What's out There

Home , Allan Gardens, Allan Lamport, Baldwin Steps, Bayview Bridge (Toronto), Beltline Trail, Berczy Park

(Source: West 8, 2012)

WHAT’S OUT THERE TORONTO 1 THE TEAM

WHAT’S OUT THERE: MEMBERS Jake Garland Katie Hickey Melinda Holland Nathan Jenkins Julien Kuehnhold Adam Sweanor Anne Winters & PLG720 Undergraduate Partners SUPERVISOR (PL8106) Nina-Marie Lister MENTORS Brendan Stewart, ERA Architects Kelsey Blackwell, Studio Blackwell

PREPARED FOR OUR CLIENT The Cultural Landscape Foundation (TCLF) Charles Birnbaum, Founder and Director Matthew Traucht, Program Director

2 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction 7 The Commuter Landscape 56 Preface - About the Initiative 8 The Concrete City 60 Preface - Cultural Landscapes 9 What’s POP(ing) Toronto? 64 Purpose 10 Our Mandate 11 Chapter 4: Toronto’s Cultural Landscapes 69 City Precincts 70 Chapter 2: The Evolving City 13 Western Waterfront 73 The Timeline 14 Garrison Commons 76 1615 - First Settlers 17 Central Waterfront 78 1793 - The British Arrive 19 The 32 Park Lots 87 1853 - The Grand Trunk Railway 21 Toronto Islands 101 1909 - Toronto Guild of Civic Art 23 Old Town 103 1945 - Postwar Ambition 25 Eastern Waterfront 107 1954 - Hurricane Hazel 27 The Expanding City 113 1970 - Environmental Recognition 29 Today - Neighbourhoods 29 Chapter 5: What Now 133 Now - The Cosmopolitan City 31 Acknowledgements 135

Chapter 3: How to Read the Guide 33 Chapter 6: Methods 137 The Categorization 34 The Database 142 City Precincts 35 Layers of the Landscape 36 References 144 The Layers Defned 37 The Synergistic City 38 The Greenbelt Landform 42 Toronto’s Extensive Ravine System 46 A Change in Tide 50 4 5 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

6 7 PREFACE: ABOUT THE INITIATIVE PREFACE: CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

UNESCO defnes cultural landscapes as, combined works of nature Cultural landscapes are important because they are a legacy for ev- THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE FOUNDATION (TCLF) WHAT’S OUT THERE (WOT) and humankind that express a long and intimate relationship be- eryone. They reveal aspects of our country’s origins and development tween peoples and their natural environment (UNESCO website). as well as our evolving relationships with the natural world. It is Founded by Charles Birnbaum, TCLF, is a Washington, DC-based TCLF’s What’s Out There (WOT) guides and the associated online important to protect cultural landscapes because neglect and inap- non-proft organization that provides people with the tools to database serve as a reference to cultural landscapes for the public, Cultural Landscapes provide a sense of place and identity; they map propriate development put our irreplaceable landscape legacy in- see, understand and value cultural landscapes and the designers, academics and professionals. The guides provokes interest, informs our relationship with the land over time; and they are part of our na- creasingly at risk. (TCLF website). Ways in which cities develop today planners and landscape architects that help to create these plac- strewardship decisions, and enriches the collective understanding tional heritage and each of our lives. They are sites associated with are sometimes governed by short-sighted decisions that threaten es. Through its website, database, lectures, outreach programs and of our designed landscape history. In print and online, the WOT a signifcant event, activity, person or group of people.They range in the survival and continuity of our shared heritage. Therefore, it is publishing, TCLF broadens the support and understanding for cul- guides are a series of publications that serve as unique place-based size from thousands of acres of rural land to historic homesteads. everyone’s responsibility to safeguard cultural landscapes to preserve tural landscapes throughout the US and now in Canada to assist model to the cultural landscapes of selected cities in North America. They can be grand estates, farmlands, public gardens and parks, col- histories of the past, present and future. Toronto in developing a strategy for protection of the cultural land- lege campuses, cemeteries, scenic highways, and industrial sites. scapes in Toronto. They are works of art, narratives of cultures, and expressions of regional identity (TCLF website). 8 9 PURPOSE OUR MANDATE

Why is this discussion important to the City of Toronto right now? landscapes we have grown accustomed to, those that have shaped 1 3 Toronto is in need of a strategy that allows us to better understand our lives, have been consciously planned, either by professionals, or TO IDENTIFY TO EDUCATE and interpret our landscapes. In identifying, protecting and educat- by the traditions of a particular community. Even though the neces- To be the frst to identify cultural landscapes in Toronto. To identify To emphasize how the history of our city is embedded in our cultur- ing, we hope to provide the city with the necessary compiled re- sary pieces of policy exist, the importance of stewarding our cultural cultural landscapes in Toronto by highlighting our connection to the al landscapes.To educate the public representatives and residents o search in order to prevent short-sighted planning decisions from landscapes will not resonate without a full understanding of their public realm, and to promote the need to steward these spaces. promote awareness and stewardship of cultural landscapes and em- threatening the vitality of our cherished public spaces and shared intrinsic values. Toronto’s current policy context does not provide de- phasize the role of the public in protecting these pockets of urban cultural heritage. cision-makers with a strategy to fully inform and guide decisions history. 2 concerning the future of development around these culturally sig- TO PROTECT Although we have learned to appreciate the most famous, impres- nifcant spaces. To assist and support a preservation strategy for the City of Toronto. To sive, and heavily designed spaces, we often fail to see the importance protect cultural themes which have defned our City. The way that we of the historic, vernacular, ethnographic and mildly-designed spaces. Torotonian’s ought to be proud of the landscapes that we have col- currently manage and steward the public realm is ad hoc, we need to In Toronto specifcally, some of the most imposing structures and lectively created, and as a community, we should do more to under- protect our cultural landscapes in a much more proactive way. landscapes bear no familiar signatures and we often forget that the stand them, protect them and bring them to public attention. 10 11 CHAPTER 2: THE EVOLVING CITY

12 13 TIMELINE

1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW 1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW

14 15 FRENCH MAP OF TORONTO 1615 1675 FIRST SETTLERS

As with all North American cities, original settlement begins with the First Nations. The Iroquois are dated to have occupied the north shore of Lake Ontario as far back as 1615 (Hayes, 2008). A number of villages existed along the shores with two particularly noted on the frst set of European maps . The Teyeyagon was located near the mouth of the Humber River and the Ganatchakiagon was located on the Rouge River. Both played integral roles for fur trading between the First Nations and the French (Hayes, 2008).

This area was given the name “The Toronto Carrying Place” and the map shown above is the trail that connected Lake Ontario to the Holland River and Lake Simcoe. This trail was 1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW used as the primary route for fur traders (Hayes, 2008).

Source: NewsAtlas, n.d.

THE TORONTO CARRYING PURCHASE 1805

Source: NewsAtlas, n.d. 16 17 1793: THE BRITISH ARRIVE

After the separation of Upper and Lower Canada, divided into 32 park lots that ran from the Don River Group, 2001). He developed a grand vision to reserve the area was recognized by the British as a suitable to Lansdowne Avenue with Bloor and Queen Street the whole waterfront, from the Town to the Fort and defensible area for settlement. In 1793 Lt- holding the north and south borders (Smith, 2013). as a reserve free of population (WGWG, 2001). This Governor John Graves Simcoe began laying the city’s Township lots, were further created and followed vision began to take shape when he set aside the foundation establishing Upper Canada’s new capital, the pattern of the Park Lots with double their width town’s two “bookends” for reservation - that being the Town of York. The western part of the lands were (Smith, 2013). The township lots were laid out in the Garrison Reserve to the west and King’s Park to reserved for government military use, while the rows called concessions, which were separated by the east (WGWG, 2001). eastern areas were used for settlement and covered road allowances giving way to the major corridors a total area of 10 blocks (Hayes, 2008). we see today such as Queen, Bloor and Eglington St It wasn’t until 25 years later when formal steps were (Smith, 2013). taken to enter the next stage of Simcoe’s grand Simcoe wanted an aristocracy to settle in the town so plan to begin linking the two reserves together. A he provided an incentive, using land as a commodity Shortly after the clearing of land began, Simcoe 30-acre strip located south of Front Street ran from to entice people to come (Smith, 2013). The land started to see the beauty of the natural landscape Parliament - Peter and was dedicated as park land beyond the original 10 blocks was surveyed and lining the water’s edge (Walks and Gardens Working under the name the Walks and Gardens (WGWG, 1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW 2001). TOWN OF YORK’S 10-BLOCK SETTLEMENT TOWN OF YORK’S 32 PARKLOTS WATERFRONT PARK RESERVES

KING’S PARK GARRISON RESERVE

Source: Historical Maps of Toronto, n.d. Source: Historical Maps of Toronto, n.d. Source: Historical Maps of Toronto, n.d. 18 19 1853: THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY

The Grand Trunk Railway was a rail line built to well as marked the beginning of the city’s estranged by giving people the opportunity to traverse over its link Atlantic Canada to the American Midwest with relationship with the waterfront), the Grand Trunk muddy roads for longer distances with relative ease major stations located in Montreal and Toronto. This Railway did catalyze the transformation of Toronto. (compared to the alternative of walking them). Map venture put tremendous pressure on City Council to The rail line created explosive growth and spurred 3 shows the expansion of the city that was aided by build a railway esplanade that would link the eastern expansive real estate development. The principle the street car lines indicated in red. and western portions of the line and ultimately run market of the land began to grow, stretching its through Toronto’s waterfront. As a result, the Walks boundaries and annexing smaller villages such and Gardens were sold off to the railway where as Yorkville, York Mills and Parkdale (Hayes, 2008). “...the railway would, in the space of the money was set aside into a trust which the City Below we see a map that shows the city’s growth a few decades, transform Toronto, used to build other public spaces such as High Park, through such annexations. Dufferin Grove, Riverdale Park and Allan Gardens propelling it frmly away from the (Doolittle, 2007). The latter part of the 19th century saw continued small town it once was and into the growth for Toronto. The building of the street car Victorian age as a full-fedged city.” Although this railway destroyed Simcoe’s vision, (as lines really pushed the city to expand its boundaries 1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW - Hayes, 2008, 46 THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY CITY OF TORONTO’S ANNEXATION MAP TORONTO STREETCAR RAILWAY LINES CIRCA 1905 CIRCA 1892

Source: Wikimedia Commons, 2005 Source: Civic Transportation Committee, 1915 Source: Historical Atlas of Toronto, n.d. 20 21 THE TORONTO GUILD OF CIVIC ART PLAN 1909

Source: Toronto Public Library, 1908 1793 1853 1909 1945 1970 NOW 1615 1954 1909: TORONTO GUILD OF CIVIC ART

It wasn’t until 1909 where the frst push to protect completely inadequate (Economic Development and Toronto’s natural landscape was made by a group Parks Committee, 2004). Their plan sought to known as the Toronto Guild of Civic Art (Econom- ic Development and Parks Committee, 2004). Their Their plan sought to establish a continuous ring of establish a continuous ring push was to make a city not just like the “City Beauti- green space around the city and to add hundreds of ful” (that was happening in other areas of the world acres of new parks and playgrounds. Unfortunately of green space around the at the time), but to bring about Toronto’s own beauty for the Guild however, city council decided to put that dwellers can really connect and identify with their focus towards building infrastructure and ex- city and to add hundreds and truly love (Economic Development and Parks panding the city (Economic Development and Parks Committee, 2004). Committee, 2004). of acres of new parks and playgrounds. These reformers emphasized the importance of conservation and parks planning on a larger-scale and believed that the number of public squares, parks and playgrounds existing in Toronto were 22 23 1945: POST WAR AMBITION

Post WWII era, the social and economic landscape of neighbourhood layouts that sought to counteract institutions growing and expanding under the the City would change fundamentally. This era marks the old traditional model of suburban development modernist movement (Williams, 2014). a time of extreme planning ambition and is where (WIlliams, 2014). An important component of this Toronto really begins to blossom and grow into an era was Don Mills neighbourhood as it is credited This era marks a time of exciting cosmopolitan city under the modernist as being one of the most signifcant and infuential movement. postwar developments in North America (Williams, extreme planning ambition and 2014). This new era of planning in Toronto was originally is where Toronto really begins stimulated by the return of the war veterans This era continued to see more ambition by creating to blossom and grow into an and the national baby boom, coupled with the high volume private transportation networks widespread housing crisis from the lack of private with the construction of urban freeways such as exciting cosmopolitan city development in the preceding years (Williams, 2014). the Gardiner Expressway. Ambition on a country- Designers and planners alike began to move beyond wide scale was also experience with a number of under the modernist movement. conventional way of thinking and create alternative universities, colleges, civic buildings and cultural 1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW DON MILLS NEIGHBOURHOOD THE GARDINER EXPRESSWAY NATHAN PHILLIPS SQUARE AND TORONTO CITY HALL CIRCA: 1952 ESTABLISHED 1955-1966 OPENED 1965

Source: Urban Toronto, 2005 Source: Chuckman, 2011 Source: Taxiarchos228, 2009 24 25 THE TORONTO REGIONAL CONSERVATION AUTHORITY TRCA PROPERTY + POTENTIAL PROPERTY

Source: Toronto Region Conservation Authority, n.d. 1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW We can’t speak to the cultural landscapes of Toronto without mentioning the impacts that Hurricane “This accident of Hazel had on to today’s city form. In the words of Robert Fulford, “this accident of nature was a turning nature was a turning point and the most infuential one-day event in the 1954: planning history of modern Toronto.” (Fulford, 1995; 35-36) It demonstrated the extreme vulnerability and point and the most sensitivity of the city’s topography and as a response, the Toronto Regional Conservation Authority (TRCA) infuential one-day was formed. The TRCA worked to turn the ravines from privately owned land into publicly accessible event in the planning HURRICANE conservation areas with the goal of protecting the city form further devastations of fooding. history of modern This map above shows lands that are currently under the TRCA’s property (highlighted in orange). Toronto.” HAZEL - Fulford, 1995, 35-36

26 27 1970: TORONTO’S OPEN SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL RECOGNITION In 1970, Toronto activists started to demand for the greening of the city including the protection of the present naturally set landscapes (Economic Development and Parks Committee, 2004). Over the next 20 years areas of provincial and national interest expanded, as their importance for clean air, wildlife habitats, native forests Source: ESRI, n.d. 1615 1793 1853 1909 1945 1954 1970 NOW and ecosystems came into recognition. TORONTO NEIGHBOURHOODS MAP TODAY: PRESENT DAY NEIGHBOURHOODS Although the provided history has yet to touch on the City’s neighbourhoods, they are an integral role in the way Toronto has formed its cultural landscapes. The City’s frst set of neighbourhoods were identifed in 1834 when the Town of York was split into fve municipal wards. Each ward was named after a religious saint; St. George, St. Andrew, St. Patrick, St. David, and St. Lawrence (OldmapsToronto, n.d.). Now today, with over 240 neighborhoods in Toronto, pockets of cultural identity and diversity are continuously expanding and multiplying. Torontonians have been associating themselves with areas in the city defned by the neighbourhoods system and are beginning to cherish other neighbourhoods and their respective cultural landscapes in new ways. Source: OneLoveTO, n.d. 28 29 NOW: (Source: Kirtan, 2013) COSMOPOLITAN CITY

Toronto has become one of the most ethnically diverse cities on the planet. Unlike the old Toronto, the city of today is rich and spirited, and these images illustrate its cosmopolitan life. 1945 1970 Similar to the City Beautiful Movement, planners and design professionals are, 1615 1793 1853 1909 1954 NOW once again, being driven by “urbanistic” ideals. These professionals are creating (Source: Historical Maps of Toronto, n.d.) inherently rich, aesthetically beautiful and unique public spaces, and despite today’s pressures and challenges, there is still a great interest in our cultural and natural landscapes as well. These landscapes are synergistically creating a truly liveable city.

Toronto Waterfront is one of the most extensive urban rebuilding project’s in the North American history. Simcoe initially saw the beauty of the natural landscape lining the water’s edge and he developed his own grand vision. However, the waterfront was occupied for more than a century by impassable port facilities, railways, and industry. This is an archival look at the old waterfront.

The Toronto Waterfront Revitalization project is a perfect example of the steps being taken to reconcile urban citizens with the city through the creation of public space.

By turning our post-industrial landscape into a vision similar to what General Simcoe had envisioned centuries ago, the city is becoming a place where people want to live and where residents desire to be.

30 31 CHAPTER 3: HOW TO READ THE GUIDE

32 33 CATEGORIZATION CITY PRECINCTS

In our representation of the sites we have structured this guide in a way that al- cincts and are located south of the original establishments with Bathurst and lows you to locate sites based on their geographic locations represented by eight Parliament Streets holding the boundary lines that separate the three. The Toronto precincts. These precincts have been chosen based on historical connections to Islands were decided as the seventh precinct of the city as all contained sites hold WESTERN WATERFRONT CENTRAL WATERFRONT the city, as well as the presently set boundaries along the waterfront. unique characteristics that are culturally identifable within this physically separated geographic area. The fnal precinct, the Expanded City, holds the remaining The next page provides a visual showing the eight representative precincts where sites that are located beyond the old Town of York, the 32 park lots and the Garri- GARRISON RESERVE TORONTO ISLANDS sites of similar geographic location can be categorized together. We begin with son Reserve’s boundaries. the historic old Town of York where the original 10 blocks were laid along with the extended surrounding areas. To the north, a second precinct of the original 32 park It should be noted that these precincts are not set in the number of sites they hold, lots exists with the boundaries of Parliament – Lansdowne Ave to the east and and although some seem to be lacking in numbers, we interpret this as opportu- THE 32 PARK LOTS EASTERN WATERFRONT west, and Queen – Bloor Street to the north and south. West of this precinct is the nity for precincts to grow culturally as more landscapes are added by citizens of historic Garrison Commons that housed the military activity for the Town of York. Toronto.

The Western, Central and Eastern Waterfronts are the fourth, ffth and sixth pre- OLD TOWN EXPANDING CITY

34 35 LAYERS OF THE LANDSCAPE THE LAYERS DEFINED

Toronto can be read as a series of urban landscapes; successive, and often “hidden”, layers embedded in each of the 2 THE CONCESSIONS 4 THE NEIGHBOURHOODS sites we have explored. When the layers are compressed, we witness the complexity and interconnectedness of the AND PARKLOTS This next layer highlights the neighbourhoods of the city. city. In order to understand the forces, infuences and fac- The next layer illustrates the Concessions and Park Lots To re-emphasize what was already stated, Toronto is a city tors that shape the city and its landscapes, we must learn which have played a key role in how Toronto’s current of neighbourhoods. The network of Toronto’s neighbour- 5 how to dissect it into its successive parts. street and lot patterns are arranged. Initially, each owner hoods, inspired by the streetcar, provide context for us as of a Park Lot was able to lay out streets and sell lots in Torontonians. 1 any sort of confguration without the onus of aligning their THE TOPOGRAPHY streets up to those of their neighbours. Although lots were irregular in size and arrangement, the original long, narrow 5 This frst layer illustrates Toronto’s topography. park lots resulted in the grid model we see today. Several GREEN SPACE This topography is the very foundation of the city. We can of Toronto’s parks, such as Grange Park, Moss Park, Allan see the location of the extensive ravine system which con- Gardens and Bellevue Square, have come to fruition from This fnal layer illustrates the green space in Toronto. It 4 stitutes the organic and subterranean life of the city. Three the Park Lots. is interesting to compare our current green space system of our essays have been extracted from this layer. with the one proposed in 1909 by the Toronto Group of Civic Guild, whose plan “sought to establish a continuous The frst essay, which starts at the broadest scale of the 3 THE RAILROADS ring of green space around the city and to add hundreds three, highlights the Greenbelt Landform. This essay has of acres of new parks and playgrounds”. Today, the City of sought to observe how the Greenbelt Landform has infu- The next layer highlights the railroads and streetcar lines Toronto has more than 1,600 public parks and 600 km of enced, not only the development of Toronto, but the devel- which caused Toronto to develop into a major industrial trails. The parks system covers roughly 13% of the city’s opment of the entire Greater Golden Horseshoe. trading centre and a commuting city. land area. These statistics provide the City of Toronto with These landscapes safeguard the deep intrinsic value hu- its slogan, “A City Within a Park”. 3 mans have placed on the natural environment. This brings us to our fourth essay. The commuter landscape has been evolving for years. The building of the This layer will also introduce our fnal two essay topics. The second essay delves into the role of the ravine system streetcar lines allowed the city to expand its boundaries, The frst focuses on the modernist movement. Many struc- in the city. The Humber, Rouge, and Don River’s meander while facilitating connectivity on a broader scale. tures created during the modernist movement are seen as through the cityscape. The ravine system was brought to Today the commuter landscape tells a much different a blight on the cityscape based on their lack of aesthetic the forefront of conservation planning after the events of story. Having some of the highest commute times in N.A, appeal. However, this reality highlights the need to expose hurricane hazel. the people of Toronto have vocalized the need to remedi- this contemporary blind-spot in our society. Modernist 2 ate the bifurcation between public and private modes of structures, which are often underappreciated and misun- Finally, our third essay focuses on the progressive fortif- transportation. Here we see another shift, from automobile derstood, represent an exciting era of cultural investment, cation and evolution of Toronto’s Waterfront. As mentioned supremacy to a multimodal city. Furthermore, as a winter city building, and design innovation in Toronto. above, the extensive waterfront revitalization project has city, the PATH system has been a unique and important garnered global attention and has ultimately been tied to pedestrian space that deserves further exploration and Our fnal essay looks at the public-private landscape in the the reconnaissance of the profession of landscape archi- explanation. city. Unused land is a rare commodity in North American tecture in North America. cities and an increase in density, coupled with rising land 1 costs, is making it diffcult for cities to provide new public parks (Wong, 2014). The City of Toronto has turned to private partnerships to provide Privately Owned Public Spac- es (POPS) as a means to alleviate this problem.

36 37 these pockets of urban history.

As citizens of Toronto, we often neglect to see the culture embedded in our most vernacular and ethnographic landscapes and for decades have overlooked and undervalued many these spaces. Although we have learned to appreciate the most famous, impressive, and heavily designed landscapes, we often fail to see the value in historic, vernacular, ethnographic and mildly-designed spaces situated in less spectacular milieus. Such landscapes inherently achieve a “high-level of aesthetic and social quality through refnement of traditional elements, originality of design, or thoughtful response to specifc circumstances” (Williams, 2014, p.6) that we as the public fail to see. For these reasons, we have sought to bring an understanding to the City of Toronto by presenting the complex and multifaceted layers that are engrained through the Toronto’s past, present, and future. These successive layers that have shaped and infuenced Toronto’s current landscape include the historical concessions and park lots, the (Source: Sensei, 2009) extensive ravine and green space system, our diverse neighbourhoods and the park spaces located within. This report will provide a reading of these layers to help navigate and guide understanding as well as to establish a baseline to help measure the future success of the City’s landscape stewardship.

To delve further into the City’s dynamic synergy, a THE SYNERGISTIC CITY series of essays will complement its rich narrative By: Katie Hickey, Melinda Holland, Anne Winters and to assist in the overall understanding of Toronto’s landscape. Starting at the broadest scale, we begin with the Greenbelt Landforms and how To begin the discussion of What’s Out There, we must future. The importance of stewarding our cultural In 2013, the City developed the Parks Plan to they have infuenced not just the development of frst examine the importance of cultural landscapes. landscapes is more evident now than ever before. work in conjunction with the Recreation Service Toronto but the entire Greater Golden Horseshoe. Cultural landscapes provide a sense of place and With rapid growth affecting the City, we are in a dire Plan, the Strategic Forest Management Plan, and These landscapes are environmentally sensitive identity. They map our relationship with the land need of a comprehensive strategy and strategic plan the Offcial Plan to achieve stewardship for our geographical landforms that function to contain spatially as well as temporally and are very much a to protect the culture embedded into our landscapes. cultural identities seen through our landscapes. urban sprawl, as well as to protect and restore part of our national heritage. They are sites associated The relevance of this discussion proves vital to the Although these policy pieces exist, the importance the region’s natural resources. The Greenbelt also with a signifcant event, activity, person or group and future of Toronto’s landscapes as we can only value of stewarding our cultural landscapes will not simultaneously safeguards the deep intrinsic value are narratives of culture that hold signifcant parts of what we know and understand. resonate without an explicit understanding of their humans have placed on its natural environment and our regional identity (TCLF, n.d.). This guide discusses intrinsic values. This policy context does not provide dynamic ecosystems (Ministry of Municipal Affairs not only what cultural landscapes are, but also looks City policy has identifed the importance of protecting decision-makers with a strategy to meaningfully and Housing, 2008). The watersheds originating at how the history of the City has played a major Toronto’s green spaces, ravines, and neighborhoods guide decisions concerning the future development from the Oak Ridges Moraine extend across role in shaping our public spaces. In this narrative, that have played signifcant roles of how Toronto around Toronto’s culturally signifcant spaces. What’s Southern Ontario with the Humber, Don and Rouge we hope to administer a better understanding of the identifes itself socially, culturally, ecologically and Out There Toronto will be used to raise awareness Rivers meandering through Toronto’s landscape, and unique synergy that is Toronto’s past, present and spiritually with residents and visitors worldwide. and emphasize the role of the public in protecting fowing into Lake Ontario. Together, these watersheds 38 39 (Source: Wheeler 2013)

create Toronto’s intricate ravine system and foster a unique relationship between natural and urbanized environments. The power of Toronto’s ravine system was brought to the forefront of city and conservation planning after the devastation of Hurricane Hazel. “This accident of nature was a turning point and the most infuential one-day event in the planning history of modern Toronto” (Fulford, 1995, 35-36). Hazel demonstrated the vulnerability and sensitivity of the City’s topography and as a result fuelled the creation of the Toronto Regional Conservation Authority (TRCA) to better facilitate the protection of these natural resources. In doing so, the City gained publicly accessible, natural green buffers that weave through Toronto’s urban fabric

Serving as the location where the three watersheds coalesce, the shoreline of Lake Ontario has for decades, been a neglected precinct in the City. In recent years however, the extensive waterfront has been featured on the world stage with movements to reconnect the post industrial waterfront with the City and its people through the creation of public spaces and parks. Toronto’s Waterfront Revitalization project has garnered global attention for its potential of redevelopment and has ultimately been tied to the reconnaissance of the profession of landscape architecture in North America.

In addition to Toronto’s natural landscapes, human- made features have also contributed to the collective cultural values of the City and its people. Often heavily critiqued, the commuter landscape has evolved beyond the context of automobile supremacy into a and misunderstood, Toronto’s concrete architecture The City of Toronto has turned to private partnerships a unique position on the world stage that separates socio-political issue signifcant public in shaping the represents an exciting era of ambition, cultural to provide privately owned public spaces (POPS) as a it from “the curse of modern day uniformity” (Fulford, future city. With the highest commute times in North investment, city building, and design innovation. The means to alleviate this problem. In doing so, the City 1995, p.14). Whether by accident or on purpose, America (Spears et al., 2010), the people of Toronto future of the built brutalism in the city is at risk due has created over 1 million square feet of public space Toronto has evolved through the fusion of nature, have vocalized the need to remediate the bifurcation to our short-sightedness in recognizing the values in the downtown core alone (Wong, 2014). Although, human intervention and socio-political values. These between public and private modes of transportation. that these structures and surrounding landscapes these spaces are designated for public use they are qualities serve as the framework for our mandate, provide. still in the private domain and often cause confusion to identify, protect, and promote awareness of the The longstanding controversy of the Gardiner among residents in regards to use and accessibility. cultural landscapes laced into the city’s urban fabric. Expressway, a signifcant component of the commuter The relationship between structure and landscape landscape, is seen as a blight on the cityscape by brings us to the issues inherent in North American With a focus on the past, present and future, the many. Despite the contested nature of the Gardiner’s downtown regions. Unused land is a rare commodity What’s Out There Guide for Toronto will highlight dominant presence, this reality highlights the need to in North American cities and increases in density, a range of projects, people, and ideas that have expose the contemporary cultural blindspot towards coupled with rising land costs are making it diffcult synergistically created and animated Toronto’s human-made features that are disputed upon based for cities to provide new public parks (Wong, 2014). landscapes. These components provide Toronto with for their lack of “aesthetic appeal.” Underappreciated 40 41 (Source: Neptis Foundation, n.d.)

landscape through its natural propensity to mitigate a range of environmental events. The Greenbelt provides a sense of place and identity that creates a strong relationship between the land and its inhabitants. The Greenbelt provides both a strong natural and ecological landscape within the Greater Golden Horseshoe, but it is not without its own shortcomings. Many of the important features in the region are poorly protected. Every year areas that do not have a high level of protection, such as the wetlands not defned as provincially signifcant, certain wildlife habitats and other environmentally signifcant areas are lost to urban development in the region. Exemplifying this concern, the Greenbelt area only accounts for 30.4% of the total identifed green space in the Toronto Metropolitan Region (Neptis Foundation, 2005). In addition, three- quarters of the regions agricultural land lies outside the Greenbelt, limiting the protection available to these regionally signifcant lands (Neptis Foundation, 2005). Protecting these agricultural and natural landscapes outside the Greenbelt will not occur on its own, but the Act provides a vital frst step and framework towards maintaining the existing function of the land.

The Oak Ridges Moraine, a major landscape within the Greenbelt, is an ecological site spanning 1,900 square kilometres. Located north of the ravine system that weaves through the City of Toronto, it is also the origin point of many rivers and watersheds feeding countless other municipalities in the area (Toronto and Region Conservation, 2014). Uncontrolled urbanization in the Moraine could have far reaching negative consequences THE GREENBELT LANDFORM to important aquifers and watersheds, affecting Toronto as well as the many municipalities in the Golden Horseshoe that depend on its continued existence SAFEGUARDING OUR NATURAL RESOURCES (Toronto and Region Conservation, 2014). The lands By: Adam Sweanor within the Moraine have a greater capacity than the impervious surfaces of the urban paved environment to absorb excess rainwater and snow runoff, mitigating the risks to the many populated urban regions to the south. The Greenbelt is a permanently protected area, located and Housing, 2005). The Act embodies stewardship and the protected landscape. The protected area also Aquifers in the Moraine collect this rainfall and snow in one of the fastest growing urban areas in North the continued capacity of the landscape to produce serves as an environmental safeguard for the heavily runoff in their vast underground layers of sand and America. It encompasses an area of approximately and function without the development pressures populated urban regions to the south, with its ability gravel, eventually resurfacing as the water that feeds 7,200 square kilometres, making it among the world’s from the large urban areas of the Golden Horseshoe. to store and manage water, mitigating damages the majority of river systems in the Golden Horseshoe largest permanently protected green belt (Ministry of This protection of function is a cultural phenomenon, associated with destructive natural events including (Toronto and Region Conservation, 2014). The Moraine Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2005). Prominent lands illustrated through ensuring the existing communities fooding (Toronto and Region Conservation, 2014). The also provides prime and diverse agricultural grounds, within the Greenbelt include the Oak Ridges Moraine can continue to produce, and the green space in the aquifers also feed into major rivers originating in the a diversity of aggregate industries, and parkland. The and the Niagara Escarpment. The purpose of the area can evolve naturally. north, creating an invaluable source of clean drinking protection of these functions is therefore of signifcant Greenbelt Plan is to protect the function of the enclosed water for a wide range of municipalities (Toronto and cultural value to the region and Canada as a whole. lands including agricultural protection, environmental The Greenbelt Plan is intended to provide permanent Region Conservation, 2014). The natural functions of protection, and the promotion of culture, recreation protection to the agricultural land base of the region the Greenbelt sustains life through providing crucial The Niagara Escarpment is another valuable protected and tourism in the region (Ministry of Municipal Affairs and the many ecological features and functions across drinking water, and preserves the nearby urban 42 43 landform included in the Greenbelt, extending 725 kilometres from Queenston on the Niagara River to the islands off of Tobermory on the Bruce Peninsula (Niagara Escarpment Commission, 2005). It was designated a World Biosphere Reserve in 1990 by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientifc and Cultural Organization) and it recognizes the importance of the area for its ecological and cultural function, as well as directly endorses the Niagara Escarpment Plan (Niagara Escarpment Commission, 2005). The Plan balances protection, conservation, and sustainable development so that current and future generations will be able to experience the cultural and natural value of the land.

The Niagara Escarpment Plan works to protect the natural evolution of the rivers and streams originating from the escarpment and the dedicated parkland. The escarpment provides additional economic and cultural beneft, with residential areas, extraction industries, and a diverse range of farmland (Niagara Escarpment Commission, 2005). The Plan ensures that the corresponding protected landscape is safe from southern regions uncontrolled urban expansion, and that all development in the area is done in a Golden Horseshoe provides an important initial policy land, expanding into safeguarding its function and against the protected lands of the Greenbelt. However, sustainable manner, compatible with the surrounding document in maintaining the existing cultural function productivity. Essentially the Greenbelt Act protects these areas not included in the current Greenbelt Plan natural environment (Niagara Escarpment Commission, of the landscape. not only the objects but also the function of the are under intense development pressure, limiting the 2005). The protection of the escarpment is of cultural landscape. Having a vast array of aggregate materials potential of managing urban sprawl for the foreseeable value, with the landscape evolving through the physical, Agricultural practices in the escarpment and overall and agricultural production in close proximity to future (Neptis Foundation, 2005). The Greenbelt Plan is biological, and cultural character of those who utilize Greenbelt range from raising cattle to the cultivation market is both an environmental and economic beneft an important step towards protecting the cultural and land for a variety of purposes (The Cultural Landscape of fruits. The Greenbelt is also home to a variety of non- (Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2005) natural function of the land, but on its own it lacks the Foundation , 2014). renewable natural resources, which provide necessary because the Golden Horseshoe is the most populated authority necessary to effectively protect the associated building materials for communities and infrastructure region in Canada. This, in turn, makes the protection of landscape. The Greenbelt Act effectively identifes and represents projects. The diversity of agricultural and extraction its functional landscape imperative for the continued an area of signifcant cultural and natural function, based uses of the Escarpment and overall Greenbelt growth of the region (Ministry of Municipal Affairs and The Greenbelt provides the necessary land base which conservation authorities have chosen to protect has spanned decades creating both signifcant historic Housing, 2005). From both a vernacular and historical to support long-term agricultural production and and preserve (Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, and vernacular cultural values (The Cultural Landscape perspective the protection of function is cultural, with economic value, but the protection and conservation 2005). The arrangement of the landscape is of cultural Foundation, 2014). The evolving practices on the the strong relationship between the landscape and the extends to the overall environment through ecological value, with a countryside that has evolved through both ecological environment over the past several decades region. preservation. The Act is an important initial policy use by people and natural evolution. The Greenbelt in the region has created a landscape that refects document to protect the cultural and natural properties Act’s primary function is then to identify where urban the biological, physical, and cultural character of the In order to maintain this strong cultural relationship it is of the landscape for current and future generations. growth is best suited to happen, helping to conserve everyday lives of those who have had an impact on the imperative to understand that the Greenbelt, on its own, Working towards maintaining the natural evolution of the existing agricultural, extraction, and natural lands land (The Cultural Landscape Foundation, 2014). By the will not be enough to curtail unplanned urban growth. the land, unaffected by external development pressure, through sustainable development initiatives (Ministry same token the landscape has been a signifcant site The Greenbelt would prohibit urban expansion within is critical to ensuring the intergenerational appreciation of Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2005). Uncontrolled in the evolution of Southern Ontario, being of major its own boundaries, but for much of its length the land of a landscape so closely tied to the surrounding region. expansion into the Greenbelt landscape would interrupt historical signifcance for the region and a prominent is several kilometres away from the urban development Each element of the Greenbelt Act helps provide the the natural evolution of the landscape, removing the natural heritage site within Canada. edge, leaving room for sprawl to inevitably occur region with a sense of place and identity, illustrating the cultural, natural and functional characteristics vital to (Neptis Foundation, 2005). Without incorporating other importance of the landscape in the continued success the surrounding region. The Greenbelt Act’s ability to The protection of the Greenbelt landscape extends land control policies unplanned development will be and evolution of Canada’s most populated region. (Source: Image adapted from ArcGIS, 2014) moderate uncontrolled urban expansion within the beyond conservation of the natural ecology of the able to continue for several decades before coming up

44 45 (Source: Snow, 2010)

completely encased in concrete to prevent fooding and provide additional space for industry (Seymour, 2000). Presently, these sites are no longer operating in their primary industrial function due to policies directed towards a revitalization of the ravine network and the waterfront.

The watersheds throughout the City represent a major ecologic element and a marked shift from the surrounding urban landscape. The landscape is constantly changing, with melting snow and large rainfalls in the Greater Toronto Area drastically raising the water level, while periods of prolonged drought signifcantly reduce the overall fow of the rivers (Seymour, 2000). This constant fux in conditions in the ravine system adds to its unique character, but ultimately made the landscape unpredictable.

After the Second World War, urban growth focused on the development of residential homes and cottages along the ravine system, offering scenic views and topography. By 1948, signifcant new developments were created in the foodplain of the ravines, but were severely impacted during a food that washed away several homes (Seymour, 2000). Policies for developments in the ravine remained unchanged after the fooding, and in 1954, the damaging effects of Hurricane Hazel and the resulting deaths of 81 citizens initiated changes in policy (TRCA, 2014). The infuence of Hurricane Hazel uncovered the vulnerability of TORONTO’S RAVINE SYSTEM development along the ravine system, and fostered the discussion among the Federal, Provincial, Municipal governments to implement environmental and health stewardship initiatives. This process involved EXPLORING THE ORGANIC LIFE BENEATH THE GRID the government purchasing the properties existing By: Adam Sweanor within the foodplain, removing the ability of future development in the area, thereby creating the necessary conditions to establish a natural landscape for parkland Hidden within the bustling urban landscape of Toronto, are comprised of areas heavily infuenced by human The ravine system was an integral network for First use (Seymour, 2000). This landmark decision resulted in the ravine network is a distinguished natural ecosystem design and those that remain largely wild, creating a Nations people and the early settlers as it provided a decreased risk for future catastrophic events within that uniquely characterizes the City; helping to foster mix of surroundings that contribute to the uniqueness transportation means from Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe. the ravine system, while preserving and revitalizing the an inimitable relationship between the natural and of the system (Seymour, 2000). Its historical narrative It was heavily used for the movement of people and ravines as a cultural landmark within Toronto. urbanized environment. It has played an integral role and current signifcance in the metropolitan area is not goods, and played a vital role in the fur trade (Seymour, in the regional urban expansion of the Greater Toronto only viewed as a natural landmark, but as a regional 2000). By the early 19th century, the industrial period Hurricane Hazel was also a key driver in establishing Area, dating back from the early settlers of the 18th cultural identity. The safeguarding of the ravine shifted the function of the ravine system toward the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. century to current policy planning initiatives. The ravine system confrms the deep intrinsic value the residents energy production and industrialization operations, After realizing the importance of food management, system encompasses six watersheds originating north of Toronto have placed on the natural environment, and as a result greatly transformed the ecosystem. This the Province of Ontario amended the Conservation of the City in the Oak Ridges Moraine, and fowing south demonstrating a sense of determination to preserve period marked a signifcant exploitation of the natural Authorities Act to enable an Authority the ability to towards Lake Ontario (Edur, 2009). These watersheds the regions heritage for generations to come. landscape, where areas along the Lower Don River were 46 47 acquire and expropriate lands for conservation and recreation purposes (TRCA, 2014). The process involved combining the four previous conservation authorities into the Metro Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. The Conservation Authority was later changed to the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority in 1997 when Metro Toronto amalgamated (TRCA, 2014). The initial establishment of the Conservation Authority was a monumental decision for the City of Toronto. It ensures the preservation of the City’s natural foundation by promoting sustainability, biodiversity and cultural heritage.

This decision to expropriate land and the introduction of zoning regulations to restrict development in areas susceptible to severe fooding was immensely benefcial in mitigating damages from the storm of July 2013. The thunderstorm showered the City with 126 millimeters of rain in a single day; the largest single day rainfall on record (Young, 2013). While the storm did cause massive damage within the Toronto area and highlighted the need for immense infrastructure improvements, there was no loss of life. The food prone landscapes such as the Humber River and other watersheds fooded once again, however, the stewardship initiative of the TRCA severely constrained the amount of damage (Young, 2013). The TRCA was instrumental in diminishing the goods throughout the Great Lakes, but over the years the propensity for damage and loss of life, illustrating an function of the ravine system has adapted and evolved The extensive ravine system in Toronto acts as an innovative and invaluable planning decision for the to the City’s transforming nature. The ravine has been invaluable extension to the park space through the Greater Toronto Area. used to produce energy through mills located along city. Creating a valuable connection and sense of the shoreline, as the placement for heavy industrial unity within an otherwise fragmented city region. The The ravine network consists of the Etobicoke Creek uses, and later as an area of residential development. ravines are accessible to people of all walks of life, Watershed, the Mimico Creek Watershed, the Humber Today, initiatives towards their revitalization includes linking the poorest neighbourhoods to the richest, Watershed, the Don River Watershed, the Highland the conservation of protected parklands and their all while providing a vital balance to the built form Creek Watershed, and the Rouge River Watershed accessibility to paved trails that promote active, non- within the city. The ravines play a prominent role in (Seymour, 2000). These watersheds provide substantial motorized forms of transportation (Seymour, 2000). The Toronto’s identity as a city within a park. The ravines natural features to a heavily urbanized metropolis, ravines have played an integral role in the formation have moulded and attracted development within the exhibiting abundant wildlife and green space. This of the City’s historical and contemporary built form, region since its frst human inhabitants, and it presence natural landmark has been an integral component in adapting to the provisions of a modernizing city (The will continue to shape the cultural landscape of the the growth of the region, evolving through the use of Cultural Landscape Foundation, 2014). The ravines city into the future. With a diverse range of ecosystems citizens whose activities and occupancy have shaped its thus represent a vernacular landscape, providing and associated amenities the ravines provide an landscape (The Cultural Landscape Foundation, 2014). both a cultural and natural importance to the region unparalleled opportunity to enrich Toronto’s cultural (The Cultural Landscape Foundation, 2014). These landscapes, and continue to develop the unique sense The ravines represent a vernacular landscape through transformations are perceived particularly through of identity within the region. its refection of the physical, biological, and cultural the Evergreen Brickworks. The former industrial site character of the landscape as defned by people’s exemplifes a vernacular landscape as its previous use activities or occupancy (The Cultural Landscape as a quarry has now been transformed into a center Foundation, 2014). The ravines were originally utilized of environmentalism, promoting sustainability for as a transportation network aiding the movement of the ravine system and the City of Toronto as a whole (Evergreen, 2014). 48 49 (Source: Image adapted from ArcGIS, 2014) (Source: Historical Maps(Source: of Toronto, Neptis Foundation,n.d.; DTAH, n.d.)) n.d.)

form an extensive web of publically accessible space across the City (City of Toronto, 2010).

Since, the late18th century, there were many individuals with good intentions and ideas about what to do with Toronto’s waterfront that never materialized (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). This was partially due to City Offcials never creating a comprehensive plan for waterfront development, leading to intermittent focus on the area without clear goals. It began in 1793, when Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe decided it was imperative to preserve the beauty of the blossoming City’s waterfront from encroachment, by reserving a fve-kilometre stretch as a park, known as the Walks and Gardens (Jackson, 2011). Early on in Toronto’s development, Lake Ontario was also a key cultural destination for leisure, sport, and entertainment, with a series of parks established at or near the lakefront by the late 19th century (Fairburn, 2013). Though the process of waterfront separation formally began in 1818, City Council convinced the provincial legislature to allow them to sell off parts of the Walks and Gardens lands to raise funds to fund the lakeside park (Jackson, 2011). Later that year a major train yard was constructed on the waterfront property providing a vital hub for industry, trade, transportation, and the movement of goods (Fairburn, 2013). However, the plan to preserve the beauty of the waterfront was temporarily removed in favour of creating a bustling industrial and transportation hub (Jackson, 2011). A CHANGE IN TIDE With the emergence of the railway as a dominant form of transportation in the mid 1850s came a rapid period of industrialization and commercialization that saw the downtown develop into a dominant THE REEMERGENCE OF TORONTO’S FRONT PORCH centre of fnance, commerce, and government By: Jake Garland (Fairburn, 2013). During the next 100-year period of innovation, massive change occurred to the overall Toronto’s waterfront is a defning feature of the role in the cultural and natural evolution of Toronto’s passed, along with large scale urban, and population landscape. Ambitious landfll projects pushed many City, a cultural landmark that provides a successful waterfront, providing the framework for a landscape growth, since it was a defning feature of the City. sections of the shore farther and farther to the integration of both historic and modern uses. Around unique to the region (Fairburn, 2013). The interconnected network of ravines, woodlands, south to make way for industry, shipping, and the 12,500 years ago a retreating glacier carved out the and waterways has in recent years been reimagined, railway (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). The railways, while waterfront, and its landscape has been constantly Toronto’s Waterfront has played an important role with an emphasis on the incredible potential the facilitating the industrial age, created a major barrier evolving through both natural functions and human in the City’s development, moving recently from an waterfront landscape holds for redevelopment from to the waterfront. The original shoreline was north of interaction (Roots, Chant, and Heindenreich, 1999; industrial focus to maintaining a connection to the both a cultural and natural perspective (Fairburn, today’s rail corridor and Front Street was built along Fairburn, 2013). Leading from the Oak Ridges Moraine natural world within the urban landscape. Today, 2013). The City is realizing this importance through the edge of the shoreline, illustrating the massive there are several prominent watersheds fowing the waterfront includes parks, beaches, wetlands, its modern redevelopment of the area. The objective transformation to the waterfront landscape. The flling through Toronto, culminating at the shores of Lake bluffs, and neighbourhoods of both cultural value is to reconnect public space within the to the ravine continued until the 1950s when the modern shoreline Ontario. These watersheds have played an important and appreciation. Over more than 150 years have system, watercourses, parks, and other open spaces to was achieved (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). As rail and

50 51 road transportation advanced into the 20th century, the Port of Toronto declined in importance, and after the Second World War, Toronto’s relationship with its waterfront changed. With industry still concentrated along the waterfront, the downtown core became undesirable, with much of its previous cultural and natural wonder surrendering to the economic development in the area (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.).

The automobile by this time had become increasingly more accessible to more people, with the implication of numerous Toronto residents moved out of the downtown core to the outlying areas. However, since many of the jobs were still in downtown industrial areas, major roads and highways were needed to enable people to commute (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). For most cities located beside water, a portion of that ring was built on or near the waterfront. Toronto was no different, and in the 1950s the Gardiner Expressway was built, itself a monument to the automobile age, further physically and psychologically separated many Torontonians from the water (Fairburn, 2013; Waterfront Toronto, n.d.).

The 1970s marked a signifcant shift from old development practices, with Toronto rediscovering the redevelopment of the area (Archives Canada, n.d.). public, business development, and contribute a strong waterfront communities. With intense development cultural and natural wonder of its Waterfront. Kenneth This process yielded little success and no substantial new cultural landscape to the City of Toronto (City pressures in the City regarding living space, with cost Greenberg presented the citizens of Toronto an redevelopment progress came from this initiative. of Toronto, 2010). To accomplish this, the waterfront and with proliferation of condominium buildings, inexpensive recreational resource, which characterized redevelopments should be understood as the collective the downtown of Toronto beginning to look like a the City’s waterfront. This included a map to provide However, this process did pave the way for the greatest work of generations of Torontonians, supported by reconfgured waterfront community (Fairburn, 2013). the inhabitants of Toronto’s with information about movement towards the redevelopment of the Toronto the cumulative investments of all three levels of the existing public facilities and offer an overhead waterfront. Beginning in 1999, the Toronto Waterfront government and the private sector (Greenberg, 2014). Its future forms are just starting to be visible as the perspective of the district (Greenberg, 1971). The Revitalization Task Force was appointed by the federal, There have been many innovative initiatives, but one many pieces fall into place, including the new parks, belief was that such knowledge would power the provincial, and municipal levels of Government. The in particular to note is the initiative that was held in such as the Music Garden shaped by Yoyo Ma, to Sugar development of community self-suffciency, and self- mission of this task force was to develop a concerted 2006. It was called the Toronto Waterfront Innovative Beach, HtO Park, and Sherbourne Common (Greenberg, determination (Greenberg, 1971). Yet, it proved to public effort with a focus on revitalizing the central Design Competition and had the objective to connect 2014). The key to waterfront’s future success, is that no be insuffcient Without other supported documents waterfront. The Task Force evolved into an offcial and enhance existing public spaces, while providing one activity can be allowed to dominate the others as to reaffrm the goals highlighted by Greenberg public urban development corporation, Waterfront a distinct and uniform identity for all public spaces it will break down the equilibrium of the landscape, The 1980s saw much of the public land on the Toronto, in January 2002 (Lehrer & Laidley, 2008; along Toronto’s downtown waterfront (White, 2014). and will impact the cultural activities of the area waterfront sold to private developers and the quality Sussanah, 2008). In 2003, the provincial government (Greenberg, 2014). There was a time when many City of redevelopment efforts ranged signifcantly and, as enacted the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Since this time there has been a shift in perspective. of Toronto residents thought of the waterfront As a result, the waterfront became a fragmented place Corporation Act, creating a permanent independent Simcoe’s vision of the beautiful fusion of water and somewhere disjointed from the City, thus not part (White, 2014). In 1988, due to this fragmentation, organization to oversee and lead the renewal of landscape is becoming ever present today and the of the culture of their daily lives (Fairburn, 2013). the Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Toronto’s waterfront (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). waterfront that makes this City unique is becoming Toronto has made signifcant progress in reimagining Waterfront was established under then Commissioner ingrained in the cultural values of the citizens. The the cultural and natural functions of the waterfront, David Crombie (Archives Canada, n.d.). Ultimately, the The 21st Century has seen the reinvention of the neighborhood’s that were once cut off from the lake and with the existing momentum the area stands to commission was to make recommendations regarding Toronto waterfront, adjusting it to be the City’s are fnding their way back to the water. Derelict become a world-class destination. the future of the Toronto Waterfront in order to southern vital, healthy and beautiful asset (City of sections of the shore and near shore areas are being ensure the public interest was employed during the Toronto, 2013). The renewed waterfront landscape revitalized and former industrialized sites adjacent to is anticipated to create new opportunities for the Lake Ontario are being converted into new multi-use 52 53 (Source: Historical Maps of Toronto, n.d.)

54 55 (Source: City of Toronto Archives, 1922) (Source: City of Toronto Archives, 1913) (Source: City of Toronto Archives, 1910) (Source: City of Toronto Archives, 1910) (Source: City of Toronto Archives, 1915) (Source: City of Toronto Archives, 1915) (Source: Historical Maps of Toronto, n.d.) (Source: Fomin, 2012) Streetcar Map, 1920s

commuting on streetcars since 1861 when the City granted the private construction and operation of street rails for horse drawn streetcars. During the 1800’s Toronto, nicknamed “Muddy York”, had notori- ously muddy streets and street rail was seen as a way to address this commuting problem (Levine, 2012). In fact, the Toronto streetcar (and subway) systems are built to a unique Toronto track gauge of 4 ft 107/8in (wider than standard gauge), which is still used to this day (Wise, 2011). The private contract was given in 1861 with the stipulation that ordinary public vehicles, loaded or empty, were able to use the tracks provided that they did not interfere with the operation of the streetcar service (Transit Toronto, 2013). This meant that the gauge of the street rail and streetcars had to be wide enough to accommodate ordinary horse drawn carriage cart wheels (standard gauge) which could then travel on the smooth inside of the rail and avoid the mud.

The streetcar construction fostered the increased movement of people and goods at the time, thus supporting growth of the many neighbourhoods seen today. By the 1930s the, then public, Toronto Transportation Commission (TTC) had created one of the best transportation systems in North America (Wise, 2011). The “Streetcar strips” created a different kind of streetscape along the streetcar routes of Danforth, College, Eglington, Bayview: many two story and midrise buildings appeared with the mixed THE COMMUTER LANDSCAPE use of shops on the ground foor and living space above, to serve people using the streetcar. Previously underdeveloped areas of the city continued to expand once their inhabitants had an effcient system LINKING PUBLIC SPACES to carry them to work (Wise, 2011). By the 1960’s By: Nathan Jenkins many cities decided to remove their street rail systems, including Toronto (1966). However, by that time the streetcar system was widely recognized by Toronto is the agglomeration of many unique cul- Many residents of Toronto spend hours a week com- which includes Subway (with nodes as bus transfer Toronto’s residents as a key part of Toronto’s cultural tural places spread across its geographic landscape. muting for work, school, leisure, to run errands. As of hubs), Bus, Streetcar, Bike lanes (including the Toron- heritage and already a much loved city icon. A lo- Toronto’s commuting landscape is an integral com- 2011, the last Canadian census, the average travel to Bike Share rental system), extensive roadways, the cal movement to continue the streetcar in Toronto ponent of the “place” and links each and every citizen time to work in Toronto was 32.8 minutes (Statistics PATH system of underground and climate controlled succeeded in reversing the 1966 decision leading to to it, and the cultural landscapes within. The com- Canada, 2011a) and included such statistics as 70.9% pedestrian corridors, rail corridors and the GO train the streetcar system presently in place (Wise, 2011). muting ways by which the people get through the of commuters carpooling or using personal vehicles, system, Airports for business commuters, and ferry Today, Toronto’s 82 kilometre streetcar network is the City’s geographic space provides a connection which 23.3% using public transit (11% bus, 9% subway or services. largest and oldest continuously operating system in stitches together, not only the various places across heavy rail, 3.3% streetcar or passenger ferry), 4.6% North America (Toronto Transportation Commission, Toronto, but also the various peoples who make the walking, and 1.2% cycling to work (Statistics Cana- Perhaps Toronto’s most identifable commuting in- 2014, Jackson, 2011) and links together many of the culture so apparent. da, 2011b). Currently, Toronto services the commut- frastructure is the streetcar, affectionately known as ing public by maintaining an infrastructural network the “Red Rocket”. The people of Toronto have been 56 57 (Source: City of Toronto, n.d.) (Source: Flack, 211)

most diverse ethnic neighbourhoods and cultural places the City has to offer.

A ride along the Carlton streetcar line, Route 506, is a prime example of this linked patchwork of diverse neighbourhoods. The India Bazaar, East Chinatown, Cabbagetown, Regent Park, Church/Wellesley LGBT Village, West Chinatown, Kensington Market, Little Italy, Little Portugal, and Roncesvalles Polish Village are examples of these neighborhoods. As a traveler traverses its length, they see many of the different cultures expressed through building styles, the community shoppers, and the many shop displays and stalls. The “506” also connects to many cultural landscape sites not connected with neighborhoods: the Don River, High Park, Allan Gardens as examples.

Another interesting and extensive commuter space in Toronto is the subterranean PATH system, accessible from many streetcar routes. Due to Canada’s season- ally cold winters pedestrians frequently need a place where they can walk in shelter from the elements. The PATH system of interconnected underground However the frst connected PATH system wasn’t access to many of Toronto’s most isolated recreation- (Barc, 2011). Recently, as of 2012 the City of Toronto and aboveground tunnels is Toronto’s answer to this built until the 1960s when Toronto’s downtown nar- al and cultural spaces. Another ferry, on the worlds had adopted a City wide wayfnding strategy, which winter pedestrian commuting hardship. Located in row sidewalks became overcrowded, and new offce shortest ferry passage, stretching 121 metres in includes neighbourhood and district information the City’s downtown core, the PATH network is 30 towers were removing streetside retail. City plan- length, takes many of Toronto’s business travelers (City of Toronto, 2012, City of Toronto, 2013). kilometres long and runs predominantly underneath ner Matthew Lawson envisioned a system, based on to Billy Bishop Airport on the Islands for short-haul private properties. It has the distinction of being the Jane Jacobs’ notion that an active street life was im- fights on propeller planes (Toronto Airport Author- These wayfnding signs communicate valuable infor- largest shopping complex in Canada, and the largest portant for keeping cities and neighbourhoods vital, ity, 2014). This connection has provided an easy and mation regarding signifcant historical and cultural underground shopping complex in the world, with and convinced several important tower developers convenient way to connect Toronto’s central core places in the neighborhood while also having short 371,600 square metres of retail spaces, and rough- to construct underground malls, pledging that they with other local cities and communities while sup- historical blurbs on the area and projected walking ly 1,200 stores and services (City of Toronto, 2014). would eventually be linked with city support (City porting Toronto’s local business district and econo- times on all signs. With more than 125 grade level access points, 6 sub- of Toronto, 2014). Over time these low-valued base- my. way stations, and connections to the Toronto Bus Ter- ment spaces turned into some of the most valuable From Wards and Algonquin Islands to Southcore and minal and the Union Station regional transportation retail space in the country, encouraging neighboring The City of Toronto has been creative in the way it fa- the India Bazaar, Toronto’s commuting landscape hub, the PATH provides an effective pedestrian link additions. Today the PATH system is still expanding cilitates commuter wayfnding on city streets. Many provides all visitors and travelers with a way to con- between prominent urban landscapes in the down- with the frst completely municipally owned section of Toronto’s historic and ethnic neighbourhoods are nect with each other, the City`s landscapes and its town core. Pedestrian commuting through the PATH being constructed, with additions toward the city’s immediately identifable by their street and road patchwork of neighborhoods. Many of the commut- network is facilitated by wayfnding colours and sig- waterfront and Southcore districts. signage styles as commuters pass through on their ing landscapes visual wayfnding features and guid- nage. Each letter in PATH is a different colour, each streetcar, bus or car. As depicted in the image bellow, ance brings a personal connection to the space, and representing a direction, with maps always oriented From the Central Waterfront and Southcore districts the road signs use font, colours, and fgures to iden- connects people to the City both above and below North (City of Toronto, 2014). many Toronto residents commute by ferry to and tify with the place (Flack, 2011). ground, to all corners of this great City (Laurier, 2012). from their homes on the Toronto Islands, an archi- The frst underground segment of the PATH system pelago surrounding Toronto’s inner harbour. This all During the 1970’s the City erected signs in several was constructed in 1900 to connect the T. Eaton Com- season ferry services roughly 700 people from Wards ethnic neighborhoods which give both English and pany’s main store, near Yonge and Queen Streets, with and Algonquin Island, North Americas’ largest urban the local groups’ language for the street designation its bargain annex next door (City of Toronto, 2014). car-free neighborhood (Levine, 2014), and provides this further enhancing the commuters sense of place

58 59 (Source: Kua, 2008) (Source: Simonp, n.d.)

of its form, demonstrated through its malleable composition, produced a progressive material representative of an era willing to redefne itself.

Suggestive as a material of fortitude, defense, and of a mass to withstand bombardment reminiscent of World War II, concrete was inexpensive, readily available, durable and malleable. The appetite for progression and experimentation after the war solidifed concrete as a rational expression symbolic to a modern era. The movement originated in Britain during the 1950s, inspired by utilitarian architecture and expressionism when Peter and Allison Smithson addressed “post-war construction needs using designs for monolithic structures using rough concrete” (City of Toronto, 2014, p.18). The use of rough concrete, translated as béton brut, was initially inspired by Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation block in Marseille, France, where a deliberate abandonment of smooth-machine wrought surfacing was substituted for a rough fnish (Watkins, 2000). The style has since been labelled Brutalism, and together with innovative advancements of reinforced concrete, produced a global architectural revolution; perhaps none more signifcant than in the City of Toronto.

Architectural freedoms made possible by technological advancements in the strength and fexibility of concrete allowed for the use of large unobstructed spans, reducing the need of columns. THE CONCRETE CITY This liberation of form pushed the context of scale, where massiveness and a commanding presence personifed a “sculptural symbol of civic order” (Watkins, 2000, p.651). This interpretation follows TORONTO’S LASTING LEGACY the democratic response of modern architecture as a By: Julien Kuehnhold return to design in the public interest. The design and construction of the Manulife Centre, the CN Tower, The Modernist movement produced structures and in an era of progressive politics and social change. with the intent, knowledge and ambition of previous Yorkdale Shopping Centre, and the Four Seasons landscapes that shared the monumentality of classical generations and a stronger sense of our direction Hotel were a direct result of the changing needs architecture while rejecting the ornamentation that Outcomes of the Modernist period are represented as the City continues to grow” (Stewart, 2007, of a modernizing city. Social policy developments, characterized previous movements. It established a on a wide spectrum. The steel and glass minimalist p.12). Although the infuence of steel and glass is on the other hand, focused on heavy investments modern urban language in the City of Toronto that infuence of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, consistently undeniable, the impact of concrete during this era in civil projects. Led by politician Leslie Frost and sought a purity of form in pursuit of a common a statement of modern elegance and simplicity, is is overwhelming. From transit infrastructure such as the Progressive Conservatives, they introduced a purpose. Both fguratively and physically, architecture juxtaposed by Le Corbusier’s sculptural medium: the Don Valley Expressway, to cultural institutions grand reinvention for the province of Ontario. These of the Post-War Period constitutes the modern concrete. We often fail to identify the variety of like the Ontario Science Centre and the high-rise changing attitudes and social needs resulted in a foundation of the City of Toronto. The Modernist styles and materials that dictate Toronto’s urban inner suburbs of North York, concrete evolved from period of tremendous growth in the educational legacy must not be remembered only for its and suburban landscapes, but a better “appreciation idealistic utopian experimentations in the 1930s to system, institutions, and infrastructure of Toronto functionalism or its aesthetic, but for its symbolism of our architectural past gives us greater continuity a global architectural movement. The uniqueness and beyond. 60 61 (Source: Stewart, n.d.) (Source: Muttoo, 2011)

As yet we fail to address this period as an era of architectural innovation and affuence, the expressionism verbalized through concrete’s fuidity should state otherwise. Toronto City Hall and Nathan Phillips Square demonstrates the pinnacle of Modernist Expressionism in the City of Toronto. Designed by Finnish architect Viljo Revell after winning what was at the time the world’s largest international competition in 1958 (Mar, 2007), City Hall provided Toronto with its frst large public square. The design embodied the period’s optimism, expressing the “civic ideal and the democratic spirit that laid at the heart of the modern City” (Hume, 2007, p.70). The two curved towers of unequal heights cradle the elevated spherical Council Chamber representing the ‘eye of the government’. The structural design of the Council Chamber is the focal point of the building’s composition. It is meant to be easily accessible to the public to signify the elected civic council, encouraging the public to experience the public viewing gallery (Mar, 2007). The construction of Toronto City Hall embodied a cultural rebranding, symbolizing the modern era of progressive politics establishing a newfound identity on a global scale.

Concrete’s textural fuidity infltrated all sectors of the emerging economy. Scattered throughout Toronto’s landscape, high-rise apartment complexes (Petricone, 2012, p.33). Articulated through repetition failure to establish a relationship to the neighbouring the City’s wet climate, expediting the effects of reinterpreted the centuries-old form of the porte- and materiality, it has provided the landscape with built form (2007) fawlessly personifes the concrete deterioration on concrete, place the movement cochère. Functioning as a roofed structure above rich and deep textures, giving newfound layers to movement of post-war architecture. at the edge of demolition. This cultural amnesia an entranceway designed as a means of protection the City’s urban fabric. discrediting the post-war era of optimism, evolution from exterior elements, architect Uno Prii introduced The failure of the Modernist movement to adapt and creativity represents the modern foundations expressive sculptural forms to the traditional pillared These changing attitudes of expressionism in to its surrounding environment is even more so of a young, ambitious city. Salvation must be the structure. Unique shapes proved to serve more than Modernist architecture displayed considerable apparent through the reinterpretation of outdoor objective. Cultural relics such as Chorley Park, the function as his designs introduced a relationship controversy throughout the City and beyond. public spaces and plazas in the Business District Armories and many industrial buildings of the with sunlight, often displaying decorative shadowed Their monumental monochrome scale and lack of Area. Functioning as extensions of architecture, Victorian era have already been lost to demolition patterns onto the pavement (Holden, 2007). Prii’s conformity to their surrounding landscapes were these spaces were designed as equally geometric, during the de-industrialization period, degrading architectural style was monolithic and utilitarian. ironically perceived as brutally isolating. The Sears monotonous and monolithic. Their uninviting nature, the City’s heritage. Today’s context entertains the His building designs, as a whole, loosely emulate Canada Headquarters, for instance, is a top-heavy, in conjunction with changing social dynamics possibility of redefning concrete structures and Soviet communal housing executed with a futuristic, oppressive, inverted pyramid. Drawing inspiration infuenced by the migration to suburbia, effectively landscapes, establishing the capacity to stimulate expressionist fair (Flack, 2010), introducing a new from Boston’s City Hall, architect Maxwell Miller reduced public spaces to mere desolation on and revitalize the next Cultural Revolution. Concrete perspective to the traditional apartment buildings of designed the building to contradict the architectural weeknights and weekends. revitalization strategies are the next frontier of the City of Toronto. This practice of abstraction has styles of its surroundings, forcibly alienating itself development. After all, this is our City; a concrete since evolved to “punctuate the traditional stone and from other structures (Hayes, 2007). Although The architectural statement concrete has left on City. brick building fabric with a familiar presence that stylistically pleasing through its composition of a Toronto’s landscape is still in the early stages of has somehow slipped into our urban subconscious” regular grid pattern, its overpowering nature and its lifecycle. Its failure to achieve recognition, and 62 63 (Source: Tourism Toronto, n.d.)

survey. The British unit of land measurement was a chain, 100 metal links adding up to 66 feet (MacIntosh, 2006). In 1797, with the boundary of the original Town of York growing, expansion occurred to include the newly established Queens Street (then Lot Street). 32 new park lots were created and would run south to north, Base Concession to Bloor Street. Compared to town lots, these lots would be 10 chains wide and 100 chains long (MacIntosh, 2006).

Each of the Park Lot owners was free to layout streets and sell lots in any confguration (MacNamara, n.d.). When these properties were subdivided, many Park Lot owners held a portion of their lot in reserve, usually to the north. These sizeable acreages were available for public buildings or parks when the City expanded. Some examples of notable structures built on these subdivided lots include St. Michael’s College, Queen’s Park, Legislature of Ontario, and King’s College at the University of Toronto (MacNamara, n.d.).

This history of privately developed and designed public space is unique to Toronto when compared to that of another large historic Canadian city. Montreal’s development differed from that of Toronto, it was developed with a rich history of formally designed public spaces to refect the dominant religion of Catholicism at the time. The core of Montreal boasts an impressive inventory of public spaces, such as the Place d’Armes. This cultural landmark is Montreal’s historic square and is considered as a heritage feature to the city. It can be considered the heart of the City’s historic centre, summing up its diverse heritage (Affeck, 2008), and a traditional public place where every citizen was accepted, even those WHAT’S POP(ING) TORONTO that may disrupt the notion of public order and was not devoid of political activity (Milroy, 2009).

Today, when assessing Toronto’s public spaces a prominent EXPLORING TORONTO’S PUBLIC/PRIVATE LANDCAPE public square is immediately recognizable; Yonge- By: Jake Garland Dundas Square. Since its completion in 2002, the square has hosted numerous public events, performances and art displays, establishing itself as a prominent landmark Today, with evolved urban planning initiatives, cities block, yet are still vital cultural landscapes, giving Toronto A City that denied demonstrating that it had an identity within Toronto’s urban landscape. It is the heart of the City have found how to enhance society’s cultural values. its unique character (Lebrecht, 1997). worth exhibiting (Fulford, 1996). To remedy this situation and a place of opportunity for citizens to have their needs Exemplifying this phenomenon is the City of Toronto with the City needed to create culturally signifcant places and feelings represented through a public space. This is many public spaces or planned parks within its boundaries. However, it was not always so for the City and author of destination, not just passages to their own private leading citizens to endear the space to themselves. As Toronto’s urban landscape has more then 1600 public Robert Fulford once wrote of Toronto being a good place locations. Fulford (1996) discusses an essential place is one at the parks, consisting of 13 percent of the gross landmass to mind your business. Fulford’s (1996) Accidental City heart of the city and creates civic mood that welcomes all (City of Toronto, 2014). This number is signifcantly higher portrayed Toronto as a City of silence, a private City, where To better understand the words of Robert Fulford it is and cultivates the lives of residents. Yonge-Dundas Square if other landscapes are included in the calculation, such no one noticed the absence of street life or public spaces imperative to delve into the City’s past. In the old Town has become such a well-known and used site of cultural as: public gardens, golf courses, and cemeteries. Thus, (Fulford, 1996). A place devoid of festivals, the idea of of York, which was fve blocks wide and two blocks in interaction that it would lead many to believe that the increasing the amount of public space to 17 percent of the public art was exotic, and almost all public activity was depth from the waterfront, with nearly all the lots granted space is truly a public space. Yet, discussed by Beth Milroy total urban area or more than 10,000 hectares (Lebrecht, forbade except for churchgoing on Sundays. It was a City by Simcoe by September 1793. The layout of lots for the in her book Thinking, Planning and Urbanism (2009), not 1997). Most of the municipal parks are smaller than a city based upon the dominant ideals of the Protestant religion. earliest settlers of York was determined by the original all public spaces have the same amount of publicness. 64 65 Although advertised as a public space, Yonge-Dundas Square is the product of Canada’s frst public-private partnership between the City of Toronto and downtown private sector interests, largely represented by the Yonge Street Business Improvement Association (Smith, n.d.). This has resulted in it becoming a public space that promotes private commercialization, aided by the City of Toronto and the Ontario Government; it is challenging the conventional idea for a public square (Milroy, 2009). Yonge-Dundas Square is not just a well-known public space within Toronto, but one of the most widely known privately owned publicly accessible spaces (POPS) (Kwan, 2013).

POPS began to be built as earlier as the 1960s, 70s, and 80s primarily around offce towers and high-rise apartments (Bateman, 2012). Today there are more than 400 POPS within the City of Toronto (Smith, n.d.) and they can come in the forms of parkettes, plazas, courtyards or walkways and can be found throughout the City from being nestled in unassuming corners to out in the public eye and from the Downtown core to the ravines. Some examples of the better-known spaces include the PATH System, the TD Centre, and Allan Lamport Galleria. However, more often than not the public-private landscapes are overlooked by residents and visitors who are under the assumption that such spaces are not publicly accessible (Kwan, 2013). Historically Toronto has not had requirements for building owners to put up signs to inform people that the site is publically accessible. Doing so has left the sites to be utilized by those who are aware of the park, leaving other people with the assumption that the property is private (Bateman, 2012).

Since 2000, most of the City’s POPS have been created using (Source: Wood, 2013) the City of Toronto Offcial Plan Section 37 agreements (City of Toronto, 2010). This planning and development process has helped create over one million square feet operated by the City (City of Toronto, 2014; Mantis, 2014). Josh Matlow requesting a report, which would identify all memorable experiences in the daily lives of citizens, of new public spaces in Toronto’s downtown (Mantis, Milroy (2009) goes on to discuss that when such places POPS in Toronto. This would form the buildings blocks derived from these newfound landscapes. These POPS will 2014). These agreements typically locate POPS at the designed to serve both individual and private activities, upon which Toronto would develop a strategy to ensure continue to play an even greater role in the City’s public foot of condos or offce towers that developers or private the assumptions of private-public axis are completely these POPS include appropriate signage indicating they realm network, providing open space in much-needed interest agreed to build in exchange leniency in zoning altered. This causes a further balancing act to be placed are accessible to the public (City of Toronto, 2014; Mantis, locations across the City. The goal of these POPS will or by-law regulations. Agreements could include: allowing upon all interested parties, consequently causing greater 2014). Following this decision, in May 2014, the City of ultimately be to complement existing and planned parks, condo developers extra foors or density, in exchange for tension. With increasing reliance on private sector funding, Toronto’s Planning Department created draft guidelines open spaces and natural areas (City of Toronto, 2014). a benefcial public feature. Despite the City’s successful the balance between public and private interests of POPS to ensure these spaces are designed appropriately and to Ultimately, allowing the City of Toronto the resources to increase in the number of people living downtown, these is an important political consideration, and the governance inform the public that they are welcome wherever POPS skilfully and imaginatively grow the design guidelines new spaces are still underutilized (Bateman, 2012; City of structure of them refects this tension of cultural needs exist (City of Toronto, 2014; Mantis, 2014). for the implementation of its POPS Over the coming Toronto, 2014; Mantis, 2014). within the City. several years. Toronto will then have an invaluable tool to As Toronto continues to grow, there is an increasing need create a more prosperous public atmosphere, through the The lack of signage for these spaces is still not being These issues and tensions between interested parties and demand to create new parks and open spaces as integration of both public and private institutions. addressed, but that is not the only hindrance to public of POPS within Toronto is an evolving concept and one places of retreat, relaxation and recreation that contribute utilization of the space. These spaces can also be poorly the City is moving towards resolving. In November 2012, to the health and well being of residents. These public designed and lack seating, leaving the public with the City Council approved a motion from Ward 22 Councillor spaces would serve to create a greater value and more impression that they are unwelcome, compared to spaces 66 67 (Source: Bica, 2013) CHAPTER 4: CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

68 69 EXHIBITION PLACE WESTERN WATERFRONT ONTARIO PLACE CITY PRECINCTS 2 SITES PAGE 75

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S V PAGE 109 WOODBINE BEACK PARK GARDINER EXP T E LAK R.C HARRIS WATER TREATMENT FACILITY ESH OR E B DON MILLS EVERGREEN BRICKWORKS LVD 2 EXPANDED CITY EDWARD’S GARDENS MEL LASTMAN SQUARE 18 SITES LEASIDE ONTARIO SCIENCE CENTRE PAGE 115 BALDWIN STEPS ALEXANDER MUIR KEY MAP 1 ONTARIO PLACE BELTLINE TRAIL ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS 1 2 EXHIBITION PLACE YORK UNIVERSITY MOUNT PLEASANT CEMETERY CORKTOWN COMMON SPADINA HOUSE & GARDENS DISTILLERY DISTRICT VILLAGE OF YORKVILLE PARK HIGH PARK The boundaries of the Western Waterfront Precinct include Bathurst Street to the that have sought to reconnect the City of Toronto with its waterfront. Several of ROSEDALE east, Parkside Drive to the west, and the area south of the Gardiner Expressway. these early revitalization eforts prompted a cultural shift towards realizing the Although the Western Waterfront has not experienced revitalization to the same potential of the waterfront landscape. These spaces illustrate Toronto’s commit- extent as the Central Waterfront, the area itself still contains several urban parks ment to restoring public access to the water’s edge (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.) 72 73 (Source: Argen’s Art, n.d.) ONTARIO PLACE (Source: Borrett, 2012) 955 LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD WEST

LANDSCAPE TYPE Large Municipal Park

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DESIGNERS Craig, Zeilder and Strong; Gordon Dowdell Associates; Hough, Stansbury and Associates

Ontario Place was built along Toronto’s Waterfront as an attempt to revitalize the heavily industrialized area as a means to attract tourists. The revitalization effort prompted many innovative design proposals, illustrating a strong cultural shift towards realizing the potential to the waterfront landscape. These designs included Harbour City, which would have created a community of 60,000 people in a mixed residential-recreational complex called ‘Venice on the Lake’ (Gimmil, 1981). The plan was ultimately ahead of its time, and never materialized beyond the design stage (Gimmil, 1981). This initial design was a precursor for the eventual approval of Ontario Place, which began construction in 1969. The 77.7 hectares of Exhibition Place grounds are nine pillars on each side represent the nine provinces (Source: Ptak, 2009) situated between the Gardiner Expressway and Lakeshore that participated in Confederation (Marsh, n.d.). On top Boulevard and represent an important cultural landmark of this structure sits the “Goddess of Winged Victory”, The concept for Ontario Place as an urban waterfront park originated from the desire to the City of Toronto. In the 1750s, the site was home to which is an interpretation of the original “Winged to improve the global image of Toronto’s shoreline as a culturally signifcant landscape a French fur trading Fort, called Fort Rouille, but was later Victory of Samothrace” and was designed by sculptor (Gimmil, 1981). Three artifcial islands were created south of the Lakeshore through demolished by the French fearing an English takeover Charles McKechnie (Exhibition Place, n.d.; The Canadian landflling, each connected by picturesque bridges and walkways (Gimmil, 1981; Whiteson, EXHIBITION (Exhibition Place, n.d.). Since then it has evolved into the Encyclopedia, n.d.). 1983). The complex was completed in 1971 with two pedestrian bridges over Lakeshore renowned venue seen today. Exhibition place is connected Boulevard connecting Ontario Place to Exhibition Place. to what would later become the Ontario Place by two On the west end of the grounds, fve buildings predating the pedestrian bridges, connecting two prominent landmarks Chapman and Oxley remodelling exist. These include the The park was heavily infuenced by the futurist exhibition of Expo 67. Inspirational that have played invaluable roles in boosting Toronto’s Press Building built in 1905, Horticultural Building which examples of Expo 67s include the Cinesphere, an 800-seat IMAX theatre, and the Forum, waterfront. replaced the Crystal Palace in 1907, The Music Hall building a 3,000-seat open-air auditorium (Gimmil, 1981). Originally, the new urban park would PLACE in 1907, the Government building now Medieval Times in contain fve pavilion pods, designed by noted Canadian architect Eberhard Zeidler, rising In 1920, the architectural frm Chapman and Oaxley 1912, and the Fire Hall and Police Station built in 1912 105 feet from lake and one artifcial island as an extension of the Canadian National 200 PRINCES’ BOULEVARD designed the layout of the new grounds for the property. with most following the Beaux-Arts style of prominent Exhibition. As development moved along, two additional islands were added alongside the Founded by architects Alfred Chapman and James Oxley, Toronto architect George W. Gouinlock (Exhibition Place, Forum, Cinesphere, and Children’s Village (Gimmil, 1981). Both Expo 67 and Ontario Place LANDSCAPE TYPE their frm was involved in the construction and expansion n.d.). On the east end of the grounds, Chapman and Oxley incorporated a mix of low and high density use to satisfy planners, developers, and politicians (Gimmil, 1981). A series of walking and cycling trails enhance the interconnectivity, granting Exposition Grounds of many now prominent cultural landscapes in the City built the Ontario Building, now referred to as Liberty Grand of Toronto. Redesigning the Exhibition Grounds involved (Exhibition Place, n.d.). visitors easy access to the various attractions throughout the site. The structures of Ontario an expansion southward through the process of inflling, Place were described as projecting a sense of dimensionless through the exploitation of LANDSCAPE STYLE necessary since it bordered Lake Ontario (Osbaldeston, The landscape f the area also features different roads technology, merging the natural and the human world (Whiteson, 1983). Modernist; Beaux Arts; Arts Deco 2008). One iconic design of Chapman and Oxley within the named after Canadian provinces with green spaces Exhibition grounds is the Princes’ Gates, built in 1927, to including Bandshell Park, and hosts the former French As of 2012, Ontario Place has undergone revitalization plans with designs to reintegrate DESIGNERS celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Canadian Confederation. Fort and Centennial Park. At the northern entrance stands the cultural hub, enhance the connectivity of the park incorporating trails along Toronto’s Architect - George W. Gouinlock It stands that measures 91 metres wide and is located the Dufferin Gates, looking over the Dufferin Bridge to Waterfront, and improve the accessibility of the recreational space (Yuen, 2014). at the east end of the grounds (Osbaldeston, 2008). The welcome incoming visitors. 74 75

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GARDIN ER EXP 1 FORT YORK 100 GARRISON ROAD ble beginnings as a military garrison established on the Blockhouse 1 and 2, which allowed soldiers to fre on the shores of Lake Ontario by John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant enemy while protecting troops from small fre, Brick Mag- KEY MAP LANDSCAPE TYPE Governor of what was then Upper Canada and is now On- azine, a bomb-proof building converted to store weapons 1 FORT YORK Commemorative Landscape tario (City of Toronto, n.d.; Benn, 1993). and equipment, and Stone Powder Magazine for storage of gunpowder barrels (Benn, 1993). LANDSCAPE STYLE Due to inflling the site now sits 500 metres away from the Colonial Revival shore (Calvet, 2014). The site is a strong visible reminder of Placards are displayed near every building giving details Canada’s British colonial legacy with seven original build- of when the building was built and its use. The site is fa- DESIGNERS ings dating back to the era. Upon entering the grounds lies mous for having seen action in the Battle of York in 1813, Commissioner – Lieutenant Governor John Graves a gate and visitors are greeted with a lush green low cut being captured twice by American troops (Benn, 1993). The boundaries of the Garrison Commons Precinct include the Gardiner Express- Street in the east. The original Garrison Reserve was largely used for Military Simcoe with support of Queen’s Rangers landscape. The grounds itself is sunken in with the Fort’s Today the site hosts tours with tour guides dressed in walls protecting the compound. Canons are strategically colonial era attire informing visitors of the Fort’s history way in the south, Queen Street in the north, Duferin Street in the west and Peter purposes and served as the western bookend for the original Town of York. located behind the walls of the Fort to stop enemy infl- (Benn, 1993). Special events like historical re-enactments tration. A foot path connects visitors to the various build- also take place. In 2014 the Fort York Visitor’s Centre was Situated in the heart of downtown Toronto with con- ings on the site which include the Brick Barracks which open designed by Patkau Architects and Kearns Mancini dominiums towering over, Fort York a 43 acre Canadian housed soldiers and their families, Offcers’ Barracks and Architects aimed at display artifacts from site and act as a national historic museum is a reminder of Toronto’s hum- Mess room for military offcers, Junior Offcer Barracks, community gathering place (City of Toronto, n.d.). 76 77 CENTRAL WATERFRONT IRELAND PARK

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Postmodernist

T DESIGNERS Jonathan M. Kearns, Rowan Gillespie (Five bronze sculptures)

FRONT ST Opened in 2007 by H.E. Mary McAleese, the President of Ireland, this waterfront park serves as a memorial to the Irish immigrants who fed during the Great Famine of 1847. Ireland Park acts as a symbolic arrival point in Canada for Irish immigrants departing from 6 the Famine Memorial in Dublin Ireland; also designed by Rowan Gillespie. The park site is near to where the majority of Irish immigrants initially landed (Ireland Park Foundation, 2014). GARDINER EXP 8 The park is designed to portray the Irish immigrants leaving their ship and rocky barren shores of Ireland (western site) for the greener oak laden shores of Toronto (eastern site) QUEENS QUAY (Hough, 2014). 2 4 7 3 5 The park is a starkly minimal landscape consisting almost entirely of dark rough stone with 5 bronze sculptures representing arriving Irish immigrants to Toronto (compared to 1 the 7 bronze sculptures departing in Dublin), and a partial preserved structure of concrete from an industrial past as Canada Malting’s grain silos. The grassy eastern area of the site has 5 oak trees in amongst the bronze sculptures. There is a glass tower, similar in proportions to the concrete silos, standing alongside three interactive computer screens KEY MAP that give visitors access to the story of the park, the famine tragedy that it commemorates and an acknowledgement of those who made the park possible. 1 IRELAND PARK 3 HTO PARK 5 HARBOUR SQUARE PARK 7 CANADA’S SUGAR BEACH 2 MUSIC GARDENS 4 WAVEDECKS 6 CN TOWER 8 SHERBOURNE COMMONS This site of 0.1125 ha is framed by the entrance to the Billy Bishop Airport, the Toronto Inner Harbour, Éireann Quay, and the Canada Malting grain silos; with views to the Toronto Inner Harbour, the CN Tower and the city’s central core.Since its inception, areas adjacent to the Éireann Quay dock wall were renovated in 2013 with new tree plantings, pedestrian benches, and a promenade with two-toned red and grey maple leaf mosaic pattern (Hough, The boundaries of the Central Waterfront Precinct include Bathurst Street to the attention and has ultimately been linked to the reconnaissance of the profession 2014). west, Parliament Street to the east and the area south of Front Street. Toronto’s of landscape architecture in North American. Built on former 19th century indus- Central Waterfront Revitalization Project is one of the most signiﬁcant revital- trial sites, these new parks and public spaces collectively give the city the grand ization projects in the world. This extensive transformation has garnered global waterfront boulevard it deserves (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.)

78 79 MUSIC GARDEN HtO 479 QUEEN’S QUAY WEST 339 QUEENS QUAY WEST

LANDSCAPE TYPE: LANDSCAPE TYPE Waterfront Development; Public Park Waterfront Development; Public Park

LANDSCAPE STYLE LANDSCAPE STYLE Postmodernism Postmodernist

DESIGNERS DESIGNERS Julie Moir Messervy Janet Rosenberg + Associates and Claude Cormier Architects Paysagistes Inc.

Inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach’s First Suite for Unaccompanied Cello, this park was Completed in 2007, HtO was part of an initiative to redevelop Toronto’s once industrial made in collaboration with cellist Yo-Yo Ma and landscape architect Julie Moir Messervy. waterfront. The six-acre park is divided by a man made slip creating two sections; HtO West Established in 1999, Music Garden has interpreted Bach’s classical piece through nature and HtO East (City of Toronto, n.d.). Rosenberg Associates and Cormier Architects submitted and serves as the subject for the frst flm in a six-part series paying tribute to Bach’s the winning design to the City of Toronto turning this post-industrial area into a green masterpieces. Located on Toronto’s central waterfront overlooking the Marina Quay West, public space providing plenty of connections to the waterfront’s edge (ASLA, n.d.). A present the three-acre park is intricately designed and composed of six movements that correlate man-made slip divides the park into two sections that are connected through a planked with the musical suite. boardwalk binding the east and west portions together. The western part is adjacent to a condominium building and the eastern is adjacent to a fre station. The frst of six movements begins at the most western portion of the park. The Prelude is represented with meandering pathways lined with strategically placed granite boulders Users enter through intricate pathways of elevated grassy mounds that play host to mature and low growth vegetation. Hackberry trees are situated along the pathway in a regularly willow and sugar maple trees (City of Toronto, n.d.). Beyond the green landscaping lays spaced fashion to represent measures of music. the park’s focal point: a human-made sandy beach pit with large yellow umbrellas and moveable Adirondack chairs, all bordered by a series of concrete benches. The declining The Allemande follows and is represented with a Birch forest and swirling pathways lined slope towards this focal point provides the user with a sense of leaving the city behind and with areas of seating. These pathways take the visitor to higher elevations ending with a entering a small piece of cottage country overlooking Lake Ontario (ASLA, n.d.). Designers harbour view accompanied by Dawn Redwoods. This view continues on to the Courante were inspired by a Georges Seurat painting, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande which has been articulated with an upward swirling pathway through a feld of lush grass Jatte, and therefore wanted the park to emulated the feeling of peace and relaxation and wildfowers. The centre point of the swirl is a Maypole that spins with the wind. (Winsa, n.d.). An inward arcing circular path enclosed by conifers is the next movement of the park Environmental impacts were heavily considered during the design of HtO beginning which represents the Sarabande. A grand, symmetrical and ornamental pavilion starts the with site remediation. The industrialized contaminated area was capped with clean soil beginning of the ffth movement, the Menuett. This steel structure opens on to a large lawn surrounded by benches. This large open space then brings the visitor to the fnal preventing any pollutants from affecting patrons (ASLA, n.d.). Porous concrete was also movement of the suite and the park. A giant set of grass steps represents the Gigue and used to lay down the pathways in the park allowing for a natural infltration process (ASLA, leads the visitor down to a grand weeping willow and the waterfront’s boardwalk. n.d.). In addition, the park’s irrigation system uses only water from the lake below avoiding the unnecessary consumption of clean potable water (ASLA, n.d.). Finally, fsh habitats were created on the water’s edge by reusing concrete from the park’s initial construction phases (ALSA, n.d.).

80 81 CN TOWER 301 FRONT STREET

LANDSCAPE TYPE Landmark Period

LANDSCAPE STYLE Modernist

DESIGNER John Andrews (WZMH Architects)

Located on the former railway lines, the Canadian National (CN) Tower was built in response to an increase in the construction of high rise buildings in Toronto. Transmission towers were experiencing diffculty transmitting signals, leading to Canadian National Railway crafting the idea of a communications tower that would serve the Toronto area (Government of Canada, n.d.). The land chosen for the site was owned by CN, operating as a railway WAVEDECKS switching yard. This yard became redundant in the 1960s with CN’s new centralized yard in the northern segment of Vaughn. CN then imagined a communications tower along with QUEEN’S QUAY WEST the Metro Centre (Government of Canada, n.d.). The Metro Centre would have provided 4.5 important piece that connects two the waterfront parks million square feet of offce space, 600,000 square feet of commercial space, and 9,300 LANDSCAPE TYPE residential units but was ultimately scrapped by the Ontario Municipal Board (Bateman, Music Garden and HtO. Simcoe and Rees wavedecks Waterfront Development; Public Park 2014). The CN Tower was already under construction by this point, leading to the CN Tower opened the following summer and combined, all three being isolated on the former railway lands until the recent revitalization of the Waterfront. provide 1,770 square metres of public space and 80.3 LANDSCAPE STYLE The site is now home to CityPlace which houses a high density of residential condominiums, metres of connecting pathways. the Rogers Centre, the Metro Convention Centre, and the CN tower. Postmodernism Inspired by the Canadian cottage experience and the The CN tower is a major landmark and defning feature of Toronto’s skyline, and it is arguably DESIGNERS shorelines of Ontario’s lakes, the dynamic and elegant Canada’s most recognizable and celebrated icon. It stands at a height of 553.33 meters, with West-8 and DTAH structures have all been made of yellow glulam cedar and microwave receptors at 338 meters and at the antennas located at the top of the structure. ipe wood giving the waterfront a truly Canadian identity. The tower was designed by John Andrews with Webb Zerafa and Menkes Housden of Although the wavedecks are all mounted with similar WZMH Architects (Britannica, 2014). Andrew’s is an acclaimed architect from Australia who The Toronto Waterfront WaveDecks are a set of highly amphiteathre-style steps and seating arrangements, each has designed other famous structures in Canada such as Scarborough College, as well as successful public spaces that play an integral part of has been designed structurally different. While the Simcoe projects in Australia and the United States (WZMH Architects, 2014). The idea for the tower Toronto’s central waterfront master plan. Presently there WaveDeck is the most extravagant with its undulating originated in 1968 with construction beginning in 1973, and its offcial opening in 1976. are three wavedecks constructed with a fourth working its waves, the Rees WaveDeck gently dips in the centre In 1995, Canadian National Railway sold the CN Tower to the Canada Lands Company who way through the design phases. Each deck occupies one providing users the opportunity to come in close proximity currently operates the property. The CN Tower was classifed as one of the Seven Wonders of the many slips in the city’s post-industrial waterfront, with the surface of the lake. Function below water level has of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1995. each working to connect spaces and to encourage public also been a priority with these structures. Numerous fsh movement and utility. Since the frst opening in 2008, habitats have been integrated with the designs providing design frms West-8 and DTAH have received local and an array of habitat materials to welcome fsh to reproduce, international praise for their unique architectural design hide, grow and live. and function by replacing narrow sidewalks with dynamic boardwalks. The nomenclature of each deck coincides with its location in the city, each named after the street that ends at the respective slip. In 2008, the frst of the (Source: Khan, 2012) three decks to be opened was the Spadina WaveDeck, an

82 83 HARBOUR SQUARE PARK CANADA’S SUGAR 25 QUEEN’S QUAY WEST

to the north of the site today. Not long after completion into a large open, green area with meandering pathways LANDSCAPE TYPE the development came under criticism for the poor design and a waterfront boardwalk defning the southern Waterfront Development; public park of the buildings that obstructed the historical lakefront boundary. Traveling west, the park connects to a tree-lined views. The park situated in the middle of the development promenade that spans the length of the Old Ferry Basin BEACH LANDSCAPE STYLE was also heavily fawed as it was isolated, subjected to with a decorative awning feature completing the pathway. Postmodernism overshadowing, and severely lacked landscaped features. A lower parallel boardwalk also extends on to the lake FOOT OF LOWER JARVIS STREET In 1985 the City held an international competition to re- offering the visitor an additional east-west connection NAME OF DESIGNERS design this 7.5-acre park into a more public and animated with closer proximities to the water. These pathways lead LANDSCAPE TYPE space with Natale Scott Browne Architects submitting the toward the Western Garden that is landscaped with large Nolan Natale, Timothy Scott, Chris Browne Public Park winning scheme. In 1991, the new Harbour Square Park willows and sugar maples. The southern tip of the garden opened turning the previously banal space into the green is a focal point and extends south to display the Sundial LANDSCAPE STYLE and vibrant public park we see today. Folly, a piece of public art highlighting the connection of Waterfront With the decline of the waterfront’s industrial uses and the city to the water. The piece done by Figueiredo and lands becoming obsolete, the City began to heavily pro- Located on Queen’s Quay, Harbour Square Park is bound by Fung is further complemented with a pond and water DESIGNERS mote redevelopment for the area. In 1969 the approved York St. slip and the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal. The eastern feature fowing off of the eastern portion of the garden. Claude Cormier and Associates Harbour Square Plan provided the waterfront with the entry point brings the visitor between high-rise towers, high-rise commercial and residential buildings that we see

Located adjacent to the Redpath Sugar Factory, Canada’s Sugar Beach is one of Toronto’s newest parks. This 0.81 hectare park is the frst public space visitors see as they travel along Queens Quay from the central waterfront (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). Designed by Claude Cormier + Associés it draws upon the industrial heritage of the area and its relationship to the aforementioned neighbouring factory.

Opened in 2010, it was created with the intention to remind visitors that Toronto’s waterfront is a spirited locale (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). The park is an imaginative space that was transformed from a surface parking lot in a former industrial area into Toronto’s second urban beach at the water’s edge (Waterfront Toronto, n.d). The park features three distinct components: an urban beach, a plaza space, and a tree-lined promenade.

The beach section of the park affords visitors the opportunity to experience sand, with a spectacular view out to Lake Ontario (Claude Cormier and Associes. n.d.). There is also a plaza section containing a large granite rocks and grass mounds that provide citizens with uniquely distinct experiences from the sandy beach.

Between the plaza and the beach, visitors can stroll through the park along a promenade featuring granite and tumbled concrete cobblestones, lined with mature maple trees (Waterfront Toronto, n.d.). The promenade offers a shaded route to the water’s edge providing the public with many opportunities along the way to sit and enjoy views to the lake, beach, or plaza (Claude Cormier and Associés, n.d.).

84 85 SHERBOURNE THE 32 PARKLOTS

COMMON T 61 DOCKSIDE DRIVE BLOOR ST

B Y

H D

I U

A LANDSCAPE TYPE R

A Waterfront Development; Public Park; Greens, Commons, Squares A

13 12

M S

LANDSCAPE STYLE T

Post-industrial S 3

T 7 DESIGNERS DUND 8 Phillips Farevaag Smallenberg In association with: The Planning Partnership; Teeple AS ST Architects; Jill Anholt; The Municipal Infrastructure Group 11

Completed in 2011, Sherbourne Common is a signifcant component of the current narrative 2 taking shape along Toronto’s waterfront. This three and a half acre site, located in the Eastern Bayfront Community along Lake Ontario spans more than two city blocks from 4 Lake Ontario in the south to Lake Shore Boulevard in the north (Waterfront Toronto, 2011, 1 online). A former post-industrial wasteland, Sherbourne Common has become a well-used, 10 year-round destination and a multi-faceted urban park in the City. Programmatically, the QUEEN ST 9 park responds to a diversity of users and accommodates a full range of needs. Designed 6 by distinguished landscape architects Phillips Farevaag Smallenberg, Sherbourne Common transcends the conventional defnition of park by interweaving landscape architecture with KEY MAP 5 ST. JAMES CEMETERY 10 TRINITY BELLWOODS PARK public art, sustainability, stormwater treatment, engineering, and development (ASLA, 2013, 1 GRANGE PARK online). 6 OSGOODE HALL 11 ALLAN GARDENS 2 UNIVERSITY AVENUE 7 RIVERDALE FARM 12 QUEEN’S PARK South of Queens Quay, the park features a large open green space framed by Sunset Maples, Red Oaks and American Beeches as well as a skating rink that doubles as a splash 3 NECROPOLIS CEMETERY 8 NATIVE CHILD AND FAMILY SERVICES ROOFTOP GARDEN 13 DUFFERIN GROVE PARK pad in the summer months. A carefully organized boulevard, lined with Oaks and Maples, 4 DUNDAS SQUARE 9 NATHAN PHILLIPS SQUARE provides physical and visual continuity between the northern and southern portions of the park (Waterfront Toronto, 2011, online). Sherbourne Common is the frst park in Canada to integrate a UV fltration system into its design. Housed in the basement of the park’s pavilion, stormwater is collected and treated before being distributed throughout the park (ASLA, 2013, online). The water is eventually released from three dramatic public art sculptures called the “Light Showers”, designed by Jill Anholt where it makes its way back into Lake Ontario. The 32 Park Lots Precinct replicates the original park lots established by Lt. Gov- run from the Don River to Lansdowne Avenue with Queen and Bloor Street holding

Sherbourne Common is an example of landscape driving development. This waterfront ernor John Graves Simcoe. The 32 surveyed lots, originally created as a com- the north and south borders. These park lots have played a key role in how Toron- amenity was constructed to serve as a catalyst for future development and infrastructure for the East Bayfront Community (ASLA, 2013, online). Since its establishment, Sherbourne modity to entice an aristocracy to settle in the newly established Town of York, to’s current street and lot patterns are arranged. The original long, narrow park Common has garnered many awards including the Toronto Urban Design Award (2014) and an Award of Merit from the 2009 Canadian Architect Awards of Excellence. lots have resulted in the grid model we see today. 86 87 GRANGE PARK AND ESTATE 317 DUNDAS STREET WEST

neighbourhood. The park itself was originally the front currently features a large pastoral green space framed LANDSCAPE TYPE lawn of the iconic Georgian red brick estate fabricated by old rustic trees, as well as a wading pool, playground, Public Park; Neighbourhood Park; to emulate the sixteenth century buildings of Italian and outdoor skating risk. Elements of the original Grange Garden and Estate Architect, Andrea Palladio (Fulford, 1995). Estate are still vividly apparent in the park’s current design, including the former elliptical carriage route now LANDSCAPE STYLE Over the century that followed, the Grange neighbourhood a pedestrian path, and the large front lawn (Fulford, 1995). Picturesque or Romantic changed from an elitist enclave to a working class In 2014, plans to rejuvenate the park to serve the needs of neighbourhood. Several of the old mansions and estates the changing local community were established. The parks DESIGNERS were removed to accommodate more modest sized renovations, designed by the award-winning Vancouver D’Arcy Boulton Jr. (constructed the Estate) residences inhabited by a growing working class. In 1910, frm PFS Studio, include a multi-functional play structure, Harriet Boulton Smith, a successor of D’Arcy Boulton Jr., outdoor exercise equipment, an off-leash dog area, and bequeathed the Grange Estate and the front lawn to the several aquatic and light features (Leal, 2014). Originally part of the Grange Estate built by D’Arcy Boulton, public for the creation of the Art Gallery of Ontario and the Grange Park is a storied landscape that has witnessed formation of a new public park (Leal 2014; Fulford, 1995). the unfolding identity of the City of Toronto. The Grange Estate, originally constructed in the early 1800’s, was one In the mid 1970’s, Grange Park was redeveloped to better of the most prominent estates in an already exclusive serve the needs of the surrounding community. The park UNIVERSITY AVENUE UNIVERSITY AVENUE

the Ontario Legislative Building (2012). By 1929, civic landscaped median separating north and southbound LANDSCAPE TYPE leaders planned to extend University Avenue southward traffc (Flack, 2012). Today, the avenue symbolizes the city’s Boulevard; City Beautiful from Queen Street to Front Street outlined in a report by ongoing architectural evolution represented by Toronto’s the Advisory City Planning Commission (Hayes, 2008). In an most recognized and important institutions. These LANDSCAPE STYLE effort to accommodate the rise of the automobile era, the institutions include the Canada Life Building, Osgood Hall, Modernist; City Beautiful report proposed a downtown street network to address the Four Seasons Centre, the MaRS Discover District, Union the needed infrastructure. Had the Great Depression not Station and Hospital Row. intervened, the City Beautiful Movement could have had Located in downtown Toronto between College Street and a greater infuence along University Avenue. A colossal “This was a period of Front Street, the 2 kilometer stretch of University Avenue is roundabout dubbed Vimy Circle (2008), similar to Buffalo’s recognized as Toronto’s ceremonial thoroughfare. Initially Niagara Square, encircled by grand Beaux-Art offce towers enormous exuberance named College Avenue due to its close proximity to the could have reshaped today’s downtown business area. University of Toronto, formerly called King’s College, the By 1948, the chestnut lined trees along University Avenue and excitement about the Avenue echoes grand 19th century British colonial designs were replaced by road widening projects occurring possibility of the automobile.” (Flack, 2012). The avenue was lined with 500 horse chestnut throughout the city. The boulevard’s character was trees and designed to be anchored by a terminating vista, maintained through the introduction of a memorial -Ken Greenburg, 2014 88 89 DUNDAS SQUARE 1 DUNDAS STREET

LANDSCAPE TYPE Public Park; Square

LANDSCAPE STYLE Postmodernist

DESIGNERS Brown and Storey Architects, in association with Blackwell Engineering, Rybkasmith and Ginsler, Carinci Burt Rogers, Dan Euser Water Architecture, Handscomb

Dundas Square is one of the most commonly known public squares within the Downtown Toronto area. Since its opening in 2003, the public square has been used for concerts, as a NECROPOLIS CEMETERY gathering area, and to host public events (Brown and Storey Architects, 2014). The square, being located in a prime downtown location, has gained much popularity over the years. 200 WINCHESTER STREET Dundas Square was created as part of an urban idea to revitalize the area of Yonge Street which fell into decay over several decades (Brown and Storey Architects, 2014). This was The Necropolis sits on 18.25 acres of land overlooking the known as the Yonge Street Revitalization Project, which was initiated in 1996 (Brown and LANDSCAPE TYPE Don River. It follows the picturesque garden style popular Storey Architects, 2014). A two-stage international design competition was held in 1998 Cemetery (lawn cemetery) in the 1800s (Rivers & Bonnell, The Toronto Necropolis, which resulted in Brown and Storey Architects winning the project (Brown and Storey 2009). The chapel, designed by Henry Langley, was built Architects, 2014). City Council granted the approval to transform the previously bad- LANDSCAPE STYLE in 1872 and is representative of high Victorian Gothic reputation area into a public open square, and in 1998 construction had begun (Brown and Picturesque or romantic Architecture. Langley was known for his Gothic Revival Storey Architects, 2014). Churches and Second Empire houses, banks and public buildings. The entrance arch and offce, also designed by Dundas Square’s design was very simple in nature, containing basic geometrical shapes and Henry Langely, share the same design principles as the lines which were meant to create a sense of “vitality” and “serenity” (Yonge Dundas Square Established in 1850, the Necropolis is located on the chapel (Rivers & Bonnell, The Toronto Necropolis, 2009). A B, N.D). It was done to create an area which would be calm within the busy core of a city west slope of the lower Don Valley and is recognized as unique feature of the Chapel is the placement of the bell (Yonge Dundas Square B, N.D). The area is flled with fountains, a stage and a canopy that Toronto’s second non-sectarian cemetery. The frst non- tower to the rear of cemetery grounds. The bell acted as runs beside Dundas Street (Brown and Storey Architects, 2014). There is also a garden and sectarian cemetery was Potter’s Field which closed in 1855 a practical instrument for the funeral procession passing sitting area along the eastern front of the square (Brown and Storey Architects, 2014). Due with portions of the cemetery transported to “The Resting through the front porch, to the chancel and fnally out to to construction, the street south of the square had to be reduced from 11 meters to 5.5 Place of Pioneers” at the Necropolis (other remains where the cemetery grounds. meters (Brown and Storey Architects, 2014). moved to Mount Pleasant Cemetery) (Rivers & Bonnell, The Toronto Necropolis, 2009). The Toronto General Burying Several awards have been given to Dundas Square recognizing its unique and beautiful Grounds, now known as the Mount Pleasant Group of design and setting the standards for design excellence. In 1999, Dundas Square won the Cemeteries, purchased the Necropolis in 1855. Originally, Canadian Architect magazine award of excellence for signifcant building in design stage the site was located on the periphery of the Township of (Yonge Dundas Square , N.D). In 2003, Dundas Square won the Design Exchange Award York with limited development surrounding the site, as in the environmental category, (Yonge Dundas Square B, N.D). Finally, the Architecture opposed to the village of Yorkville where residents felt Magazine in 2000 quoted Dundas Square as being “commended as a new form of urban that Potter’s Field was limiting their growth (Rivers & space with great presence…pushes the limits of invention and originality” (Yonge Dundas Bonnell, The Toronto Necropolis, 2009). At the time, only a Square B, N.D). few homes existed North of Queen Street on the west side, with farms occupying lands on the east side.

90 91 ST. JAMES CEMETERY 200 WINCHESTER STREET

LANDSCAPE TYPE Cemetery

LANDSCAPE STYLE Picturesqe; Romantic

DESIGNERS John G. Howard; F.W. Cumberland

The original St. James cemetery was located adjacent to the St. James Cathedral at King and Church in downtown Toronto, and was designed by architect Frederick William Cumberland in the 19th Century. The architectural style of the cathedral is reminiscent of the Gothic Revival Architecture popular during the 19th century (Cathedral Church of St. James-Toronto, Ontario, 2014). As the City of Toronto grew, the St. James cemetery located at the cathedral experienced capacity constraints. This development caused the Church to relocate its cemetery with a new location selected overlooking the ravine several blocks north of the Cathedral. It is located at the present intersection of Bloor and Parliament Streets. While the site itself has undergone minimal transformation (the Crematorium was added in 1948), the area surrounding the Ceme- tery has been signifcally infuenced by a rapidly expanding city. The once tranquil rural ceme- QUEEN’S PARK tery has been altered by urbanization and a rapid population increase, with busy arterial roads and dense housing developments. The church opened this ‘new’ St. James Cemetery in 1844 111 WELLESLEY STREET WEST and is now the oldest continually operated cemetery in the City of Toronto (St. James Cemetery, 2014). The cemetery is an invaluable historic site in Toronto, contributing a unique look into the park is an unmistakable representation of the 19th parks boundaries using natural features such as Taddle Toronto’s rich history and providing a landscape in direct contrast to the heavily urbanized city. LANDSCAPE TYPE century public park movement in North America. The Creek. Interestingly, the irregular shape on the west side of Public Park; Campus; Colonial College land was purchased in 1829 by King’s College after John Queen’s Park Crescent is a notable depiction of the creek’s John G. Howard prepared the layout for St. James Cemetery in 1842. He was a key contributor Strachan, Bishop of York in Upper Canada returned from existence (n.d.). to planning, architecture and engineering works in Toronto’s early stages. (St. James Cemetery, LANDSCAPE STYLE England with a Royal Charter granted by King George IV to 2014). Howard was one of the frst professional architects in Upper Canada, and was Toronto’s Colonial Revival establish a university in the City of York (Ontario Heritage Following the trend of the era’s urban park designs, Queen’s offcial surveyor from 1843 to 1855 (Firth, 1982). Beyond the City of Toronto, other institutions Trust, (n.d.). The eastern parklands of the now University Park nurtured the concept of open space to improve the and private developers also employed Howard. In designing St. James Cemetery, Howard fol- DESIGNERS of Toronto were expropriated by a provincial legislation in health and wellness of citizens. The white pine, maple, lowed the picturesque garden cemetery plan popular of the 19th century. It was built on 65 Frederick William Cumberland and William George 1853 to construct new legislative buildings, a Government elm and oak trees provides a ftting backdrop to the acres of land overlooking the Don River (The Cathedral Church of St. James, 2014). Howard left Storm of Cumberland and Storm House and a botanical garden as Toronto was to become Richardson Romanesque Ontario Legislature Building a site in his plan at the southwest corner for the addition of a “mortuary chapel”. The chapel, a provincial capital (n.d.). A joint committee represented (Legislative Assembly, n.d.). The statues and monuments designed by F.W. Cumberland was opened in 1891, 17 years after the opening of the Cemetery. by the university, city offcials and approved by Governor commemorate historical fgures and events of Upper Cumberland was a distinguished architect and engineer in the city designing many other no- Named in honour of Queen Victoria, Queen’s Park was General of Canada Sir Edmund Walk Head, agreed to lease Canada’s foundations and highlight a provincial plaque table structures in Toronto (St. James Cemetery, 2014). The Chapel was designated a National offcially opened by the Prince of Wales during the Royal 49 acres of the northeastern parkland to the City of Toronto commemorating the 150th anniversary of the park during Historic Site of Canada in 1990 (The Cathedral Church of St. James, 2014). Tour of 1860 (Legislative Assembly, n.d.). Located at the for a 999 year term for the purpose of a public park (n.d.). Queen Elizabeth II Royal Tour in 2010. mouth of University Avenue just north of College Street, Architectural frm Cumberland and Storm outlined the

92 93 (Source: Otani, 2012) (Source: Shainidze, 2011) TRINITY BELLWOODS 790 QUEEN STREET WEST

completed in 1852 (Neighbourhood Guide Toronto, 2014), diamonds, eight tennis courts, two volleyball courts, an LANDSCAPE TYPE with a chapel and other buildings being added to the site artifcial ice rink, dog off- leash area, picnic area, wading Public Park; Neighbourhood Park at a later time. pool and children’s playground. The gates and the former women’s residence, St. Hilda’s College (now John LANDSCAPE STYLE In 1912, the City of Toronto purchased the buildings, Gibson House retirement home), are the only remaining Picturesque; Gothic Revival except for the chapel, and Crawford Street Bridge was later structures. However, some of these foundations can still constructed in 1914 (Neighbourhood Guide Toronto, 2014). be found today, buried to the north of the park’s circular DESIGNERS Throughout the 1950s and 1960s many changes began pathway and the chapel beneath the tennis courts to occur to the site with some of the original structures (Neighbourhood Guide Toronto, 2014). Trinity Bellwoods City of Toronto being demolished around 1956 (Neighbourhood Guide Park hosts events, musical acts, and even flm shoots, while (Source: Jung, 2013) Toronto, 2014). During the 1960s construction of the the Trinity Community Recreation Centre can be found in Bloor-Danforth subway line, produced excessive amounts the southwest area of the park (City of Toronto, 2014). Originally a military reserve that was founded on Garrison of excavation rubble and debris that the City disposed of Creek around the burgeoning Town of York in 1791, in 1851 under the bridge, moving Trinity Bellwoods Park upwards the land was bought by Bishop John Strachan to be the to ground level (Neighbourhood Guide Toronto, 2014). ALLAN GARDENS site for the original Trinity College (Neighbourhood Guide Today, the site is now located on top of the buried Garrison 19 HORTICULTURAL AVENUE Toronto, 2014). A Gothic Revival style building was then Creek, this 12.5 hectare space contains three baseball acre parcel of his lands to the Toronto Horticultural Society LANDSCAPE TYPE (City of Toronto, 2014). In 1864, the City of Toronto purchased Botanical Garden; Public Park the surrounding lands from George Allan, releasing them to the Horticultural Society, requiring that the lands be made LANDSCAPE STYLE publicly accessible and free of charge. In 1879, an architectural Picturesque frm by the name of Langley, Langley and Burke designed an impressive 75 foot x 120 foot pavilion for the site, made of DESIGNERS glass, iron and wood, which was later expanded to include a 45 foot x 48 foot conservatory (City of Toronto, 2014). Langley, Langley and Burke; Robert McCallum The site was renamed Allan Gardens to commemorate the (Source: Shainidze, 2011) accomplishments and memory of George Allan proceeding his death in 1901 (City of Toronto, 2014). Following a devastating fre in 1902, city architect Robert McCallum designed a new In the 19th century, a newfound enthusiasm for gardening building to replace the Horticultural Pavilion, which opened inspired several Canadian cities, such as Toronto, to create in 1910 and his now designated under the Ontario Heritage public gardens for the enjoyment of their citizens (Williams, Act. 2014). During this time, citizens were becoming increasingly interested in plants, fowers, mini-gardens and bold colours. Today, Allan Gardens sits on a 13-acre plot and comprises over This trend initiated the creation of several horticultural 16,000 square feet of greenhouses (City of Toronto, 2014). societies, worldwide expeditions in search of exotic plants, The greenhouses boast an extensive permanent display of and the expansion of botanical gardens (Williams, 2014). plant and fower collections. For example, the tropical houses One signifcant example of this trend is the creation of the collectively contain several varieties of orchids, bromeliads, Allan Gardens Conservatory, a historic landmark that lies in begonias and gesneriads (City of Toronto, 2014). In other downtown Toronto. greenhouses, visitors will discover plants such as Camellias and Jasmines and rare succulents and cacti such as agave, A prominent local politician by the name of George Allan opuntia, aloe and haworthia (City of Toronto, 2014). To this initially owned the space. In 1858, Mr. Allan donated a fve- day, Allan Gardens persists as a signifcant historical tourist attraction and city landmark (City of Toronto, 2014). 94 95 OSGOODE HALL RIVERDALE FARM 130 QUEEN STREET WEST 201 WINCHESTER STREET

design of Osgoode Hall provides a serene setting to the to York University in 1974 after a decision by the Ontario LANDSCAPE TYPE bustling intersection of University Avenue and Queen Ministry of Education requiring their affliation with a LANDSCAPE TYPE Institutional Grounds/Governmental Institution or Street. Since its construction in 1832 Osgoode Hall, named university (n.d.). Large Municipal Park and Garden Facility after frst Chief Justice of Upper Canada William Osgoode, has served as the headquarters for the Law Society of Surviving original interior elements added in the 1857 LANDSCAPE STYLE LANDSCAPE STYLE Upper Canada and the Ontario Court of Appeal (The Law renovations by Cumberland and Storm articulate grand ar- Victorian Gardenesque Beaux-Arts/Neoclassical Society of Upper Canada, n.d.). The original building was chitectural achievements (The Law Society of Upper Cana- designed by John Ewart and Dr. W.W. Baldwin following da, n.d.). The Great Library, administered by the Law Society DESIGNERS DESIGNERS Neoclassicism characteristics typical of mid-19th is considered the largest private law collection in Cana- Napier Simpson Jr. (Simpson House) John Ewart and Dr. W.W. Baldwin century Canadian architecture. Successive additions and da. The decorative plastered 40 feet high ceiling, coffered renovations, including the southern facade by Cumberland dome, vaulted divisions, blind arcades and rich Corinthian and Storm in 1857 added signifcant external decorative columns deliver one of the most distinguished rooms in The original site of Riverdale Farms was a component of a larger concept for a public Originally part of the Grange Estate built by D’Arcy Boulton, elements such as repeated temple and arcade motifs, Canada (n.d.). Osgoode Hall was designated as a National park and industrial farm. In 1856, the City of Toronto purchased 119 acres of land from Grange Park is a storied landscape that has witnessed a continuous cornice and the heavy entablature still Historic Site in 1979 for its role as a judicial institution in the Scadding Estate along the Don River directly south of what is now the Bloor Viaduct the unfolding identity of the City of Toronto. The Grange present today (Canada’s Historic Places, n.d.). In 1865, the Ontario and for the heritage value it expresses through its (City Planning Division, Urban Development Services, 2001). Riverdale Park was offcially Surrounded by a distinctive wrought-iron face, the Palladian Law Society added the rear eastern wing to operate the interior, exterior and contextual features. opened in 1880 and in 1888, Toronto businessman and Alderman Daniel Lamb donated Osgoode Hall Law School. The school has since relocated deer to the area, starting an initiative that spearheaded the formation of the Riverdale Zoo in 1894 (Coopersmith, 1998). The zoo’s collection quickly grew along with its popularity but in 1949, a citizen’s committee formed to test the viability of creating a larger, modern zoo. The group’s actions eventually led to Metro Council approving Glen Rouge as the site for the new zoo in 1967. Construction on the relocated zoo began in 1970 and by 1974, the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo was opened, causing the closure of the Riverdale Zoo that same year (City Planning Division, Urban Development Services, 2001). Riverdale Zoo was transformed into the municipally operated Riverdale Farm, specializing in pioneer breeds of farm animals native to Canada. (Rivers & Bonnell, Riverdale Zoo, 2009).

Riverdale Farm currently occupies 7.5 acres on the west side of the Don River (The City of Toronto, 2014). The closure of Riverdale Zoo led to the demolition of many structures on the site, with the exception of the Residence (built in 1902 by prisoners of the Toronto Don Jail), the Donnybrook, and the Island House (City Planning Division, Urban Development Services, 2001). The Francey Barn, located directly through the main gates, was donated by Mrs. Garnett Francey in 1977 (The City of Toronto, 2014). It was originally constructed in the Markham Township in 1858 in the style of a Pennsylvania Bank Barn, and built along the bank to give ground access to both foors of the barn. The Simpson House is a Victorian- style farmhouse built by Napier Simpson Jr., a restorative architect. It mimics the style of farmhouses popular in the late 1800s (City Planning Division, Urban Development Services, 2001). Other structures that remained on the site include the Pig and Poultry Barn, the Drive shed, and the Meeting House.

96 97 (Source: Landao, 2013) DUFFERIN GROVE PARK 875 DUFFERIN STREET

strong resistance to the nearby Dufferin Mall expansion The park has an ample amount of green space, especially LANDSCAPE TYPE and as a result of this the mall’s developer donated funds on the west side, that is flled with a variety of trees. The Public Park; Outdoor Community Centre to be used to foster a park on the adjacent lands (Parkcom- park has several seating areas and a bonfre space. At the mons, 2007). Through the mentorship of Jutta Mason and northwest corner, a skating rink is located which is used LANDSCAPE STYLE the Parks and Recreation Department, community mem- by park visitors throughout the winter. On the east side Postmodernist bers began envisioning the design of the park (Parkcom- of the park, there is a large children’s area that contains a mons, 2007). Through the help of the Trillium Foundation, variety of different playground equipment. The children’s DESIGNERS Maytree Foundation, the Ontario Government’s “child nu- area is blocked off by a wooden fence, and surrounded by a trition grant”, and Parks and Recreation the frst bake oven variety of trees. Overall, the park is visually appealing and Friends of Dufferin Grove Park was constructed in 1995 (Parkcommons, 2007). Since then contains a large amount of open space, allowing residents it and has become one of the most commonly known fea- and visitors to make use through different activities, such tures of this neighborhood (Parkcommons, 2007). In 2000, as sports and picnicking. The park is home to many drop-in a second bake oven was built in the park (Parkcommons, activities hosted during the summer such as art programs, Dufferin Grove Park frst opened in 1993, with successive 2007). Dufferin Grove Park is widely recognized for the lev- and Sunday summer concerts (Parkcommons, 2007). additions and construction continuing until 2003 (Park- el of involvement and development the community takes commons, 2007). In 1992, neighborhood residents raised with regarding the park features. (Source: Toronto Neighbourhood Walks, 2014) (Source: City News, 2014) (Source: Toronto Neighbourhood Walks, 2014) NATHAN PHILLIPS SQUARE 100 QUEEN STREET WEST as the fnal component of a larger designed complex by St. John’s Ward, 2013). The construction of Nathan Phillips LANDSCAPE TYPE Finnish architect Viljo Revell that included Toronto’s New Square embodied a cultural rebranding for the City during Designed landscape; Square City Hall and an interconnecting elevated walkway and the post-war period, symbolizing the modern era of podium. (Toronto City Hall and Nathan Phillips Square, progressive politics. Changing attitudes toward politics, LANDSCAPE STYLE 2014). The square’s landmark feature, the Freedom Arches, combined with the introduction of concrete as a modern Modernist includes a piece of the Berlin Wall at the base of the material of progression, correlates to the naming of Nathan center arch. The arches are a dedication by the citizens Phillips Square; the frst Jewish mayor in a protestant City DESIGNERS of Toronto to those who struggled to gain freedom, and (2013). Viljo Revell commemorates those who sacrifced their lives for the sake of freedom. Today, Nathan Phillips Square continues to serve as a signifcant place of gathering. The square is complimented The site was constructed over St John’s Ward, a former by a refecting pond, the peace garden memorializing the Nathan Phillips Square has served as Toronto’s frst main refugee and immigrant slum neighborhood. The Ward, atomic bomb of Hiroshima, and Henry Moore’s sculpture square of public and political exchange since 1965 (Nathan as it was often referred to, evolved into Toronto’s Jewish The Archer, whose abstracted roundedness stylistically Phillips Square Background, 2014). Named in honor of and Chinese community districts before the site was compliments Revell’s concrete architecture. former mayor Nathan Phillips, the square was constructed controversially expropriated in the 1950’s (Remembering

98 99 NATIVE CHILD & TORONTO ISLANDS FAMILY SERVICES ROOF GARDEN 30 COLLEGE STREET LANDSCAPE TYPE Roof Garden

LANDSCAPE STYLE Arts and Crafts

DESIGNERS Scott Torrance Landscape Architect Inc.

Completed in 2010, the green roof provides an easily accessible cultural space for urban aborigines. As aboriginal groups recognize themselves as stewards of the land, the site was designed to enrich the Toronto landscape. It establishes a strong environmental statement and acts as a functional space for the service that the Native Child and Family services center provides (Native Child and Family Services of Toronto, 2014). 1 With the centre’s commitment to the provision of culture based services in the heart of the city, traditional Anishnaabe medicines are planted on the green roof and used in conjunction with a Healing Lodge; also infuenced by the traditional Anishnaabe Sweat Lodge. The site gives urban KEY MAP dwellers the same opportunity as their country counterparts to beneft from the healing remedies of the Anishnaabe culture (Native Child and Family Services of Toronto, 2014). 1 THE ISLANDS

The rooftop garden has attracted many native groups from across the Province to partake in ceremonies utilizing the gardens traditional medicines and Healing Lodge. Due to its location on the 6th foor of the Native Child & Family Services Building, the atmosphere provides a tranquil setting to the bustling street of College Avenue; located adjacent to the building. In addition to the fencerows, ivies, sedges and native plants lining the garden, a garden atmosphere is recreated and establishes a sense of isolation from the outdoor urban environment.

This 0.059 hectare green roof is an intensive ecosystem with a growth media of 6-18 inches where The Toronto Islands are a chain of small islands located directly south of the city’s a small and largely car-free urban residential community. The grouping of islands varied native perennials and shrubs are planted (Torrance, 2013). The garden itself is outftted with a sweat lodge, fre pit with natural log seating, the Three Sisters Traditional Garden (Corn Beans, core within Lake Ontario. These Islands, accessible by ferry service, serve as a include: Hanlan’s, Algonquin and Ward’s Islands. Squash), soft surface play areas, and contoured planting beds with native vegetation; including cedar, sweet grass and sage (Holmes, 2013). The Native Child and Family Services Green Roof illustrates how popular destination for city residents and tourists. The Islands are also home to important cultural landscapes can be creatively incorporated into highly dense areas where space is at a premium. 100 101 TORONTO ISLANDS OLD TOWN TORONTO INNER HARBOUR, LAKE SHORE AVENUE

After the establishment of York and settlement of the area, Amusement Park, opened in 1888, further increased the LANDSCAPE TYPE the Peninsula became a popular summer day tripping des- attractiveness of the Islands. RICHMOND ST Public Park and Area tination; with hotels and the frst horse-powered ferries carrying residents across the harbor in 1833 (Flack, 2011). However, in the 1950’s, the Islands experienced a radial 1 LANDSCAPE STYLE In 1858, a violent storm tore a gap in the peninsula essen- change as a result of the establishment and control of

P Picturesque; Victorian Gardenesque P

A tially forming the Islands we know today (Fairburn, 2013). the Metro Toronto Council. The regional council and staff A

D R

I L planned for the demolition of homes and businesses in O

A DESIGNERS A

G In 1867, the City of Toronto acquired ownership of the To- order to turn the area into public open space. Due to Pro-

A City of Toronto Parks Department N 3 ronto Islands from the federal government and started vincial intervention, not all homes were converted, as a V

offering a number of leases for home and resort construc- small community on Wards and Algonquin Islands avoided

2 S tion. The City also began planting many of the trees pres- this demolition (Toronto Island Community, 2014). Today, T The Toronto Islands Peninsula was formed, over time, due ent on the island today, dredged the main island channels the Islands maintain their Picturesque, Gardenesque style to littoral currents in Lake Ontario and the progressive and added the excess soil back to the islands (Fairburn, while remaining a leisure destination for the City of To- RONT ST deposition of sand eroded from the Scarborough Bluffs 2013). ronto. The islands are assessable through ferry and water F (City of Toronto, 2014). Over time, many frst nations groups Thousands of residents then moved onto the islands and taxi. On the Islands, visitors are able to rent bicycles and (Huron-Wendat, Iroquois, Seneca, Ojebwa, Mississaugas) opened cottages to leave the city life and be closer to the go to Centreville amusement park, four beaches, and enjoy had utilized the peninsula for hunting and leisure, and resorts and Royal Canadian Yacht Club; which relocated the beautiful scenery with its variety of trees, plants, and were eventually displaced by Europeans (Fairburn, 2013). to the islands in 1881 (Fairburn, 2013). The Hanlan’s Point wildlife.

(Source: TripAdvisor, 2014) (Source: Wikimedia, 2008) (Source: MacKay, 2012)

KEY MAP 1 CLOUD GARDENS 2 ST LAWRENCE MARKET 3 TORONTO SCULPTURE GARDEN

The Old Town Precinct serves as a reminder of Toronto’s early beginnings. The Streets to the east and west and Front and Adelaide Streets to the north and original settlement of York, founded in 1793 by Lt. Governor John Graves Simcoe, south (Smith, 2013). For mapping purposes, we extended the boundary one block was only ﬁve blocks wide and two blocks high, spanning from George and Berkley north to Richmond Street.

102 103 CLOUD GARDENS TORONTO (Source: Sotheby’s, n.d.) 14 TEMPERANCE STREET

“is like a tropical cloud forest nestled between the offce was to (re-)create the feeling of going up into the clouds. LANDSCAPE TYPE towers of Toronto’s busy downtown core. Also a part of the park is the Monument to Construction Public Park; Botanical Garden Workers, designed by Margaret Priest and constructed It sits on land given to the city in the 1980’s when the by the Building Trades Union. Each square of the design SCULPTURE LANDSCAPE STYLE Bay Adelaide Centre was constructed. Recognized with showcases one of the building trades. “Completed in 1994, Postmodernist a Governor General’s Architectural Award, it features contributions were made by 25 different trades throughout elaborate award winning design and a monument to Toronto in 1m x 1m squares. Contributions include work DESIGNERS Toronto’s construction workers.” (City of Toronto, n.d.) Cloud with concrete, rubble, brickwork, stainless steel, glass and Baird Sampson Neuert Architects, MBTW Group/ Gardens is a successful example of development trade- zinc.” (TFD, n.d.) Watchorn Architects offs: exceptional public space in exchange for additional GARDEN height of the Bay Adelaide Centre than permitted by the A small, semi-circular green space is adjacent to terraces, City’s offcial plan limits. the greenhouse, the monument, and a waterfall that fows 115 KING STREET EAST The Cloud Gardens, sometimes referred to as Bay Adelaide into a lower waterfall and small pools. This spectacle can Park, is a public park located in the Financial District. It The Cloud Gardens Conservatory includes a wheelchair- be seen during all seasons. LANDSCAPE TYPE stretches over an area of about a half-acre from the south accessible greenhouse that contains exotic plants, which Public Park; Pocket Park side of Richmond Street to the north side of Temperance naturally occur in the cool, moist conditions of tropical Street, between Bay and Yonge Streets. This urban oasis mountainous regions. (City of Toronto, n.d.) The conception LANDSCAPE STYLE Modernist (Source: Cervantes, 2013) DESIGNERS Louis L. Odette (Founder)

The Toronto Sculpture Gardens is located on the site of Oak Hall, an impressive commercial building featuring a cast iron front that once stood in a prominent section of the Old Town of York. The building was demolished in 1938 with the site serving as a parking lot until 1981. The parking lot was redesigned as an innovative publicly accessible outdoor space, acting as a rotating exhibition featuring artists from all over the world. The park represents an important public-private initiative between the City of Toronto, who own and operate the garden, and Louis L. Odette, whose non-proft foundation funds the exhibitions. David Crombie and John Sewell, former mayors of Toronto, also contributed to the development of The Toronto Sculpture Garden by advocating for more green space in downtown Toronto (TSG, n.d.).

The Garden has presented an opportunity to exhibit personal works through visually compelling means. This public display of a diverse range of art serves as a testing ground for contemporary sculptors to experiment with different styles and mediums. The most recent exhibit, on display from 2011-2013, is named Gold, Silver & Lead, and showcases the work of Jed Lind (TSG, n.d.). The exhibit paid homage to the sites previous use as a parking lot, while also referencing the change in perceptions on the future of transportation brought on by the oil crisis in the 1970s. Past featured artists include Susan Schelle, Stacey Spiegel, Brian Scott, Mark Gomes, John McKinnon, Carlo Cesta, Judith Schwarz, Stephen Cruise, Reinhard Reitzenstein, Yvonne Singer, Brian Groombridge, Lisa Neighbour, and Warren Quigley (TSG, n.d.). The sculpture gardens illustrates the cultural beneft that can be derived from the transformation of seemingly mundane sites. 104 105

ST. LAWRENCE (Source: Wikimedia, n.d.) EASTERN WATERFRONT

H A

MARKET M

92 FRONT STREET EAST D LANDSCAPE TYPE Post Industrial

LANDSCAPE STYLE 5 Shopping Centre; Market

DESIGNERS John William Siddall RD ON Lieutenant Governor, Peter Hunter designated St. Lawrence Market in 1803 as a public market- NGST place allowing farmers to sell produce and livestock to residents of the Town of York (St. Law- KI rence Market, 2003). A single storey wooden structure was created for the marketplace, and was DANFORTH AVE 4 later replaced with a sturdier brick structure in 1831 located west of Jarvis Street, extending (Source: SimplyGirl, n.d.) from King to Front Street (St. Lawrence Market, 2003). In 1844, Toronto architect Henry Bowyer Lane, who designed other notable works including Osgoode Hall, was chosen to design the new Market House (St. Lawrence Market, 2003). The site replaced the existing brick structure and QUEEN ST provided a more permanent location for Toronto’s City Hall, incorporating a police station and a 3 jailhouse. The main foor of the building was used as a marketplace, with the Council Chambers KEY MAP occupying the second foor, and the police station and jailhouse operating the front wing of the 2 1 facility and the basement (St. Lawrence Market, 2003). The Market House was destroyed in the 1 WOODBINE BEACH PARK Great Fire of 1849, leading to the construction of the St. Lawrence Hall, a Renaissance Revival styled building located at the intersection of King and Lower Jarvis Street (St. Lawrence Market, 2 ASHBRIDGES BAY PARK 2003). 3 R.C. HARRIS WATER TREATMENT FACILITY In 1899, Toronto City Hall was relocated to what is now known as Old City Hall due to a rapid 4 BLUFFER’S PARK increase in the city’s population (St. Lawrence Market, 2003). A Market Commission recommended for the conversion of the original City Hall into a marketplace. The City commissioned archi- 5 GUILDWOOD PARK tect John William Siddall to design the new marketplace which was completed in 1904, and is now recognized as St Lawrence South (St. Lawrence Market, 2003). The original North Market, however, was constructed in 1851 and was demolished in 1904 to create a design in line with the recently constructed St. Lawrence South. The current incarnation of the North Market, constructed in 1968, together with the South Building, is considered as the largest Farmer’s Market in Toronto providing an invaluable cultural asset to the region (St. Lawrence Market, 2003). The Eastern Waterfront spans from Parliament Street in the west and the Rouge and picturesque public spaces. Many of these waterfront destinations provide The St. Lawrence Market has experienced continuous transformation since its initial inclusion in the old Town of York. Recognized as a prominent foundation of the City of Toronto, this cultural River to the east. This precinct is home to several natural and geological features magniﬁcent views of the blufs and Lake Ontario. landscape has also introduced the successful St. Lawrence Housing Project and public spaces such as Berczy Park. In understanding the cultural values inherent in the City of Toronto, it is imperative to view its modern expansion alongside its historical roots. 106 107 ASHBRIDGE’S BAY PARK 1561 LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD EAST

LANDSCAPE TYPE Waterfront Development; Public Park; Park System

LANDSCAPE STYLE Naturalistic

DESIGNERS Waterfront Toronto

Ashbridge’s Bay Park lies on the eastern edge of Toronto’s waterfront, where beautiful views and leisure space are plentiful. Ashbridge’s Bay sits on the Don River Delta and was once apart of one of the largest wetlands in eastern Canada; a much larger body of water than it is today. The marsh was historically characterized by its shallow, heavily vegetated and slow-moving fertility, which stretched as far north as what is now Queen St. E. (Cook, 2010). Due to industrial development and sewage disposal into the marsh, the Toronto Harbour Commission drained the marsh in 1912 and reclaimed the land in which today’s Ashbridge’s BLUFFER’S PARK Bay Park is located (Ashbridge’s Park, n.d.). Ashbridge’s Bay’s size and respective location afforded Toronto with the opportunity to think big about the possibilities for development, 1 BRIMLEY ROAD and hence, a variety of development plans were proposed before the Toronto Harbour against the Scarborough Bluffs has progressively deposit- Toronto, 2014). Given the parks many attractive character- Commission. Infll of the western later became the Port Lands (Cook, 2010). After 1909, the LANDSCAPE TYPE ed a large amount of sand in Bluffers Park; creating a large istics, this area has become a highly popular outdoor space remaining eastern portion was reclaimed for the expanding Main Sewage Disposal Works Public Park; Scenic Reservation beach. This sandy beach, recognized as a “Blue Flag” beach, in Scarborough. where the Ashbridge’s Bay Treatment Plant is now located (Cook, 2010). is a popular destination for visitors to sit and relax by the LANDSCAPE STYLE water’s edge. In 1960, the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conserva- Ashbridge’s Bay Park is named after Sarah Ashbridge, a British loyalist from Philadelphia Picturesque tion Authority were given jurisdiction over the waterfront and was offcially opened in 1977 after the former Metropolitan Toronto and Region The park is a unique physical landscape in Toronto due lands (City of Toronto, 2014). Bluffers Park was created as a Conservation Authority acquired the remaining land from the Metropolitan Toronto Works DESIGNERS to its proximity to the Scarborough Bluffs. In addition to part of the greater waterfront plan for Metro Toronto (City Department and the Toronto Harbour Commission for a lakefll extension for a waterfront Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation its geological features, Bluffers Park contains four yacht of Toronto, 2014). The park was constructed in two stages. City park (Martin Goodman Trail - Ashbridge’s Bay Park, n.d.). In the early 2000’s the area Authority and sailing clubs, a restaurant, and the Bluffers Park Ma- The frst stage occurred in 1975 in order to satisfy the need was revitalized by Waterfront Toronto (Ashbridges Park, n.d.). It is now a location frequented rina; one of Toronto’s largest full service marinas (City of for open space (City of Toronto, 2014). The second stage of by Beach locals, visitors, and tourists. The park is the location of a large internationally Toronto, 2014). While visiting Bluffers Park, visitors are development occurred in the 1980s when the construction recognized Blue Flag Beach; Woodbine Beach provides amenity space for volleyball, able to utilize beach and park space for picnics, as well of the public facilities and inclusion of private yacht and sunbathing, and dog walking, just to name a few. The waterfront view of Lake Ontario, Located adjacent to the Scarborough Bluffs, a 15 km as walkways, viewing platforms, and volleyball courts (City sailing clubs occurred (City of Toronto, 2014). similar to the Beach neighborhood counterparts, is an important indicator of the Park’s stretch of natural white sand cliffs along Lake Ontario, of Toronto, 2014). The area also allows access to a double appeal to tourists and city residents. lies Bluffers Park. The successive wind and water erosion launching ramp and provides a visitor docking area (City of

108 109 GUILDWOOD PARK WOODBINE BEACH PARK 201 GUILDWOOD PARKWAY 1675 LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD EAST

Jones was a prominent surveyor in Upper Canada, leading began collecting, preserving, and displaying architectural eastward along the Lake Ontario shoreline (City of Toronto, since 2005. This international eco-label is awarded to LANDSCAPE TYPE the initial charting of roads including Yonge and Dundas fragments of Toronto’s heritage buildings. These fragments LANDSCAPE TYPE n.d.). The site gets its name from the historical location beaches that meet high water quality, environmental and Historic Site; Garden and Estate Street. The Guildwood property was owned and occupied by came from historic buildings that were demolished in the Public Park; Neighbourhood Park; of the Woodbine Park, later referred to as the Greenwood safety standards (City of Toronto, 2014). numerous individuals during the 19th century, culminating 1960s and 1970s, due in part to the postwar development Park System Racetrack, which settled permanently in the location in LANDSCAPE STYLE in the construction of Ranelagh Park in 1914. Ranelagh that was occurring at that time (Guild Park & Gardens 1874 and shaped and built the surrounding neighborhood The Ashbridges Bay and Martin Goodman trails run through Beaux Arts; Neoclassical Park was built and occupied by Colonel Harold C. Bickford, Management Plan, 2014). The Clark’s have collected over LANDSCAPE STYLE (City of Toronto, n.d.). Greenwood had established itself this site, which also includes a playground, outdoor ftness and now represents the core of the Guild Inn (Guildwood 70 architectural pieces and structures including large Picturesque as a racetrack by the turn of the 20th Century. Since the equipment, beach volleyball courts, picnic shelters, snack Park, 2014). The Guild Inn was a unique property that columns, amphitheaters, and belfries that now decorate Adjacent to the Scarborough Bluffs, Guildwood Park offers closing of Greenwood Raceway in the 1990s, horseracing bar, full-service restaurant and parking at Ashbridges Bay provided the owners with a large acreage and views of the park (Toronto Parks: Guildwood Park, 2012). These DESIGNERS 35.6 hectares of parkland, including many cultural and within Toronto’s boundaries has been confned to Rexdale’s Park. Woodbine Beach is a popular spot for the Beach Lake Ontario (Guildwood Park, 2014). In 1932, The Guild Inn fragments provide an important historic glimpse into heritage assets in the City of Toronto (Guild Park & Gardens Waterfront Toronto Woodbine Racetrack, however the name of the park has locals and Toronto residents, providing a vast space and was sold to Rosa and Spencer Clark who used the property Toronto’s architectural past. Management Plan, 2014). Today, the large park is open to the kept the history a component of the neighborhood identity multiple amenities encouraging residents and visitors to to establish the Guild of all Arts. The Clark’s provided room public and offers views of Lake Ontario alongside several in the Beach (Heritage Toronto, 2013). frequent the park to have picnics, sunbath and swim. and board to artists and craftspeople under the condition The display of historical landmarks has led Guildwood Toronto’s eastern waterfront is home to a “broad and kilometers of trails (Guild Park & Gardens Management that they would put their artwork on display to visitors Park to be recognized as a sculptural garden due to the beautiful curve of sand” where Woodbine Avenue meets Plan, 2014). The landscape has seen numerous changes since 1874, with of the Guild (Miedema, 2009). The Canadian Government artifacts and fragments on display. In 1978, the property the waters edge, providing a gateway to three kilometres the development of the park by Waterfront Toronto along requisitioned the property during World War II for use as a and artifacts were sold to the Toronto and Region of sandy waterfront (City of Toronto, n.d.). This admirable This cultural landmark, in the east end of the City, served with Ashbridges Bay Park in the early 2000s. Woodbine training base for the Women’s Royal Naval Service (Guild Conservation to be used as a public park (Guild Park & beach provides 15.2 hectares of park space and stretches a range of uses prior to becoming a public park. Augustus Beach has received annual Blue Flag Beach certifcation Park & Gardens Management Plan, 2014). In 1947, Rosa Jones originally surveyed the land in the late 18th century. Gardens Management Plan, 2014). and Spencer Clark returned to the property where they

(Source: Snuffy, 2007) (Source: Andre, 2012)

110 111

R.C. HARRIS WATER EXPANDED CITY

0 HWY 407 0

H W TREATMENT FACILITY Y

4 2 2701 QUEEN STREET EAST 10

HWY 401 D

LANDSCAPE TYPE

Institutional Grounds-Government Facility; Waterfront Development A L

LANDSCAPE STYLE P

K Functional Modernist Y

NAME OF DESIGNERS 01 Thomas C. Pomphrey, engineering frm Gore, Nasmith and Storrie HWY 4 The R.C. Harris Water Treatment Plant has a lush modernist landscape and civil structure, QEW

which pays tribute to the modernist dreams of progress and change (Bruce, 2010). This 3

“architectural masterpiece” can be found on the eastern shoreline of Lake Ontario in the D

Beach neighborhood. The facility itself is designed in the classical version of the Art Deco N

style and is located at the foot of Victoria Park Avenue (City of Toronto, n.d.). Designed by V

A G

HW L

Thomas C. Pomphrey, staff architect, and engineering frm, Gore, Nasmith and Storrie, the Y 4 L 01 E

building was constructed in the 1930s and has since been declared a national historic civil S

T KEY MAP

engineering site (City of Toronto, n.d.; Mannell, 2002). R.C. Harris was the longtime com- P

K RENCE AVE W

missioner of Toronto’s Public Works, boasting a brilliant career as a visionary of the future 10 EVERGREEN BRICKWORKS LAW 4 1 THE ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS 5 Y of sanitation (City of Toronto, n.d.). 2 YORK UNIVERSITY 11 ROSEDALE NEIGHBOURHOOD 18 EGLINGTON AVE The structure, located in the east end of Toronto, was originally well beyond the formal 3 MEL LASTMAN SQUARE 12 THE VILLAGE OF YORKVILLE PARK limits of the city, home to an amusement area once enjoyed by city residents. The construc- 7 6 13 SPADINA HOUSE AND GARDENS 9 8 tion of the plant began in 1932 and lasted until 1941 when the plant became operation- 4 EDWARDS GARDENS ST. CLAIR AVE al (City of Toronto, n.d.). Its’ advanced technology represents a future of water sanitation 5 DON MILLS NEIGHBOURHOOD 14 BALDWIN STEPS envisioned by R.C. Harris himself (Bruce, 2010). The building is admirable in its design, 14 13 10 nicknamed the “Palace of Purifcation”, and has undergone numerous alterations to support 6 ONTARIO SCIENCE CENTRE 15 CORKTOWN COMMON 11 03 BLOOR ST 12 larger carrying capacity causing several alterations to the surrounding landscape (City of Y 4 Toronto, 2014). The original plant, which cycled 455 million litres per day, has since been HW 7 LEASIDE NEIGHBOURHOOD 16 THE DISTILLERY DISTRICT re-rated to 950 million litres per day. Major construction occurred between 2004-2006 to 8 MT PLEASANT CEMETERY 17 HIGH PARK 17 further increase capacity and planned construction and preservation continues into 2015- 1 2017 (Monir Precision Monitoring Inc., 2007). 9 BELTLINE TRAIL ACCESS POINT 18 ALEXANDER MUIR MEMORIAL GARDENS 16 15

The site is an east end marvel, and its landscape provides vast open space for the community often visited by children, dogs, and pedestrians. The grounds offer a panoramic view of Lake Ontario with tiered manicured slopes and a promenade along the water’s edge (Bruce, This Precinct represents the expansion of the city’s boundaries over the 19th and coupled with the spurred annexation of small towns and villages, stimulated 2010). The Plant’s name marks a history of Toronto’s Public Works, a legacy that must be remembered and admired. 20th centuries. The Grand Trunk railway and the building of the Streetcar lines, growth over these past centuries and since propelled the City into an age of 112 ambition. 113 DON MILLS NEIGHBOURHOOD

LANDSCAPE TYPE Suburb – Garden City/Garden Suburb Postwar Planned Community

DESIGNERS Macklin Hancock and E.P Taylor

The 825-hectare neighbourhood of Don Mills is lauded as one of Canada’s most signifcant postwar suburban developments (Williams, 2014). Developed in the years that followed the Second World War, this neighbourhood was the frst planned and fully integrated post-war community in North America. The neighbourhood, developed from 1952 to 1965, completely transformed a once rural community into a self-supporting “New Town” (Williams, 2014). The goal of the Don Mills neighbourhood was to create an extensive EDWARDS GARDENS suburb that would incorporate commercial, institutional and residential uses. Don Mills, planned and developed entirely by private enterprise, would eventually house 28,000 755 LAWRENCE AVENUE EAST residents and over 70 industries (Canadian Architect, 2009). roses, wildfowers, rhododendrons and an elaborate LANDSCAPE TYPE The planners for Don Mills, Macklin Hancock and E.P Taylor, were originally infuenced by rockery within the valley. By 1952, Edwards succumbed the principles of Ebenezer Howard’s “Garden City” (Shim, 1987), and of the Radburn design. Neighbourhood Park; Botanical Garden; Arboretum; to the effects of urbanization and sold the property to This plan sought to counteract the traditional model of suburban development that was Picturesque Garden; Picturesque Suburb the City of Toronto to be preserved as a public park (n.d.). prominent in cities at the time (Shim, 1987). In his design, Macklin Hancock located a The park was opened to the public in 1956 along with LANDSCAPE STYLE central civic and shopping center, called the Don Mills Shopping Center, at the crossroads of the Garden Club of Toronto, the Federation of Ontario two major arteries. Surrounding the shopping center, Hancock planned a series of four self- Picturesque Naturalists and ultimately, the horticulture information contained neighbourhood units, each containing single-family residences and bungalows, center: the Toronto Botanical Garden (n.d.). Today, Edwards NAME OF DESIGNERS a primary school and a local church (Barc, 2010). A green space system, another important Gardens is connected to a much larger park trail system design concept that echoed the Garden City movement, surrounded the neighborhood Rupert Edwards (Edwards Gardens) and Hubert Daniel which includes Sunnybrook Park, Wilkret Creek Park and units. The greenway system, exploiting Toronto’s existing ravines and valleys, provided Page (Bridle Path) York University’s Glendon campus, all associated to the a continuous pedestrian network around the neighbourhood (Williams, 2014). The road Don River trail network. network was designed in such a way that discouraged through traffc and industrial uses were located at the periphery of the settlement in order to provide the idyllic environment Nestled within Wilkret Creek, a Don Valley River tributary, The affuent neighbourhood of the Bridle Path also for families and residences. North York’s Edwards Gardens draws its historic roots neighbors Edwards Gardens, whose origins align within from Scottish miller Alexander Milne following the war Wilket Creeks 44 hectare valley (City of Toronto, n.d.). The To this day, Don Mills is credited with providing the blueprint for Toronto’s post-war of 1812 (City of Toronto, n.d.). Milne began operating a construction of the Bayview Bridge over the Don Valley in wool and saw mill in 1817 on the quiet enclave on what suburban development (Toronto Neighbourhood Guide, 2014, online). 1929 allowed real estate developer Hubert Daniel Page is now the site of Edwards Gardens until 1832, when a low to envision an exclusive subdivision of highly valued real watercourse forced his operations closer towards the Don estate connected by an elaborate equestrian trail (Chestnut River (Chestnut Park, n.d.). The wilderness valley was kept Park, n.d.). The Bridle Path neighbourhood was therefore virtually untouched until 1944, when Toronto businessman named from a horse’s bridle, a piece of equipment used Rupert Edwards purchased the property to fulfll personal to direct a horse’s’ movement (n.d.). Although the paths ambitions of creating an open spaced park (Toronto have since been paved, stone and cast iron gateways Botanical Gardens, 2014). Edwards transformed the and eclectic estates represent a pronounced backdrop to property into a picturesque garden featuring perennials, Edwards Gardens.

114 115 (Source: Seymour, n.d.) (Source: Grtone, 2011)

LEASIDE BALDWIN STEPS of Eglinton established the foundations of one of Toronto’s planned before a single house existed (Leaside100, 2014). NEIGHBOURHOOD most recognizable and desirable neighbourhoods. In 1854, The following year, the Town of Leaside was offcially in- SPADINA AVENUE Lea’s eldest son, William, constructed an octagonal resi- corporated with a population of 43 inhabitants. (Baldwin steps, 2014), commemorating the ice sheet of while offering several viewing areas (Baldwin steps, 2014). dence appropriately named Leaside on lands purchased LANDSCAPE TYPE the last ice age. Originally, the staircase was constructed just south of his father’s estate (2014). By the 1870’s, a In 1914, the First World War transformed Leaside into a LANDSCAPE TYPE Suburb; Commemorative Landscape; Postwar Planned of wood, easing pedestrian access for the neighborhood The steps were named after the prominent and politically unifed Canadian nation signalled the demand of a cross military production town. Pilots and mechanics were being Commemorative Landscape Community (Baldwin steps, 2014). A total of 110 steps were created respected Baldwin family. William Baldwin and son Robert, national railway led by the Canadian Northern Railway trained for the Royal Flying Corps on converted airfelds leading from Spadina Road to the Spadina House, elevating who was the co-premier of the United Canada’s, introduced Company, who purchased lands from William Lea to con- while the Canada Wire and Cable plant manufactured ar- LANDSCAPE STYLE LANDSCAPE STYLE the staircase to a height of 23 meters (Baldwin steps, major constitutional and administrative reforms including struct a maintenance and servicing stop named Leaside tillery shells (2014). By 1829, the impacts of the war con- Contemporary Earthwork Postwar Suburb 2014). At the top of the steps, an unobstructed vantage the implementation of ‘responsible government’. William (Bradburn, 2012). tinued to defer Todd’s planned residential development point provides a southern scenic view of Spadina Road, Baldwin also designed the original Spadina House, from being realized. The town only had a population of DESIGNER DESIGNERS complimented by the neighboring presence of Casa Loma. Osgoode Hall, the Bank of Upper Canada, and laid the By 1912, the now Canadian Northern Railway announced 500 inhabitants and the Canadian Northern Railway was City of Toronto Frederick Todd foundations of modern day Spadina Avenue. plans to establish a residential community on the lands forced to declare bankruptcy (2014). The appeal of sub- The Baldwin Steps are owned by the Province of Ontario it had purchased surrounding the railway station (2012). urbia, affordability and lower rates eventually began to and were leased to the City of Toronto in 1984 for a period Leaside’s frst settler on record was John Lea, an English Montreal town planner and student of Frederick Olm- attract families, investors and infrastructure in the 1930’s. Located adjacent to the Spadina House and Casa Loma, the 99 years (Baldwin steps, 2014). The steps were replaced farmer who migrated to York, Upper Canada in 1819 (Lea- stead’s frm, Frederick Todd was hired to prepare a street Almost 100 years later, Leaside’s small town traditions, Baldwin Steps is a historic public staircase that transcends several times with concrete throughout history, initially side100, 2014). His purchase of 200 acres of land between and lot plan corresponding to a signifcant historical character and family values are still the envy of many the steep historical shoreline of Lake Iroquois. The steps during the Spadina Road alignment. Presently the steps present day Bayview Avenue and Leslie Street just south development- it was the frst town in Ontario to be pre- communities. represent the 12,000 year-old shoreline of Lake Iroquois are surrounded by large mature trees and fower beds,

116 117 BELTLINE TRAIL (Source: Living Toronto Journal, n.d.) YORK UNIVERSITY (Source: BestApply, n.d.) MOUNT PLEASANT ROAD ACCESS 4700 KEELE STREET

LANDSCAPE TYPE LANDSCAPE TYPE Trail System City Beautiful Campus

LANDSCAPE STYLE LANDSCAPE STYLE Picturesque Modernist

DESIGNERS DESIGNERS City of Toronto UPACE; Gordon S. Adams and Associates, John B. Parkin and Associates, Shore and Moffat Partners; Hideo Sassaki; Janet Rosenberg & Studio

The Beltline was initially used as a rail line to service the new suburbs of Toronto in the York University’s Keele campus was developed during an era of post-war institutional ex- late 19th century and early 20th century (Filey, n.d.) The primary group who championed pansion. Founded by Murray Ross in 1962, the campus contains a collection of 14 mod- the project to completion was the Belt Line Corporation; formed in 1890 (Filey, n.d.). The ern buildings dating to the school’s initial development (McPhail, Simonton & Unterman, rail line contained several stops including Moore Park, Rosedale, Governors Bridge, Don 2008). The Master plan for the campus was designed in 1963 after the Province of Ontario Valley, Gerrard Street and Union. The corporation experienced several stints of turmoil, donated 600 acres of agricultural land along the northern edge of the city, located at the and through the help of bonds, they were able to open the Beltline in 1892 (Filey, n.d.). southwest corner of Steeles Avenues and Keele Street (2008). The Master plan included John Moore, a civil politician, was a major infuence to the opening of the rail line. He had the frst four campus buildings designed through a joint venture with three prominent hoped that the opening of the rail line would increase the property value of Moore Park, Toronto architecture frms in consultation with Hideo Sasaki, a visionary landscape archi- (Source: Living Toronto Journal, n.d.) (Source: Janet Rosenberg and Studio, n.d.) which he owned. The line, however, only operated for two years due to high fares and tect (City of Toronto, 2009). Sasaki infuenced the process of integration between planning, the market downturn soon after its completion, causing a drop in the real estate market infrastructure and a spatial balance between enclosures and open space (cPhail, Simonton (Jeanne Hopkins, n.d.). & Unterman, 2008). His emphasis on preserving a natural openness created a symbolic gateway to the university grounds, establishing an inviting space for human activity (2008). By 1970, the continued maintenance of the unused tracks were deemed a poor investment, and were paved over. The City entered negotiations to purchase the lands from CNR (Jack The campus was designed as a post-war suburban campus using a ‘ring road’ concept ad- Kohane, 1992), blocking their proposed development of the railway lands. (Jack Kohane, opted from European institutions (City of Toronto, 2009). The inner ring was reserved for 1992). In 1990, the City was successful in gaining control of the lands through negotiations, pedestrians initiating an ease of access to the built form. The outer ring was designated for and commissioned landscape architects to outline cycling and pedestrian trails, leading to automobile activity and athletic facilities to act as arterial roads for the campus (McPhail, the creation of the new Beltline Trail. (Jack Kohane, 1992). Simonton & Unterman, 2008). In 1988, due to an increasing student population, a new Master plan was created by IBI using a more integrated urban approach. The plan aban- The trail became what is known as a linear park, beginning in the Don Valley Brickworks, doned the ‘ring road’ concept and implemented a street grid for the purpose of intensifca- extending through Moore Park, Mount Pleasant cemetery, and ending by the Allen Road tion (2008). In May of 2009, Toronto City Council designated 14 York University buildings Expressway. (Jack Kohane, 1992). The Trail has an array of plant life surrounding the path, and buildings complexes to the Ontario Heritage Act (City of Toronto. 2009). which includes bushes, trees, and fowers (Jack Kohane, 1992).

118 119 CORKTOWN COMMON THE DISTILLERY DISTRICT BAYVIEW AVENUE 55 MILL STREET

through managing the changing water levels of the Don plants (About the Park, n.d.). The many young trees that LANDSCAPE TYPE by the mid-1870s, the Gooderham and Worts Distillery was events and as the location for multiple flms. In addition, LANDSCAPE TYPE River (Corktown Common, n.d.). The park was designed by have been planted throughout reinforce the new and fresh considered the largest in the world. In 1905, the ownership the Distillery District holds Sunday markets and “Christmas Resotration Village; Commemorative Landscape Public Park, Neighbourhood Park Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, with the intention atmosphere of the park, and this youthful impression is of the Gooderham and Worts Distillery was transferred to Markets” in the winter seasons, known for beautifully to create a connection between the infrastructure and carried out into the recreational facilities. These include LANDSCAPE STYLE multiple owners. After a few closures and re-openings ornate Christmas trees. These markets were infuenced LANDSCAPE STYLE ecology (Corktown Common, n.d.). This design relationship a sand pit, slides, water park, and swing set, which provide during the deindustrialization period, the 13 acre district by the older European style of festive organization, with a Post-Industrial Postmodernist is found throughout the park and through its surrounding a sense of liveliness to the site. In addition, the parks was offcially re-opened in 2001 after the purchase of range of vendors selling goods to the public on the streets residential and mixed-use developments. While paved location within the West Don Lands is in close proximity to DESIGNERS Cityscape Holdings, and has remained opened to date (The (The Distillery, 2014). DESIGNERS roads create a sharp contrast to the natural features new cultural developments, including a YMCA, a residence Distillery, 2014). David Robert Sr., David Robert Jr Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates throughout the park. The same urban and ecological for George Brown College, and mixed-income housing, As a means of safeguarding the characteristics of the designed style is also refected in the architecture of designed to complement the Pan Am Athletes Village in The district is the most extensive collection of restored district, interior renovations were conducted to preserve the parks structures. The pavilion in the centre of the 2015 (Kalinowski, 2014). red brick industrial buildings from the Victorian age. The the original machinery and tools, with artifacts often park is designed with metallic poles supporting a wood The Distillery District was opened in 1837; six years after Distillery District is now a pedestrian-only village and home placed on display for the public. There are also several Corktown Common was built on remediated industrial roof, complemented by wooden and metallic materials James Worts and William Gooderham constructed the to more than 70 street-level shops, fashion boutiques, cafes, modern sculptures that are located within the Distillery lands and at 18 acres it is currently the largest park throughout the pavilions design. Grist Mill. There was signifcant growth and prosperity and art galleries. Renowned for its charm, many visitors such as Still Dancing by Dennis Oppenheim, and Michael in the West Don Lands Neighborhood (About the Park, during the 1850s when new buildings were constructed to are attracted to the artisan goods, historic architecture, Christian’s Nightlight (Toronto Sculptures, 2014). The n.d.). This landscape serves an additional beneft, food Opened in 2014, the park contains a diverse array of accommodate growth for the whisky distillery district. As a and award-winning restaurants (The Distillery, 2014). The Distillery District was designated under the Ontario mitigation and protection for the West Don Lands, done wildlife, including over 700 trees, shrubs and aquatic means to increase productivity, construction began along landscape is used as a venue for weddings, celebratory Heritage Act in 1988. the west side of Trinity Street between 1859 and 1864, and

(Source: Daily Soe of Imagery, n.d.) (Source: The Distillery District, n.d.) (Source: The Distillery District, n.d.)

120 121 HIGH PARK ROSEDALE (Source: Sotheby’s, n.d.) 1873 BLOOR STREET WEST NEIGHBOURHOOD

The park was given the name “High Park” by its original two baseball diamonds (High Park, n.d.). The park also LANDSCAPE TYPE owner John G. Howard because of its high elevation which contains 18 designated picnic areas and a small zoo (City LANDSCAPE TYPE Public Park; Large Municipal Park; Historic provided astounding views to Lake Ontario. In 1873, the of Toronto, n.d.). The most scenic spots, such as Hillside Picturesque Suburb Howard’s entered into an agreement with the City of Gardens and Grenadier Pond, are seen as two of the most LANDSCAPE STYLE Toronto and deeded High Park to the city as a public park. picturesque areas of High Park. LANDSCAPE STYLE Picturesque However, the Howards also imposed conditions on the Picturesque agreement: the park was to remain free in perpetuity to Often described as having a “uniquie and unusual sense of the citizens of Toronto and the original name, “High Park”, wilderness”, High Park is home to several wildlife species, DESIGNERS DESIGNERS was to be retained (Internet Archive, n.d.). The park opened birds, fsh, mammals, and rare plant species (High Park, n.d.). John G. Howard, City of Toronto Edgar Jarvis, Harton Walker in 1876 and in the following years, the city purchased High Park has experienced some restoration challenges adjacent lands, forming the current 399-acre High Park due to the invasion of non-native plant species. In an effort site (High Park, n.d.). to stay chemical and pesticide-free, the city has opted for High Park is one of Toronto’s oldest and most well known This affuent residential neighborhood is comprised of North Rosedale and South Rosedale, more natural options that include increasing the planting separated by Yellow Creek and Mount Pleasant Road. Rosedale is one of ffteen designated city parks. At 399-acres, High Park is a cherised natural The park is currently owned and managed by the City of of native species, cutting or mowing of invasive plants, space located in the west end. High Park is considered to historic suburb districts in Canada due to its architectural and historic characteristics Toronto, non-proft groups, volunteers, and other recreation and prescribed burns. Prescribed burns are responsible for (Toronto Neighborhood Guide, 2014). The neighborhood is recognized for its similarities be one of Toronto’s largest parks that remains in a relatively groups who collectivetly operates the park and provides restoring and expanding the habitats of the plant species, natural state to that of a Garden Suburb, exhibiting many gardens, parks and estate homes (Toronto various recreational opportunities including walking trails, where a burn allows them to grow more actively than Neighbourhood Guide, 2014). a swimming pool, a wading pool, an outdoor ice rink and without fre (Prescribed Burns. n.d.)

North Rosedale was frst developed as a suburb in the 1880s, in part due to the construction (Source: Sotheby’s, n.d.) of a bridge over the Park Drive ravine that allowed for further development into the area (ERA Architects Inc, 2004). The Scottish Ontario and Manitoba Land Company purchased the majority of land within North Rosedale and submitted a plan for development of the area. The plan, however, never successfully materialized (ERA Architects Inc, 2004). By 1908, Harton Walker submitted a new plan through his company, the Harton Walker Real Estate Company, to create a neighborhood refective of Frederick Olmsted’s streetscape designs (ERA Architects Inc, 2004).

South Rosedale was purchased and founded by Sheriff William Jarvis and his wife Mary in 1824 (ERA Architects Inc, 2002). It was one of the frst areas north of Bloor Street to experience development in the 1830’s (Bonnell & Fortin, 2009). The Jarvis family played a major infuence in the subdivision development of the area (ERA Architects Inc, 2002). The neighborhood experienced slow growth due to the lack of adequate public transportation (ERA Architects Inc, 2002), and it wasn’t until the introduction of the streetcar that development began to escalate. Between 1900 and 1930, South Rosedale experienced tremendous growth resulting in Victorian style homes, many of which still exist today. The neighborhood possesses few entry points furthering its exclusivity by means of segregation, bounded by natural boundaries such as the Don Valley, and major arterial roads.

122 123 EVERGREEN (Source: Evergreen Brickworks, 2014) MEL LASTMAN BRICK WORKS SQUARE 550 BAYVIEW AVENUE 5100 YONGE STREET

LANDSCAPE TYPE LANDSCAPE TYPE Restoration Village Plaza

LANDSCAPE STYLE LANDSCAPE STYLE Postmodernist Modernist

DESIGNERS DESIGNERS Michael Kirkland Claude Cormier and Associes, Du Toit Architects Inc., Diamond and Schmitt Architects Inc., ERA Architects, Dougan & Associates Mel Lastman Square was built as the result of a movement towards high-density develop- In 1889 the Don Valley Brickworks, a defning Toronto landscape, was constructed alongside the ment in North York. The square was created by architect and designer Michael Kirkland, a (Source: SAB, 2014 Don River. Located at 550 Bayview Avenue, it was owned and run by the Taylor brothers. The Harvard Graduate in Architecture and Urban Design (Michael Kirkland, 2014). The square Brickworks became a dominant brick manufacturer within Toronto, supplying red bricks for sites was named in commemoration of the former mayor, Mel Lastman, who was one of the including Casa Loma, Massey Hall, and Osgoode Hall. In 1987 the City of Toronto and Region City’s most infuential and longest serving mayors. Before amalgamation in 1998, mayor Conservation Authority recognized the historical signifcance of the site and expropriated the Lastman campaigned for a new downtown location within North York to serve as the new lands, with restoration efforts beginning in 1994. These efforts lead to the opening of the public heart for the area (The Kirkland Partnership Inc., 2011). The plan was approved by refurbished site that included the infll of the previous quarries, the creation of three ponds, and City Council in 1981 and encouraged high-density development surrounding the public a wide expanse of meadowlands. park (Cross, Kettle and Myrvold, 2012). Mel Lastman Square was built in two phases and The historic buildings became a popular cultural landscape attracting a wide variety of residents serves as a sunken landscape in contrast to a busy, urban atmosphere. of the City of Toronto and abroad. A revitalization process that began in the early 21st century saw the NGO, Evergreen, take ownership of the land, opening it as a farmers market and for The square is approximately 1.4 hectares, and contains greenery, a seasonal pond and ice summer programming (Evergreen, n.d.). Through the collaboration of fve architecture companies rink, paved landscape, sitting areas, and a fabricated stream running through the square. - Claude Cormier and Associates, Du Toit Architects du Toit Allsopp Hillier, Diamond Schmitt The stream runs from the square’s entrance on Yonge Street and fows gradually down into Architects Inc., E.R.A Architects Inc., and Dougan & Associates - the Evergreen Brickworks was the pond. During the second phase of development an amphitheater, open-air wedding renovated and reopened in 2010 (Claude Cormier Associates, n.d.). pavilion, and concession booths were implemented into the landscape. This site encompasses a harmonious mix of concrete, mature trees, and well-maintained greenery. Its stra- The present facility is intended to be used as a year round facility, illustrating how the past and tegic design avoids sightlines with surrounding buildings and towers, adding to the unique present are able to work synergistically to create greener models for urban living (Evergreen, character of the location. n.d.). The renovations have preserved the historic use of the Don Valley Brickworks, granting visitors’ access to walk through the previous brick manufacturing facilities. Certain segments of The square is in an accessible location, surrounded by the Toronto District School Board, the landscape have been altered to accommodate various activities, such as a garden market, the North York Civic Centre and Library, and a variety of businesses located along Yonge a café, public gardens, and a bike shop. The original quarry site has now been turned into a Street (The Kirkland Partnership Inc., 2011). Citizens can easily use the space for recre- system of trails that loop around several wetlands and ponds, which is open to the public. Since ational activities or as a place of relaxation. Its central location successfully welcomes its reopening as a cultural landscape the Don Valley Brickworks have won multiple awards, farmer’s markets, cultural festivities, and concerts that are organized within the square. illustrating the sites evolving importance to Toronto’s history (Canadian Society of Landscape Architects, 2013).

124 125 THE ONTARIO SCIENCE CENTRE (Source: Wikimedia, 2012) (Source: OOCities, n.d.) 770 DON MILLS ROAD

architect Raymond Moriyama to design a world-class in- spective and the surrounding landscape remind visitors of LANDSCAPE TYPE stitution of international signifcance (Moriyama, 2007). the connectivity between humans and the natural environ- Cultural Institution The building consists of three main structures of raw Bru- ment (Moffatt, 2013). The provincial fower, the trillium, is talist concrete designed using town planning principles. used as the central symbol for the Science Centre, symbol- LANDSCAPE STYLE Each 20,000 square feet block is connected by a series of izing the unity of science, nature and people (Moriyama, Modernist, Arts and Crafts bridges and escalators, following the natural contour of 2007). The collaborative process of science and technolo- the Don River (Moffatt, 2013). Great measures were taken gy is used as a lens to inspire and actively engage people DESIGNERS during construction to limit the ecological impact in order in new ways of enlightening themselves and the world Raymond Moriyama to maintain a relationship between built form and the nat- around them (Moffatt, 2013). ural setting (Moriyama, 2007). (Source: MW,n.d.)

Located within Flemingdon Park atop the Don Valley, the The Science Centre has since welcomed more than 48 Ontario Science Centre is recognized as one of the world’s million visitors since its grand opening in 1969 (Ontario frst interactive museums of science and technology (On- Science Centre, n.d.). It is one of Ontario’s most recognized tario Science Centre, n.d). In 1964, to celebrate the Cana- cultural institutions, focusing on interactivity and hands- dian Centennial, the provincial government commissioned on learning experiences for visitors of all ages. Despite the ALEXANDER MUIR Centre’s focus on science and technology, its aerial per- 2901 YONGE STREET generated based off classical English architectural practices, LANDSCAPE TYPE which was site specifc and elegant (Phipps, 1989). Kay be- Commemorative Landscape lieved that this design was the one that produced the best styled gardens, as it effectively embodied an outdoor living LANDSCAPE STYLE room, built upon the beauty of the existing natural landscape Picturesque/Romantic’ Beaux Arts/Neoclassical (Moon, Myrvold, & Riddler, 1995).

NAME OF DESIGNERS In 1951, the gardens were moved as a result of construc- Edwin Kay tion on the Yonge Street Subway Line, with the TTC paying $100,000 in order to relocate the landscape (Moon, Myrvold, (Source: MW,n.d.) & Riddler, 1995). The Site was then transferred to its current Alexander Muir Memorial Gardens was frst constructed and location at 2901 Yonge Street, maintaining the exact same de- established through public contributions in 1933, in com- sign as the original gardens (Moon, Myrvold, & Riddler, 1995). memoration of the famous Canadian 19th century teacher and The gardens were re-opened to the public on May 18, 1952 songwriter Alexander Muir (Moon, Myrvold, & Riddler, 1995). maintaining its previous natural enjoyment, and serving as The gardens were originally built in preparation for Toronto’s one of many lead ways into Toronto’s ravine systems (Moon, centennial celebration, originally situated on the west side Myrvold, & Riddler, 1995). of Yonge Street near Lawton Boulevard, across from Mount Pleasant Cemetery (Moon, Myrvold, & Riddler). The gardens contain a wide variety of well-maintained plants, old growth trees and open green space (Moon, Myrvold, & Rid- Edwin Kay, a landscape architect and one of the founders dler, 1995). There are several built features of the gardens, in- of the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects and Town cluding stonewalls and an entry gate, which enhance the style Planners, designed Alexander Muir Memorial Gardens. The and character of the gardens (Moon, Myrvold, & Riddler, 1995). park exemplifes the picturesque garden movement popular Due to its inherent beauty, the space has become a popular in the early 20th century. Kay enlisted the help from another place for wedding photography (Moon, Myrvold, & Riddler, landscape architect, Gordon S. Samson for the formation of 1995). Alexander Muir Memorial Gardens offers an important the gardens (Phipps, 1989). The design for the gardens was glimpse into the importance that designed gardens play in the overall cultural landscape of the City of Toronto. 126 127 THE ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS MOUNT PLEASANT CEMETERY 680 PLAINS ROAD WEST, BURLINGTON 375 MOUNT PLEASANT ROAD

its time and marked a radical departure from the 19th century 1942, utilizing an abandoned gravel pit, was designed as a The 200 acre cemetery was built as a result of limited Group, 2014). The cemetery was designed to resemble a LANDSCAPE TYPE conception of a botanical garden (Canadian National Historic picturesque landscape with hidden fights of steps, ledges, LANDSCAPE TYPE supply of vacant cemetery plots in the City and due to the park where trees, shrubs, gardens follow the contour of the Botanical Garden; Arboretum Places, 2014). Landscape designer Carl Borgstrom, believed crevices and pools. The Laking Garden, 1947, functions as Rural Cemetery need for a large non-sectarian cemetery (Mount Pleasant pathways (Mount Pleasant Group, 2014). in a natural approach to landscape design and in creating a trial garden for hardy herbaceous plant collections and LANDSCAPE STYLE Group, 2014). Prior to the construction of Mount Pleasant, a botanical garden that would appeal to the general public includes a major iris collection. The formal garden in Hendrie Victorian Gardenesque; Picturesque; Renaissance Garden LANDSCAPE STYLE cemeteries were normally built to be places of burial for Several years after Engelbardt completed his design, (Canadian National Historic Places, 2014). Park, 1962, has a geometric framework for avenues and fower those who had family plots and belonged to the Roman a contractor by the name of George Leslie and Sons, Picturesque DESIGNERS beds, organized along a principal axis that is reminiscent Catholic Church or the Church of England (Mount Pleasant won a contract to transform the remaining lands. These The Royal Botanical Gardens has benefted from the Howard and Lorrie Dunington-Grubb, Carl Borgstrom (Rock of Renaissance garden design. The Teaching Garden, 1947, Group, 2014). undeveloped lands included the Don River tributaries contributions of some of Canada’s most talented landscape DESIGNERS Garden), K. Matthew Broman (Laking Garden), J. Austin Floyd includes a house, a greenhouse and six hectares of gardens of Yellow Creek and Mud Creek. The cemetery was architects, botanists and plant curators. The gardens also Henry Engelhardt (Hendrie Park) containing plants selected for their aesthetic appeal, The design of the cemetery lot was conducted by eventually divided by the extension of Mount Pleasant comprise the world’s largest lilac collection which has gained sturdiness and educational value for children. The Arboretum, German born landscape architect Henry Engelhardt Road separating the cemetery in half (Ontario Heritage it the honour of being named the international registration 1950, is designed with non-native trees planted on avenues (Mount Pleasant Group, 2014). Engelhardt is recognized Foundation, 2001). Although many changes were made, Created in 1929 to provide employment during The Great authority for cultivar names of lilacs (Royal Botanical Garden, radiating from a central parking circle. The Conservation Area for his work in developing public grounds, gardens and several aspects of the original plot were preserved. Mount Depression, the gardens were part of a broader scheme 2014). for natural collections, including Cootes Paradise Sanctuary Mount Pleasant cemetery is one of Toronto’s oldest, largest cemeteries throughout North America (Mount Pleasant Pleasant Cemetery continues to be home to many species to beautify the region by building a landscaped parkway. and the Rock Chapel Sanctuary exists at the extremities of and most well-known cemetery lots. It was designated as a Group, 2014). His 53 acre design concept of the cemetery of plants and trees, making this one of Toronto’s most The Gardens unusual design to combine separate, uniquely The Royal Botanical Garden’s include many parcels and the park. The Interpretive Centre, 1958, holds an educational heritage site in 2000, due to its infuential rural cemetery followed an emerging landscape style inspired from the beautiful historic cultural landscapes (Ontario Heritage themed garden parcels to create the site was innovative for additions (Royal Botanical Garden, 2014). The Rock Garden, space with herbarium and Mediterranean Collections. landscape design (Canada Historic Sites, n.d.). Mount Auburn Cemetery in Boston, USA (Mount Pleasant Foundation, 2001).

(Source: Flack, 2009) (Source: Wikimedia, 2012) (Source: Flack, 2009)

128 129 SPADINA HOUSE & (Source: ATEbyATE, 2014) GARDENS 5100 YONGE STREET LANDSCAPE TYPE Garden and Estate

LANDSCAPE STYLE Picturesque/Romantic; Beaux/Neoclassical

DESIGNERS William Baldwin; James Austin

Donated to Heritage Toronto in 1862, Spadina House and Gardens is an exemplary depiction of architecture from the Victorian Era (City of Toronto, 2014). William Baldwin, a doctor, lawyer and amateur architect, created the original Spadina House in 1818 (City of Toronto (Source: Shainidze, n.d.) 2014). When constructing the home, Baldwin strategically cleared a row of trees from his hilly property to allow for a beautiful scenic view of downtown Toronto and Lake Ontario (City of Toronto 2014).

James Austin owned the current version of the Spadina House and Gardens. Austin was a wealthy businessman who founded the Dominion Bank and was president of a consumer VILLAGE OF YORKVILLE PARK gas company (City of Toronto 2014). When constructing the new Spadina House, Austin saw the importance of building a grand garden to compliment his estate that included mature CUMBERLAND STREET trees, well-maintained bushes and shrubs, and a mixture of fowers (City of Toronto 2014). In the late 1950’s, a block of 19th century Victorian-era row frames include the Amelanchier Grove, Herbaceous Border The property remained in the Austin family for three generations until it was eventually LANDSCAPE TYPE houses were demolished to allow for the construction of the Garden, the Canadian Shield Clearance and Fountain, Alder donated to the City of Toronto in 1984 (City of Toronto 2014). Commemorative Landscape; (Public Park) Neighbourhood Park; Bloor Danforth Subway; once construction was complete, the Grove, Ontario Marsh, Festival Walk, Crabapple Orchard, Fra- Plaza obsolete site became a parking lot. In 1991, the City of To- grant Herb Rock Garden, Birch Grove, Prairie Wildfower Gar- Today, the Spadina House and Gardens represent a prominent Toronto cultural landmark ronto held an international design competition, after much dens, Pine Grove, and the Rock. and attract many visitors to the premises (City of Toronto 2014), Visitors are attracted to LANDSCAPE STYLE Postmodernism, Victorian Gardenesque pressure from local citizens and activists, in order to select a the scenic vistas that showcase the property, having evolved since the time the Baldwin design and construct a new public space that would replace This park, an idiom of landscape architectural expression, uses family occupied the property. Combing these views with the fourishing gardens the Austin NAME OF DESIGNER the parking lot. A jury composed of local residents and de- landscape to tell a story and offers a glimpse into the senso- family had originally cultivated has created an attractive destination that is enjoyed locally Oleson Worland Architects, in association with Martha sign professionals selected the frm Oleson Worland Archi- ry delights of Canada’s diverse landscapes (Williams, 2014). by the citizens of Toronto and others visiting the cultural landmarks of the City. The 2.4 Schwartz, Ken Smith, David Meyer Landscape Architects tects, whose design refected the neighborhood’s rich history The Village of Yorkville Park has earned many award since hectares of gardens, originally planted in 1905, serve as a popular picnic destination (City and emphasized Canada’s diverse geographic landscape. The its opening in 1994 including the ASLA President’s Award of of Toronto 2014). More recently, activities at the gardens have been evolving to host formal Located in the Bloor-Yorkville neighbourhood, the Village of design expresses the Victorian style of collecting (Williams, Excellence (1997), City of Toronto Urban Design Award of Ex- garden parties, along with birthday and special events (City of Toronto 2014). The Spadina Yorkville Park conveys a strong sense of Canadian identity. 2014). The park creates a series of linear subdivisions based cellence (1997) and the International Downtown’s Association House and Gardens represent a prominent Toronto landmark, helping illustrate the rich While small in size, this park has become a local landmark and on the lot lines of the previous nineteenth century row houses Award of Merit (1997). history of the City. has played a vital role in revitalization and enhancement of and assembles a collection of landscapes into the frames of the neighbourhood since its completion in 1994 (ASLA, 2012, the lot lines (ASLA, 2012, online). Each linear park segment online). is distinct in character, making a connection to a specifc type of landscape. The collection of landscapes implanted into the 130 131 (Source: Design Deluxe, 2011)

CHAPTER 5: WHAT NOW

132 133 WHAT NOW? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The What’s Out There Guide for Toronto has high- of the City’s growth and development and as a whole landscapes, their connections, and intricate layers Many people contributed to the devleopment of tion throughout this semester. Our process has Lastly, we must thank our Supervisor Nina-Ma- lighted a range of projects, people, and ideas that provide Toronto with a unique position on the world are what this group has strived to achieve with the this project and have seen it through since its been iterative and dynamic, and they were al- rie Lister for partaking in this complex journey, have synergistically, created and animated Toronto’s stage that separates it from “the curse of modern day presentation of this guide. If we are to protect these beginning stages. We would like to give a heart- ways fexible, and assisted in researching a sig- providing thorough feedback on all phases of landscape throughout its rich and complex history. uniformity” (Fulford, 1995, p.14). landscapes we as the public, must garner an under- felt thank you to The Cultural Landscape Foun- nifcant amount of cultural landscapes in the this process. She provided us with the oppor- These highlighted spaces, (in combination with the standing of their importance before we can establish dation, Charles Birnbaum and Matthew Traucht City of Toronto. tunity to convey the What’s Out There Guide in seven essays), provide a broad sense of the com- All of these landscapes have a synergistic connec- levels of stewardship towards the cultural fabric of plexity in Toronto’s identity and culture through its tion to one another and represent inherent values our City. This guide, along with the What’s Out There: for providing us with constant guidance and our unique way, so we thank her for trusting and naturally and human-built landforms. From Trini- and signifcance to individuals and communities Toronto conference in May 2015, will serve as sig- support, despite the distance between us. It has This project would not have been possible supporting the direction we chose. We look for- ty Bellwoods to Nathan Philips Square to Bluffer’s that have heavily contributed to the uniqueness of nifcant resources to support and inform the discus- been a pleasure working for you this semester without the constant assistance, and import- ward to the unfolding of this project. Park, the many sites that we have chosen to include the City. Whether by accident or on purpose, Toron- sion of a comprehensive planning strategy for the on an initiative that we are all looking forward ant insights from our mentors Brendan Stewart, in this guide provide a visual and informative rep- to has evolved through the fusion of nature, human City. This strategy will look to protect, encourage and to seeing through in the upcoming conference. from ERA Architects, and Kelsey Blackwell, from resentation of the cultural and historical patchwork intervention and socio-political values that are re- steward the landscapes vital to the culture, identity Studio Blackwell. Their guidance has been in- spaces embedded throughout the City. These are the fected in its culturally signifcant spaces. Identify- and spirit of Toronto and its citizens. We would also like to thank our undergraduate strumental over the course of the semester. components that have served as signifcant drivers ing, promoting and educating the public on the City’s partners for all of their hard work and dedica-

134 135 CHAPTER 6: METHODS

136 137 (Source: Pesta, 2011) (Source: Pesta, 2011)

PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4 The formation of the initial site selection for the purposes of this WOT Guide were to be used as the foundation for the WOT Guide, providing a better understanding of The suggestion of sorting the database based on relevancy and applicability was suggested Each of the 105 short listed cultural landscape sites was ranked using a ten-question involved each member of the WOT Toronto group reviewing the expectations and require- how sites could be classifed and which essay topics should be considered. The intention of by Brendan Stewart to limit the subjectivity of the site selection process. His recommended template created by the graduate group. The template was based on cultural attributes ments of the studio project as well as the strategies, goals and objectives set forth by our narrowing the database into a more manageable numeric fgure was a key milestone in this methodology of classifying sites using a ‘1, 2, 3’ ranking approach would provide a more our group viewed as preferential and important for Toronto’s fnal What’s Out There Guide. client, The Cultural Landscape Foundation (TCLF). To begin this process, team members process. The short list was created during another meeting with all eighteen members pres- absolute perspective to the process. The ranking process follows the notion where a site These ten questions help to justify the inclusion of selected sites from our short list into were encouraged to independently review the core efforts of the TCLF and conceptualize a ent, using a democratic majority vote. The selection process was subjective, time consuming ranked as ‘1’, deserved minimal applicability and relevance to the WOT Guide. A site ranked the fnal guide. The list was created to add some objectivity to the initial fltering process methodology in which sites could be selected. and challenging as general discourse often led to debates. Sites were selected using a col- ‘2’ received moderate applicability and relevance to the WOT Guide and a site is ranked ‘3’ that was previously far more subjective. Used in conjunction with the three step ranking lection of criteria such as historic value, social impacts, aesthetic value and a general public was considered highly relevant and a valuable cultural landscape addition to the City. The process, this stage provided a more comprehensive justifcation for the removal and inclu- All eighteen members of the WOT Group assembled for the frst meeting in early Septem- interest. A shorter list of 96 sites was reached, representing a working document that could list of 105 sites was then sent out to academics and professionals in the feld where their sion of certain sites. ber, and came prepared with general ideas, books and references to establish a guideline be added to over time. feedback was taken into account for the fnal site selection. and preliminary work plan for the fnal deliverable. A group consensus was reached to The Ten Questions: establish a database of all possible landscapes in Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area, The short list was submitted to mentor Brendan Stewart and supervisor Nina-Marie Lister 1. Was this landscape consciously designed or laid out by a landscape architect, master thereby disregarding municipal boundaries. The database was populated through the for their individual review, guidance and expert opinion. They encouraged our groups to re- gardener, architect, or horticulturist according to design principles (e.g., Don Mills), or an use of several academic sources, primary research, secondary research and archival data, search more sites while recommending the inclusion of other signifcant cultural landscape amateur gardener working in a recognized style or tradition? the professional opinions of our mentors and supervisor, and through personal experience. sites that were either overlooked or simply never identifed. The shortlist, now reaching a 2. Was the landscape associated with a signifcant person(s), trend, or event in landscape Utilizing these methods, a database of roughly 160 sites was created. total of 105 sites, was divided between the graduate and undergraduate groups using a architecture; or illustrate an important development in the theory and practice of landscape random number generator, allocating the sites objectively. architecture? The database served as a point of reference to recognize possible relationships 3. Has this landscape evolved through use by the people whose occupancy or activities have shaped that landscape (progression of the site over time)? among the identifed cultural landscapes unique to Toronto. These identifed relationships 138 139 PHASE 5 PHASE 6 FINAL PHASES 4. Does this landscape have a signifcant function (beyond purely aesthetic/visual)? Following the delineation of the shortlisted sites amongst all 18 members of the As part of the overall deliverable, short essays complementing the individual sites have Editing the individual site write-ups and essays was assumed by all members of the grad- 5. Has this site impacted the form and function of the City today? graduate and undergraduate student groups primary site analysis was conducted for each. been included in the Guide. These essays highlight the culturally signifcant elements that uate group to achieve a high content quality. The editing involved frst, second and third 6. Does this landscape have an association with a historic event, activity, or person? (e.g., the Analyses incuded site visitation and photographing and conducting primary research on have shaped the City of Toronto and its surrounding region. In total, seven essays, each readers who each assessed the grammar, sentence structure and content of each write-up. Canadian National Exhibition is one of the reasons the city emerged as the most powerful their historical and social signifcances. A brief summary of 300 words was compiled for representing a unique and relevant cultural sphere to the region were undertaken by each The editing required a signifcant allotment of time to bring each piece of work to a stan- in the country – the Ex was created as a showcase for Toronto’s industry and commerce) each landscape, showcasing their attributes, cultural signifcance and historical relevance. member of the graduate group. These essays include: the synergistic city, the Greenbelt Act, dard acceptable for the fnal WOT Guide. 7. Does the landscape contain a variety of natural and cultural resources that associated Based on the data available and further site signifcance, the 105 sites were cut down to the ravine system, the waterfront, the commuter landscape, the infuence of brutalism, and people defne as a heritage resource/Do they people that use it defne it as a heritage manageable 51 landscapes that have been presented in the fnal guide. public private partnerships. This stage also involved designing the template for the guide in order to display the in- resource? (e.g., contemporary settlements, religious sacred sites and massive geological formation in a clear, concise and engaging fashion. Kelsey Blackwell, Brendan Stewart and structures, small plant communities, animals, subsistence and ceremonial grounds are often Nina-Marie Lister were instrumental in their feedback and direction for the design of the components). guide. 8. Is this landscape part of a municipal or regional planning strategy (current and for the future)? The fnal step encompassed incorporating all the elements together into a fnal 9. Does this landscape refect (site) specifc techniques of sustainable land use? Does it synergistic document. The process involved the application of all the edited works to the incorporate ecological best practices? designed templates, and incorporating the comments given to us from our mentors, super- 10. Has some event altered the culture of the landscape in such a way that it encouraged visor, client and peers. the implementation of new policy (e.g., Hurricane Hazel and the ravines, Greenbelt)?

140 141 THE DATABASE

Additional sites, which have not been included within this guide, 100 sites, which have been developed with ample feedback received can be found on a supplementary online database. This database, from academics, experts, and design professionals. which includes all of the sites we’ve catalogued over the course of four months, is searchable by landscape type, style, name, locale and Many sites within Toronto and the broader region have been beyond designer. The goal of the database is to “raise public awareness of our time and scope. It is our hope that our guide and the associat- the rich diversity and interconnectedness of our shared designed ed database will provoke interest, support a preservation strategy, landscape heritage” (TCLF, 2001). inform stewardship decisions, educate the public and enrich our understanding of Toronto’s landscape history (TCLF, 2001). We invite This database serves as a living document and a rich archive where other design professionals, history enthusiasts and members of the other professionals, academics, history enthusiasts, and students can public to become part of this online community. add to the growing list of cultural landscapes that currently exist within the Toronto Region. This database includes approximately

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