliance of 'Popish' states Pickering, Sir Gilbert 17. 18, 20, 145-6 21, 24, 49, 231, 157, 183, 231 Cromwell on Vaudois Massacre appointment to negotiate with a5 manifestation of 203-4 Spain 46; as Dutch Treaty English paranoia about in commissioner 165, as Sweden seventeenth century 75 Treaty commissioner 196 Porto Farino (or Farina) 233, argues for French alliance 48 .34 fails to gel French embassy 115 Portugal 33, 35, 36, 39, 48, 58, leads pfl>French faction 44 77, 116, II7, 129, I!U, 160, negotiates with Baas 51 170, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, prefers Dutch to Sweden 200 189,206,210,211,221,246, Piedmont 94, 100, 142, 203 ,.7 Piedmont Fund 100-1, 141. ]95 Cromwell's confrontation with Pierrepo(i)nt, William 19,27 (1656) 122-4 Pignerol, Treaty of 99, 100 Cromwell's demands of 57 Piracy 7, 29 danger to from Spain, England Cromwell to Bordeaux on 50 acts against 1-41 Cromwell letter to Louis XIV on Dutch threat to, England acts 149 against 181, 183, 184-5 in Caribbean 84 Treaty with England (1654) in Flanders, English seek to halt I •• I5l Jtt also Cromwell, Oliver: Foreign in North Sea, boa5t by offenders Policy and Portuguese policy to Cromwell 245 Potosi 121 Plate Fleet, The Povey, Thomas 231,246 Portuguese 122-4 plans for West Jndie's Company Spanish 140-1, 144, 179, 181, 30, 84-5, 243 182, 189, 202 Pre'wyterians 3, 22, 35, 115 Index 319 Pride, Colonel Thomas 126 Quebec 64 Prideaux, Edmund 37,219 Quirini, Giacomo 62, 64, 92, 93, Prideaux, William 31,35,37, 192 98, 102, 176 embassy to RU$IIia 219, 220-26, early knowledge of Western. 227,228 Design 56 opinion of RuMia 221 Princes, German Protestant 196, Ranke, Leopold von 9 215 Regicides, the 8, 24 Propaganda Religious Toleration anti-Catholic after Vaudois Cardenas refw.es to considcr Massacre 101 64, 91-2 anti-Spanish 74-5, 194 Cromwell secures it from used by Cromwell against Portugal and demands it from Charles II 126-7 Spain 56, 122 used by Gage 77 Cromwell has it included in used by Spain 68, 105-6 Portuguese Treaty despite Prostitutes, planned to ship from re!!.istance to ratification Tower of London to Jamaica 122 89 not included in Leda'!!. terms 92 Protectorate, The 9, 12 Restoration, The 12,24,31,32, Protestants, Protestantism 1,5,7, 189 8,9, 10, II, 14, 19,61,62,67, Reu, Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de 74,91,94-5,97,98, 1I0, 114, II. 127, 129, 133, 156, 157, 159, and Cromwell and Vane 42 161,162,170,171,172,175, feared by Maurin 99, 114 180, 184, 185, 190, 202, 203, as opponent of Anglo-French 204,208,209,215,216,217, alliance 132, 149 219, 229, 248 Reynolds, Sir Henry 137, 143 dispossessed 27, 88, 97 Rhe, Island of 119 Dunkirk and 148, 150-1 Rhine, League of the (1658) 136 Dutch, denization of 178 Rhode Island 27, 29 Flemish 151 Ricaut family 58 Internationalism 2, 3, 25-6 Riceard, Andrew 27,80,231,234 League or Union of, English Rich, Robert, Earl of WiUW\ck 2, plans for 75-6, 192, 194, 3, 16, 25, 76, 86 195, 196, 199,202,207, Richelieu, Armand:Jean de Plessis, 214-15 Cardinal 149, 190 settlements, plans for 75, 88-9 Riga 205, 224, 228 Providence hland 25, 60, 76, 77, Rio de la Haeha 84 78, 104 Roberts, Michael Providence Island Company 3, 23, on Cromwell's Swedish policy 4, 33, 76, 86, 120 190 Prussia 197, 206, 227 Robinson, Henry 240 Puerto Rico 80 England's SDftty in Trtasllrt'$ Pula Run 168, 171 Inertast 240 Punta de Araya 187 Roe, Sir Thomas 2, 35, 75-6 Purefroy, Colonel William 27 Rolt, Edward 31,34,36, 193, 208 Pym, John 3, 19, 76 Romanov, House of 222 Pyrenees, The 44 Rome 57,78, 117, 150, 157 320 lnda Rosenvinge. Henry 170 St lago de la Vega 76 Rosin, Louis 180, 203 Stjames' Park 158 Roskilde, Treaty of (1658) 35, Stjohn, Oliver 27,76, 153, 154,231 186,212-14,216 5t Kitts 78 RoliS, Francis 17, 19,20,21,22, 5t Malo 40 24,25 St Thomu, M. 40 Rowe, Colond Owen 29 St Thome 79 RoyaJists 3,5,7,8, 14, 15, 23, 27, Salt Fleet, French 66 35, 39-40, 45, 46, 48, 52, 53, Saloman, Captain 119, 178-9 55,56,63,77,79,85,103, Salwey, Richud 37, 191 ,219 IDS, 107, 109, 113, ll5, 119, San Steffano, MarquiS of 93 126, 147, 187. 188, 214, 223, Santa Cruz 140 225, 226, 232. 239, 242, 245, Santa Marta 84 251 Santo Domingo 56, 64, 82 in Barbados 82 Savoy 94-5,96-7, 100, 102 in Bermuda 29 5ayebrook. 23 in France. to be expelled 63 Saxony 133-5, 206 Gerard Plot and 52 Sayle, William 29 in HiUJlburg 37. 227 Scania 213 invasion threat by from Flanders Scheidt, R. 173, 188 137, l~ . 142-4, 145, 146 Schlezer, Johann Frederick. 106, networks 12, 143-4 110, 133, 134, 194,206 Penruddock Revolt 67-70 Schwyz, Canton of 100, 114 in Poland ] 90 Scobell, Henry 33 in Russia 37. 219 Scotland I, 12, 23, 35, 39, 48, 53, Swedish links, fear of 192, 197 60,107,111,154,157,158, in United Provinces 154, 155, 185, 191, 247 172 army in, opposed to France 98 Rudyerd. Sir Benjamin 73, 76 Searle, Daniel 86 Rupert, Prince 52, 74, 86, 160, Sedgewi.ck., Colonel Robert 232 and Acadia 28, 63 Russell, James 168 and Jamaica 83 Russell, Mr, agent in France 34 warns Cromwell of counter· Russia 37, 192, 194, 198, 205, productive nature of raids 84 206, 207, 214 Sernen, Abel 66, 129 chancellor of 222, 224, 225, condemns current English 22. proposals 63 Cromwell's policy towards memorandum to Mazarin on 218-29 English threat 41 'Time of Troubles' in 219, 227 sending of brother to Savoy 99 'Zemsky Sohor' of (1613) 222 Sexby, Colonel Edward .34 su aLIa Cromwell, Oliver; Foreign and Bordeaux revolt 41-2,43 Policy: Russia escapes from custody and warns Ruyter, Admiral Michael de 140, Spain of Westem Design 92 141,179,181,182,183 hopes from Kingship proposal crisis 138, 139 Sadler, John 25 reports to Council on France Sagredo, Giovanni 235 45,47 St GhisJain 137 talks with Spain 110 Index 321 Thurloe on neutralizing plans of, Somerset House 248 111 Sound, The 173, IB5-6, IB7, 190, Sheffield, Edmund, Earl of 206,207, 211,216 Mulgrave 20, 22, 23, 78, 177, Charles X crosses 212 ,.3 English losses in 10 Durch, Shipping, English settled 168 seizures by French 68-9, 107 in Treaty of Roskilde 213 seizures by Denmark 170 Spain 3,4,5,6, 7,8, 10, 11 , 13, suffers from Navy's 14,17,26,32,33,35,65, 162, concentration on Spanish War 163,164,166,172,174,177, 113 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, threal 10 in Mediterranean of 185, 187, 190, 191. 197, 198, Dutch-Spanish links 141 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 214, Ships 215, 224, 226. 241, 242, 245, BuhiVf! 177 246,250,251,252 Cal 183 crisis of 1640 in 6 Charity 177 1« auo Cromwell. Oliver; Foreign Dan~l 177 Policy; Spanish policy Emdrachl 177 Spanish Netherlands 3, 44, 102, Francis and John 188 175, 181, 195 Frtdtridc 188 shipping, dedine of 58, 73, 120 Frog 177 War, The (1655-8) 7,27-8, Gran Princi~ 235, 236 175, 188, 190, 194, 200, 214, Marslon MOQf 245 217,219; commercial and Nasebj 245 financial effects of 246, 249 0aUn Tr~ 177 Spice Islands 165, 186 Peter 177 Spintelet, Sebastian 147 Pipon 177 Stadholdership PO.fliUion 177, 188 Cromwell desires lo keep Princess 233 William III from 164. 167; sn &.solution 234, 236, 237 auo Cromwell, Oliver; Foreign SI John 177 Policy: Dutch policy Thru IUnp 177 of West friesland and Holland White ELephanl 166, 232 168 Shrewsbury 20 Start Point 155 Shropshire 22 States-General, The 35, 96, 128. Sicily 56, 65 129, 154, 161 , 165, 168, 169, Sidney, Algernon 24, 158 173,175, 176,180,185,187, Sidney, Sir Philip 14, 23 188, 193, 208, 211, 213, 223 Sidney, Philip, Lord Lisle 20,21, Stayner, Captain Richard 50, 22,23,24,31,49, 162, 165, 120-1, 144, 202, 246, 247 177, l7R, 183 Slakes, Luke 86-7, 234. 237 Sidney, Roberl, Sret Earl of Stolbovo, Treaty of (1617) 224 Leicester 20,21,23,35 Stone, William 28 Skaggerrak, The 213 Stouppe. Jean-Baptiste 34, 43, 54, Skippon, Colonel Philip 2,17,20, 56,77,98,101, Ill, 114 21,22, 24, 31 Stralsund 148 Smyrna 36, lBO, 232, 234 Straten, H~rr van der 166 Somers Island Company 25, 29, 244 Strickland, Sir Walter 18,20,21, 322 Index Slrickland am!. 96,99, 100, 107, 108-9, 110, 22,26,28, !II, 46, 93, 100, 111,113,115-16, 118, 126, 154-5, 157, 158. 162, 165, 131, 134-6, 141, 142-3, 144, 177,178,183,196,198,200, 148-9,152,158,162,176, 20' 177,181, 182,184,185,186, Stuart, House of 3, 6, 13. 38, 45, 187, 194, 198, 199, 205, 207, 50, 94, 223, 240, 248 208,211,214-15,216,219, and their ambassadors l5 225,227,228,229,230, 231, Studland Bay 177 235, 237, 242, 244, 245, 246, Su.ssex 25 247, 248, 249, 252, 253 Swaine, SA., article by 9 assume$ secretaryship 15 Swansea 20 background of 22 Sweden 5, 10, 13, 26. 33, 37, 38, and Charles II 24 44,58,67, 112, 114, 133, HI, home at Wi$bech, pretensions of 159,162,170,172,175,176, 22 178,179, ISO. 181, 184, 185, 'Memorandum' of on policy 186, 219, 220, 223, 224, 227, role in foreign policy: analysis of 228, 229, 252 views 32; effects of illnesses summary of historical opinion on implementation of 231-2; 190 leader of faction encouraging JU abo Cromwell, Oliver; Foreign Franco-Spanish War 44; Policy; Swedish Policy opinions of on Dutch 207, Switzerland 22, 26, 27, 33, 36, 96, 211; on reasons for occupying 100, 114, 133, 203, 227 Dunkirk 148-9, 187; on Sydenham. Thomas 22, 25 Sweden being less important Sydenham, Celone! William 20, than Portugal 141; role in 21,22,24,25, 100, 114, 157, dealing with ambassadors 18, 162,178 26; treaty drawn up to tie nearly resigns rather than take Sweden to English oath to consliruLion 140 requirements 214-15 secures money from Parliament unique position of Secretaryship 12' under him 31-3 Tichbome, Alderman Robert 27, Ta1bot, Father Peter. intrigues to 162, 242 conven Charles II 116 Tilbury 220 Talon, Orner 184 Torbay 179 Teflon, M. 212,213 Tordesillas, Treil.ty of (1494) 72, Tetuan 120 73, 159 Texel, Battle of the (1653) 158 Tortugas 50, 76, 78 Thirty Years' War 2, 193 Tou, Count 93, 134 Thompson, Maurice 231,244 Tower of London, The 89,107,247 as adviser 27 Trade 9 and renewa1 of East India English uptains complain at Company Charter 173-4 DUlch connering 188 on Western Design committee 80 free, Anglo-Dutch, in Vermuyden Thompson, WiIliil.m 171 Plan 159-60 Thurloe, John 5, 6, 26, 3D, 45, free, possibility of to East 46,47,49,52,53,57,59,60, Indies 174 61,64,67,68-9,72,83,89, Trancas, M. 42 Index 323 Treasury Commi~ioners 27,231, JU also Dutch, The; Cromwell, 247 Oliver; Foreign Policy; Dutch Treaties Policy Anglo-Dutch (1654) 166-8, 172 Upton, John 231 Anglo-French (1655) 62,64, 107-8, 110-12 Valenciennes 118 Anglo-French (1657): approach Vane, Sir Henry (junior) 15, 39. to 127-30; terms of 130-1: 40, 153, 156, 240 Secret Articles in 132-3, and Cardinal de Reu 42 Lockhart's explanation of Vil.udois Massacre 26,33,69,91, 131-2 94-101, 109, 1l0, 185, 194. Anglo-French (1658) 147 203,204 Anglo-Portuguese (J 654): terms Venables. Sir Robert 31,76,80, of 122, forced ratification of lOS, 106, 252 122-4 il.rrest 107 Anglo-Spanish (1604) 57,74 bilure il.S commander of Western Anglo-Spanish (1630) 57,74, Design 82-S 76, 77, breaches of 105-6 Vendome, cesar de Bourbon, Anglo-Swedish (1654) 173 Admiral il.nd Duc de 41, 107 Anglo-Swed.ish (1656) 194-200 Venezuela 79, 160, 187 Tregowrie, Commissioner 27-8 Venice 18, 131, 147 Trevelyan, George Otto 8 Cromwell's relatiom with 233-7 Trevor-Roper, Hugh $U also Cromwell, Oliver; Fordgn assessment of Cromwell 10 Policy; Venetian,Turkish and assessmenl of Lambert 23 Meditt:rranean Policy Trinidad 79, 86 Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius 77, Tripoli 233, 234, 236, 237 154,173,178,179 Trondjheim 213 Plan of 158-161 Tnu SlaL! of 1M Cast of 1M Vic, Sir Henry de 110 Comnwnwtallh 17 Viceroyalties, Spanish 58, 73 Tromp, Admiral Martin van 155, Vienna 35 157, 158 Villcfranche 97 Tunis 232, 233, 237 Villiers, George, 1st Duke of Turenne, Henri de la Tour, Buckingham 2, 155 Vicomte and Marshal de 137, Vincent, Mr 80 142, 143 Virgina 28, 29 resists Dunkirk cil.mpaign 129 Vyner, Sir Thomall 27, 100, 144, tenns for surrender of Dunkirk 231, 248 147 Turin 100 WaJes, South 22 Turner, William 171 Wall~r, Edmund 121 Turnham Green 21 Of a War with S/J4in and a Fight Tuscany, Grand Duchy of 232 at Sea 121 'Two Crowm', The 3, 13, 38, 145 Wa1singham, Sir Francis 1, 3,21, 31 Ukraine 205, 228 Warcupp, Edward 99 Uniu:d Provinces 170, 175, 176, Wards, Court of 22 181,182, 186,187,191,215, Warsaw 202 216,223,240.242 'Wars of Religion', The 6,8 324 Index Watts, WiUiam 85, 223 embassy of 191-2 Weser, R 210 embassy to Northern Protestants, Western Design, The 12, 18, 25, advises in 195-6 29, 38, 45, 55, 56, 67. 69, on Gage 77 71-90, 91, 93, 97, 98, 99, 102. Whitford, Major 188 104, 106, 108, 118, 120, 137, Widdrington, Sir Thomas, Speaker 140, 161, 163, 177, 209, 240, of 1656-8 Parliament 138 249,252 William, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel Cromwell on case of carrying ]33,215 out 59 William III of Orange, later III of Council's choice of target for England 4, 155, 163, 167, 80-1 168 failures and inadequacies of sa also Cromwell, Oliver; Foreign 81-3 Policy; Dutch Policy; Exclusion historical background of 71-7 Crisis outcome and aftermath of Williams, Sir Abraham 165 83-90 Williams, William 80 plans for, rival 79-81 Willoughby, Frands, Lord of West Indies 2,8,45,47,51,53, Parham 29, 74, 86, 243 55, 56, 50, 64, 68, 73, 74, 77, backs West Indies Company 85 78, SO, 84, 88, 95, 116, 119, Winthrop, Stephen 25, 30 125,127,177,185,197.215, Winslow, Edmund 25, 28, SO, 168 245 Wisbech 22 Cromwell demands English trade Wismar 210 in 57 Win, John de 155,156,164,165, Cromwell explains need for 172, 175, 176, 180,242 retaliation in 59 and Downing 185-6 English public opinion in favour and crisis over the 'Exclusion of attacking 49 Article' 168-71 West Indies Company 242 and the Spanish Netherlancls Cromwell ignores Povey's plans 187-8 for 84-5 Wolseley, Sir Charles 12,17,19,21, plans for. advanced by Povey 26,28,100,177,178,220,231 30,84-5 favours Kingship proposal 138 plans for under Charles I 75 opposes 1656 embassy to Wesunin.ster Auembly, The (J643) Northern Protestants 195 19,23 Wolseley, Sir Robert 23 Westphalia Worcester, Battle of (1651) 20, territory in, offered to Cromwell 23, 39, 41 by Sweden 210 Worsley, Colonel Charles 157, 162 Treaties of (Munster and Wright, Sir Benjamin 92. 103 Osnabruck, 1648) 136, 158, Wylde, Richard 242, 244 199,215,216 Whitehall 2, 123, 156, 202, 248 York, James Duke of, later James II White Mountain, Battle of the 35, 114 (1620) 95 Yorkshire 22, 23, 208 Whitelocke, Bulstrode 17,18, 19, Young, Captain Anthony 155 26, 27, 33, 35, 36, 156, 170, 178, 196,197, 198,199,200, Zadowski, Baron 133 203 Zealand, Estates of 156, 169, 176