The
Palestinian
People
HISTORY A
Kimmerling Baruch
Migdal Joel S.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, Massachusetts
England London, 2003
OUT: MAN ODD
ISRAEL IN ARABS
caused the
modernism
Israeli
people,
paiestinians
the as
For
After
x948.
prior
even begun to
modernism,
their
of
failure own
(.vas from off
blocked
Israel] [in
minority
palesrinian political,'and
the
•948,
economic,
its
lost it when
modernism,
path
the
and to city
palestinian
the
importantly, lost it
More
elite. cultural
from
living
its
make
society, rural [principally]
to
as
left
them,
was assimilate
would
not that Jewish
cities
in employment
thus agriculture•
re- losing
by
village
the
lost it phase,
the The
next
Arab."
"Israeli
the
is That rural.
urban neither nor
maining
is he
and modernism,
Jewish
is
knows
he
modernism
only
best the
and in
marginal
factor,
imitator,
Onto
it
hexed an as
demands.
carrying
as case,
38.
Lootg
Internal zooo:
Israel:
An Arabs in The
BISI-IARA, AzMI
Palesnnian-
variously
ISRAEL
as
(alSO known
OF and CITIZENS dispirited
ARAB
•l-Ng/•b•
emerged
from as
Arabs)
Israeli
and
Israelis
and
Strip, sur-
Bank, Gaza
West the in
refugees
the traumatized quickly
as
h
thoug Jewish
state,
the
in Living new
countries}
rounding
of Is-
citizens
became They
oth'er
from
apart them
Arabs,
other
by set shunned
often
least,
were
1967, until Israel, at and,
rael they
within And,
the country. outside
traveling when
economic
and
social even
the
of
lowest rung the
on
themselves
found
potentially
dangerous
Jews'
majority
a as
the by
treated
and
ladder inde-
celebrated
its
that
of state
citizens a became They
population.
their
biggest
.catas- considered
they
that the around event pendence trophe.
Arabs tsr•ei in
RECONSTITUTING THE PALESTINIAN NATION
population
concentrated within
This
Palestinian-Israeli
Druze. efforts
reconstituting I2O Arab
percent, society mu- was
and
at
orga-
north,
the Eighty
these c•mmunities in nicipal of nizing
authorities.
themselves
minority national
Israel
in are into all
as a
ran
sorts
9zo,ooo
emerged approximately them residents
who live ofobstacles.'For in
where the they dis-
from leaderless, the
com- 1948 one,
war
population
Galilee. Another
the
of of the prise half entire about disorganized. possessed, Additionally, and the Israeli
government
live
Bedouin live
Haifa, about
of
and
district the in
tremendous Ioo,ooo barriers them,
association I7O,OOO
least put be-
among
on
at
levelsl
Bedouin settled
been have of the district. Half southern
family yond the village in the and from
restricting banning now travel
to
and the
continue semino- settlements,
in emerging organizations. Finally, permanent
national rest Palestinian-Israelis a
seven
were
Beersheba. These
city of heterogeneous lifestyle statis-
around the the madic remarkably in
religion, ethnicity,
of
in and
area ideol- terms
only
quantitative but chapter,
this will
making in tics,
the
of social not creation all the ties
argue difficult. are
ogy, Disre- as we
more
changes life Israel. qualitative Arab in essential in No point garded also Arab the suppressed world in and Israel, they in became to
the
minority
and Jewish
I948 in
marginal
of the
longer it
odd region.
the in state
was as true
a
out
man
population
has be-
immediately al-Naleba, Arab the after the taking advantage Still, of cracks faCade, the
in which
allowed years
society.
and
shaping
of Israeli
the
through active in them organize
the
agent state Communist and piggyback come to
an
party
to
israel's
half months of
four and and the first month
of
the last
burgeoning In
they the
i947 of barriers
overcame on economy,
some
ceased
British Palestine exist community
in the Arab
had 1948, that confined them. Groups intellectuals,
of to professionals,
as a and
period leading
political
Brit-
entity. the
social and In coherent emerged
give
up to and cohesion voice entrepreneurs Arab
soci- to
to new
aftermath,
and immediate Palestine
its withdrawal from
ish they
Israel. in
While
could
more their
ety odd
escape never status
as
man
neighborhoods disappeared,
if
villages
urban and
than
suffering
from the
indifference of toward the some as 35o and out,
them
state
coastal the
and in they Urban life institutions
existed. had factionalism, their continuing
the Israel, Arab citizens of never
own
none-
flight
completely shrunk
annihilated. and
War theless, almost cities became
much political formidable
after
the
were
more
actors
70,ooo-8o,ooo
Jaffa
Arabs
lively from of city
population
the mid-•97os. the of they And
fully entered everyday
into life Israel. in
more
approximately million sub- Arab
only Of the
political Their
by framed violent, •.3-1.4 three
3,ooo-4ooo.
emeegence rto
was
momentous
displaced
mandate,
half from their almost British
jects of the
Land
Day the in outbreak i976,
the of Intifada were the in events: occu-
territories pied and communities. homes deadly and the in I987, clash
with security Israeli
Jewish living refugees outside
the
majority became The forces
October in the al-Aqsa after
the of state.
Intifada vast the
in start 2ooo
original
from uprooted
homes but remained
their in newly Is- Others Palestin•e Authority constituted
(PA). place Their Israel and in
were
batdes had
homes
after the their
rael, forbidden
people Palestinian
the
whole still is to uncertain,
return come but to among little as
a
interr•al
refugees made about
of the
doubt
end. These that,
another, remains percent they
play iS
will up important
to an way one
or
an
Jewish boundaries of the remaining within the Palestinian Arabs role both. future the in of
line") signing "the after the (what called
be later
green to state came
all, neighboring All
Arab with the in of cease-fire agreements states.
stayed of the Israel and became citizens Arabs in about The Present-Absentees I5o,ooo
Palestinian of all Arabs and comprising about
percent ap- •o state,
population
proximately
of the Israeli
total of the
the twenty-first of the At num• percent Palestinian state, I5 Israelis
start century,
dropped
Jewish few
the immi- bered This last about
million
of
the million 6.S citizens percentage years next of the About, as
over
•.2
state.
displaced
Europe and from Arab
gration from the
in
Muslim;
about Christian; persons
camps 79 percent about and
percent, 13 were 9
I7I z7o
RECONSTITUTING
Lsrael TIlE Arabs in PALE STINIAN NATION
skyrocketed.6
countries the government
But, by
beginning the
legal
that
Using categorD
of present-absentees. the
r96os the new
rela-
tive
number
of
Arab
citizens began Ab-
of
through the
Law
present-absentees' lands
increase
appropriated
and the today to
is close
of
to
Israel's zo percent
population.
much
Properties percent
that
is 4 estimate ° One as
as
sented
T950.
the
In
three
z95os,
through
confiscated
of
dunums) quarters
Arabs
in
million Israel
lived (about lands
was
Arab in
the
of villages
two
of
the
Galilee
western and the
"Little
Trzangle,
the
law.
contiguous this
area
the
plane, coastal
to
which
vil- crowded Israel
existing,
resettled
into annexed
refugees
internal
of
These
part
were as cease-fire
its
agreement with
Jordan.
These
villages
considered
had
been they
strangers
have
which
in and
witnessed
lages
not
towns,
dus
mass
the exo-
or radical of
village.
same type thinning
single
amalgamated
into
villages that
had day.
Other a
destroyed
out
this
were the
local
to
populations
Haifa,
of
Jaffa,
lands
Safed, Arab
for
compensation
and other
payments
arbitrary
offered
villages.
and
The
crees
state
What
remained
under
Israeli
Arabs
which the control after of
value), the
actual
re-
their
than
I948 less most for
(many
war
was
a crumbling rem-
nant-a
of
Palestinian
immigrants
part Jewish
settled
Arab then agencies society, on
similar State
fused
in
accept.
to
many
the
ways socially
devastated
to
achieved:
double aim
the. Thus
appropriated refugee lands. remnants
was
newly a in the
camps
rounding
sur- Israel.
uprooted refugees,
Were
set-
themselves
of whom
were Jews,
many Many
bamulas extended
and neighbor-
abandoned
nuclear of
farmlies populated
the houses even
and lands
tled
separated, were
with on
their
members living
both
remaining
sides
citizens Arab of on the time,
the armistice villages. and
lines. At
hoods
same With
few
very
exceptions,
family
column,
fifth
considered
umon permitted
by borders, were who
was
Israeli state's the
a officials
within
were
only
in
direction-out
one
of
Israel.
immigrant% Jewish IsraeLi
authorities espe-
The consolidated?
and
thinned
new
out
even
ued
expelling
contin-
infiltrationof
concentrations
of return
Arabs
after
fighting the helped the
areas,"
prevent cially had "frontier or
in
ended.
Residents
of
the
of Majdal
town (today, residence
of places
their
Ashkelon),
other
refugees,
for to purposes, Arab
among
deported instance,
were
the
Gaza
Strip to
in September
the Residents
before
from •95o.
of thirteen
war.
villages
in
Wadi
Ara
difficulty
deported
had
hands, Arabs
Arab
remained were
the in
other lar•ds
when
side to
of Even the
armistice Line
February in
Deportarmn
and
limited
z95z. severely
of
The Bedouin
water them.
cultivate
continuing tribes state
from
to
within
the
borders state's
produc-
conranued
fn until the
comparison
especially
•959."
allocations,
more to electricity
Some
Palestinian
Arabs
moshavim)
tried
take advantage and
kibbutzim
(the
to
of settlements
communal their
Jewish
citi-
rights,
new
tive
turning zen
the
Israeli
cooperative to
joining
in from
forbidden
effort
also
courts
Arabs
vicinity.
the
an in
their were
to
home
return
villages.
to
For
powerful example,
residents of the
umbrella
the
under of
the trade unions the such Christian
bodies,
two
Maronite
as villages,
Bir'm
Ikrit,
and
Organization) well have
been
Jewish Workers' struggling
General as (the as
Histadrut
in
the
for
courts
generations
two
and,
date,
and
credit,
still state-sponsored
marketing,
have
to
put-
members in
becoming
succeeded
in not winning
their
zoo•i case.8
At the
end
of
disap- co.mpletely
the
Supreme
almost orchards
citrus,
Arab Court •chasing
*°
ruled
that
co-ops. the
should financially
state
(fellaheen) returned
compensate the villagers
pro-
the by to
peared, the and,
peasantry
uprooted from •95os,
the
villages
two
for
the
lands
oil olive
limited and by augmented
other
household
largely
for possessions
duction taken
from use,
them.
The vilhgers
rejected
this
proposal Thus,
it is
Jewish
market.
and
production the for
vegetable not fighting
sur-
still
and for
are
their
right
their to return original
together. to villages. all
agriculture abandoned
Israeli Arabs
that prising
many
The
Israeli
state official
gave
spread
an Palestinians
designation
oxymoronic
the
similar
regard
they
this
least to
in
its At were
Arab
citizens
to
prohibited
from
returning
those
of
their service
the lands Land
although
Arab to neighboring houses,
and
through
at
was states.
remaining,
in the
territory•
of
the and
develop
it
during needed
political and clout the bartles: state the to held who resources
Israel
RECONSTITUTIN• in
Arabs
PAL•STII•IAI'• T• NATIOI'•
and
in-
discrimination who had
subsidizing
additional
the
agencies created growth for
access to
production
economic rapid,
and
mar-
Israeli
keting-the
raised also
Arabs, the it
and Histadrut (with state, Jews
marketing inequality its between
purchasing and creased
of the
that
cooperatives),
than degree
the and
lesser
Jewish
Agency, albeit living,
the
standard of
operational
to
Arabs' a
of
the
arm
their
well World
Zionist living,
Organization
standard of increased as
in Israel that
as subsidized Eventually,
their
all Jewish
Jews.
set-
other rising dements
translated
into
developmental and population, overall projects. the
in numbers growing
Beginning strength,
i96os
the in
well. and
what
social
left political and •97os, of
Arab
agricul-
as
was
Histadrut
in
Israel the Arabs,
underwent
pro-
-ture substantial office changes. employment
to opening
its Intensive
agriculture By
degree techniques
and
market
and
cash labor
replaced
the access
a
traditional
easier with crops
fellaheen
cultivation. to
vided
peasant
another
The change,
under main however,
fell
they
yet
time,
from
the protection.
day
At labor.
peasantry was same Many of
to
wage
Jewish-controlled Workers'
Palestinian
citizens
of
Israel the had of been
form
the supervision off in from
their of
cut
peasant
.means
the
discrimination; around
their face lands roots
continued
em-
•95o,
they
And appropriated•n
Organization) as
to That were
process
picked Jew-
Jewish
job•
again
in preference for to now agriculture
areas
up
steam
from still labor-intensive
office
ployment as gave went
Obligation
of
capital-intensive.
universal
drastically
Arab The
the to
touted
reduced had been What
land applicants.
base as
and ish the
against
discrimination
commercial of
agriculture
quickened
to move
another
already
became
service begun
source military
process
a
exemption the in granted
p&iod-the British
Mandate
they
requesting it,
transition
of the without fellaheen were
Arabs.
Even
to
un-
skilled
other
re-
partially for
basis
skilled, the
exemption
became
nonagricultural or day
this And labor.Z2 draft,
study
the One
u from
vealed Certain
that
three-quarters
discrimination. about
official
and of institutionalized all urban
Arab
laborers of
had
sorts
no
benefits, training
security
aid
When social
jobs,
Israel
from at
certain government
labor
of went rights-access
short- excess
an
to to
a
Arabs
finally only
integrated available age, many
veterans army
into the
to licenses-were national drivers'
housing,
fin&
economy,
even
ing
the
work
•967, in Jewish industry
from
that point and reached the •95o to
construction families. companies,
It
usually their
and
on
rights the
o£ lower civil
Arab
the.principal the .i
for
employment
advocate
ladder. rungs During
Communist this
period, Israeli party,
the
military
demand
although
this
alSO
loosened
Arabs,
drafting
of government
hold,
its the demanded
of Israel,
ifs tasks had
in
as one
Arab
been
part3?s
labor the
by the
labor
protect market enthusiasm to from tremendous
greeted influx cheap with
of
Arab
an
not
was
that would
with
Jewish immigrant compete labor,
primarily
constituency.
recent
arrivals from remaining
in
Asia and Arabs North the for Africa.•4 experience
Nakb,•
the of
The
essence
change The national
of
rapid
fundamental the and from change
sudden
status was the
In Jewish
z963, the
the state was
percentage
of
Arab agricultural
This
minority. laborers
powerless
politically in trau- Israel slightly
small,
of
that than
majority
was
more
a to
one-
third
of the
effective
total of
Arab population
absence (in the by
na- exacerbated
any
comparison
transition
about
matic
was to
Io
for
institu- Jews).
the
After
decade, percent
stand
will
and
agriculture
skills up
to the leadership claimed
with only a to
tional fifth
a
of
presiding
laborers. Arab
appointee Arabs
became
the lower
government
echelon Jewish
As of
the of ethno-
tions one
state.
an
nationally
split
labor
"were
the
market. remained in
Jews
held who state
the those
it,
skilled
Arab
high- put and the
more sector
over
paying
jobs, leader- whereas
religious
and commercial, Arabs
lower-paying, took
social,
body.., the
headless
sometimes
only like
a
seasonal, jobs.lS
the
during
who
Even
Arabs,
the
colonial Christian
disappeared. the were rule the of Even
British, "•
had the
ship
per-
of Palestinian the centage of
high-paying
Arabs
large in relatively
percentage jobs re-
and,
low
educated in relative
•949,
a
was
most
to
that
of
Jews.IS
The than
bigger considerably
of
Jews
which
power
Israeli society's
(2:[ population
percent,
main over maining was agencies
after
only
popula- !948
increased
Palestinian inequality. this
worldwide
the Nonetheless, in Christians of while
Israel's the percentage "r75
Israel RECONSTITUTING
in Arabs THB PALESTINIAN NATION
af-
Lydda
tion),
remaining in
left only
with Arabs
few
of the
representatives were from confinement the of middle pain a
and
the
scribes
classes the of British upper colonial
period)0
I948
the
war:
ter
As occurred
the
refugees,
Palestinian among citizens of
Israel,
ended.up
these
relying heavily
local
leaders.
Most of
heads the on
all
almost
and
ghetto
were
their
leave
allowed
Arabs hamulas, to
of The
not and their
importance
were
they
[military]
took
declared
mediation
grew
as
ar- villages
of
on 'roles
concentrations
were
villages
Arab
between or
their
relarives
and,
and
Israeli
authorities
political and that
quarter
for
thing
our humiliating
was par- us
the
And
most
ties. fact, eas.
the hamula In
under
heads
filled
Arabs
populated
by
central were
role
than Lydda
that
an even
more in
were
other
quarters the
did lived
local leaders
Jews the
refugee the
in
where city
the of
One the that, result
while
in
camps.
the•e rest
military government, was
as
leadership
limitations
positions
move- gained
importance,
houses], on in there
inter-bamula no Arab were abandoned rivalries
[in
in-
special
without per-
becoming
tensified,
could
sharper a much out
early go
not than
they
the Until had
during
been I95os we
the
merit.
for
anywhere
except
free
period. British
go of Older hamula to
heads Jews,
the were
stayed while course,
mit, in
while those
power:
even
refugee gherto.=
the in
of
Gaza,
the into West camps Bank Jordan, of our
and
Leba•
slowly
relinquished
their
place
non
educated
to
younger, a
more
leadership
the
tional
pro- the the part for
decades following
time, most loosened two over
1948. somewhat
over
While
succeeded
in
The
early
survival
the I96os of
hamula old and
leaders
the
and
the in intensified
I95os rivalries movement
hibition
on
helped
Brit-
based foreclose
regulation
the possibility
This
on that mobility.
was
Arab very
Arab citizens
would curtailing
greatly
create
(directed
the
general,
cross-hamuIa and
interregional
at
ofi936
leadership I945 emergencies a
during
the or these for issued first
laws ish
fall
respectivdy). decades the
of In
the
two when
rebellion, Even
limited Jewish urbanization state. the and
and
Revolt
in-
Arab
declared
creasing levels
education of
the
government
led
raging,
challenges
still
fighting
the
to
the
while new
was I948, to
veteran
local leadership hamula
the government
cre-
in mid-I97OS, the
Arab-populared In
the I95o,
prevented the areas.
rule in
military
state
force
remained
Arabs
in in Israel
from which
creating
these representative
for leadership. regional
areas,
government military
a
ated
a
regulations
The
Israeli
took
resembled
series administrative of
emergency
state
political and a Military government
I966. until
steps
to
and thwart
development
the
expression,
leadership, of or-
movement,
of
freedom
reflecting
.limiting
the new a
continu-
other
in
states,
ing
Jewish
within
fear minority
that
the Palestinian
Arab
ter-
the a
citizens restrict of.the
effect
could ganization. be
Its
to
state was
a
bridgehead
market
labor
its
broader
All
the from enemies. all, to Arabs
in
excluding the sworn
traumatized enclave, Arab
ritorial
population,
lacking who
immigrants leadership,
Jewish broad
were
the could
with take
few a
could toward
they compete steps
not
so
constructing
resisting
national from
appro-
them community preventing
and a renewed
Palestinian
the iden-
or flooding into a
state
tity.
The
decades
after
the
two
creation of
Israel land•.
difficult
of their
priation
very were
for
violent the increasingly Arabs
the
in
at- They ones
continuing,
faced
Israel by marked state. new
what
the years were
In
I95os,
sociologist the
from
Michael
residents
Hechter
called refugee by internal colonialism,
mostly
camp
that
infiltration,
is, the
tempts
at
creation
homes, and
the expansion
their of
Jewish
at-
settlements trying
within cease-fire line to
return I948 the to of
side
other
cease-
borders, fire
belongings,
the
former their
lands claimed
many they or villages and what
on of Palestinian back
were
take
tempting
to
citizens
of
the
of
led
21 retaliations stare. non- sort
Israel's to
a
seeking
simply vengeance.
Perhaps
the
maintain
painful
justified need edict the
prohibition the
most further
to which
low-density was
war,
on movement
stop,
place imposed from
(and place,
Israel
which of
the military
citizens
to palestinian
of the
government
military harsh governance
on
Arab
residential
most journalist-poet The
war)
.23 1956 A1-Asmar areas.
Fawzi the for
de- paved the too, way, I76
RECO:NSTITUTING
THE
PALESTINIAN NATION Israel Arabs in
esld.es
the mlhtary
controlii•
another government,
institution
original
home-
for their
longing
(gburb•), and
dispersal, exile
enced
reshaping
the
Arabs elementa• ana in
Israel
the school-the
cultural
was
and emotions,
baggage,
of
different
carried
land
set high
and
very
schools
a
publd•i!
under
control
The
state
curriculum
far-flung
of
the sunk
they in
had partial
of the
coming
codes
roots Israel
schools
out for
Arabs
in
written
with the
was aim of
creating•
ended had
they
which
places
up.
identity ethnic
in
for them new
(much
the
Hashemite
educational:
Israel
remained as in who
Arabs
Palestinian
of the experiences
If the policy
tried Jordanize
the
Palestinians).24
to
General
histo.r.F,•
Arab various
scattered in
who
those markedly from
coun-
differed
were
taught
and
was
presented
complementary
was
history the
America, as
Latin
migrated Europe,
later to
Middle
East
of the to
tries the
or
Israeli
and
Zionism.
state While
the
Koran
raught
(in
the Is-
therelationship the citizens
Arab of these was
to America,
North
and
and religion
6os,
•gSos
thought
be
factor
was
that
to
could Jewish
In moder-
citizens. country's a
the
from
them
raeli
ethnicity too, apart,
set
state and nationalism),
ate
the
Hebrew
Bible too so of the
absorption and was
He-
regime's
main Israeli the was the concern brew
literature.
I95os,
They
culture.
and
the
immigrants into Jewish
society of
new
The
aim
waves
thwart
flowering
the
was to
of
Palestinian
"the Arab
which melting from
a
throlxgh
new pot
na-
identity.as awesome
tional
pass
an
to
were
Benor,
y. L.
Of
planners
the
of one
Arab
educa•
of
There
would room Israeli/Jewish
man" course,
no
was, emerge.
tion,
forth
the
Israeli
set considerations
devising
in
the
religious
curriculum:
constructed
and Defined
this Arab
as the in for
process.
"How
loyalty
can encourage
we
Israel
to
Israeli Arabs Circassians)
among
with- and
Druze, (Muslims,
Christians,
minorities
ethnic demanding
or
out
negation
of Arab
yearning a
the
hand, are)
still
(and
and
on
Arab citizens one
the national Jewish
con-
were in state,
without
permitting
development a the
of hostile
Arab
nationalism
society. Israeli
external,
"•
marginal, if
t.he
on
sidered
to not
other?"26
addition,
as In
the level
of
Arab
schools
remained far
infe- arrived in just
themselves
had who
including
those
Jews, The
that
of
Jewish
to
schools rior (even
those
in distant development
and by them
created
of
nation-stare
citizens land,
their
towns).
a
were
In
new
38 I997, of
all
percent Arab
twelfth
graders
passed partnership, their
civic
belonging, feelings of developed
They
them. for
matriculation
in
comparison
exams,
of
Jews. Among to SI
percent the with
identification
emotional
pride, and responsibility, state
those
who
did
only
69.4
pass,
of
Arabs
percent
standards
of for
proprietors
met
sole be
themselves
felt symbols. state Jews
and its university
to
compared acceptance,
88
of.•ews.
to
percent
anthem,
national flag, the
the
The institutions. and
army,
resources
signi- Arabs, Jewish the
but, for
only
holidays official
and
not
were
holidays
official
of
the
least experiences.
painful At
fied
While some
past portrayed
by
Israeli
authorities
dangerous
population,
as
dark a
conjuring
of collective actually days
memo- up
tied mourning,
their
brethren
were to in
hostile
neighboring
the
Arabs
states, who forbidden
Arab
citizens
Moreover,
Arab citizens. for
its were stayed
ries in
Israel
actually
off
from
other were
cut
concentrations
mostly
of
feelings, which
collective
publicly their
re- Palestinians. from
expressing
After
the
three I967
when
the
fragments
war,
his-
of
and
Arabs the
did Only z998 suppressed. in
and hidden
mained Palestine-Israel, torical
the
Gaza
Strip,
the and
West
Bank-were
the
Nakba including the
in
of
discussion begin
re-
3oined
Jews
israeli under;
open
an
some
control,
of
the
many
Arab
citizens
of
Israel
celebrations22
Independence Day
fiftieth
could
begin state's again
define
themselves
to
larger of
the
part
Palestin- as
and inside
stood
thus have
Israel
of
citizens Palestinian dan out- The
community. Many
became
of
of
the supporters
idea
Palestinian
bilingual, bicultural
citi-
They became society. and
Israeli nationalism.• side
state then, Even
though,
their
contradictory
experience
land their of much time,
obey the Israeli
law.
At
raised Israeli
citizens same
to and as zens,
Arabs
separated
them
emotionally,
socially,
be- limited They had
from
systematically them.
taken
politically and access,
from
other
Paiestinians. was
Palestinians
who
had
experi- benefits
social and
democracy"
"Israeli yond voting, many to to
•78 •79
Israel Arabs in
RECONSTITUTING
PALBSTINIAN THE NATION
with posture
s them
bestowing
by a
minority
small
available
weakness
to.Jews the
in
welfare,
housing, a of jobs, as
from
and oth•:• areas
Druze
talented
diverted young
has
also
it profile," but
subsidized
goods curity
and services.
symbols
State educa-
and higher rituals
did
no• seeking
diverted
from
them,
too, has
It
conjure
other the
positive
careers.
they up
Paradoxi- that emotions Tl•e• did for
same
Israel. Jews.
mobility
in
social
for
condition
place
Israel,
in short,
tion, necessary in
has been through shot of
ambiguity, with that a
than
been
has
worse situation
their
bivalence, respect, this
cally, and in equivocalness.
Palestinism•.! relationship their
But
to
Arabs.
Christian
and
Muslim has
been
unifying
certain.
young A Palestinian
no more benefits-secu-
national
important
them
thus
has
won the
Loyalty
has been
state
slow
partly
to due and
to emerge, agencies,
sectarian
and cultural
differ::i,
security
to
other
and
clearances,
military
the
jobs empl•asize
in
them.
rity
Arabs
in
have
Israel among ences
tried
the•i'
has loyalty
not
that to not
Bur
the
state.
obligations .t•ii!i serve interrelig•ous
to
full-citizen and
interethnic
blaming
tensions,
(rightfully, been them
has Mobility
equality.
economic
and social
full
translated
degree) into
Zionist
appropriated
tactics
by divide
some and
Still,
on
to
conquer.
lands
their
were
of
Arabs,
other
some differences
Like limited.
have
affected
ability
Arabs'
Recently,
ambivalent
unified
their to
construct
a
I948
the of
war.
wake
the
munity
in
and constituency the
the
in
Jewish state identity.
state. Druze struggles
internal over
translated into
has
simulta- status
existing
identities
three found
has
researcher
fact,
In
one palestin- and
Israeli-Druze,
exclusively Druze,
them:
neously
The Druze,
Bedouin, among
and
Christians
began
to Druze
beginning young in ian.Druze/S
I973,
Beyond that,
and
Zionist-parties,
for
public
non,
vote
protests, join
and
organize
One the Druze,
established group,
much
closer who relationship
Height•,
with
Golan
a
the
from
with
Druze
connections
family
Jews
and
the
Jewish
than
did other Arabs, renew but state has it experi-
Syrians.
themselves
enced the
ambivalent of as
with
While sort same saw relationship status.•
have Druze
been equivocal
maintained
have an
included Christians,
mandatory
in military too,
they
service
still
have
found
dif- much
it
the
nu- with
more
tensions
ongoing
had
and
have
ficult
acquire full
the
equality
rights of
to state and
opportunities Mus- the the in
Jew- than
harmed
less
Christians
The
were
Muslims.
ish
In of educational
state.
and levels,
merous terms income
comprised the about
Druze
they
a
are
•948
the
After
war, positioned
zkba.
•
N,
the
lower in
lims
than
Muslim
Arabs
within even Israel. their
but
the
in
remaining state,
population
Arab
total Already
the
of fifth the in
Druze leaders
and leadership •93os,
and the Jewish
birthrates
in
of low
result
decreased
have a
as numbers
British
forged
Palestine
relative
important
popula-
connections24 During
the
urban
•948
mostly
been
an
have They
emigration.
participated
slow, Druze constant
war, fighting in
the
some
the the Jewish side,
While
Muslims.
on
the
educated than
th•"establishment
and
do
well
and, after-,
to
tion,
the of
Israeli more
in
first z948, the through their
state
common
linked
been
have
denominations
Druze
recruited various
volunteers
into
the were
of Israeli
as
Since
the
made
army. actually •957,
core
up
have
Christians
Arab
identity the their
Christianity,
card
registration
has changed been
Traditionally,
from
"Arab"
Israel.
palestinian
to
in nationalism
and "Druze,"
Arab
they and
secular have
been
subject
the draft. Military
than
religion service to
their
emphasizing
interested
in
less has had
been major
have
they effect
the
Of occupational
a
the on
which
structure
common
commu•
language, are Arab
the
and culture,
nity.
ethnicity, completing After
their service,
army have
many as
40 percent as
con-
tinued
employees
all.
served
army
police the in as force,
to the border always or
have majority
not
Muslim
with the
Nonetheless,relations
police,
prisons.
additional
An
or have been employed
chapters. percent •o in
previous
already in
have
seen
comfortable,
petrochemical
factories we
jobs
in as been
that
also
"security require
profile."
today, have
until
rule a
British period of
the
from
Their
participation
military/security in the Mosque sermons,
has offset their sector
I8I z8o
Israel
Arabs in
TIIE PALESTINIAN NATION
occupations in
traditional
Muslim•
Their aggressively
ladder. targeted Christian
economic Arabs.
the
and side, social On rael's
one
the of
and declined,
most
husbandry have have collaborkting Christian
accused
animal
Arabs of and with colonialism agriculture an6;
services.
and
construction
employment
Zionism, in
and,
other, the
Jews have Arab•,i
taken considered them be has
up workforce on
to
late
the
in began
move) that
Israeli nationalists
and radical the economy Palestinians.3r
The
.in of
the rise Islamic downturn the
With
Galilee)
the
of
those
(in
be-
in
contrast Israel in the to
Negev the
of and •98os
also Bedouin aggravated ment relations the
•99os
i99os,
high-
the
with
Israel
impoverished in
Christians
and group Muslims. beginning
tween the
At the twenty-first. the
of
become most have
have
chances
life pre-,
diminishing
hostility
Their has focused
unemployment. century,
around
control city of the of
of
Naza,
rate
est
and
society Israeli
state.
• reth,
especially
from the alienation issue
of the
growing
cipitated
construction of
mosque
to a next
a
of
creation
the
made
an
Christian differences lifestyle
church.38 and and
ethnic, monastery Religious,
circles-
kinship
outside
multiple
ties
public-one
relations In by between
marked
the Christians contrast,
the and have/ Druze Arab
of.
the of
wake
trauma the especially
been
com•: in
better.
much
Their
ties back
the
difficult both of
construct,
go to
to massacre
more
suffer-
Already
Israeli
of
the munities Lebanon, state. in •869 subsequent actions in which led
the
of the creation and mixed
x948
to
a
been
have
Arabs
population,
Christian-Druze
villages dangerous
considered
the in
Galilee.•9
Druze being service inthe
Israeli. from ing
placed barri-
that
differences ideological
however,
brought has
political and them about
army,
noticeable between
by
rift
hurt,
a
too,
the
within
it Nonetheless, other and solidarity. Arab
was citizens in Arab Israel.
constructing
to
ers
of
creation groups the and revival
Another minority cultural
within heterogeneous the
that politics society Arab
in of Israel realm
a
differences
began.
the is
Bedouin. ethnic
the
end and At the of religious
the' Bedouin
population •99os,
that
across
cut
stood
The Bedouin have dispersed been rso,ooo. twenty- at
among
officially five
recognized villages
(seven
of which built
for
towns
are
Revival
Nationalism, Cultural
and
them
the desert) Negev in
and
Communism, of unrecognized villages. More scores
than
Bedouin
live
the
in northern
•oo,ooo Negev and •he
the in
rest,
Arabs
would
accept parties
Galilee.
latter
The
not closely have Zionist
the emulated surrounding mid-•96os, the Through Arabs the
in
.lists,
electoral
accompanying
lifestyle,
created of
while
they
those Instead, in
the Negev terms
have preserved ranks.
of their
into
many
mostly
included
which
and their
earlier cultural factions"
and
traits "Arab
sharpened called sometimes
them.
which
even
were
service.
security
the
by "loyal"
deemed
the Since
military of
Israeli been had
from
retreat
the who
Sinai heads
and Desert l•arnu• power
Zi-
left-wing
small
the parties
large transfer
of military
Israel's
bases
the was a
beginning Negev exception the only of among to
The
at
which
Mapam,
the en- relations •98os,
Workers between
United
the party,
or and the the Bedouin called concerning
state
party
onist
Mapam
issues Zionist
never
of
party, land and
Yet,
members. have
full worsened. The Bedouin
government a
Arabs de- as
rolled
as
trustworthy
public
manded
Arab
that
by the
dunums 8o0,ooo
as a land of
be registered gaining
their acceptance in succeeded
in
name,
interests. All in
which collective
from
community's their perspective has Arab been their the in
of representative possession since
productive
before
the avenue welcome
Ottoman
period. served
The
or parties have counteroffered Jewish only a as government
not all,
dunums.
political
It that
disagreement 3o,ooo the
Arab
has been
concerns. expressing
seems
for
not
so
the
back
the
all
about much
the dates
to poetics
actual way of size the territory divide
Arab-Jewish in
has it been about
the
The
as
which
organization in
political differing
cultural
political major and only meanings
The
that each
side mandate.
attaches
British
to
Com- Palestinian the 1and the and
ownership. its then
side by
side worked
was Jews and
Arabs
received
and
early
Bedouin,
The
founded
in
x923
have
been which
the bottom PKP, On group,
as a of was Is- munist party, rung or
Israel Arabs in
RECONSTITUTING THE PALESTINIAN NATION
the
until
Israel, least
society in Arab
crystallization of
at
official and
international
year' tion
communist recognition in
Moscow
one
intel-
Arab
the for
greenhouse
and
provided
home
They
in! later.
Underground
•98os. a
41 a
communist organizations
had been
active
Arab of
expression
for outlet
legitimate
served
and ligentsia the
of Palestine
early
as a
but membership
area
their
as
I9•3,
as
was
expressing anti-
when
communists,
The
purely and
Jewish. even
protest, After the
October
anger Revolution
in the
Soviet
•9•7,
nationalist
Palestinian
pan-Arab, later, and, po-
nationalist,
demanded Zionist,
Union
that
expansion
the
of include the
'•masses
party
of
the lines
within
remaining
while
ac-
do
oflaborers"-a how knew
sitions,
code for so
its Arabization.
to
the In Comintern
dis-
i93o,
marginal
exception of
With the
Israel.
political in
discourse ceptable banded
the central
committee of the
PKP
and
appointed
a
new one
its
communist
the of
party, incarnations
various the with within
Arab
majority.
But Arabization
leadership groups
the of an
did
not rather,
outright but,
right
exist challenged Israel's
help
to take
members it
Palestinian
in
Arab
never
society
root that
time,
which
ar
and the
Israel
of Arabs in rights
civil
of the
fought improvement
for
heart traditional
religious.
and at
Nevertheless, was
during
British
Arabs
themselves.
independently
define
rule, Palestinians right of all there
of had planted been to
seeds
Jewish-Arab
cooperation
some
affilia-
through
their
that,
felt parties also party
communist professional around
the
in
trade
and regional
(mosdy
unions the in
Halfa
Jewish
rule
themselves
giving
completely
to area), they
over especially
tion, the
Union of
not
Railroad
were Workers.42 Still,
it clear
was powerful
of
protection
the
degree, from
benefit, that both a could
but
communities some to
their and
leaders
interested
in
were
nor
en-
empire
in
Soviet
of the
collapse the With
Union. couraging Soviet
the Arab-Jewish
cooperation solidarity, patron, and
both
because
of
considerably,
weakened
communism
attraction Arab
interests i989-i99r, and to
for national-ideological group
reasons.
nationalist-Palestinlan
look began
of the
to In and to party
of the Arab
3•943, members
remnants
left the
most
founded PKP and
the Equali#)
in
for
Democratic Front
of
the framework
(in the National Liberation
League.
The. League
partners
incorporated into
was
nor
Palestinian
the
hold
their remained
of
what the
on Higher Arab order
Committee,
protect and, in
only the to
politi- Arab
•947,
was
political
•6 body Israeli the
community cal
in that openly
arena.
accepted
the
U.N. Partition
Plan.43
This
step
Israeli the of
first throughout the
brought
mentioned, twenty years
about split
As
the in League.
faction, One
including
a Emile
organization political
national
Arab
of was Hab!bi, hint
Tawfiq when
Tubi,
and
an Fund any
Nasser, state, accepted
the Moscow
line
succeeded,
partially
in
least
succeeded,
only
Maki suppressed, and supported
at
the or
Partition
Plan,
while
the
opposition
faction
of
of
and voices
protest. Arab distress
.Emile
expression
legitimate
Tuma, giving Bulus
to Farah,
and
al-Dajani
Musa
stuck
Palestin- the
to
managed
generally
rhetoric
communist
to universal,
party's
line,
nationalist
The opposing
plan.
the 1an
October
In 44 after
I948,
es-
that
packaging
them in
demands,
national
way tablishment
for
a
the of
State
of Israel, compensate the
vestiges
of the League
rein-
princi-
the Nevertheless, political
discourse.
Israeli
acceptable forming tegrated, in
the
Israeli Communist
(Maki).
was
the Until
party
participate
in
party" could
"Arab politics establishment that
a
ple Israeli
of
the in New
Communist no
(Rakah) List
the
in
summer
"Arab
depend
Israeli
could ofz965,
government
Maki coalition on ruling
continued any
be only the binational nor Jewish-Arab to polit-
during
formulated
body in
remain
ical
the Knesset power in Israel. votes" was in elections
In to that in
of
I965,
Rakah de-
summer
today. Half
of
Ben- holds still clared
day and
Maki
Ben-Gurion's
its
and true pulled even
enemy, of
Maki's
Arab
away
most
voters
and
"just
early Herut
the
from basis the formulation
not
of its x95os, Gurion's platform. pan-Arab
on
By the elections
of•969,
Maki
half,
other
the
whereas Arabs,
apply
had completely continued
disappeared
has Maki"
to
from both
to
the
Jewish
the and
Arab
po-
ruling
long become Likud) since litical
present-day has (the a "Herut" maps.
the Yitzhak Rabin
in
of
Despite second
the ][99os significant Only during
internal
term tensions
and party. cleavages,
the
constant
help
sustain members government
of Arab parties
communist Knesset
played in the
did a Israel
decisive votes
role
the in a reconsrruc-
I85. •84
NATION
PALI3STII•IAN
RECOIqSTI• Israel Arabs in -i•-IE
and,
then,
formally Arabs
heads
harnula brought opposed
ruling the bitterly
into the even
also
not were artists these
of
to Many
co- were
alition.
of them
and authorities, Israeli
the with cooperation
some for their
Maki
only
served
Arab political broader
of
traditionalism
but
also
oppressive, nurturing not
of the critical
party
as
a
as a
even
were
for site
Arab,
mostly
Christian,
cultural elite.
Arab new a writ- society. poets,
philosophers,
journalists,
and traumatized
and teachers ers,
the
kind of entered created
had
Israel
society in •95os Arab
as a coun-
tercul•ure,
posed
against physically the the and in dominant
displaced Hebrew
culture.
if
But, pro- this of it Much was quiescent.
was
culture
agriculture
of
moved from with the dominant socially, uprooted
intellectual step it climate out
was in
Is- being further of
as
cess
rael,
constituted it almost also
completely
Arabs Israel's figuratively, disassociated
from cultural Literally devel- and was a day labor.
to
other now-Jewish And in it
Arab
The opments periodicals, minority in
small and community-a states. sea. party
fenced-in newspaper,
a
publishing
Arab
that, all house with
greenhouse served
differences. flowering for Even the ethnic of
and
religious
with as a
riven
was
intelligentsia the
served Maki
in in nationalism Israel the
Palestinian
In and Arab both communism new as of marriage odd
the context,
inside
and
those outside of Israel,
break almost
differentiation efforts
con- first made be- platform the out
for to important
no
was
a
politics
Arab
citi-
Israel's and of
only
The nonpolitical
the discontent tween Arab
of
vehicle art.
express As poet
stature
to
a stramts.
of Arabs
in began Israel the
the Maki in
Mishel hothouse, among Habibi, intellectual process Emile Hadad.
re-
z95os
and
was
as an
zens
the
visible Israel-a Arab
society in writer Arab in Israel and of process solidarity of the winner Israel and most Prize the voice
storing
for
Literature,
communist
important The
activist. liter- incomplete. • was a still
most
magazine for Israeli Arabs today, the in AI-Ja•lid ary and still
past
(which merged later Al-Sharaq, with by edited Mahmud Abbas
and
Muhammad Society Biculrural
Said), Bilingual, All
well overtly
political of
magazines,
Emergence
as as
more a
Al-I:ihad, such AI-Ad, Masbraf,
by and published
all the Com- as
were
munist
Israel Al-I:ibad became still
Jewish-dominated
in open,
for both
party.
more
and
society organ serves poets as
Over an
po-
time,
Israeli graduates
of litical activists, Arab such Arab-phobic.
AI-Kasem, Samih
Mahmud
Darwish,
less itself, and Za• of
as
sure
more
joined
Darwish, •i
countries Jubran,
Salim communist Tawfiq of
the and
Ziad. in Under auspices universities the of
4• and universities
of
these
small
fascinating journals," devel• mostly
class,
middle or-iginal and Arab-Israeli
culture and core Arab elite
growing as a
a
the
pharmacists. oped
and, and later,
doctors, be
accepted lawyers,
especially teachers, larger
essential
of the professionals,
to came part as an
communist body
general the of of
Palestinian
cultural of the work. need they
patronage in
less
and
Less
were
funded
still
Haidar,
education
Aziz though Arab
social
Israel,
that, in
was until Furthermore, parties. most an
scientist argues even
enjoyed
certain
the few
Arabs autonomy,
publicly class Arab in Israel
defined themselves •97os, this
hamulas, very
ei- a by their
new
as
their
from
flowed ther Palestinian
that
Arabs simply Hebrew Palestinians,
The
although
society. signs
of
within its
or
as
own a
even
than
better
flawless,
identity Palestinian
already and their
could
frequently spotted fluent be
the of work in accent new
mouths
was
immigrants.
of
population
the of
pop•ulation, who
artists flourished
Jewish the under umbrella of Maki. of the much some of
a that
Jewish
the
of
them
leaving Some ended and books
Israel newspapers joining armed the the
and as read
resis-
class up This
same
new
their
niceties
spoke the
and Lebanon
plays, in
and stayed elsewhere. as Others Israel,
tance in the same movements
elite,
sm•ne
went to
making
that, living I967, after
much
teaching from most
positions, codes, So using while middle-class
Jewish counterparts. so
a
sym-
•f
"Jewish"
how amazed
bols,
allegory and Bank order
in write and the and at West communicate
Gaza residents
were protest to poetry
also
of them
seemed. reading with Some public,
them, the
called under they the watchful the of
Israeli '48," of
"Arabs
the eye as censor. •86
Israel
Arabs RECONSTITUTING in
TIlE PALESTINIAN NATION
surrounding
filled
important
the
however, role for
other years
Arabs, the both an
in Arabs in of
in later, Israel and,
life
public state;
ir•
of
Is- needs the the occupied
all
territories,
by failed
providing
family
bridge answer
crucial
the
to dominant
system
I967
the
a
war, to
family's extended Jewish
culture. power
Lawyers,
the
of
especially, portion
large
gained
public, skills
advancing in A Arab s6
rael's Arab
individual
for by interests go-between
successfully
"political" role using
the
other and its a from as stemmed
courts
government
agriculture de-
Arabs.working
in
stitutions,
of s2
number
the
rulers. As and Arabs
economic
in- limits
village
outside the Nonetheless,
opportumties
hke
the cultural
and employment leadership
and creased
that
arose
be- society
Arab
family
in
the
extended in coastal
region during of
the the
special
British
period,
these
intellectuals, creased, the
status
its
•967, After
areal-sT
free
professionals,
disappe
completely
and
had activists difficulty
building but
erode, party
cohe-
never
gan to a
The
influence.
leadership declined in sive
and establishing it
and
cracked, political
also
position
parries
other economic viable
or
re-
af-
and weakened
stitutions. Labor Political the
par• scientist when Mark gained
found Tessler
that
the
momentum
process
percentage
of
the vitality
the
of
Much
the of
Arab elite
in from ousted Israel
in
relation
power. the
size the of
popula- terward, Arab in
to •977, was
this
relationship
•heir
lay tion to
in
quite
elders
small
strength compared of its
that was in developing the of and the
hamula to
some
particular
show
did Likud, countries any
the
in region,
the
This not elite ruling only
fairly s3
is
party, marginal The
in
not
new
party.
the
with minority,
excep-
Arab
numbers but
suffers, the
cultivating politically
from
contradictory
too, high
held in in
a interest status:
in
Israeli Arab society
but
esteem the Druze2 margins
the
of of the dominant
on
non
declines
corresponding
political
Jewish
social,
economic, political of and
came power erosion
which has the been With
their
system,
family
lost extended
the
reference based
the in
Only
ir•frequently Marriage
on patterns group
they have held social state.
posi-
in power.
dowry
heavy
and
marriages
tions
that
first,cousin
allow
them
traditional
influence
contribute
development the to
their
or to
status, as
la-
of
wage
popular. The of,
expansion
leave
their
less mark and
society Israeli less
or whole. became
And,
still, on,
the
payments
as a
marriage
family-orchestrated
ar-
Arab elites have
fulfilled in
important
decreases
function about
brought
setting in goals, the
bor an
had
that
criteria
old set
public of
the
agenda,
weakening
limits
and
political the of
well
activity
for the popula- Arab
as rangements,
as
middle
educated
the of families tion
in Israel
new least
For prices. some
bride
at
political
their with
Althbugh strong
the deportations
marriage arrangements,
interfamily
of have
I948 almost
been mass class,
never
freedom
individual
by
overshadowed
mentioned they overtly,
have
remained both
were and overtones, traumatic
economic
memory a
and
well-learned
lesson
that has
been
by of 5• assimilated
a
first the choice spouse. in
two
fam-
the
of
the
society, structure generations
of
in Arabs in
Israel. educated even Arab
citizens of groups
Israel
have had
Among
to
in- family.
The
nuclear
the
extended
walk
fine line:
the hand, the
from
to
change,
demand
rights their a
began citizens, ily
on
one to
to
as
Jewish
Is-
the
within
develop
defend
begun had
what
lands,
that their of trends remains
to to
and dividualistic
the other
protest;
to
on
society.
Arab
of
dements
penetrated
hand,
partially take
caution give some population
the Jewish to
the
raeli
to not
state
oppormmty
to
after
completely,
disappear even
did them
from their lands. uproot old not the Certainly, patterns 55
considerably
and grew
brides grooms
for
market
the
when
•967
of
of the
study
his town
line."
In
"green
the
began
and
cross
to
traditional
that discovered
mar-
al-Haj
Majid
sociologist Family The
Shefaram,
Arabs
though
re- widespread, young
still
even
patterns
were nage
prefer-
personal
according
made
early to
in the
Even
of choices the twenty-first their
ported
that were
the farn- years extended century,
and
prices
bride spouse
matchmaking As
"6° ily,
b,•mel,z,
interfamily
still
constituted central
factor
and the
in or individual
and a not ence
•89 x88
Arabs Israel
in
RECONSTITUTING PALESTINIAN THE NATION
began
change, selection famity
and, did of substantial their other businesses industries.
of in From
patterns to too
cases,
so
areas some
individualism, Growing life. probability for instance, position previous the decades•as unskilled laborers and raised that the in
two
ser-
coupleswould providers, they jobs establish
Israel, households the lowliest instead of often moved be- vice into in separate young
now
coming required extended of their employment entrepreneurial
occupational families. these and
that But part 61 greater patterns
new
alongside
had have family began
jobs skills. the old: coexist take extended The Israel the
has businesses and Arabs in
6a to
to enter
con-
play
important
political, mostly tinued economic, and that from social roles abandon- Europe, Jews, in
Eastern
to
many
were now
They acquired society Arab experience ing. Israel. and skills labor in the market in in new
mechanics, construction, semi-industrial such and labor
areas as as
public works, and subcontractors. Road construction,
contractors
Change manufacturing, and
Social Political Israel wide with variety and of Post-x967 often in
government
a con-
partially opened
Arabs. Arab Just
least Israelis
tracts,
at up to
as
replaced changes, by political unskilled, moving of these
organizations social had from Islamic with countries Jews into As part
new
low-paying,
potential,
bamuIa, began low-prestige, based hard the labor and Israeli
in the
6os, such
I95os to not
appear, orga-
now on as
refugees destroyed by passed occupied jobs day constituted labors from from nizations internal Arabs these the terri-
to on
or unrec-
ognized villages. individualistic, community The Arab tories.
62
new, more
although place found, however, that, big Arab industrial local By the and of heads I98os, the the of in
status sector was
a new
political damaged, employed of the Arab industrial workforce and had the Israeli worked families been still 6
system 30 percent up
to
through
workforce. small policy of the total Arab Arabs also initiated decades after the them. the
Israeli I967 In
Cs
percent war,
con-
tl•e
primarily Arab, possibility Jewish, serving local but tinued, businesses that local educated the stifle sometimes
in
past,
any to cus-
as
pointed leadership, helping capable of such and industries elite would form national businesses I985 of Arabs
in
A
survey tomers. to
a
Agriculture
Isra•! place just change find solid Arab these These buds of had their the Israel. a/- in
in
6•
sectors.
presence
was now one
new
village independent
ready begun labor outside the and previous Wage however,
decade. the the Now, in
many. to among
appear
sector as
by shortage villages, Bank, fragments people (those owned Arabs created labor the of businesses in Palestinian of the three the West
a
forcing villages productivity Strip) Israel, farmers who remained the rule, and these in reunited under Israeli Gaza
to raase
were
employees' gained changes
and their for these transformations
One
wages. momentum. reason
Arab
certainly for Israel's Arab All this did economic nirvana stemmed from the of of Israel renewed with
citizens
not
mean encounter
fairly population. the Arab has remained through Industrialization renewed in Palestinians from the Bank and both G•za, West sector
small, legal dedicated provide have be family through political businesses tended limited. Arab-owned
relations and efforts and
to to
craftsmanship,
subcontracting, and
rights trade enjoy did civil and aid their brothers who limited
the
trans- commerce, not ro to even
completely partially be
factories have continued of the Arabs Israel.
Most in port.
to
or
marketing
industry, chains, Jewish
dependent contracting, and refashioning society trends central the of Arab in
in Is- Two
on were
clothing developed
example, industry
the Arab purchase. the increasingly in strategies the For rael for survival after the and I967 its
war:
decline
large fashion Jewish-owned supply textile factories and
politics. rapid development agrarian the of z98os of life and
to new a
Arabs'
houses, had marked effect the The boom after I967 economic
a on
t-wenry-first
beginning of
the the the and living
their Many In standard of and entire socioeconomic century, z99os at
structure.
transformation folded Israel's economic of these industries independent workshops and
proprietors-owners of small became as most
zgz ago
Israel
Arabs
in
RECONSTITUTING THE PALESTINIAN NATION
domestic
such
jobs,
unreported
high-tech serving in unofficially as
proceeded
later, and, deep
to recession hit. Their
down-
were a more
factories-
textile
72
small
and
agriculture
hurt fall work in both unskilled
Jewish
peripheral and and Arab Arab-owned labor indus-
towns.
percent)
(about
working
was
4o
still tended Chrisnan be of
concentrated try traditional in
women
such The percentage
to
sectors
tex-
as
be-
Women
and
Druze Muslim
for women. tiles high
production, food and
compared
Jewish-owned
enterprises, about
as
as
to twice
it
what
transformed from
significantly
which Arab included
sophisticated
of
and multi-
sector,
transnational
part
more an pro- came
substantially
prosperous.
I95os--and duction, demanding more the knowledge. technical in skills been and had The greater
high-tech
industries
that made Israel's so-called
up economy
new
practically
entirely
Friendly Jewish. regulations and subsi- were
state
Vineyard
Plant
To
Build House, dization, a
which politically preferred To aided applied
a Jews
groups, to
largest and Arabs. The
happens,
concentrations of
ir not
poverty,
as
of
elite, intellectual
political
and
a
vocal growth
of
been have the the with Arab
ultra-Orthodox and populations
(about a Even
among
transformed
professionals,
of
oc-
and
a
half
of all
of
Arabs Israeli
entrepreneurs class, ultra-Orthodox
and
under the
poverty new
were
Society
has
Arab
prosperity,
increased
bringing line).
cupational
Of
twenty-three the unemployment official
the in structure
year centers
the and
possibilities
of
promise
the
new caught between
nineteen remained municipalities. Arab
villages
Arab
zooo, In
were in some
Possibly
Jewish
enveloped
in state.
being by posed
a and
unemployment
the
containment
reached
and
towns,
s9
percent I5
rate
more.
Arab
the
which
reality
in
com-
the
of
exemplary
problem
growth the With
of
Arab widening middle
class has the of
most
new a
con-
come a
residential
for land
of
shortage
the
lived is
has
Israel the
between better the
munity in offand
offin society. Israeli Arab
gap
worse
people Who
the
from
ISo,ooo
population
Arab grew Nonetheless, The
the in struction.
•98os, substantial without
government even
Natu-
the
in million
2ooo.
year
I948
the investments after
advantages, remained a other over
to
Arabs war often found Israel in
or
ways
almost
un-
percent of
year,
an
peal•ed the a growth 4
around policy
over (through
rate what ral
"gray called is the at
government
econ-
begun
has
this to
however,
Recently
rate
worldwide.
omy")
of
make noteworthy
heard
g•ns.
economic This de-
to
7°
rate
some
sector
growth
percent,
the
3.7
I972-I982,
was of
decade
veloped alongside, the from,
separately fall.
and Over
the
state's One 74
economy.
within
well
Israel
population
in
Arab
the of
doubling
study
pbinted the
approximately meaning large families Arab who became
to
3oo
Israel
from
Arabs of
emigration
historically
although
another and
mid-range who
entrepreneurs
years,
twenty zooo
among were entre-
natural
increase. of
high
the partially offset
and Together investors. rate profes- intellectuals,
with has free
71 preneurs
increasingly
population
the
of came
mushrooming sionals,
the politicians, and local national With
whose numbers reached
more
households
Arab
five
of
almost every
conditions;
two
by than beginning living
crowded
the
the of these
4,ooo
2ooo,
year entrepreneurs
households,
of all
fifth
and,
people,
in
over
a
have
become included
of
the
influential
society
more
in Arab in seven
or
one most
sectors
further
factors
other
Two
7s lived people
in
four room. Israel.
than a
more
and
urbanization
rapid
of
lack
the (1)
conditions:
living
The worsened growth
overall
prosperity in has
effect had less-
even
on an
housing, for land
agricultural lands into
turning
well-off
including Arab citizens, restrictions
example, prime
on A
one
women.
(2)
the
and
villages,
the
from
released
pressure have
could
growing
which of number joined
workforce the
the
in
women
response
to
brought
which
early prosperity
and
I99os, •98os
of the
increasing
economic demand for
working semiskilled and During hands.
non-
big-
and
build
wherewithal
financial more
to
the and the desire
I98o% of with
working; by ira labor of but,
percent n
women age
were
mid-zooo,
about officially of
employed houses.
(com-
quarter
ger a women were
impossible. Israel
almost
construction
authorized
pared
w•s nearly three-quarters of Jewish
women), But and
to many many,
!93 192
Israel
Arabs in
RECONSTITUTING THE PALESTINIAN NATION
demands that Day Land all
construction
be
carried according
out
to master
plans development
for
well
local municipality
plans, them- as
as
political
catalyst
for
dependent key selves
be
turned
authorization land crisis
and
the home of The district out to a council.
All on
new
after the
decade
the Israel.
In additions construction in Arab citizens
in
radicalization
Israel
require
license from or
the among
a
au-
community,
the thorities.
political villages,
Arab activism local of
swept
councils, across
I967 and municipalities
have
wave
war, a
key
The lacked fears.
deepest
the Jews' of the and
skills event
reawakened develop
which these plans, elaborate means
some to
and
the
for
Committee National the
has bothered
the
when help
I976,
March
them, occurred state granting not
Jewish 3 o, to on priority
to
claiming development
organization
political
disadvantaged repre- Lands-a to Arab
of
Jewish towns, Defense
neighborhoods,
and
set-
general which strike,
dements
Israel-declared
the in population occupied in territories.V Arab
the Thus, legal
a
Arab construction
sent
issue
immediate has
been
the frozen
place,
the
hand. but,
in in of quickly As
past,
the most illegal
time,
got
out
at
same
construc-
which the
by
the has booming. tion been land
Arab of confiscation impending
Much state,
of this
has
remained
construction
was
Confiscation
untouched, of
that
February but periodic
announced in
house
demolitions had yeaz. have
added
government another
(inse•tsitively)
la-
layer
plan
of
the reigning
Galilee
place
the
between
tension in
take
part the to a
Israeli as
and its Arab
to
was state
villages who Arab. citizens. of
Residents Galilee. of the "•° "Judalzanon beled
deployed
massive Beyond
this, with
dashed
refusal demonstrations of joined official
the
for state
so-called protest
recogn1tion
un-
wounded
recognized villages and
dead Arabs has resuking six
they in that
police
forces, many more have
been provided with meant not
basic
high servicesTS
The
of arrested. population growth and
the and rate restric-
Kfar bloodshed
{i• of tions day
echoed the
have
construction
the Arabs,
of
on
For barriers
event
the
many
come top on
severe
state
Kfar
The before. placed
has
place Arab
acquisition taken had which land.
years of allocation twenty leasing The Qassem,
on of
or
the been
land had
Arabs
I956
Suez of
the
involves most practices the
and to
ideas
war Qassem odds with ide-. Zionist eve
on
massacre
at
citi-
Arab ology.
of the
block collective
To the Arab
carved land,
into
memory the
Jewish traumatic
National (the,,.• Fund to access
event
re-
wound,
painful
and
J'NF
is
the
of It gaping that
time. until World
Israel
of Zionist
agency Organization)
an
was
a established
zens
of formal October
day.
On until this
symbol,
standards officially
29 powerful
forbidding
maining
leasing the
of even lands
its
a
to
vil-
Arab
curfew
imposed
non-Jews.
administration
Because military lands
the on actually that
by
a
the owned most it, JNF,
year, were
of
notice
Qassem, Kfar effect,
evening. in
In acted the
subcontractor
five in begin
lages of the
state-the Israel as
at a Land
to
set
vil-
The fields.
Authority--for working the in
land fellaheen allocation
the reach leasing79 did curfew and the
not
only half
curfew
of the informed The result has. been
been rapid himself
had
head, expansion illegal who lage of
a
construcnon,
es-
unit local
timated
the
about warned
begin,
com- of army
all before
it Arab
at
hour
residences.
percent 3o Some
to set
was
an
construc-
and
notify farmers
the tion possible
authorized
retrospectively;
there
that.
mander was to place way by remained
in
was no
most
au-
thorities'
turning
blind
time. fields
shepherds
their
the But in has
become
the basis a eye. on of
rest
local
only
the
h£s conflict, bitter
villages, but other
which occurred in
led situations the Similar
total destruction of
to
many
new
the
from
fellaheen houses.
of the
House took the demolitions
Qassem Kfar
remain unit of sword
hovering
return Damocles,
army in a
the
returning
gathered
those
Soldiers
threat
curfew.
to of
the
breach Arab
as
fields
constant a
in
Israel.
is over It a
community
as
sur- not
children.
and
prising, then,
forty-seven that
the.tensions death it
shot
village and women, men, by housing generated the
was to
cri-
the
of
brought
facts
that the hide sis
huge about efforts single made massacre the
important
The
to
government in restoring
most
event
international
the public and forging from
voice
Jewish
press. and strong
the solidarity of Arabs. to, a the
from Israel's eyes a new among,
I95 •94
RECONSTITUT-•H• PALBSTINIAN NATION THE
though, end, had forced admit the what Israeli officials
In
to were
symbolic light, responsible Only occurred and those
trial. put on
and
meted of the
the
perpetrators sentences out massacre, to were
positions advanced several later the
in senior
army. to more even
Land Day different Kfar Qassem from the
very massacre. was
police Alongside fury mourning regime the toward and the and the
pride.
dead, brought This national Day Land about the
new over
a
daring around, community demonstrated the Arab had time
a con-
political lacking totally this fidence and time •956; in
awareness
they Instead, submis.sive. and passive Arab initi- citizens
not
were
level, political activity ated and coordinated the national
at re-
police brutality sponding turned What with violence. their
to
own
they important
used be the
that
is
perma- out to events more as a
rallying they Palestinian- Land call. Day declared
•988, In nent
a
day day identifi- and of
Israeli civil national of commemoration a
marked be and of Bank cation Palestinians with Gaza, the West
to
yearly general by Palestinians demonstrations and strikes. Among
feelings awakened Strip, and the Bank these in West Gaza protests
key
solidarity participants. Day of and Land
for the
respect
was a
then, political only forging solidarity Arab citi- in event, not among
Arabs" Israel, "i948
cementing but of of the in the acceptance zens
larger Palesti•nian of back the the heart main-. world and into into
Palestinian nationalism. strekm