The 1mm International Conference Center at Jefferson Hall.

The East-West Center was established in in 1960 by the Congress "to promote better relations and understanding be- tween the United States and the nations of and the Pacific through cooperative study, training, and research." Some 2,000 research fellows, graduate students and professionals in business and government each year work with the Center's inter- national staff on major Asia-Pacific issues relating to population, eco- nomic and trade policies, resources and the environment, culture and communication, and international relations. Since 1960, more than 27,000 men and women from the region have participated in the Center's cooperative programs. Officially known as the Center for Cultural and Technical Inter- change Between East and West, Inc., the Center is a public, non-profit institution with an international board of governors. Principal fund- ing comes from the United States Congress. Support also comes from more than twenty Asian and Pacific governments, as well as from pri- vate agencies and corporations.

Published by East-West Center 1777 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 (808)944-7M; FAX(808)944-7970

Contents

East-West Center Annual Report

Board of Governors and Administration 4

Message from the Interim President 6

Highlights of Activities 8

Participants 19

Institutes and Programs 30

Publications 43

Research and Program Staff 51

Financial and Participant Review 63

East-West Center Foundation

Activities 77

Board of Directors 78

Financial Review 79

East-West Center Board of Governors

Kenneth F. Brown James B. Pearson Ex-Officio Members EWC Chairman of the Board Of Counsel Chairman of the Board LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & Hon. John Waihee Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. MacRae Governor of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii Washington, D.C. Honolulu, Hawaii

Philip T. Gialanella Ihakara Puketapu William Glade Publisher Managing Director Associate Director The Honolulu Advertiser Maori International, Ltd. U.S. Information Agency Honolulu, Hawaii Wellington, Washington, D.C.

Frank J. Hata Ko-Yung Tung Albert J. Simone President Managing Partner President Diversified Distributor Inc. O'Melveny & Meyers University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii New York, New York Honolulu, Hawaii

John S. Herrington Amnuay Viravan Attorney-at-Law Chairman of the Executive Walnut Creek, California Board Bangkok Bank Limited Keiji Kawakami Bangkok, President Jolani Sportswear, Ltd. Laurence Vogel Honolulu, Hawaii President Duty Free Shoppers Group David H. Murdock Limited Chairman and Chief Honolulu, Hawaii Executive Officer Castle & Cooke, Inc. Jusuf Wanandi Los Angeles, California Executive Director Centre for Strategic Hon. Duck-Woo Nam and International Studies Chairman Jakarta, Korea Foreign Trade Association Isamu Yamashita Seoul, Korea Chairman East Railway Co., Ltd. Robert C. Oshiro Senior Adviser Attorney-at-Law Mitsui Engineering & Wahiawa, Hawaii Shipbuilding, Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

East-West Center Administration

Officers Sitiveni Halapua Interim Director Sumida Kenji Pacific Islands Interim President, Develop- ment Program Treasurer Richard Halloran Victor Hao Li Director President Special Projects (Resigned December 1990) Bruce Koppel Interim Director Cho Lee-Jay Resource Director Vice President for Systems of Academic Affairs (As January 1991)

Sarah D. Miyahira Raleigh Awaya Dean Vice President Acting Student Affairs and Administration Open Grants Fukuda Jon Charles E. Morrison Corporate Secretary Coordinator International Relations Senior Program Administration Webster K. Nolan John E. Bardach Director Interim Director Public Education/ Environment and Policy Public Affairs Institute Tu Weiming Lee-Jay Cho Director Director Institute of Culture and Population Institute Communication

The following individuals also served during FY90: Norton S. Ginsburg, director and now director emeritus, Environment and Poli- cy Institute; Robert B. Hewett, interim director, Institute of Culture and Communication; Charles Lepani, director, Pacific Islands De- velopment Program; Seiji Naya, vice president for Strategic Planning, and director, Resource Systems Institute; and Nancy T. Taylor, corporate secretary.

-,I I

In last year's annual report, former President Victor Hao Li described what the East-West Center was doing to establish its direction for the remaining years of the 20th Century and the first few years of the 21st. He cited three basic questions that we have been asking our- selves: What new areas would demand our attention? What existing issues would continue to be important? And what current problems would decline in emphasis? He also noted that while the Center as a research and educational institution looks to the long range, there was also a need for more involvement with short-term issues. The following pages provide a report on how we dealt with those questions and issues in an extraordinary year for the world and a difficult one for the Center. The de-escalation of the Cold War, the mounting crisis in the Persian Gulf and the dramatic political, eco- nomic and social changes in Europe all had immediate impact on the Asia-Pacific region. The Center responded to these momentous events in a variety of ways and at the same time pursued its exami- Kenji Sumida nation of long-significant issues such as environmental degradation, cultural diversity, trade and investment, the effects of population growth, energy supply and demand, resource development and in- ternational relations. In this process, we also expanded our communications through- out the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere with leaders and specialists in many fields-government, business, academia, the arts, the news media-as well as with the general public. We approached our work in a low-key manner befitting an institution that collaborates with many others around the region. Moments in the sun are welcome but the viability and success of the Center depend far more on the quiet, day-to-day development of our programs and on the people- to-people relationships that are at the heart of all our work. There are occasional exceptions to the low profile daily life of the Center. Such was the case on October 27, 1990, when we hosted the unprecedented Pacific summit between President George Bush and the leaders of II Pacific Island nations. It was, of course, an honor for the Center to be chosen as the site for this remarkable meeting. It was an appropriate decision, too, because of our expertise on is- sues important to those nations and because Hawaii is the northern anchor of Polynesia and the principal crossroads of the Pacific. We were proud to welcome the national leaders and I was equally proud of my colleagues at the Center who performed their summit-related responsibilities with ability, alacrity and aloha. Providing a centralized forum for regional cooperation, whether for high government leaders or for scholars and other specialists ex- amining critical issues, is a major function of the Center. We will continue and expand this catalytic role in the region. Our function as educator will also be strengthened. We sponsor graduate study for 300 students from throughout the region, and we are seeking ways to make that program even more valuable in the

future. We assist in the training of a variety of specialists in the region, including government officials, planners, entrepreneurs and other bus- iness people, journalists and technicians. More broadly, the Center is engaged on a public education program designed to expand un- derstanding about the region among those in government, the me- dia, and business as well as in classrooms from kindergarten through college. Center research is far-ranging, responsive to the needs of the region and conducted in partnerships with institutions and individual specialists from many countries. In fact, the work is so extensive that this annual report can provide only a sampling of the kinds of projects the Center is conducting. Suffice it to say that Center scholars and their colleagues are working in nearly every country in Asia and the Pacific. A central concern in all these endeavors is the question of cultural differences, and the Center devotes substantial energy to exploring many of the traditions, values and aesthetics that comprise contem- porary culture in the region. It is a basic tenet of Center work that better cultural understanding will not only improve relations among countries but also enrich the lives of all of their citizens. The 30-year history of the Center can be described in terms of productive research and education. Another way is to recognize that the vigorous cultural exchange envisioned by the Center's founders is embodied in the lives and achievements of the 27,000 people who have participated in our programs. Our success lies in what we were able to give them and what we were able to learn from them. That has been the core of our work and it will remain so as we develop new programs and directions in the coming years. In all of its activities during the past nine years, the Center was very fortunate in having Victor Hao Li as its president. His foresight in the early 1980s enabled the Center to initiate important programs focusing on rapid economic developments and concomitant politi- cal and and social changes in the region. As the 1990s began, he led the way again in planning expansion of Center work to respond meaningfully to the new needs of the Pacific Century. His substan- tial contributions to the Center are deeply appreciated.

Kenji Sumida Interim President 7

In both academic research and practical involvement, the Center fo- cused on the social, economic, cultural and environmental transfor- mations occurring in the Asia-Pacific region. Some highlights:

U.S. President George Bush and the leaders of 11 Pacific Island na- tions hold a summit meeting at the Center to discuss such issues as economic development, the destruction of chemical weapons on Johnston Atoll and the possible effects on island nations of global warming. Several initiatives result from the summit, most notably a proposal by Bush for a Joint Commercial Commission in which senior government leaders from the United States and the island nations would meet annually to identify and address commercial opportunities and trade concerns. The Pacific Island leaders at the October 27 summit include: President leremia Tabai of ; President Amata Kahua of the ; Presi- dent John Haglelgam of the Federated States of Micronesia; Presi- dent Bernard Dowiyogo of ; Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara of ; Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana of Western ; Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu of ; Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry of the ; Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu of ; H.R.H. Crown Prince Tupou- to'a, 's minister of foreign affairs and defense, and Deputy U- of Solomon Is

US. President George Bush welcomes President leremia Tabai of Kiribati to the V.5.-Pacific Island Nations Summit.

EWC researchers in collaboration with the Center for Strategic and Former U.S. Secretary of International Studies hold a two-day conference in Washington, Energy James R. D.C., on the energy outlook for the Asia-Pacific region. The mes- Schlesinger addresses sage: Asia-Pacific dependence on foreign oil will rise to danger- members of government ous levels-an estimated 90 percent-during the 1990s, and the and industry at a main supplier will be the Persian Gulf. U.S. Secretary of Energy conference in James Watkins and former Secretary of Energy James Schlesinger Washington, D.C., that address more than 200 people from government, industry, the U.S. examines the outlook for Congress, trade organizations and other fields. energy in the Asia-Pacific region. The potential for cooperative economic development among the Soviet Union, , North and , Japan and Mon- Energy and the golia is enhanced by two international conferences involving Center environment top the specialists in population, resources and the environment. Scholars, agenda of US. Secretary officials and business people from all six nations participate in the of Energy James Watkins conferences, one of which, Economic Development in Northeast during a briefing with Asia, is held in Changchun, Jilin Province, China, while the other, Center energy experts. Regional Development in the Yellow Sea Rimlands, is held in Honolulu and Beijing.

Members of the East-West Center's International Advisory Panel- eight diplomats, senior administrators, educators and Asia-Pacific specialists-gather to consider areas of regional and global impor- tance that the Center might focus on in the 1990s. Panel members suggest that the Center delve into broadly defined security issues, examine the multilateral trading system as it affects Asia, and in- vestigate the causes of seemingly perpetual poverty in the region. Panel members are William P. Fuller, president of the Asia Foun- dation; Helen Hughes, executive director of the Development

Studies Centre of the Australian National University; P. K. Kaul, former ambassador to the United States from ; Tommy T. B. Koh, ambassador from to the United States; K. T. Li, senior advisor to the president in ; Robert S. McNamara, former secretary of defense and former president of the World Bank; Wang Gungwu, vice chancellor of the University of ; and Xie Xide, president emeritus of Fudan University in Shanghai.

Working with the American Association of State Colleges and Universities and the American Association of Junior and Com- munity Colleges, the Center organizes a workshop to help launch a program designed to improve teaching about Asia and the Pa- cific at the undergraduate level-a high priority across the nation.

The Center's Indochina Initiative anticipates the need for national reconstruction in , , and Burma and those countries' reintegration into a broader regional network. The ini- tiative brings together Center expertise on economic development and management, improvement of environmental quality, food sys- tem viability, energy and population analysis. A series of regional dialogues on the "Reconstruction in Indochina" will facilitate the exchange of ideas and experiences.

P K. Kaul, left, India's ambassador to the United States, and Tommy T B. Koh, ambassador of Singapore to the United States, confer at a meeting of the Center's International Advisory Panel. 0

Under a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Develop- ment, Center researchers examine private investment and trade op- portunities within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and potential links between U.S. and ASEAN small- and medium-sized private businesses. The project is an extension of the 1989 ASEAN-U.S. Initiative-a joint effort between the United States and the nations of ASEAN to develop mutually beneficial economic trade policies. The U.S. Department of State adopted the recommendations.

Leading experts from the United States and Korea are brought together to serve on the Committee on U.S.-R.O.K. Relations, spon- sored by the Center and the Seoul Forum for International Affairs. The committee meets in Seoul and Washington with high-level policymakers for discussion on all aspects of the bilateral relation- ship, and at the end of the year will submit its recommendations to the two governments.

Improving the welfare of poor farmers through better use of mar- ginal lands is the focus of a workshop on agriculture and forestry research held in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. More than 100 Vietnamese scientists and officials exchange information with scientists from China, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand and the United States. The workshop lays the groundwork for continuing scien- tific exchange with Vietnamese scientists. Cosponsored by the Southeast Asian Universities Agroecosystems Network (SUAN).

The Center collaborates with planning agencies in the , Indonesia and Singapore to improve their capacity to prepare long- term programs. Projects make use of a Center-developed policy model called HOMES (Household Model for Economic and So- cial Studies) that projects the number and demographic charac- teristics of households and forecasts changes in several economic sectors: health, education, housing, labor supply and wages, con- sumer expenditures and domestic resource mobilization. Results from the HOME's studies are featured in a Far Eastern Economic Review article "Asia 2010: The Power of People" (17 May 1990).

Six American journalists participating in the Center's Jefferson Fel- lowship Program visit China immediately before the first anniver- sary of the crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrators in Beijing. They are among the few foreign journalists given visas to China at that time. Begun in 1967, the Jefferson Fellowship program brings together U.S. and Asia-Pacific journalists for nine weeks of study and travel. Asia-Pacific journalists visit the United States while U.S. journalists visit Asia. Fellows write stories and tour newsrooms and television stations before reconvening at the Center to share experiences.11

A new training and reference handbook helps development plan- ners understand and use environmental risk assessment as an aid to decision-making and the prevention of industrial accidents- i.e., factory explosions, oil tanker spills and petroleum product fires. Prepared by Center researchers for the Asian Development Bank, Environmental Risk Assessment: Dealing with Uncertainty in Environmental Impact Assessment, notes that while rapid in- dustrialization is good news for developing countries, it carries risks from hazardous chemicals and new technologies.

Leaders from 20 Pacific Island nations convene at the Third Pa- cific Islands Conference on the island of Hawaii to discuss increased regional cooperation and the critical role of the private sector in the development of Pacific Island countries. Major topics include opportunities for tourism, incentives, financing, trade and invest- ment opportunities and support for small business concerns. The Center's Pacific Islands Development Program (PIDP) serves as the secretariat and research arm of the conference. Attending are government representatives from Asia, Latin America, Europe and the United States, as well as representatives from the private sec- tor, international and regional organizations and educational and research institutions. PIDP grew out of the first Pacific Islands Con- ference, initiated by the East-West Center in 1980, at which heads of government called for practical research on key issues that will shape the future of the Pacific.

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Fred W Friendly, former president of CBS news and the 1989 George Chaplin Scholar-in- Residence, warns a Center audience that the American news media is no longer providing them with the information they need.

Former CBS news president Fred Friendly, speaking on "What the Increased regional American People Don't Know Can Kill Us' criticizes American cooperation and the news coverage for emphasizing "sensationalism" at the expense of critical role of the private information and analysis. Friendly is at the Center as the 1989 sector in development George Chaplin Scholar-in-Residence. were the focus of discussion as leaders Center researchers complete work on the Atlas for Marine Policy from 20 Pacific Island in East Asian Seas, to be published by the University of Califor- nations gathered on the nia Press. The large format publication uses maps and text to ex- island of Hawaii for the amine marine resources and their management in the East China Third Pacific Islands and Yellow seas and the Sea of Japan. It also examines maritime Conference, chaired by jurisdictional issues and disputes involving the countries which Hawaii Governor John border these seas-China, Japan, , South Korea, Tai- Waihee (front row, center). wan and the Soviet Union-some of which lack diplomatic rela- tions with each other. 13

A panel of Japanese and American leaders from business, govern- ment and academia discuss U.S.-Japan relations at a two-day sym- posium. Topics include Japanese trade policies and the need for the United States to correct its trade imbalance, the prospects for cooperative technological research and contrasts in political processes and work ethics. More than 200 business, government, media and community leaders attend the symposium, which is the second gathering sponsored by the Center and Yomiuri Shftnbun, a leading Japanese newspaper.

Center researchers join U.S. business leaders, scholars and public policymakers at the Johnson Foundation's Wingspread Conference Center in Racine, Wisconsin, for two days of discussion on a wide range of developments in Southeast Asia-in particular trade and economic developments that are of importance to the United States. Cosponsored by the Institute of World Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and the Johnson Foundation.

At the Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference (PECC) VIII, in Auckland, New Zealand, Center researchers report on the grow- ing interdependence of Pacific region economies and the related issues of increasing economic cooperation, liberalization of trade, the internationalization of economies, decreased reliance on the state in economic development and changing patterns of finance that have seen the United States become a large borrower and Japan a prominent lender. The PECC project is coordinated by the Center at the behest of the U.S. National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation.

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The culture and arts of Asia and the Pacific are shared with the community through presentations by the Performing Arts and Ex- hibitions Series. Performances include wayang golek puppets from Indonesia, minority dances from China, Karnatic music from South India, Indonesian music, a Samoan swing choir, Tongan music and dance, and Maori music and dance. Exhibitions include the work of three contemporary U.S. mainland artists, Lao tex- tiles, ceramics from Taiwan, traditional and modern images of Hin- du gods, dolls of Japan, and works by Fulbright alumni. In addition, Center participants hold the International Fair, an an- nual pageant of the cultures and cuisines of Asia and the Pacific, featuring performances, exhibits and food.

The Center begins work on two major conferences that deal with the increasingly important topic of labor transfer and international migration: The first examines international manpower flows and foreign investment in the Asia-Pacific region and is cosponsored by Japan's Nihon University; the second focuses on international migration in the Asia-Pacific region and is being undertaken in cooperation with the University of in .

A Center study concludes that economic changes taking place in the Soviet Union, China and India-whose combined minerals production is 30 percent of the world total-will have significant repercussions on the world mining and minerals industry, creat- ing opportunities for trade, joint venture participation, direct for- eign investment and the transfer of technology.

is U.S. and Japanese Official Development Assistance officials gather in Honolulu for the second in a series of conferences aimed at coor- dinating and making more effective assistance from the world's two largest donors. Attending the conference are officials from the and officials - U.S. Agency for International Development Japanese from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Japan International Tadashi Yamamoto, left, Cooperation Agency and Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund. president of the Japan Center International for A videotape on 's natural heritage, a multidisciplinary sur- Exchange, and Susan vey of an islet and reef system in Pohnpei and workshops in the Pharr, professor of Federated States of Micronesia to reduce the impact of road con- government at Harvard struction and coastal dredging on the marine environment are three discuss the University, of 18 projects involving Center researchers aimed at conserving the state of U.S.-Japan natural environment while accommodating development in the relations at a symposium U.S.-affiliated islands of the Pacific. Funded by the MacArthur cosponsored by the Foundation. Yomiuri Shimbun, a lead- ing Japanese newspaper. ii Editors and reporters look to the Center as a principal source for expert comment, analysis and background in the Asia-Pacific '5

"Mauri," by Mirata Mita, the first feature film written, directed and produced by a Polynesian woman, is one of six films presented on the US. mainland by Center scholars.

region. After the eruption of the Iraq-Kuwait crisis, writers for the Wall Street Journal, International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times and the New York Times call Center energy experts for anal- ysis. Center researchers are interviewed by the Christian Science Monitor Radio News, the Associated Press Radio Network and the Voice of America during U.S-Japan trade negotiations and stu- dent unrest in Korea. Other U.S. and international newspapers and magazines carrying articles written by Center staff or citing Center expertise include the Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, Forbes, Asahi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, China Daily, Bangkok Post, Far Eastern Economic Review, Asiaweek and the Asian Wall Street Journal Weekly.

Diplomats, government officials and leaders in business stop at the 16 Center for briefings on Asia-Pacific issues. They include the U.S.

secretary of Energy, the chairman of the board of the Chinese Petroleum Corporation, Taiwan; the U.S. consul general to Hong Kong; U.S. ambassadors to the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia; the director of the Office of Australian and New Zealand Affairs, U.S. Department of State; and the chairman of the committee for Foreign Affairs, Constit- uent Assembly of Laos.

A Center study provides the first comprehensive analysis of changes in investment, policy, transnarional corporation strategies and trade of mineral resources in the Asia-Pacific region. The study, entitled "Structural Changes in the Mineral Industries of the Asia-Pacific Region;' becomes the background paper for the Minerals and En- ergy Forum working group of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee and is distributed to the ministries of minerals through- out the region. It is also the subject of a keynote address at the Second Annual Asia-Pacific Mining Congress in Jakarta, Indonesia.

A group of 17 teachers and administrators from public and pri- vate schools in Hawaii spend 18 days in Japan studying the coun- try's culture, religious traditions and social and economic systems. Funded by the U.S-Japan Foundation, the trip is part of the train- ing program conducted by the Center's Consortium for Teaching Asia and the Pacific in the Schools (CTAPS). Begun in 1988, CTAPS reaches out to educators as the key to substantially increasing the knowledge of students in grades K-12 about Asia and the Pacific. The program is cosponsored by Castle & Cooke, Inc., in cooper- ation with the Hawaii State Department of Education and The Asia Society.

During their three-week tour of Japan, Hawaii educators taking part in the Center's Consortium for Teaching Asia and the Pacific in the Schools (CTAPS) project studied Japan's culture, religions and social practices. 17

Eleanor Westney from MIT's Sloan School of Management advises U.S. business school faculty on Japanese management practices during the inaugural workshop of the Center's new business programs.

American and Asian business practices are compared at a work- shop designed to assist business school faculty to develop curric- ula for the next generation of business leaders. The workshop goes beyond how to do business in Asia and provides insights into the intricate cultural, political and economic factors that affect busi- ness practices and policies in the Asia-Pacific region.

Audiences in 13 U.S. mainland communities-from San Diego to Connecticut-view films from six Asian and Pacific countries as part of the 1990 East-West Center National Film Tour. Film direc- tors Shaji Karun of India and Kim U-son of Korea travel with their films and speak to audiences after the film showings. The Film Tour is aimed at increasing knowledge of Asian and Pacific cul- tures in the United States.

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The East-West Center brings together scholars, students, government and business leaders, diplomats, journalists and artists from 60 coun- tries and spanning an area from eastward through Asia to Japan, and from Australia across the Pacific through the main- land United States. Each year some 2,000 people affiliate as professional associates, fellows, interns and graduate students. Nonformal educational and cultural programs, as well as a variety of services and activities for these participants, are administered by the Office of Student Affairs and Open Grants, under the direction of Dean Sarah D. Miyahira.

Professional Associates

Dean Sarah D. Miyahira Nearly 1,400 people take part annually in Center conferences and workshops in Honolulu and throughout the region. Known as profes- sional associates, they are scholars, professionals from many fields and decision-makers from business and government. Center professional associates in FY90 included Takemoto Iinuma, foreign editor, Yomiuri Shimbun, Tokyo (Pacific Basin Update Semi- nar); Robert A. Scalapino, director, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (Planning Meeting for International Research on Nationalism and Historical Writings in East Asia; meet- ings of the Committee on U.S.-Republic of Korea Relations); Byong Hong Kim, deputy director, Institute of Disarmament and Peace, Pyongyang City, Korea (Asia-Pacific Dialogue Conference, Honolulu II); Muharam Soemadipradja, director, Research and Development Center for Economic Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jakar- ta, Indonesia (PECC Pacific Islands Task Force Strategy Meeting); Wan Iman, senior research fellow, Institute of Applied Social and Eco- nomic Research, Papua New Guinea (Workshop on Cultural Policy and National Identity); Howard Nemerov, poet laureate of Ameri- ca, St. Louis, Missouri (Conference on Self and Symbolic Expres- sion); Emil Salim, minister of State for Population and Environment, Jakarta; Samuel L. Hayes III, Jacob H. Schiff, professor of interna- tional banking, Graduate School of Business Administration, Har- vard University; George Gryc, general chairman, Cireum-Pacific Map Project (Cireum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resourees/Circum-Pacific Map Project); Chalmers Johnson, Rohr professor of Pacific international relations, University of California at San Diego (Workshop on Korea's Political Economy); Li Hong- Kazuo Nukazawa, gui, director, General Office of the State Family Planning Commis- managing director, sion of China (Workshop III to Analyze the 1988 Sample Survey on Keidanren (Japan Fertility and Birth Control in China); Norma B. Bernal, chief ecn- Federation of Economic nomie development specialist, National Planning and Policy Staff, Organizations) National Economic and Development Authority, Philippines (HOMES Philippines Workshop); Kazuo Nukazawa, managing diree- '9

tor, Keidanren (U.S.-Japan Relations In a New Era); Corazon M. Ray- mundo, director and professor, Population Institute, University of the Philippines (Conference on Adolescent Sexuality).

Fellows

Fellows are authorities in academia, government, the arts and busi- ness who are invited to the Center to participate in programs. Project fellows remain for up to 36 months, while other fellows affiliate for shorter periods and with particular programs. Some FY90 fellows: Mona Williams, who teaches English, dance and storytelling per- formance at New Zealand's Palmerston North Teachers College, gave performances and seminars on Oahu and Maui in January as part of the Center's Performing Arts Series.

Liz Sly, a Washington correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, visited Cambodia to learn more about recent changes in that country, and

t1 ; "I WKI

Mona Williams, storyteller, New Zealand 20

Yoshiaki Ito, reporter for the Mainichi Shimbun in Japan, investigated Hispanic immigration to the United States. Both were at the Center as Jefferson Fellows. Derek Davies, who recently retired from the Far Eastern Economic Review after 25 years as editor, is spending a year as the Center's 1990-1991 editor-in-residence, while Keith Richburg, Southeast Asia bureau chief for the Washington Post, is the Center's 1990-1991 journalist-in-residence. Hiroshi Akuto, professor of social psychology, University of Tokyo, spent two months analyzing data from studies of social and cultural changes occurring in China and Japan. Mohamed Ariff, professor of analytical economics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, assisted in the ASEAN project and did research on Malaysian economy. Won Oh Wong, assistant director, Korea Ocean Research and De- velopment Institute (KORDI), conducted research on political and technological aspects of deep sea mineral development and state-of- the-art studies of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), visiting geothermal, aquacultural and OTEC facilities as part of a Center training program for KORDI personnel. Bong Suh Lee, former minister of energy, South Korea, is preparing a monograph on the evolution of South Korea's energy policy. Osamu Fujisawa, senior planner, Corporate Planning, Showa-Shell Sekiyu, Japan, completed an analysis of Japan's priorities for long- term energy planning in the context ofthe global energy community. Eugene Khartukov, scientific secretary of the Soviet Association of Energy Economics, Soviet Union, gave a seminar on the recent de-

Editor-in-Residence Derek Davies, left, and journalist-in-Residence Keith Richburg 21

velopments in the Soviet Union and their potential for reforming the structure of the energy industry. Patrick Nunn, senior lecturer in geography, University of the South Pacific, spent five weeks studying sea-level rise and the associated ef- fects on small Pacific islands.

Le Trong Cuc, deputy director, Hanoi University Center for Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies, Vietnam, com- pleted Environment and Policy Institute (EAPI) Occasional Paper No. 12, Agroecosystems of the Midlands of Northern Vietnam, a volume coedited with Center Research Associate A. Terry Rambo and Pro- gram Consultant Kathleen Gillogly. Percy Lucas, former director of lands for New Zealand, is working on a hook on preserving the traditional character of landscapes in inhabited national parks and other protected areas, and is develop- ing forthcoming Center research activity in protected areas in moun- tain environments.

Charles W. Stahl, senior lecturer, Department of Economics, Univer- sity of Newcastle, Australia, worked on a study of the costs and benefits of international labor migration in South Asia and was in- volved in planning a survey that will assess labor transfers among China's coastal provinces. Sookon Kim, professor of labor economics and industrial relations at Korea's Kyung Hee University, presented his study on the develop- ment of a model for future labor-management relations in Korea.

I-lafizullah Emadi conducted research and writing on Afghanistan and south Asian politics and international relations, and prepared a monograph on the current situation in Afghanistan and prospects for a peaceful settlement.

Benjamin Muego, professor of political science, Bowling Green State University, is doing research for a book-length study on the Philip- pine military.

Post-Doctoral Program

The East-West Center offers post-doctoral fellowships to recent gradu- ates whose doctoral dissertation research focuses upon increasing un- derstanding about Asia and the Pacific, including relations among countries of the region and the United States. An open competition is held annually during the spring with awards beginning during the fall for a period of one year. The primary objective of the fellowship is to provide doctoral recipients with an opportunity to revise and prepare their dissertations for publication. The program is ad- 22 ministered by Student Affairs and Open Grants.

Post-doctoral fellows in 1990 were: Gerard Finin, U.S.A., PhD, city and regional planning, Cornell University; Piper Gaubatz, U.S.A., PhD, geography, University of California, Berkeley; Huma Ghosh, U.S.A., PhD, anthropology, Syracuse University; Wan Imao, Papua New Guinea, PhD, anthropology, University of California, Berkeley; Thomas Mashio, U.S.A., PhD, anthropology, McMaster University; Richard Smith, U.S.A., PhD, history, University of California, Los Angeles.

Students

Some 300 students from 30 countries pursue graduate level studies on Center scholarships, with nearly 100 new grants awarded annu- ally. Two-thirds of the students come from Asia or the Pacific, with the remaining one-third coming from the United States. The Center does not grant academic degrees; students attend the University of Hawaii. In addition to their coursework at the University, students infor- also participate in a Centerwide program designed to provide mation on critical issues in the region, enhance their intercultural com- munication and understanding, and develop a sense of the Hawaii community. This aims at helping them become internationally respon sible and cross-culturally aware. They also have opportunities to par- ticipate in Center research programs, in an exchange program with Indiana and the (an institution that Ipovanaye Sutadhara, University Washington Campus between business and the focuses on the relationship public policy process) and to compete for scholarships that allow them to present their work at conferences and meetings outside of Hawaii. Since 1973 the Center has also invited outstanding doctoral can- didates from such schools as Harvard University, Cornell University, the University of the Philippines and Kyushu University to come to the Center to work on projects related to their dissertations. The Office of Student Affairs and Open Grants is particularly ac- tive in the graduate student program, screening students through an open international competition and maintaining close links with the University of Hawaii Graduate Division. The Friends of the East-West Center, a volunteer group, provides additional support to students and other Center participants through the host family program and student loan fund and by extending hospitality to those attending conferences and workshops. Some FY90 students:

Tapovanaye Sutadhara of Sri Lanka is a Buddhist monk on leave from the University of Kelaniya and is pursuing a master of arts degree in linguistics. His thesis will be on a Malay dialect of Sri Lanka. Subrata Shankar Dhar, from , a lecturer in communica- tion, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, conducted field research in 23

Bangladesh, India and the for his doctoral thesis in political science on "The Politics of Cultural Identity in Divided Bengal?' Patricia Masters from the United States, a member of the faculty of Friends World College in Kyoto, is completing a doctoral disserta- tion on "Politics of Memory: The Creation of Self-Understanding in Post-War Japan?' Jeong Sangjun, doctoral candidate in American Studies from Korea, interviewed novelist E. L. Doctorow in New York City for his thesis examining three modes of representation-journalistic, historical and fictional-of an historical event: the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg as Soviet spies in 1953. Wawan Prawiraatmadja, a master's degree student in economics from Indonesia, is an Asian Development Bank scholar doing research on integrated energy systems. James Hansen, a master's degree student in geography from the United States, coauthored Energy Profiles of Selected Pacific Island Nations, 1989. His thesis is "Energy Securities in the Independent Pacific Island Nations?'

Saba Khattak, a doctoral student in political science from Pakistan, is investigating Punjabi industrialists-Pakistan's emerging new middle class-and their political impact on Pakistani policy. Her research also included analyzing the World Bank's relationship with the former Zia government, and the bank's role in the development of small scale industries.

Nipapun Kungskulniti, a joint doctoral research award student in en- vironmental health and sciences from Thailand, is investigating the severe environmental health stresses, both modern and traditional, experienced by a community of garbage pickers in Thailand. Surin Maisrikrod of Thailand, a former reporter for the Associated Press, is a doctoral student in political science. He conducted disser- tation research on Thai-U.S. trade relations, working in Washington, D.C., and Thailand. Bunroeun Thach, a doctoral student in political science, born in Cam- bodia, participated in the Great Decisions 1990 seminar on "Viet- nam and Cambodia" which was organized by the East-West Center, Friends of the East-West Center, Pacific and Asian Affairs Council and the Foundation.

Cheong Soon (Chris) Ng of is pursuing a master of arts degree in drama and theatre. He has appeared in several productions Nipapun Kungskulniti, at the University of Hawaii and plans to return home to teach drama Thailand 24 and to use it as a tool in teaching English as a second language.

Donald Drake, a doctoral candidate in botany from the United States, headed a team that conducted a survey in Tonga during summer 1990 that was a prelude to the establishment of Tonga's first terrestrial pro- tected area to conserve its natural heritage. Steve Olive, a doctoral candidate in political science from the United States, served as president of the East-West Center Participants' As- sociation during 1989-90 and was a panelist at the American Soci- ety for Public Administration Conference on "New Roles for Public Administration for the Pacific Rim?'

Doug Sup Yoon, a doctoral student in economics from the Republic of Korea, is analyzing earnings differentials in the Korean labor mar- ket. He recently returned from field research in Korea where he in- terviewed managers and met with Korean labor market specialists, government officials and staff of industrial organizations. Joan A. Butler, a doctoral student in geography from the United Steve Olive, United States States, is currently doing preliminary research in Pakistan on family planning fertility. She presented a paper at the 1989 Annual Meet- ing of the Association of American Geographers in Baltimore, Maryland, supported by Center travel funds.

Visitors

Among the many visitors from the Asia-Pacific region and through- out the world to the Center each year are more than 500 whose in- terest is professional. These include educators, administrators, students, researchers, policymakers and others. In addition to learn- ing more about the Center, they attend Center activities to familiar- ize themselves with regional issues and to meet with colleagues in their fields. Some FY90 visitors: Hisaya Nara, president, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Tokyo; Nancy Tuma, professor, Sociology Department, Stanford University; A. Dahlan, assistant minister, Ministry of En- vironment and Population, Indonesia; Lord Noel Annan, former vice chancellor, University of London, United Kingdom; Jean Pierre Chamoux, director of the Regulatory Board of Telecom, Paris; Sunanda K. Datta-Ray, editor, Calcutta Statesman; Hua Zhongyi, president, Fudan University, Shanghai; Anat Arbhabhirama, gover- nor, Petroleum Authority of Thailand; Hossein Razavi, senior economist, World Bank; Abdullah Al-Saif, vice-president, Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia; R. M. Leonard, chairman and managing direc- Anat Arbhabhirama, tor, Mobil Oil Australia, Ltd.; William A. Vogely, Department of governor, Petroleum Mineral Economics, The Pennsylvania State University; David Par- Authority of Thailand sons, executive director, Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference (PECC) Minerals and Energy Forum Secretariat, Australian National 25

University, Canberra; Ambassador Nagao Yoshida, secretary-general, Asian Productivity Organization (APO), Tokyo; William Thompson, U.S. alternative executive director (now vice president), Asian De- velopment Bank, Manila, Philippines; Simon W. Ndirangu, direc- tor, National Council for Population and Development, Kenya; Paul A. David, professor of economics and William Coe, professor of American economic history, Stanford University; Mikk Titma, profes- sor and director, Institute of Philosophy, Sociology, and Law, Esto- nian Academy of Sciences, USSR; Yan Hui, former section chief of the Young Cadres Bureau, Central Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party; Alexander Bogomolov, researcher, Insti- tute of World Economy and International Relations at the USSR Academy of Science; Ambassador Philippe Baude, permanent secre- tary of France for the South Pacific; John Henderson, Office of the Prime Minister, New Zealand; Paul Dibb, deputy secretary, Minis- try of Defense, Australia; and Edward Perkins, director of person- J. R. M. Leonard, chairman nel, U.S. Department of State. and managing director, Mobil Oil Australia, Ltd. Alumni

East-West Center alumni include more than 27,000 government offi- cials, business managers, educational administrators, teachers, jour- nalists and other professionals. This international resource of talent and experience is one of the Center's greatest achievements. The office of Student Affairs and Open Grants works closely with the East-West Center Association (EWCA), the alumni organization. Alumni are linked by chapters, regional and professional directories, a newsletter, a computer network, video teleconferencing and by in- ternational conferences. In addition, since 1984 the alumni-in- residence program has brought 27 alumni back to the Center to work on special projects.

Chapter Development A major program thrust for the East-West Center Association is chap- Members of the 1990 ter development, with priority on the U.S. mainland. In 1990, three Alumni Board come from new chapters were inaugurated in Northern California, Chicago and eight different countries New York City for a total of five mainland U.S. chapters. The EWCA and are part of a now has 28 chapters throughout the Asia-Pacific-U.S. region. In growing international February, 14 chapter leaders attended a forum on developing new network. Here they pose chapter programs that deal with important regional issues and com- with Center President plement and expand upon the work of the Center. The Southern Victor Hao Li and California Chapter initiated planning for a regional conference on Kenneth F. Brown, the "Asian-Pacific Experience in California' which will be held in chairman of the January 1991. Board of Governors In addition, the Thai Chapter completed raising funds from the (back row, center). 26 Thai government, the Thai business sector and its chapter members

for an international conference to be held in July 1991 in Bangkok. The theme is "Asian-Pacific Cooperation and Constraints in the Year 2000?' Some 500 EWCA members are expected to participate in a w'deI variety of regionalI program sessions on economic development, cultural and art issues, regional cooperation and education and training. New Board Members

Gary Larsen, chairman, International City Bank, and partner, Bridge- creek Development, Santa Ana, California, was elected the new chair- man of the Executive Board of the East-West Center Association. Lar- sen will serve a four-year term. Other new members elected to four-year terms were: Fusako Baba (secretary/ treasurer), professor, Department of Business Administration, Asia University, Tokyo, Japan; Chalintorn Burian, director, Human Resource Development, Petroleum Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand; Mir Akbar Hes- sami, lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Victorian University of Technology, Victoria, Australia; Ung Suh Park, presi- dent, Samsung Petrochemical Company, Ltd., Seoul, Korea; Tin My- aing Them, executive director, Kalihi-Palama Immigration Service Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.

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East-West Center Participants by Country (October 1, 1989-September 30, 1990)

Joint Degree Non- Doctoral Students Degree Fe!- Associates Research Research Doc- Mas- Stu- lows EWC Field Interns Students total ter's dents Total

Southeast Asia Burma 2 2 Indonesia 15 30 41 9 4 9 108 Laos 1 2 1 4 Malaysia 4 10 5 5 7 31 Philippines 9 40 36 6 22 7 120 Singapore 4 10 21 1 36 Thailand 11 45 22 3 2 16 6 105 Vietnam 2 2 6 10 Subtotal 46 139 126 24 2 48 31 416

East Asia China: Mainland 22 74 23 11 25 7 20 182 Taiwan 2 29 7 1 2 9 50 Hong Kong 4 11 2 2 1 20 Japan 17 100 36 2 13 8 176 Korea, Dem. Rep. 3 4 7 Korea, Rep. 41 77 41 5 1 16 5 186 Macao 1 1 2 2 Subtotal 86 294 115 20 1 58 30 20 624

South Asia Afghanistan 2 2 Bangladesh 4 3 1 5 4 17 1 2 3 India 11 14 16 1 9 3 54 Iran 3 1 1 5 Maldives 1 1 1 7 4 2 8 5 27 Pakistan 2 1 2 1 1 7 14 SriLanka 6 6 6 2 20 Subtotal 16 35 32 6 30 24 143

Pacific Region 1 3 2 2 8 Australia 8 32 10 5 1 56 Cook Islands 1 1 2 Federated States of Micronesia 3 1 Fiji 2 4 3 1 3 13 1 1 2 4 3 7 Kiribati 2 2 Marshall Islands 2 1 3 1 1 28

Joint Degree Non- Professional Doctoral Students Degree Associates Fel- Research Research Doc- Mas- Stu- lows EWC Field Interns Students toral ter's dents Total New Zealand 5 9 7 1 7 29 Palau 1 2 3 Papua New Guinea 1 4 1 1 7 3 1 4 Tonga 3 1 1 5 5 5 Western Samoa 1 2 1 2 6 Subtotal 17 73 22 8 16 21 157 United States 98 525 217 23 1 61 67 992 Other 13 62 51 2 1 129 Total 276 1,128 563 83 4 213 174 20 2,461

Reflects the total number of awards processed as of September 30, 1990.

29 I

Institute of Culture and Communication

The work of the Institute of Culture and Communication centers on four broad themes: multiculturalism, core values, change and develop- ment. These themes are pursued by research and training projects organized into four interrelated programs: Cultural Construction and National Identity; Creative Expression of Culture; Modernization, Communication and Change; and Dialogue of Civilizations. While celebrating pluralism and cultural diversity, the Institute is critically aware of the need to establish a common ground for com- munication between and within nations. Its projects therefore explore the role of multiculturalism in modern society while also recogniz- ing that survival of the human community demands that there be core values that go beyond ethnic, linguistic, gender, class, territori- al and religious boundaries. Institute research aims for an understand- 114 Weiming ing of the processes of social change and cultural change, not only n terms of economic growth but also in terms of human flourishing. In FY90, under Interim Director Robert B. Hewett and Director Tu Weiming, the Institute:

Cosponsored a symposium with the Japan-America Society of Honolulu and the University of Hawaii Center for Japanese Studies. The symposium allowed scholars from Japan and the Unit- ed States to discuss in a community forum the roots of Japanese behavior as opposed to stereotyped assessments.

Sponsored the Ninth Hawaii International Film Festival in Decem- ber and then assisted in the establishment of an independent cor- poration to run subsequent festivals. The Center remains a major supporter of the festival through staff support in film selection; production of a viewers' guide; the East-West Center Award, which honors the film that best promotes understanding among peoples of Asia, the Pacific and the United States; and office space and some administrative support.

Held its annual film symposium in connection with the film fes- tival. This year's topic was "Melodrama: East and West?' Melodra- ma as a term is used for a genre characterized by sensationalism, emotional intensity, brutal villainy and the triumph of good.

Brought Asian journalists to the Pacific Basin Update Seminar pro- gram to brief American editors on such topics as "What Lies Ahead in the Philippines' "China After Tiananmen Square' and "When Friends Quarrel: The Japan-America Dilemma?'

Launched an international program with the University of Hawaii 30 to study the impact of nationalism in China, Japan and Korea as

expressed in textbooks, historical writing and modern media dis- cussions. Participants from Kyoto, Beijing, Taipei, Seoul and the United States developed plans for a series of international confer- ences to continue sharing research on the topic.

Held the first gathering in an international team effort to under- take comparative studies of national cultural debates and efforts to build national identity and to understand the cultural, societal and political transformations occurring as a result of economic change in the Asia-Pacific region.

Invited scholars interested in the influence of the Confucian tradi- tion on modernization in Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea to examine how Chinese cultural identity is trans- mitted in early childhood. Participants agreed to study the social process in China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the United States by analyzing the content of popular literature and mass media and by using video technology to study Chinese family life.

Held the fourth annual Summer Workshop for the Development of Intercultural Coursework at Colleges and Universities in July. The program has brought together more than 150 faculty mem- bers or other educators interested in developing courses in the areas of the behavioral sciences, social sciences, education and interna- tional management.

Convened the second in a series of three conferences to examine the notion of "the self' in art, literature, film and the theatre in three cultural traditions-those of China, India and Japan. The conference papers will be the basis for a book to be published by the State University of New York Press.

Environment and Policy Institute

In Asia and the Pacific, countries are experiencing increasing pres- sures on their natural resources because of surging population growth on the one hand and, in some cases, rapid economic growth on the other. Air, water, and ocean pollution; loss of forests; changes in rural and urban environments; competition for maritime resources; the growing threat of toxic wastes-these are some of the problems faced by most Asia-Pacific countries. Devising means to help countries at- tain sustainable use of renewable natural resources and improve the conditions of human life while maintaining environmental quality is the focus of efforts of the Environment and Policy Institute. The Institute's work is organized within four programs: Habitat John F. Bardach and Society; Land, Air, and Water Management; Ocean Governance; and Risk, Resources, and Development.31

In FY90, under Director Norton S. Ginsburg and Interim Direc tor John E. Bardach, the Institute:

Held the first meeting ofthe Environmental Aspects of Urbaniza- tion Project which examined alternative approaches to urban en- vironmental issues and identified priority areas of study. These include institutional dimensions, such as regulations of the city and/or province; how people view environmental problems; and how environmental problems should be categorized.

Sought to determine how water-use conflicts are intensified or ameliorated by rules for using and allocating water, undertaking research in seven countries. Collaborators include the United Na- tions Centre for Regional Development and the Lake Biwa Research Institute. As most developing countries with critical water problems are in the humid tropics or in arid and semiarid climates, conven- tional water management practices (originating in temperate-zone developed countries) frequently have poor results. The Water Policy Project, working with UNESCO, has developed practices more suit- ed to developing countries. The results are forthcoming in two UN- ESCO books.

Produced the first comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge about sandalwood, a valuable tree important to many countries in the Pacific. The report was the result of the 1990 Symposium on Sandalwood in the Pacific, convened by the Center and cospon- sored by the National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Hawaii Society of American Foresters.

Supported the establishment of a World Mountain Network, in- volving 28 mountain research groups from 18 countries through the Mountain Development Project. The mountain group from the USSR Academy of Sciences and those of three republics have been involved. A collaborative mountain protocol has been signed for work in China, Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan, and the first ser- ies of papers from the conference in Armenia has been published.

Completed work on Ocean Yearbook 8, which was published by the University of Chicago Press in September 1990. Work on Ocean Yearbook 9 was begun during the year and will appear in 1991. Ocean Yearbook reports on important resources and policy issues concerning the marine environment.

Carried out studies of the management aspects of large marine ecosystems in preparation for a FY1991 program that will empha- size sustainable development and management of living marine 32resources in the Asia-Pacific region.

Collaborated in a study for the ESCAP Natural Resources Pro- gram (of the United Nations) to calculate projected emissions of carbon dioxide, a principal contributor to global climate change, under alternate energy scenarios for the developing countries of the region. Suggested ways to reduce such emissions without harm- ing economic development. The results of the study were the fo- cus of a conference in December 1990, sponsored by Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs in collaboration with ESCAP. The fi- nal report will contribute to the negotiations on a Global Climate Change Convention, organized by the United Nations.

Held an air pollution training workshop with people from 12 coun- tries and funded by several sources, including the International De- velopment Research Centre and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This was part of a research program in five Asian coun- tries to study changes in the kind and amount of air pollution peo- ple are exposed to as urban fuels change from wood to charcoal, for example. The most common cause of air pollution in develop- ing countries is the burning of fuels for cooking and heating, but measuring the actual degree of exposure is difficult. After the work- shop, country teams monitored air pollution in conjunction with questionnaire surveys. The purpose is to develop urban energy strategies that better reflect the human health implications of changes in air quality.

Brought together U.S. and Indian participants for a workshop on International Accountability for Global Warming resulting in a report funded by the World Bank that systematically sets out the ways by which nations can be held accountable for greenhouse gas emissions. This index considers not only the most current scien- tific theory and data, but also international political and economic realities. It is needed to allocate the costs among nations, should there be creation of an international greenhouse fund as has often been proposed.

Organized a workshop in Washington, D.C., to initiate a World Bank-funded global review of programs designed to decrease deforestation through increasing energy efficiency in rural house- holds. The workshop was attended by representatives of more than 20 international organizations involved in energy/environment pro- grams in developing countries where inefficient cookstoves result in excessive cutting of fuel wood.

Population Institute

Lee-Jay Cho The Population Institute conducts programs of research and profes- sional education with emphasis on the analysis of demographic trends 33

(such as fertility, migration and urbanization), their social and eco- nomic consequences, and their policy implications in Asia, the Pa- cific and the United States. Institute work is conducted through five research programs, a graduate study program administered in cooper- ation with the University of Hawaii and a program of professional education consisting of conferences, workshops and seminars, and internships. In addition, the Institute has an active publishing program. Under Director Lee-Jay Cho, the Institute:

° Conducted the 21st Summer Seminar on Population in Honolulu and Thailand. The five-week seminar, primarily supported by a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Development, attract- ed participants from 15 countries in the region. The seminar in- cluded workshops on demographic methods and the microcomputer, structural changes and regional development in Asia, microcomputer applications for family planning program evaluation and management, and economics of aging.

Sent condensed reports on population issues written for a non- technical audience consisting of policymakers and others interest- ed in development to about 3,000 readers. In 1990 the series, Asia-Pacific Population & Policy, described successful family plan- ning policy approaches in Indonesia and Bangladesh, presented evidence on the relationship between family size and well-being in Thailand, and summarized demographic prospects in Asia over the next 20 years.

Continued its collaboration with the Office of the Registrar Gener- al, India, on a variety of activities funded by the New Delhi Mis- sion of the United States Agency for International Development. Designed to enhance the Office's capacity to conduct census-based research and utilize the findings for population policymaking, the work has included technical assistance, training and collaborative research activities.

Coordinated a workshop on regional development in the Yellow Sea Rimlands with the Asia-Pacific Institute of China to discuss the prospects for trade, investment and transportation. Published two monographs providing the first in-depth examination of the backgrounds, hopes and aspirations of the two largest groups of Asian immigrants to the United States, Koreans and Filipinos. These monographs are among the initial products of the Institute's five-year longitudinal study of immigrant adaptation.

° Completed research on three labor market studies. One examined 34earning inequality and employment trends in the Republic of

Korea. The second documented the continuing gender discrimi- nation faced by women in China. The third analyzed the effects that demographic trends and projected labor force growth rates will have on labor costs, areas of comparative advantage and cap- ital flows in Japan, the NICs and the ASEAN countries.

Worked with the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Vladivostok and the Center's ocean experts on an international conference to pro- the Seas of mote cooperative work among coastal nations facing Japan and Okhotsk. Discussion included potential multilateral technolo- cooperation using Japanese and South Korean capital, gy and know how to tap the vast natural resources of the Soviet Far East and Siberia with Chinese and North Korean labor.

Completed a study tracing the effects of China's one-child family program during the 1980s. The number of women having a single child increased sharply during 1979-84, but later the policy was relaxed and the number of two-child families rose. The overall ef- fect has been a slight drop in fertility over the past decade.

Completed projections of the youth population for II Asian coun- tries. These projections combine information on important charac- teristics of youth: labor force participation, school enrollment and marital status. The product is a policy-focused examination of changing numbers in these social categories, for both the past (1950-90) and the future (1990-2025). This is the first step in a long-term study focusing on youth issues and youth policy.

A workshop on Asian immigrant entrepreneurship led to collabo- ration with the National Center for Research on Asian American Mental Health at UCLA, which is now working with the Insti- tute on studies of Asian immigrant adaptation.

Resource Systems Institute

The Resource Systems Institute analyzes economic and resource is- sues that affect growth, trade, investments and cooperation. Insti- tute research examines the domestic economic strategies of developing countries in Asia and the Pacific, social dislocations brought on by economic growth, and issues of energy, minerals development and use. It seeks to improve American understanding of the dynamic growth processes in Asia and to strengthen regional economic cooperation. The institute attempts to anticipate regional economic change and Current include Seiji Naya its implications for the U.S. economy. priorities 35 providing policy analysis aimed at increasing private sector partici-

pation in economic growth of the region (including small business participation), improving understanding of the role of macroeconomic policies and market incentives in development, examining regional mechanisms for increasing trade, investment, and other forms of eco- nomic cooperation, and identifying and promoting appropriate poli- cies for efficient and productive resource utilization. The implications of integration in Western Europe, the profound changes in Eastern Europe, and the economic and political changes in China and In- dochina also will he studied. The Institute's work is carried on within two major program areas: Development Policy and Resources (with major initiatives in energy and minerals). Under Director Seiji Naya, the Institute:

Initiated work on privatization, deregulation and economic liber- alization and their impact on economic development, working with research institutions in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China.

Cosponsored and prepared background papers for the United Na- tions Development Program (UNDP) Symposium on Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific, and presented reports in cooperation with other Center institutes on trade, investment and the environment. The UNDP proposed the establishment of an Asia-Pacific forum, with the Center playing a key role, to conduct analysis and dialogue on sustainable economic reform.

Organized with the Japan national committee a conference in Kyo- to, Japan, on privatization and deregulation for the Pacific Eco- nomic Cooperation Conference (PECC) structural issues project. A summary report is being prepared for PECC IX in Singapore, and a volume of country studies and background papers will be published by the Japan National Committee for the Pacific Eco- nomic Outlook.

Initiated a research project with the International Center for Eco- nomic Growth and five research institutions in South Asia to exa- mine policy reforms and future prospects for five of the major countries in the region.

Initiated the Group on Environment and Resources (GEAR) which brings together the Center's expertise on resource development and related environmental issues in the Asia-Pacific region. The pur- pose of GEAR is to provide a more comprehensive approach in formulating resource policies that reflect such national priorities as sustained economic growth, security of energy and mineral sup- 36 plies, environmental quality and protection of . GEAR

willsponsor a conference in cooperation with Argonne National Laboratory in early 1991 on Energy and Environment in the Asia- Pacific region: Planning for an Uncertain Future.

Analyzed and reported on the rapidly changing energy situation in key Asia-Pacific countries and implications for capital invest- ment and technology transfer. Among the critical issues are: (1) the decline in Asian oil production and increasing dependence on Middle East oil supplies; (2) the capability of national refineries to meet future demand and higher quality standards; (3) the ef- fect of the international environmental movement on national ener- gy policies and industry specifications; and (4) the emergence of natural gas as a major energy resource and as a raw material for producing petrochemicals and fertilizer.

Prepared an analysis of petroleum supply issues in Hawaii and their relationship to the global oil market and presented the findings to government, business, labor and community leaders. Also tes- tified at the Hawaii State Senate hearings on liquid fuel pricing.

Developed new ways of forecasting long-term fertilizer demand, based upon national agricultural targets and soil capacity to produce crops. The results show that fertilizer demand in 13 coun- tries will double or triple over the next 25 years while in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan it may decline. These findings provide a means for policymakers to assess long-term investment needs for expanding domestic fertilizer production capacities, and highlight the need for developing legislation to reduce possible harmful en- vironmental effects from using heavy doses of chemical fertilizers.

Launched a multidisciplinary study of the cultural, economic and environmental impacts of mining, starting with the Misima gold mine in Papua New Guinea. Mining development will boom in the next decade in the Asia-Pacific region. While previous studies have focused on the impact of mining on the national economy, the most significant impact is felt at the local level. These studies will assess what and how severe the impacts have been and how well they have been anticipated. Similar projects are planned for Indonesia and China.

Began evaluating the minerals development potential of Indochi- na. This project will assess the emerging mineral industries of Viet- nam, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand and their effects on regional economic growth, cooperation and investment.

Started research on expanding Soviet ties with the Pacific Basin, focusing on the mining sector. This two-year collaborative research 3 7

project involves the Moscow Geological and Prospecting Institute, Institute of Regional Comprehensive Analysis (Khabarovsk), and the University of Hawaii.

International Relations Program

The International Relations Program examines the interests, forces and processes that shape national decision-making on foreign poli- and cy related political, economic and security issues. It also pro- motes direct dialogue and relationships between individuals and institutions that influence foreign policy. The Program contributes to the education of present and future leaders as well as the broader public on Asia-Pacific international relations issues. The Program seeks to complement and integrate the work of the Center's insti- tutes by exploring the international relations and political dimensions of their work. Under Coordinator Charles E. Morrison, the Program:

Organized three meetings of the high-level committee on U.S.- Charles F. Morrison Republic of Korea Relations and prepared a report for release in early 1991.

Organized, with the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Jakarta), the second ASEAN-Pacific Island Dialogue conference. Representatives from the member states of ASEAN (the Associa- tion of Southeast Asian Nations) and the Pacific Islands examined economic and political developments in the two regions and pos- sibilities for cooperation between them.

Sponsored, with the Matsunaga Institute for Peace at the Univer- sity of Hawaii, the second Honolulu Conference of the Asia-Pacific Dialogue. Scholars from North and South Korea, the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Japan and Australia discussed means of alleviating tensions in the Korean peninsula.

Completed most of the drafting of the fourth Asia-Pacific Report, written by East-West Center staff and external authors. The report will appear early in 1991 and focus on international relations.

Prepared an introductory text scheduled for publication in the spring of 1991 on the economics, politics and international rela- tions of the Pacific Islands, intended for use by government offi- cials, business executives, other professionals and students seeking an up-to-date overview of political, economic and international relations issues in the islands region. 38

Completed single-author book length manuscripts on Sino-Japan relations (one of the key relationships in the post-Cold War era), and on the changing perspective of China's Communist Party cadres. Edited books in preparation include two studies of Australia-New Zealand-U.S. relations.

ri Worked closely with various national committees on Pacific eco- nomic cooperation to sponsor meetings of the Task Force on Science and Technology, the Triple T Task Force (transportation, telecommunications and tourism) and the Pacific Island Task Force.

Pacific Islands Development Program

The Pacific Islands Development Program conducts research and training on issues affecting Pacific Island nations, including the need for increasing the role of the private sector in development, the so- cial costs of tourism and problems associated with modernization and social change. Research activities are developed in consultation with the heads of government in the Pacific Islands Conference and are organized into three broad areas. Under Director Charles Lepani and Interim Director Sitiveni Halapua, the Program:

Provided governments with research information needed to achieve desired economic development goals. The 1990 Pacific Islands Con- Sitweni Halapua ference of Leaders approved further research on the development of individual industries, especially agriculture, marine products, mining, manufacturing and tourism. There is particular interest in how to increase trade and investment in the region and how to improve the effectiveness of foreign aid, particularly as it relates to the private sector.

iJ Provided governments with the information and analyses needed to develop and address problems in the following areas: rural-to- urban migration, youth, government and administration and natur- al disaster preparedness.

Assisted in furthering the training and education of mid-career Pa- cific Island professionals. Short policy analysis training courses ex- pose senior government officials and private sector individuals to different techniques of analyzing key issues influencing the eco- nomic, social and political dimensions of development within is- land countries. Longer-term research internships, including graduate coursework, are also available. 39

Public Education

Public education broadens the reach of Center expertise and networks beyond academic and government specialists through a variety of cooperative programs. Its purpose is to provide accurate information and analysis about Asia-Pacific issues to policymakers, educators, journalists, the private sector and others who require that knowledge; to contribute to the Center's role as a forum for dialogue on politi- cal, economic and cultural issues; to help improve education about the region in schools and colleges in the United States; to develop and disseminate new publications (including a periodic research news- letter), audio-visual materials, and broadcast programs specifically directed at policymakers and non-specialists; and to conduct semi- nars and other cultural exchanges throughout the region. Under Director Webster K. Nolan, the Office: Webster K. Nolan

Expanded programs and planning designed to infuse Asia-Pacific issues into classrooms from kindergarten through college. In its third year, the Consortium for Teaching Asia and the Pacific in the Schools (CTAPS), a pilot project in Hawaii to introduce Asia- Pacific components in K-12 through teacher training, reached more than 20 percent of the targeted teaching force and is preparing to expand nationally. Planning for the Asian Studies Development Program-a faculty development effort to infuse Asia-Pacific ele- ments into undergraduate and community college studies in the United States-began with a summer workshop attended by representatives of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, the University of Hawaii and the Hawaii Junior College System. The Center is the organizing agency for the program.

Brought together Center specialists and other Asia-Pacific experts for educational seminars aimed at business, government, media and community leaders in Hawaii and on the U.S. mainland. At the Southern Center for International Studies in Atlanta, Geor- gia, the EWC collaborated on a seminar on the prospects for po- litical change and economic growth in Korea, China and Japan in the 1990s. At the Johnson Foundation's Wingspread Confer- ence Center in Racine, Wisconsin, the Center cosponsored with the University of Wisconsin a conference on new frontiers in trade and economic development in Southeast Asia. In Washington, D.C., the Center's internationally renowned Energy Program joined with the Center for Strategic and International Studies for a conference detailing the implications of the increasing dependence of the Asia- Pacific region on oil from the Persian Gulf. And, in Honolulu, the Center conducted a symposium on U.S.-Japan relations with the 40 Yomiuri Shimbun, a leading Japanese newspaper.

Drawing on Center expertise and outside contributors, prepared a briefing booklet for the Summit of the United States and the Pa- cific Island Nations. Containing background papers on the Pacific Islands and on such issues as political change, economic develop- ment, and threats to the environment, the booklet was distributed to the U.S. Department of State, to international media and to key individuals in government, business and education. The booklet will be used as a curriculum aide by the Center's Consortium for Teaching Asia and the Pacific in the Schools.

Prepared for broadcast a pilot project called "The Asia-Pacific " Minute. The informative 60-second spots feature Center staff, fel- lows and visitors discussing such topics as cultural differences be- tween the United States and Asia, changing sexual behavior patterns in Asia, Asia's increasing dependence on foreign oil and the effects of global warming on island nations. The series debuted on Hawaii Public Radio and will be distributed to radio stations on the U.S. mainland and in Asia-Pacific.

Published a handy reference guide to EWC researchers and their fields of Asia-Pacific expertise. Originally intended as a booklet useful to the news media, the guide, which is updated several times a year, now goes to 5,000 people in media, government, business and academia throughout the Asia-Pacific-U.S. region.

Worked closely with leaders in government, business and educa- tion in Oregon to develop a series of projects to expand public awareness of Asia-Pacific issues in educational and business com- munities. The project is designed to serve as a model for similar joint ventures in other parts of the United States.

Expanded a work session with top public television executives from the United States, Australia and New Zealand, at their request, to permit wider discussion of Asia-Pacific programming ideas and updates on technological innovations in the region. Also, worked with Japanese television executives on plans for an annual exchange program between U.S. and Japanese television producers to involve frank group discussions at the Center and meetings with news- makers and television executives in each other's countries.

Special Projects

Special Projects is responsible for programs in journalism; research into topical issues in relations between the United States, Asia and Richard Halloran the Pacific; and assignments from the Center's president. Under Director Richard Halloran, Special Projects: 41

Added two Asian journalists to the Jefferson Fellowship, bringing the total to eight who will join six Americans in the nine-week program in 1991. Fellows will be given more time in Asia and the United States, and India will be added to the countries visited by Americans. The annual Asia-Pacific News Forum is being strength- ened to succeed the Pacific Basin Update Seminar. Senior editors will be invited to join with specialists on Asia and newsmakers from Asia in discussing critical issues in the region.

Held the first workshop for 20 Korean mid-career journalists in July. It has become a model for similar workshops for other groups.

Invited journalists Fred W. Friendly, former president of CBS news, and David Broder, political correspondent of The Washington Post, as George Chaplin Scholar-in-Residence for 1989 and 1990, respec- tively. Each delivered an address at the Center.

Continued in association with the Institute of Culture and Com- munication the annual regional issues seminar for ten junior to mid-career Chinese journalists who spent an academic year at the Center in conjunction with the Department of journalism at the University of Hawaii. In the ten years of the program, more than 100 journalists have taken part.

I Convened a workshop of Asia-Pacific print and broadcast jour- nalists to discuss future directions for the journalistic programs.

Inaugurated research projects inquiring into the fundamental rea- sons for the mutual "bashing" between America and Japan by government and diplomatic persons and aimed at finding ways to help reverse the evident deterioration in U.S. relations with Japan; studying the possibility that militarism will be revived in Japan, a subject of wide speculation in the United States and Asia; inves- tigating the emerging political, economic and security order after the retraction of Soviet and American power with emphasis on potential regional arrangements for stability; and examining press coverage ofJapan by American correspondents and comparing that with Japanese press coverage of the United States.

1 Organized a meeting in May of the East-West Center's International Advisory Panel.

42

Institute of Culture and Communication

New- Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology, edited by Richard Brislin. bury Park, Ca.: Sage, 1990. 367 Pp. With chapters on culture's relationship to health, conflict resolu- tion, work, the family, the environment, and preparation for ex- tensive interactions in culture's other than one's own, Brislin's book meets the need for a basic college textbook on the topic.

The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War 11, edited Mono- by Geoffrey M. White and Lamont Lindstrom. Pacific Islands graph Series, No. 8. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989. 433 PP. The narrative accounts of islanders' interpretations of events and consequences of the Pacific War presented in this book were, on the whole, previously ignored by historians. Yet, the encounters with Japanese, American and Australian soldiers had a profound effect on the local populations and are still recalled today in sto- ries and ceremonies.

Disentangling: Conflict Discourse in Pacific Societies, edited by Ka- ren Ann Watson-Gegeo and Geoffrey M. White. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. 448 pp. In many Pacific Island societies, the term disentangling is a metaphor for deliberate efforts at social problem-solving. People talk about their troubles-interpersonal conflict, disagreements and moral dilemmas-and seek solutions through talk. This volume contributes to the study of person and community through the dis- course of daily life.

"Chinese Minority Policy and the Meaning of Minority Culture;' by David Wu. Human Organization, Vol. 49, No. 1, 1990. Wu's article is regarded as a theoretical breakthrough in the un- derstanding of Chinese minority policy.

Environment and Policy Institute

How to Assess Environmental Impacts on Tropical Islands and Coastal Areas, by Richard A. Carpenter and James E. Maragos, edi- tors/authors. Honolulu: Environment and Policy Institute. October 1989. 345 pp. This practical training manual outlines assessments for all major development sectors: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism, energy, mining, coastal construction, ports/harbors and waste manage- ment and was prepared for the South Pacific Regional Environ- ment Programme under sponsorship of the Asian Development 43

Bank. The user will be able to design and perform an environmen- tal impact assessment or prepare detailed terms of reference for work to be done by consultants.

Forests and Forestry in China: Changing Patterns of Resource De- velopment, by S. Dennis Richardson. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1990. 352 pp. A successor to the author's 1966 book on forestry in China, it il- lustrates the incredible changes in two decades. Included is a com- prehensive look at harvesting, sawmilling, tariffs and foreign exchange, pulp and paper production, seed collection, urban fore- stry and soil erosion.

Responding to the Threat of Global Warming: Options for the Pa- cific and Asia, by David G. Streets and Toufiq Siddiqi. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service (U.S. Dept. of Com- merce), 1990. 552 pp. Sponsored by Argonne National Laboratory and the Environment and Policy Institute, a workshop was held to examine the concerns and policy options for addressing the possible consequences of global climate change in Asia-Pacific countries. This volume of proceedings summarizes the workshop and suggests topics for fu- ture research.

Proceedings of the SUAN-EAPI Exploratory Workshop on Lao Agroecosystems, by the Southeast Asian Universities Agroecosystem Network (SUAN) Secretariat, Khon Kaen University. Khon Kaen, Thailand: SUAN Secretariat, Khon Kaen University, 1989. 154 pp. An exploratory workshop was held at Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic, in July/August 1989, organized by the Southeast Asian Universities Agroecosystem Network, the Environ- ment and Policy Institute, the Ministry of Agriculture and For- estry of Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Interim Mekong Committee. This volume includes papers on the state of agricul- ture, livestock, forestry, watershed management and agricultural research in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Population Institute

The 1987 Survey of Income and Expenditure of Urban Households in China, by the State Statistical Bureau, People's Republic of China. Beijing: China Statistical Information and Consultancy Service Centre, distributed by the University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu: East- West Population Institute, East-West Center, 1990. 168 pp. The annual nationwide Urban Household Survey of China col- lects data on family composition, employment, income and expen- 44diture, consumer structure and consumer goods in nonagricultural

households. Tabulations from the 1987 survey, the most recent for which data are available, are presented and an index facilitates com- parison with corresponding tables based on the 1985 and 1986 surveys. The volume will be useful to economists, planners, busi- ness people and China and Asia specialists.

Korean Immigrants and US. Immigration Policy: A Predeparture Per- spective, by Insook Han Park, James T. Fawcett, Fred Arnold and Robert W. Gardner. Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No. 114. Honolulu: East-West Center, 1990. 119 pp.

The New Filipino Immigrants to the United States: Increasing Diver- sity and Change, by Benjamin V. Cariiio, James T. Fawcett, Robert W. Gardner and Fred Arnold. Papers of the East-West Population In- stitute, No. 115. Honolulu: East-West Center, 1990. 92 pp. These two studies provide detailed portraits of large, representa- tive groups of recent Korean and Filipino immigrants to the Unit- ed States-their backgrounds before immigration, their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, their family net- works, and their plans, perceptions and hopes about life in the United States. Data were used from two surveys, one consisting of interviews with new immigrants just before their departure for the United States, the other a mail survey of adults already in the United States on nonimmigrant visas who adjusted their status to that of immigrant in 1986.

Asian and Pacific Population Forum, edited by Sandra E. Ward. Pub- lished quarterly by the East-West Population Institute. Honolulu: East- West Center. Ca. 32 pp. The Forum contains policy-relevant and technical articles on popu- lation issues affecting the Asia-Pacific region, reviews of demo- graphic publications and news about population activities in the region.

Asia 2010: The Power ofPeople, by John Bauer and Andrew Mason. Reprints of the East-West Population Institute, No. 257. Honolulu: East-West Center. Reprinted from Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 May, 1990. Bauer and Mason were asked by the Far Eastern Economic Review to analyze the likely structure of Asia's population in the early years of the 21st century. The countries examined-the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia- are the new demographic leaders of Asia. Each has experienced particularly rapid improvements in mortality and steep declines in fertility over the past 20 years. The projections are based on data compiled using the Institute's Household Model for Economic and Social Studies (HOMES). 45

Resource Systems Institute

"Soviet Union, China, and India-And the World Metals Industry to 2010;' by James P. Dorian, Allen L. Clark, Gyoo J. Jeon and Daniel E. Snowden. Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 14, No. 2. London: But- terworth Scientific, Ltd., November 1990. Remarkable changes are occurring within the economies of the Soviet Union, China and India that are influencing mineral indus- try activities. These three countries account for a major share of world minerals production and consumption. Their domestic re- forms may ultimately have a serious impact on the global mining industry. The present status of the Soviet, Chinese and Indian mineral industries is examined and conditions to 2010 are fore- cast. Long-term characteristics analyzed include industrial produc- tion, intensity of use, consumption, mine and plant expansion and trade policy. Six metals are highlighted, aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, steel and zinc.

Gold Potential and Future Trends: Regulatory and Administrative Ar- rangements for Gold Development-Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Fiji, by the Pacific Islands Development Program and the Minerals Policy Program. Honolulu: Pacific Islands Development Pro- gram, East-West Center, 1990. 64 pp. Several of the world's largest gold deposits outside of South Africa have been discovered in the Pacific region. By 1995, gold produc- tion from Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Fiji will amount to more than 100 tonnes of gold per year, ranking them among the top six gold producers in the world. This study recom- mends the development of a national gold policy that addresses "common development" issues specifically for gold mines.

"Pacific Islands Oil Supply Options," by Fereidun Fesharaki and Mem- bers of the Energy Program. In Background Issues of Oil Supply Trading Pacific Island Countries, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Energy Resources Development Series No. 32. New York: United Nations, 1990. Formulating an effective response to changing supply arrangements and uncertainties about reasonable supply and pricing terms is a challenge for the Pacific Island nations. These countries are small, have miniscule public-sector organizations responsible for energy policy and occupy a region where petroleum dominates commer- cial energy to a greater extent (over 90 percent) than any other part of the world. This volume is designed to assist the island nations in better articulating their petroleum prices.

"China's Energy Outlook," by David C. Fridley. In Chinas Dilem- 46 mas in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Joint Economic Committee of

the U. S. Congress (forthcoming December 1990). This chapter provides an overview of energy development in Chi- na since 1980, assesses China's current energy development poli- cies and provides a forecast of China's energy supply and demand balance in the year 2000.

Economic and Political Incentives to Petroleum Exploration: Develop- ments in the Asia-Pacific Region, edited by Jeremiah D. Lambert and Fereidun Fesharaki. Lanham, MA: University Press of America, 1990. 176 pp. The eight contributors to this book, approaching their subjects from public, private and multilateral institution perspectives, ad- dress the impact of market changes on host governments' tax, in- vestment and concession policies applicable to oil exploration and development; explore the intricacies of resolving and harmoniz- ing overlapping government claims to oil prospective offshore areas; consider innovative financing arrangements as a means of encourag- ing private-sector investment; and focus on the role of multilateral institutions in the promotion of this objective. These developments are considered in the context of the Asia-Pacific region, where de- mand for petroleum products is expected to increase at a greater rate than in any other part of the world during the next two decades.

Lessons in Development: A Comparative Study of Asia and Latin America, edited by Seiji Naya, Miguel Urrutia, Shelley Mark and Alfredo Fuentes. San Francisco, CA: International Center for Eco- nomic Growth, 1989. 361 pp. The successful development experiences of the Asian developing economies stand in contrast to the sluggish growth of the Latin American developing countries. This book explores the overall eco- nomic conditions in both regions, takes a critical look at policies that were and were not successful in their goals, examines the coun- tries' efforts at regional cooperation and integration, and explores the economic ties between the two regions themselves and their relations with the econmic superpowers in the Pacific.

The Economic Development ofJapan and Korea: A Parallel with Les- sons, edited by Chung H. Lee and Ippei Yamazawa. New York: Prae- ger Publishers, 1990. 208 pp. The phenomenal economic development ofJapan and Korea have been examined by many. These two countries share many com- mon characteristics. Both have a Sinic cultural heritage, both are resource-poor and both have relied on trade as the leading sector of the economy. Moreover, in both countries, the governments have played an active role in economic development. This book ex- amines these common factors and attempts to determine which, if 47

any, could account for the rapid economic development of these countries.

Conflict Over Natural Resources in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, edited by Lim Teck Ghee and Mark J. Valencia. Kuala Lumpur: Ox- ford University Press, 1990. 256 pp. The book seeks a comprehensive understanding of the patterns of extraction and use of the natural resources and of the conflicts that arise in this context. The volume, which is focused on the Southeast Asian and Pacific economies that are richly endowed with natural resources, has as its principal aim the determination of ways to prevent conflicts that may arise in the context of natural resource use and extraction.

"Japan's Ascendancy as an ODA Power: Asian Perspectives;' Bruce Koppel and Michael Plummer. Asian Survey, November 1989. The changing international political dimensions of Japan's econom- ic programs, especially its new position as the world's premier donor of official development assistance (ODA), are closely ana- lyzed. Despite the fears of some, an assessment of Japanese ODA and other forms of economic cooperation in developing Asia does not reveal a trend toward regional economic domination by Japan. Moreover, the extensive involvement of the United States and others in Asia appears to preclude the prospect of Japan's following such a strategy. However, say the authors, this does not mean that con- cerns will diminish,

Pacific Islands Development Program

The Future Role ofInternational Agencies and Donors in Private Sec- tor Development, by Jim McMaster. Honolulu: Pacific Islands De- velopment Program, East-West Center, 1990. 58 pp. Many international agencies have expressed their willingness to al- locate a much higher proportion of their assistance to projects that directly promote private sector growth. The involvement of the Asian Development Bank or the World Bank offers opportunities for bilateral donors to contribute grant funds in a cofinancing oper- ation. Substantial advantages also accrue to the South Pacific De- velopment Member Countries.

Modeling the Fiji Economy, by Mark Sturton. Research Report Ser- ies No. 12. Honolulu: Pacific Islands Development Program, East- West Center, 1989. 153 pp. A framework is developed to formulate short-run economic poli- 48 cy in the annual budgetary cycle of a small open economy such

as Fiji and to examine the consequences of alternative policies of the government budget on the economy.

"The Tongan Knitwear Industry: A Study of Export Manufacturing Development in Pacific Islands," by Andrew McGregor. Pacific Eco- nomic Bulletin Vol. 4, No. 1, 1989. Manufacturing now represents Tonga's fastest growing sector. This study recounts the history of one successful Tongan enterprise and examines its contribution to the Tongan economy. The potential for replication of this type of enterprise elsewhere is also considered.

Trade and Investment in the South Pacific Islands: A Diagnostic Study, by Peter Thomson. Honolulu: Pacific Islands Development Program, East-West Center, 1989. 134 pp. To enable the region to compete effectively in the international mar- ketplace, and increase export development and overseas develop- ment, the establishment of a South Pacific Regional Trade Commission is recommended.

International Relations Program

The Burden-Sharing Issues in US-Japan Security Relations: A Per- spective from Japan, by Susumu Awanohara. International Relations Program Occasional Paper 2. Honolulu: International Relations Pro- gram, East-West Center, 1990. 45 pp. The monograph examines several dimensions of burden-sharing, and suggests a number of future scenarios. The author, a fellow with the program in 1989-90, makes a strong plea for Japan to establish and articulate clear national foreign policy priorities.

The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking, by Yaacov Y. I. Vertz- berger. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1990. 447 pp. This book on foreign policy decision-making was written at the Center by Yaacov Vertzberger, associate professor of International Relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a fellow in the International Relations Program during 1987-88. It deals with how policymakers receive, interpret and act on information, espe- cially in crises.

"Politics of Japan-China Trade Negotiations' John Quansheng Zhao. From Asian Profile, Vol. 18, No. 2 (April 1990). Reprint Series, In- ternational Relations Program. No. 6. This study takes the first four major Japan-China governmental economic agreements (trade, aviation, maritime transportation and 49

fisheries) after the 1972 normalization as a case study, examining patterns and styles of Japan's foreign trade negotiations. Based in part on interviews with bureaucrats, politicians, business execu- tives and scholars who were directly or indirectly involved in the negotiation process, the study focuses on the roles played by the bureaucracy and the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, and the in- teraction between the two.

50

Research and Program Stall

Institute of Culture and Communication

Director lu Weiming, PhD (History and East Asian Languages), Harvard University (effective June 1990)

Interim Director Robert B. Hewett, former Associated Press and Cowles Publications correspondent and bureau chief in Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa and Europe (appointment ended June 1990)

Research Associates Kennon Breazeale, DPhil (Oriental Studies), University of Oxford

Richard W. Brislin, PhD (Psychology), Pennsylvania State University

Elizabeth Buck, PhD (Political Science), University of Hawaii

John P. Chariot, Dr Theol (Religious Studies), University of Munich (appointment ended June 1990)

Godwin C. Chu, PhD (Communication), Stanford University

Paul J. A. Clark, PhD (History and East Asian Languages), Harvard University

Wijitha (Wimal) Dissanayake, PhD (Traditional Media), Cambridge University

William Feltz, MA (Ethnomusicology), University of Hawaii

Meheroo Jussawalla, PhD (Economics), Osmania University

Syed A. Rahim, PhD (Communication), Michigan State University

Larry E. Smith, MA (TESOL), University of Hawaii

Gregory J. Trifonovitch, MA (Linguistics) and MPH (International Health), University of Hawaii (transferred to Student Affairs and Open Grants August 1990)

Geoffrey White, PhD (Anthropology), University of California, San Diego

David Y.H. Wu, PhD (Anthropology), Australian National University

51

Adjunct Research Associate Hidetoshi Kato, PhD (Sociology), Toyo University

Fellows Barry Barnes, PhD (Sociology), University of California, Berkeley

Allan Firth, MA (Applied Linguistics), University of Birmingham (award ended July 1990)

Steven Friesen, PhD (Religion), Harvard University

Yang Haiou, PhD (Sociology), University of Hawaii (award ended September 1990)

Hasan Kakar, PhD (History), University of London (award ended February 1990)

Linda Moriarty, BA (Sociology), University of Hawaii

Sidthinat Prabudhanitisarn, PhD (Sociology), Standard University (award ended May 1990)

Jim Richstad, PhD (Mass Communication), University of Minnesota (award ended May 1990)

Theodore Solis, PhD (Musicology/Ethnomusicology), University of Illinois (award ended August 1990)

Arthur Whatley, PhD (Personnel Management and Industrial Rela- tions), North Texas State University (award ended August 1990)

Miftah Wirihadikusumah, PhD (Political Science), University of Hawaii (award ended May 1990)

Environment and Policy Institute

Director Emeritus Norton S. Ginsburg, PhD (Geography), University of Chicago

Interim Director John E. Bardach, PhD (Zoology), University of Wisconsin (effective August 1990)

Assistant Director/Research Associate Joseph R. Morgan, PhD (Geography), University of Hawaii 52 (appointment as assistant director ended September 1990)

Research Associates Richard A. Carpenter, MA (Organic Chemistry), University of Missouri

John A. Dixon, PhD (Economics), Harvard University (resigned April 1990)

Daniel J. Dzurek, AM (International Relations), University of Chicago

Jefferson M. Fox, PhD (Development Studies and Natural Resources Management and Development), University of Wisconsin-Madison

Lawrence S. Hamilton, PhD (Natural Resources), University of Michigan

Yok-shiu F. Lee, PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Joseph R. Morgan, PhD (Geography), University of Hawaii

James E. Nickum, PhD (Economics), University of California, Berkeley

A. Terry Rambo, PhD (Anthropology), University of Hawaii

Toufiq A. Siddiqi, PhD (Experimental Nuclear Physics), University of Frankfurt/Main

Kirk R. Smith, PhD (Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences), University of California, Berkeley

Fellows Julian Caldecott, PhD (Rainforest Primate Ecology), Cambridge University

Carol Carpenter, PhD (Socio-Cultural Anthropology), Cornell University

Terd Charoenwatana, PhD (Plant Breeding), Oregon State University

William K. Easter, PhD (Regional Agriculture Development and Plan- ning), Michigan State University (award ended December 1989)

John Hirten, MA (Economics), George Washington University, (award ended December 1990)

53

Neil Hamilton, JD (Law), University of Iowa (award ended March 1990)

Royce Jones, MEd (Educational Communications and Technology), University of Hawaii

James E. Maragos, PhD (Oceanography), University of Hawaii

Jamuna Ramakrishna, PhD (Geography), University of Hawaii

Paul Sherman, PhD (Economics), University of Hawaii (award end- ed March 1990)

Senior Consultants Maynard M. Hufschmidt, Doctor of Public Administration, Harvard University

Adjunct Research Associate Cary Bloyd, PhD (Engineering and Public Policy), Carnegie-Mellon University (on leave from Argonne National Laboratory)

Richard Cirillo, PhD (Engineering), New York University

Jon Van Dyke, JD (Law), Harvard University

Loren Habegger, PhD (Nuclear Physics), Purdue University (on leave from Argonne National Laboratory)

UH Joint Appointee Hal Olson, MA (Geography), University of Hawaii

Population Institute Staff

Director Lee-Jay Cho, PhD (Sociology), University of Chicago and doctorate of economics, Keio University, Japan

Assistant Director for Graduate Study/Research Associate Robert D. Retherford, PhD (Sociology), University of California, Berkeley

Assistant Director for Professional Education/Research Associate Robert W. Gardner, PhD (Demography), University of California, Berkeley 54

Research Associates Fred Arnold, PhD (Economics), University of Michigan

John G. Bauer, PhD (Economics), University of Michigan

Kennon Breazeale, DPhil (Oriental Studies), University of Oxford

Murray Chapman, PhD (Geography), University of Washington

Minja Kim Choe, PhD (Biostatistics), University of Hawaii

James I. Fawcett, PhD (Psychology), University of California, Berkeley

Griffith Feeney, PhD (Demography), University of California, Berkeley

Won Bae Kim, PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), University of Wisconsin-Madison

Yoon Hyung Kim, PhD (Economics), Stanford University

John E. Laing, PhD (Sociology), University of Chicago

Yok-shiu Lee, PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Linda G. Martin, PhD (Economics), Princeton University

Andrew Mason, PhD (Economics), University of Michigan

Karen Oppenheim Mason, PhD (Sociology), University of Chicago

James A. Palmore, Jr., PhD (Sociology), University of Chicago

Chai Bin Park, MD (Medicine), Seoul National University and DPH (Biostatistics), University of California, Berkeley

Rachel H. Racelis, PhD (Economics), University of Hawaii

Jawahar R. Rele, PhD (Sociology), University of California, Berkeley

Chi-hsien Tuan, graduate studies in demography at Princeton University and London School of Economics

Peter S. Xenos, PhD (Sociology), University of Chicago 55

Adjunct Research Associates Roland J. Fuchs, PhD (Geography), Clark University

Jack Reynolds, PhD (Public and International Affairs), University of Pittsburgh

Melinda Wilson, PhD (Community Health), Southern Illinois University

Fellows Tauseef Ahmed, PhD, (Sociology), University of Hawaii (award ended April 1990)

Maruja Asis, MB, PhD (Sociology), Bowling Green State University (award ended May 1990)

Gerard P. Baudchon, Postgraduate studies in demography, French National School for Statistics and Management Economics

Burnham 0. Campbell, PhD (Economics), Stanford University

Michael R. Dove, PhD (Anthropology), Stanford University

Woo Chul Kang, PhD (Education), Ewha Woman's University, (award ended February 1990)

Mahnje Kim, PhD (Economics), University of Missouri (award end- ed October 1989)

Richard K. C. Lee, MD (Medicine), Tulane Medical School and DPH (Public Health), Yale University

Jung Duk Lim, PhD, (Economics), University of South Carolina (award ended August 1990)

Norman Y. Luther, PhD (Mathematics), State University of Iowa

Tai Joon Moon, MD, Nippon University (award ended November 1990)

Eleanor C. Nordyke, MPH (Public Health and Population Studies), University of Hawaii arid RN, Stanford University

Robert T. Oliver, PhD (Speech Communication), University of Wisconsin (award ended March 1990)

56 Nancy E. Riley, PhD (Demography), The Johns Hopkins University

Hong Sohn, MA (Economics), Australian National University

Suk Joo Son, MA, (Political Science), Yonsei University

Charles W. Stahl, PhD, (Economics), University of California at Santa Barbara (award ended August 1990)

Dingding Wang, PhD (Economics), University of Hawaii

Feng Wang, PhD, (Sociology), University of Michigan (award ended September 1990)

ByongMoo Yang, PhD (Economics), University of Hawaii (award ended January 1990)

Resource Systems Institute

Interim Director Bruce Koppel, PhD (Rural Sociology), Cornell University (effective January 1991)

Director Seiji Naya, PhD (Economics), University of Wisconsin (resigned December 1990)

Assistant Directors Fereidun Fesharaki, PhD (Economics), Surrey University

Michael Manson, MA (American Studies), University of Hawaii

Research Associates Saleem Ahmed, PhD (Soil Science), University of Hawaii

Trent Bertrand, PhD (Economics), Cornell University

Kennon Breazeale, DPhil (Oriental Studies), University of Oxford

Allen L. Clark, PhD (Geology), University of Idaho

James P. Dorian, PhD (Resource Economics), University of Hawaii

David G. Fridley, MA (International Relations), Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University and MA (East Asian Studies), Stanford University 57

Pearl Imada, PhD (Economics), University of Hawaii

David I. Isaak, PhD (Geography), University of Hawaii

William E. James, PhD (Economics), University of Hawaii

Charles J. Johnson, PhD (Mineral Economics), Pennsylvania State University

Bruce Koppel, PhD (Rural Sociology), Cornell University

Chung H. Lee, PhD (Economics), University of California, Berkeley

Jackson Lum, MS (Geochemistry), University of Leeds

Robert McCleery, PhD (Economics), University of California, Berkeley

Richard Morse, MA (Economics), Harvard University

Michael Plummer, PhD (Economics), Michigan State University

Lisa Totto, PhD (Economics), University of Hawaii

Mark J. Valencia, PhD (Oceanography), University of Hawaii

Adjunct Research Associates Michael J. Antal, Jr., PhD (Mechanical Engineering), Harvard University

Deepak Bajracharya, MD (Environmental Engineering), Stanford University

Pow-Foong Fan, PhD (Geology), University of California, Los Angeles

Toyoaki Ikuta, BA (Economics), Tokyo University

James B. Marsh, PhD (Economics), University of Chicago

Walter Miklius, PhD (Economics), University of California, Los Angeles

John Power, PhD (Economics), Stanford University

Eric D. Ramstetter, PhD (Economics), University of Colorado 58

James Roumasset, PhD (Economics), University of Wisconsin- Madison

Shankar Sharma, PhD (Economics), University of Chicago

Kathleen Wilson, PhD (Nonformal Education), Michigan State University

Fellows Shigeyuki Abe, PhD (Economics) University of Hawaii (award ended August 1990)

Hisashi Amagai, PhD (Agricultural and Resource Economics), University of Hawaii

Mohammed Ariff, PhD (Economics), University of Lancaster (award ended July 1990)

Sharon Hoffman, MS (Public Policy), Carnegie-Mellon University (award ended February)

Gyoo J. Jeon, PhD (Mineral Economics), University of Arizona (award ended October 1989)

Kersten L. Johnson, MS (Energy & Resources), University of California, Berkeley (award ended March 1990)

John C. Kulp, MS (Mineral Economics), Pennsylvania State University, (award ended January 1990)

Bong Sub Lee, PhD (Mineral Economics), Harvard University

Keun Lee, PhD (Economics), University of California, Berkeley

Jackson Lum, MS (Geochemistry), University of Leeds (award ended July 1990)

Shelley Mark, PhD (Economics), University of Washington

Manuel Montes, PhD (Economics), Stanford University

Tipaporn Phimphisut, PhD (Political Science), Miami University (award ended October 1990)

Asclepias R. Soerjono, IR (Mathematics), Bandung Institute of Technology (award ended May 1990) 59

Wong Oh Song, PhD (Electrical Engineering), Seoul National University (award ended February 1990)

Leong Fee Wan, PhD (Agricultural Economics), University of Wisconsin, Madison (award ended April 1990)

Patricia Wilson, MTh (Senegambian Linguistic History), University of Aberdeen (award ended April 1990)

Nancy Yamaguchi, PhD (Geography), University of Hawaii

Robert Yonover, PhD (Marine Sciences), University of Hawaii (award ended December 1989)

Chairman, Business Programs David L. James, JD, University of Chicago Law School (transferred from Public Education December 1990)

International Relations Program

Coordinator Charles E. Morrison, PhD (International Studies), The Johns Hopkins University

Research Associates Muthiah Alagappa, PhD (International Affairs), Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University

Richard W. Baker, MPA (International Relations), Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University

Hong Yung Lee, PhD (Political Science), University of Chicago

Fellow Hafizullah Emadi, PhD (Political Science), University of Hawaii (award ended October 1990)

Benjamin N. Muego, PhD (Political Science), Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

John Q. Zhao, PhD (Political Science), University of California, Berkeley (award ended September 1990)

60

Pacific Islands Development Program

Interim Director Sitiveni Halapua, PhD (Economics), University of Kent at Canterbury

Director Charles W. Lepani, MA (Public Administration), John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (resigned January 1990)

Interim Director/Research Associate Sitiveni Halapua, PhD (Economics), University of Kent at Canterbury

Project Leader/Research Associate Andrew M. McGregor, PhD (Economics), Cornell University

Research Associate Richard Mark Sturton, PhD (Economics), Sussex University

Special Projects

Director Richard Halloran, MA (East Asian Studies), University of Michigan, former foreign correspondent in Asia and Washington, D.C., for Business Week, the Washington Post and the New York Times.

Coordinator of Programs in Journalism and Curator of Jefferson Fellowships Program John Schidlovsky, BA (English), Columbia University, former correspondent in China and India for The Baltimore Sun and 1990 East-West Center Journalist-In-Residence

Senior Fellows Robert B. Hewett, former Associated Press and Cowles Publications correspondent and bureau chief in Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa and Europe

Derek Davies, MA (English), Cambridge University, former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review

Journalist-in-Residence Keith Richburg, MSc (Government), London School of Economics, Southeast Asia for The Post correspondent Washington 61

Student Affairs and Open Grants

Dean Sarah D. Miyahira, PhD (Counseling Psychology), Ohio State University

Research Associates David G. Grossman, PhD (International Development Education), Stanford University (transferred to Public Education October 1990)

Gregory Trifonovitch, MA (Linguistics) and MPH (International Health), University of Hawaii

62

Financial and Participant Review

Balance Sheets, September 30, 1990

Assets Liabilities and Fund Balances Current Funds Current Funds General operating funds General operating funds Cash (including interest bearing Accounts payable and accrued accounts of $2,609,482 and liabilities $ 478,245 $3,241,734 for 1990 and Accrued vacation 1,220,000 1989, respectively) $ 2,616,116 Due to East-West Center Due from United States Foundation 10,655 Information Agency 1,236,450 Due to United States Information Accounts receivable 104,394 Agency - Inventories 13,607 Other deposits 4,260 Prepaid expenses 157,709 Fund balance Due from restricted operating Reserve for future funds 29,369 revenue shortfalls 1,609,467 Housing revenue reserve 385,513 Reserve for encumbrances 449,505

Total general operating funds 4,157,645 Total general operating funds 4,157,645

Restricted operating funds Restricted operating funds Cash 466,650 Accounts payable and Due from sponsors 3,514,781 accrued liabilities 112,324 Due from East-West Center Accrued vacation 29,994 Foundation 123,486 Due to general operating funds 29,369 Fund balance 3,933,230

Total restricted operating funds 4,104,917 Total restricted operating funds 4,104,917 Total current funds 8,262,562 Total current funds 8,262,562

Plant Funds Plant Funds Furniture and equipment 7,673,988 Notes payable 37,823 Building improvements 7,001,295 Net investment in plant 14,637,460

Total plant funds 14,675,283 Total plant funds 14,675,283

Elimination of Interfund Balances (29,369) Elimination of Interfund Balances (29,369) Total $22,908,476 Total $22,908,476

63

Statements of Current Funds Revenues, Expenditures and Other Changes for the Year Ended September 30, 1990

General Restricted Operating Operating Total Revenues Federal grant $20,430,000 $20,430,000 Gifts General 397,039 397,039 Cost sharing-cash 262,511 262,511 Cost sharing-donated services 2,471,068 2,471,068 Contracts and grants Federal 1,391,691 1,391,691 Other 2,665,887 2,665,887 Auxiliary enterprises 463,775 463,775 Other 993,115 993,115

Total current revenues 25,017,508 4,057,578 29,075,086

Expenditures Education, research and training programs Institute of Culture and Communication 4,046,526 358,447 4,404,973 Resource Systems Institute 3,909,299 568,122 4,477,421 Population Institute 3,256,913 1,415,927 4,672,840 Environment and Policy Institute 2,878,830 451,821 3,330,651 Student Affairs and Open Grants 2,164,129 197,816 2,361,945 Pacific Islands Development Program 1,126,806 560,042 1,686,848 Education Dissemination Service 243,507 243,507 Public and Corporate Education 215,315 4,141 219,456 Centerwide Programs 833,265 216,794 1,050,059 Auxiliary Enterprises 1,386,398 1,386,398 Total 20,060,988 3,773,110 23,834,098

Program direction, administration and institute support Board of Governors and International Advisory Panel 256,032 256,032 President 1,497,773 164,064 1,661,837 Office of Administration 3,085,529 120,404 3,205,933 Plant Operations 938,586 938,586 Total 5,777,920 284,468 6,062,388

Total current expenditures 25,838,908 4,057,578 29,896,486

Excess (Deficiency) of Revenues Over Expenditures (821,400) (821,400)

Other Transfers and Additions (Deductions) Excess (deficiency) of current restricted revenues over expenditures (142,840) (142,840) Refunded to grantors (5,197) (5,197)

Net Increase (Decrease) in Fund Balances $ (821,400) $ (148,037) $ (969,437)

64

Statements of Changes in Fund Balances for the Year Ended September 30, 1990

General Restricted Operating Operating Plant Funds Funds Funds

Revenues and Other Additions Federal grant $20,430,000 Expended for plant facilities charged to current funds expenditures $ 824,379 Retirement of indebtedness 16,738 Cost sharing gifts and donated services 2,733,579 Gifts and bequests-unrestricted 397,039 Gifts, grants and contracts-restricted $4,261,216 181,903 Auxiliary enterprises revenue 463,775 Other miscellaneous income 993,115 5,222

Total revenues and other additions 25,017,508 4,261,216 1,028,242

Expenditures and Other Deductions Education, research and training programs 20,060,988 3,773,110 Administrative and general expense 5,777,920 284,468 Equipment disposals 28,131 Indirect costs 346,478 Refunded to grantors 5,197

Total expenditures and other deductions 25,838,908 4,409,253 28,131

Net Increase (Decrease) for the Year (821,400) (148,037) 1,000,111 Fund Balance, Beginning of Year 3,265,885 4,081,267 13,637,349 Fund Balance, End of Year $ 2,444,485 $3,933,230 $14,637,460 (Schedule I) (Schedule V)

65 I

Schedule of Changes in General Operating Fund Balances for the Year Ended September 30, 1990 (Schedule I)

Total Other General Federal Current Interfund Operating Grant Funds Elimination Funds Revenues and Other Additions Federal grant $20,430,000 $20,430,000 Cost sharing gifts and donated services $2,733,579 2,733,579 Gifts and bequests-unrestricted 397,039 397,039 Auxiliary enterprises revenue 1,081,645 $ (617,870) 463,775 Educational activities 586,299 (586,299) Investment income 206,072 206,072 Other miscellaneous income 655,627 131,416 787,043

Total revenues and other additions 20,430,000 5,660,261 (1,072,753) 25,017,508 Expenditures and Other Deductions Education, research and training programs 16,038,436 4,973,964 (951,412) 20,060,988 Administrative and general expense 4,629,702 1,269,559 (121,341) 5,777,920 Total expenditures and other deductions 20,668,138 6,243,523 (1,072,753) 25,838,908

Net Increase (Decrease) for the Year (238,138) (583,262) (821,400) Fund Balance, Beginning of Year 444,515 2,821,370 3,265,885 Fund Balance, End of Year $ 206,377 $2,238,108 $ - $ 2,444,485

66

Schedule of Current Gifts, Grants, Contracts and Donated Services Revenues Awarded for the Year Ended September 30, 1990 (Schedule III) Restricted General Operating Gifts Gifts, Cost Donated Grants and General Sharing Services Contracts Total

Public Donors Africa $ 6,952 $ 6,952 American Samoa 17,241 17,241 Australia $ 7,563 68,552 $ 149,000 225,111 Austria 2,969 2,969 8,757 Bangladesh $ 3,433 5,324 1,076 1,076 Belgium 2,517 23,958 26,475 2,464 2,464 China: Mainland 74,205 74,205 Taiwan 100,000 56,349 156,349 2,440 2,440 Cook Islands 7,791 5,220 13,011 Denmark 22,000 22,000 Federated States of Micronesia 16,625 16,625 56,237 Fiji Islands 56,237 Finland 2,260 2,260 France 100,000 6,665 106,665 31,218 French Polynesia 31,218 Germany 17,824 17,824 Great Britain 15,323 15,323 Guam 4,296 4,296 Holland 1,019 1,019 10,433 Hong Kong 10,433 India 9,127 9,127 Indonesia 36,848 36,848 Iran 4,391 4,391 1,027 Italy 1,027 150,000 393,806 Japan 1,500 1,201 241,105 Korea 256,394 256,394 Kuwait 9,213 9,213 Malaysia 26,454 26,454 7,430 7,430 Nauru 11,958 11,958 6,838 Nepal 5,000 1,838 New Caledonia 10,737 10,737 New Guinea 3,609 3,609 New Zealand 36,809 36,809 Pakistan 907 907 6,940 Philippines 6,940 7,531 Republic of Belau 7,531 4,784 2,000 6,784 Republic of Kiribati 10,998 Republic of Marshall Islands 10,998 18,052 Singapore 8,869 9,183 67

Restricted General Operating Gifts Gifts, Cost Donated Grants and General Sharing Services Contracts Total Solomon Islands 1,652 907 2,559 Sri Lanka 702 702 Sweden 7,228 7,228 Switzerland 3,810 3,810 Thailand 50,000 25,877 75,877 Tonga 8,244 10,000 18,244 Tuvalu 7,579 7,579 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 12,791 12,791 United Arab Emirates 6,537 6,537 United States of America 7,128 78,469 548,380 2,123,522 2,757,499 Vanuatu 1,365 1,365

Total Public Donors $267,061 $100,271 $1,773,924 $2,439,742 $4,580,998

Private Donors African Development Bank 2,705 2,705 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 86,100 86,100 Aloha Airlines 250 250 Argonne National Laboratory 7,232 7,232 Asia Foundation 400 2,055 21,179 23,634 Asian Development Bank 6,031 16,185 212,837 235,053 Asian Productivity Organization 15,889 15,889 Australian National University 1,900 3,883 5,783 Bank of Hawaii 10,000 10,000 China International Center for Eco- nomic and Technical Exchange 14,915 14,915 Chung-Ang University 14,000 14,000 Circum-Pacific Council 19,461 19,461 East-West Center Foundation 2,500 496,799 499,299 Exxon Corporation 763 763 Ford Foundation 16,655 88,410 105,065 Friends of the East-West Center 13,969 13,969 Fulbright-Hayes 11,288 11,288 Harvard University 550 550 Hawaiian Airlines 4,050 4,050 Hawaiian Electric Co., Inc. 15,000 15,000 Hawaiian Telephone Company 3,900 3,900 Hilton Hotels 107,135 107,135 International Development Research Centre 2,148 99,119 101,267 International Statistical Institute- Netherlands 4,785 4,785 Japan Society Promotion of Science 6,896 6,896 John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 301,800 301,800

68

Restricted General Operating Gifts Gifts, Cost Donated Grants and General Sharing Services Contracts Total

Khon Kaen University 3,222 (5,373) (2,151) Korea Development Institute 3,325 230,000 233,325 Korea Ocean Research and 43,986 Development Institute 30,111 13,875 Korean Research Institute for Human Settlements 6,188 6,188 Korean Traders Scholarship Foundation 16,000 16,000 Los Alamos National Laboratory 1,205 1,205 Mobil Oil Corporation 5,000 5,000 Nihon University-Japan 1,500 1,709 586 3,795 Northwest Orient Airlines 13,546 13,546 P. T. Redecon-Jakarta 9,204 9,204 Pacific International Center for High Technology Research 550 25,000 25,550 Pacific Resources, Inc. 850 850 Research Triangle Institute 4,470 4,470 Rockefeller Brothers Fund 63,000 63,000 Rockefeller Foundation 6,400 6,400 Social Sciences Research Council 4,204 4,204 South Pacific Commission 2,500 2,500 SUAN Secretariat 3,838 18,509 9,263 31,610 United Nations 13,747 100,636 75,906 190,289 United States Educational Institutions 122,835 122,835 University of Alaska 7,861 7,861 University of Hawaii 100 1,415 70,597 72,112 University of Minnesota 4,555 4,555 Urban Institute 21,500 21,500 World Bank 15,663 54,352 70,015 World Health Organization 2,298 5,519 7,817 Yomiuri Shimbun 4,416 550 4,966 Miscellaneous private donors 107,640 81,301 22,140 18,334 229,415 Total Private Donors 129,978 162,240 697,144 1,821,474 2,810,836

Total $397,039 $262,511 $2,471,068 $4,261,216 $7,391,834

69

Schedule of Changes in Restricted Operating Gifts, Grants and Contracts Fund Balances for the Year Ended September 30, 1990 (Schedule V)

Balance Expenditures Balance October 1, and September 30, 1989 Additions Deletions 1990

Public Donors Australia $ 161,040 $ 149,000 $ 140,337 $ 169,703 Cook Islands 8,747 5,220 8,729 5,238 Coordination Council for North American Affairs 59 59 Federated States of Micronesia 34,278 30,860 3,418 Fiji Islands 10,426 8,553 1,873 France 100,320 100,320 French Polynesia 14,610 3,202 11,408 Hawaii 499,853 (10,595) 253,444 235,814 Japan 102,573 150,000 116,899 135,674 Nepal 25,229 6,070 19,159 Papua New Guinea 45,153 6,970 38,183 Republic of Kiribati 350 2,000 (304) 2,654 Tonga 15,310 10,000 482 24,828 United States of America (excluding Hawaii) 1,466,970 2,134,117 1,660,979 1,940,108

Total Public Donors $2,484,918 $2,439,742 $2,236,221 $2,688,439

Private Donors Alaska Center for International Business $ 128 $ 128 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 12,379 $ 86,100 $ 34,606 63,873 American Council of Learned Societies 2,484 2,484 Argonne National Laboratory (241) (241) Asian Population Coordination Unit 5 S Asian Development Bank 485,031 212,837 519,323 178,545 Canadian International Development Agency 1,125 1,125 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 617 617 China International Centerfor Eco- nomic & Technical Exchange 14,915 14,682 233 East-West Center Foundation 98,730 496,799 565,939 29,590 Ford Foundation 59,126 88,410 113,605 33,931 Friends of the East-West Center 9,615 9,615 Hewlett Foundation 141,730 75,960 65,770 International Development Research Centre 99,119 82,091 17,028 Japan Institute of International Affairs 204 204 John A. Burns Fund 7,299 3,092 4,207 John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 66,791 301,800 74,399 294,192 70

Balance Expenditures Balance October 1, and September 30, 1989 Additions Deletions 1990

Khon Kaen University Thailand 49,653 (5,373) 16,787 27,493 Korea Development Institute 199,990 230,000 210,364 219,626 Korea Institute for Economics 5,043 1,658 3,385 Korea Research Foundation 69,741 59,414 10,327 Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements 138,720 74,561 64,159 Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute 21,855 13,875 27,959 7,771 Korean Traders Scholarship Fund 16,000 7,310 8,690 Martin Marietta 9,328 1,460 7,868 Pacific Cultural Foundation 2,508 2,508 Pacific International Center for High Technology Research 25,000 11,112 13,888 Rockefeller Brothers Fund 39,480 63,000 63,318 39,162 Rockefeller Foundation 32,370 6,400 36,708 2,062 South Pacific Commission 10,842 10,094 748 South Pacific Regional Environment Program 18,411 2,500 20,911 United Nations 6,058 75,906 65,908 16,056 University of Hawaii 2,458 2,458 University of Minnesota 5,400 850 4,550 Urban Institute 21,500 12,832 8,668 World Bank 54,352 38,158 16,194 Miscellaneous Private Donors 99,469 18,334 18,099 99,704

Total Private Donors 1,596,349 1,821,474 2,173,032 1,244,791

Total $4,081,267 $4,261,216 $4,409,253 $3,933,230

71

East-West Center Participants by Country* (1960-1990)

Non- Joint Students Doctoral Degree Degree Fel- AssociateAssociatess Research Research Doc- Mas- Bach- Stu- lows EWC Field Interns Students toral ter's elor's dents Total Southeast Asia 1 12 1 14 Burma 3 13 1 4 2 27 1 2 53 Cambodia 13 1 2 4 20 Indonesia 113 975 550 84 6 23 93 10 1,854 Laos 1 37 3 1 42 84 Malaysia 50 538 154 38 3 29 75 39 926 Philippines 146 1,124 746 147 24 76 253 2,516 Singapore 27 198 148 5 1 7 28 6 420 Thailand 124 1,051 980 83 21 65 185 2,509 Vietnam 8 60 19 10 1 25 13 136 Subtotal 473 4,021 2,602 371 56 202 689 116 2 8,532 East Asia China: Mainland 230 523 380 49 34 20 92 1,328 Taiwan 66 762 768 29 8 32 196 1,861 Hong Kong 24 212 32 17 2 11 62 360 Japan 225 1,824 2,973 51 10 56 307 1 5,447 Korea, Dem. Rep. 6 4 10 Korea, Rep. 243 884 499 76 20 95 205 2,022 Macao 6 1 1 8 Mongolia 2 2 Subtotal 788 4,217 4,659 223 40 228 790 1 92 11,038 South Asia Afghanistan 3 43 1 10 7 18 23 105 Bangladesh 17 212 39 18 1 21 37 345 Bhutan 2 8 1 2 13 India 150 622 280 45 21 81 164 2 1,365 Iran 8 72 8 8 1 4 2 103 Maldives 1 1 Nepal 31 119 113 32 6 15 52 4 372 Pakistan 38 205 61 52 5 38 94 493 Sri Lanka 19 193 111 13 3 22 36 397 Subtotal 266 1,468 621 179 37 188 406 29 3,194

Pacific Region American Samoa 5 239 921 4 3 10 11 1,193 Australia 143 556 544 12 2 27 54 1 1,339 Cook Islands 2 68 61 1 8 1 141 1 1 2 Federated States of Micronesia 2 407 168 2 2 12 21 614 72

Non- Joint Students Professional Doctoral Degree Degree Associates Fel- Research Research Doc- Mas- Bach- Stu- lows EWC Field Interns Students total ter's elor's dents Total 26 3 758 Fiji 18 252 428 11 2 7 11 French 41 Polynesia 2 23 13 2 1 Gilbert Islands 36 4 40 Guam 2 82 218 1 1 7 14 1 326 Kiribati 19 5 2 1 27 Marshall Islands 140 79 1 1 2 4 227 Nauru 8 2 10 New Caledonia 2 34 140 1 177 New Zealand 58 296 275 20 5 17 43 714 15 5 1 21 1 1 Northern Marianas 1 211 197 3 10 5 427 Palau 193 51 2 12 7 265 Papua New Guinea 14 172 58 9 21 5 2 281 Solomon Islands 5 55 116 2 2 180 234 Tonga 6 106 102 6 4 10 Trust ofthePacific 58 632 690 Tuvalu 7 2 1 10 Vanuatu 30 171 1 202 1 2 3 Western Samoa 7 181 396 5 2 7 8 606 Subtotal 267 3,190 4,591 85 10 67 213 101 5 8,529 United States 1,400 7,743 805 447 64 298 1,005 19 1 11,782 Other 99 926 216 22 3 1 1,267 Total 3,293 21,565 13,494 1,327 210 983 3,104 266 100 44,342

Reflects the total number of awards processed as of September 30, 1990.

73

East-West Center Participants by Institute (October 1, 1989-September 30, 1990)

Participant Numbers Degree Non- Professional Joint Doctoral Students Degree Fel- Associates Research Research Doc- Mas- Stu- lows EWC Field Interns Students toral ter's dents Total Institute of Culture and Communication 75 100 2 16 1 58 51 20 323 Environment and Policy Institute 30 89 84 17 1 39 18 278 Population Institute 82 163 119 19 2 39 12 436 Resource Systems Institute 72 367 337 22 32 34 864 Open Grants 8 151 1 41 52 253 Pacific Islands Development Program 2 20 7 29 International Relations Program 7 203 21 1 4 7 243 Public Education 14 14 Special Projects 21 21 Total 276 1,128 563 83 4 213 174 20 2,461

Participant Months Joint Degree Non- Professional Doctoral Students Degree Fel- Associates Research Research Doc- Mas- Stu- lows EWC Field Interns Students toral ter's dents Total Institute of Culture and Communication 151 29 1 54 11 460 366 100 1,172 Environment and Policy Institute 84 57 21 54 12 306 102 636 Population Institute 186 107 28 46 4 261 84 716 Resource Systems Institute 151 57 63 68 252 193 784 Open Grants 17 67 3 319 333 739 Pacific Islands Development Program 8 9 44 61 International Relations Program 26 26 3 3 45 31 134 Public Education 3 3 Special Projects 6 6 Total623 361 116 272 27 1,643 1,109 100 4,251

74 Reflects the total number of awards processed as of September 30, 1990.

Participant Awards by Occupational Category* (October 1, 1989-September 30, 1990)

Students and Professional Joint Doctoral Non- Associates Research Degree Fellowsand Interns Students Students Total

Central Government Ministerial level officials 1 1 Executive level officials 2 2 Professionals and scientists in 411 central government 28 350 33 1 2 3 Legislators 10 Others in central government 4 6 State, Regional, or Provincial Government Professionals and scientists in 2 14 regional government 12 City or Town Government Professionals and scientists in 1 2 city government 1 International Organizations of international Employees 39 organizations 5 32 2 Level University 4 presidents/ rectors 4 University 138 University administrative staff 34 100 4 University teaching or research staff 100 345 82 527 160 University graduate students 10 48 102 31 University undergraduate students 31 Others in universities 8 73 10 2 93 Schools Secondary 7 Secondary school principals 7 121 Secondary school teachers or staff 110 11 Elementary Schools 24 Elementary principals/teachers/staff 21 3 Others in elementary schools 1 Business 132 Corporate executives 131 1 Managers employed by business 1 118 3 122 2 Employees 1 1 Professionals and scientists 113 employed by business 7 79 27 Others in business 20 4 24 Professionals Self-employed 1 Legal field 1 Technical field: engineers, architects, etc. 1 8 19 Self-employed professionals 3 8

75

Students and Professional Joint Doctoral Non- Associates Research Degree Fellows and Interns Students Students Total

Independent Institutes, Non-Profit Corporations, Hospitals, etc. Directors of institutes, corpora- tions, or hospitals 1 1 Managers/ executives in institutes and corporations 16 104 2 122 Professionals and scientists employed by institutes, etc. 36 161 31 228 Others in institutes and corporations 2 12 7 21 The Arts Artists 2 2 Composers or musicians 1 1 Other arts 1 1 Electronic Media Radio or TV journalists 1 1 2 Others in electronic media 4 1 5 Print Media Editors 5 8 3 16 Journalists 3 1 5 17 26 Others in print media 2 4 6 Military Military 2 1 3 Other Other/ unspecified 7 13 5 25 Total 276 1,774 391 20 2,461

*Reflects the total number of awards processed by September 30, 1990.

76

East-West Center Foundation

The East-West Center Foundation is a private, tax-exempt organiza- tion, incorporated in the state of Hawaii. The purpose of the Foun- dation is to broaden the base of support for the Center. The Foundation is governed by a distinguished international board of directors drawn from business, public service and the humanities. Contributions to the Foundation enhance the ability of the Center to implement new programs and respond to changing needs. Gifts and grants received during fiscal year 1990 by the East-West Center Foundation totaled $1,174,487. In 1989-90, individuals con- tributed over $100,000 to the Foundation's first Annual Membership Campaign to attract unrestricted support for Center programs. Con- tributors are recognized through donor clubs: Ambassadors Coun- cil ($5,000 and above); Ambassadors Club ($1,000-$4,999); Diplomats Club ($500-$999); and Colleagues Club ($100-$499). Members of the Foundation's donor clubs had a number of oppor- tunities to increase their knowledge about Asia and the Pacific through publications, conferences and guest speakers. A report of the highlights of the 1989-90 fiscal year including a listing of contributors to the East-West Center Foundation is availa- ble by contacting the Foundation at (808) 944-7188.

77

1990 East West Center Foundation Board of Directors

Chairman Keiji Kawakami Jiro Ushio William F. Kieschnick President Chairman and Chief President and Chief Executive lolani Sportswear, Ltd. Executive Officer Officer (Retired) Honolulu, Hawaii Ushio, Inc. Atlantic Richfield Company Tokyo, Japan Los Angeles, California Yotaro Kobayashi President Henry A. Walker, Jr. Chairman Frank Boas Fuji Xerox Company, Ltd Consulting Hawaii, Inc. Attorney Tokyo, Japan AMFAC/JMB Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii Henry Luce III Ian R. Wilson Mike R. Bowlin President President and Chief President The Luce Foundation, Henry Executive Officer ARGO International Oil and Inc. Foods, Inc. Gas New York, New York Wyndham Company San Francisco, California Piano, Texas Frank J. Manaut Isamu Yamashita Kenneth F. Brown Director and Retired Chairman Business Executive Chairman East Japan Railway Co., Ltd. Honolulu, Hawaii Bank of Hawaii Senior Advisor Honolulu, Hawaii Mitsui Engineering & Herbert C. Cornuelle Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. Chairman Hon. James B. Pearson Tokyo, Japan The Estate of James Of Counsel Campbell LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & Senior Counselors Honolulu, Hawaii MacRae Masaru Ibuka D.C. Washington, Honorary Chairman Walter A. Dods, Jr. Sony Corporation Chairman and Chief Robert G. Reed III Tokyo, Japan Executive Officer Chairman, President and First Hawaiian Bank Chief Executive Officer Laurance S. Rockefeller Honolulu, Hawaii Pacific Resources, Inc. Philanthropist; Honolulu, Hawaii Conservationist George J. Fukunaga New York, New York Chairman of the Board Yoshiharu Satoh Servco Pacific, Inc. Chairman and Chief Officers Honolulu, Hawaii Executive Officer President Pacific Central Bank Victor Hao Li Hon. J. William Fulbright Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii Attorney Washington, D.C. C. C. Tung Vice President Managing Director Mary L. Ho James F. Gary Island Navigation Honolulu, Hawaii Chairman Emeritus Corporation International, Pacific Resources, Inc. Ltd. Secretary-Treasurer Honolulu, Hawaii New York, New York/Hong Kenji Sumida 78 Kong Honolulu, Hawaii

Foundation Financial Review

Balance Sheet, September 30, 1990

Current Funds Endow- Unre- ment Plant Total stricted Restricted Funds Funds All Funds

Assets Investments $156,677 $1,174,426 $432,125 $1,763,228 Pledges receivable 67,440 67,440 Due from other fund 724 724 Equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,982 and $380 1990 and 1989, respectively $10,521 10,521 Total Assets $156,677 $1,242,590 $432,125 $10,521 $1,841,913

Liabilities and Fund Balances Due to East-West Center $ 23,819 $ 89,012 $ 112,831 Due to United States Information Agency Due to other fund 724 724 Fund balances 132,134 1,153,578 $432,125 $10,521 1,728,358 Total Liabilities and Fund Balances $156,677 $1,242,590 $432,125 $10,521 $1,841,913

Statement of Current Funds Revenues, Expenditures, and Other Changes for the Year Ended September 30, 1990 Unstricted Restricted Total Current Fund Funds Funds Revenues Gifts $106,870 $303,991 $410,861 Grants 192,569 192,569 Other (principally investment income) 40,273 16,809 57,082 Total 147,143 513,369 660,512 Expenses Disbursements to East-West Center 10,814 506,228 517,042 Fundraising 162,551 162,551 Miscellaneous 11,472 7,141 18,613 Total 184,837 513,369 698,206

Excess (Deficiency) of Revenues over Expenditures (37,694) (37,694)

Other Transfers and Additions (Deductions) Excess (deficiency) of current restricted revenues over expenditures 604,383 604,383 Net loss on investments Transfer to Quasi-endowment Funds

Net Increase in Fund Balances $ (7,694) $604,383 $566,689 (Decrease) 79

Statement of Changes in Funds Balances for the Year Ended September 30, 1990

Current Funds Endow- Unre- ment Plant Total stricted Restricted Funds Funds All Funds

Revenues and Other Additions Gifts $106,870 $ 979,629 $1,086,499 Grants 87,988 87,988 Investment income 40,273 50,135 $ 2,811 93,219 Expended for equipment charged to current funds expenditures $ 5,169 5,169 Other Total 147,143 1,117,752 2,811 5,169 1,272,875

Expenses Disbursements to East-West Center 10,814 506,228 517,042 Fundraising 162,551 162,551 Net losses on investments Miscellaneous 11,472 7,141 1,602 20,215

Total 184,837 513,369 1,602 699,808

Net Increase (Decrease) for the Year (37,694) 604,383 2,811 3,567 573,067

Fund Balances, Beginning of Year 169,828 549,195 429,314 6,954 1,155,291

Fund Balances, End of Year $132,134 $1,153,578 $432,125 $10,521 $1,728,358

80