Laboratory Experiments Simulating NO-NO2 Conversion and Nox-Sox
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Unit – 1 Introduction - Chloro Alkali Industries-Scha 1305
SCHOOL OF BIO AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION - CHLORO ALKALI INDUSTRIES-SCHA 1305 1 Process Equipment Symbols UnitOperation SchematicRepresentation Comments 1. Distillation Utilized for intermittent operation and handling small volumes (a) Batch of feed and product (b) ContinuosFra Suitable for high volume ctionator continuous separation of complex mixtures eg. petroleum fraction Employed for large capacity 2. Drying ofSolids operation on liquid feed to give powered, spherical,free (a) SprayDrier flowing product ;used in prodution of pigments, detergents,synthetic resins and misc inorganic salts 2 UnitOperation SchematicRepresentation Comments Suitable for drying free flowing granular solids which do not dust or stick ; high temp models are kilns (b) RotaryDrier for calcining cement, lime, etc. Best suited to drying pastes or powders in trays ; also used ( c ) Tunnel Driver to dry pottery, lumber, leather, etc., In sheet shaped forms 3. Evaporation Used for small batches ; often of viscous mat’s ; (a) OpenPan such designs are easy to clean 3 UnitOperation SchematicRepresentation Comments Used to contact solvent and feed 4. Extraction to give raffinate and extract ; widely adapted to removal of (a) Liquid -liquid napthenes from lube oil fractions Using solvents such as furfural Involves removal of a solute from a Solidbymeansofaliquidso;lventOften ( b) Solid-Liquid used in ore treatment to Recover (Leaching) metal values 5. FluidHandling ( a )Centrifugal Mostwidelyusedforliquidsofall pump types;simpleinconstructionand maintenance 4 UnitOperation SchematicRepresentation Comments (b) Reciprocating Pump Generally used for higher Or Compressor pressure delivery ; may be used for metering or proportioning Used for lower pressure ( c ) Jet Ejector operation or production of vacuum ; steam often used as motive fluid 6. -
Vol 10 No 09 Corrosion from High Ammonia in An
™ The CONTACTOR Published Monthly by Optimized Gas Treating, Inc. Volume 10, Issue 9, September, 2016 Severe Corrosion in the Incinerator of an SRU The case study that is the subject of this 푁푎2푆푂4 + 퐻2푂 + 푁푂 + 푁푂2 + 푂2 month’s issue of The Contactor™ arose from stack or by hydrolysis of nitrosylsulfuric acid: tests on an SRU. High SO2 levels were found to- gether with a high concentration of acid mist. Acid 2푁푂퐻푆푂4 + 퐻2푂 → 2퐻2푆푂4 + 푁푂 + 푁푂2 mist seemed to be related to the operation of the In the incinerator of an SRU, combusting ammonia sour water stripper (SWS) but in a way whose also produces NO components because the main chemistry was not understood. However, ammonia x fuel is actually hydrocarbon. For example, it has was suspected to be a contributor. † been reported in a very interesting paper that the Most of the ammonia produced in a refinery degree of conversion of ammonia to NOx is a is collected in sour water. Sometimes it can be strong function of excess air, ammonia content in prevented from entering the SRU from the SWS by the hydrocarbon fuel, and the degree of mixing in employing a two-stage stripping process which the flame. So the chemical species necessary for produces concentrated streams of H2S and NH3. generating sulfuric acid by the chemistry of the lead ProTreat is an excellent tool for accurate design chamber process are present because (1) there is and simulation of two-stage SWSs. Either this always SO2, and (2) ammonia enters the incinera- ammonia stream can be further concentrated into a tor either directly from a 2-stage SWS, or from in- marketable anhydrous form, or it can be directly complete destruction of NH3 in the reaction furnace incinerated. -
PROCESS MODELING and ANALYSIS of CO2 PURIFICATION for OXY-COAL COMBUSTION MASSACHUSETTS INS E by of TECHNOLOGY
PROCESS MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF CO2 PURIFICATION FOR OXY-COAL COMBUSTION MASSACHUSETTS INS E By OF TECHNOLOGY Chukwunwike Ogbonnia Iloeje MAY 18 2011 B.Eng. Mechanical Engineering LIBRRIES University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2004 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN AR(MES PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JANUARY 2011 0 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author........... ............................... Department of Mechanical Engineering January 14, 2011 Certified by.............. Ahmed F. Ghoniem Ronald C. Crane Professor Thacic Cunanwicnr Accepted by.................................. .... ................. Dave E.Hardt Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students *r PROCESS MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF CO2 PURIFICATION FOR OXY-COAL COMBUSTION By Chukwunwike Ogbonnia Iloeje Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on January 14, 2011 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering ABSTRACT Oxy-coal combustion technology has great potential as one of the major CO2 capture technologies for power generation from coal. The distinguishing feature of oxy-coal combustion is that the oxygen source is a high concentration oxygen stream and the product flue gas consists primarily of CO2 and H20 with contaminants like NOx, SOx, and non-condensable gases like argon, oxygen and nitrogen. For carbon sequestration and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) applications, pipeline transport standards as well as storage specifications impose concentration limits on these contaminants. -
Schlieren Imaging of Loud Sounds and Weak Shock Waves in Air Near the Limit of Visibility
Shock Waves DOI 10.1007/s00193-009-0226-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Schlieren imaging of loud sounds and weak shock waves in air near the limit of visibility Michael John Hargather · Gary S. Settles · Matthew J. Madalis Received: 27 April 2009 / Accepted: 4 August 2009 © Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract A large schlieren system with exceptional sensi- Keywords Shock waves · Nonlinear acoustics · Sound · tivity and a high-speed digital camera are used to visualize Noise · Schlieren · High-speed imaging loud sounds and a variety of common phenomena that pro- duce weak shock waves in the atmosphere. Frame rates var- PACS 42.79.Mt · 43.25.+y ied from 10,000 to 30,000frames/s with microsecond frame exposures. Sound waves become visible to this instrumenta- tion at frequencies above 10kHz and sound pressure levels 1 Introduction in the 110dB (6.3Pa) range and above. The density gradient produced by a weak shock wave is examined and found to Visualizing sound-wave motion in air has been a dream of sci- depend upon the profile and thickness of the shock as well as entists and engineers for at least a century and a half, although the density difference across it. Schlieren visualizations of sound waves and weak shock waves were initially confused. weak shock waves from common phenomena include loud August Toepler’s (1836–1912) epitaph, “He was the first to trumpet notes, various impact phenomena that compress a see sound,” actually referred to his schlieren imaging of weak bubble of air, bursting a toy balloon, popping a champagne shock waves from electric sparks [1]. -
Gas Kinetics in Galactic Disk. Why We Do Not Need a Dark Matter to Explain Rotation Curves of Spirals? Anton Lipovka
Gas kinetics in galactic disk. Why we do not need a dark matter to explain rotation curves of spirals? Anton Lipovka To cite this version: Anton Lipovka. Gas kinetics in galactic disk. Why we do not need a dark matter to explain rotation curves of spirals?. 2018. hal-01832309v3 HAL Id: hal-01832309 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01832309v3 Preprint submitted on 24 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Gas kinetics in galactic disk. Why we do not need a dark matter to explain rotation curves of spirals? Lipovka A.A. Department of Research for Physics, Sonora University, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México May 27, 2020 Abstract In present paper, we analyze how the physical properties of gas affect the Rotation Curve (RC) of a spiral galaxy. It is shown, that the observed non-Keplerian RCs measured for outer part of disks, and the observed radial gas distribution are closely related by the diffusion equation, which clearly indicates that no additional mass (Dark Matter) is need. It is stressed, that while the inner part of the RC is subject of the Kepler law, for the correct description of the outer part of the RC, the collisional property of the gas should also be taken into account. -
The Chemical Industry 3. Industrial Production of NH3, HNO3, H2SO4
The Chemical Industry 3. Industrial production of NH3, HNO3, H2SO4 1 Ammonia production https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiwl4eoHbig&t=8s ◦ Ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. There are numerous large-scale ammonia production plants worldwide, producing a total of 144 million tonnes of nitrogen (equivalent to 175 million tonnes of ammonia) in 2016. ◦ China produced 31.9% of the worldwide production, followed by Russia with 8.7%, India with 7.5%, and the United States with 7.1%. ◦ 80% or more of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizing agricultural crops. ◦ Ammonia is also used for the production of plastics, fibers, explosives, nitric acid (via the Ostwald process) and intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals. 2 Modern ammonia-producing plants ◦ A typical modern ammonia-producing plant first converts natural gas, liquified petroleum gas, or petroleum naphtha into gaseous hydrogen. ◦ The method for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons is known as steam reforming. ◦ The hydrogen is then combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia via the Haber-Bosch process. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzFZ9TYizaw 3 Starting with a natural gas feedstock, the processes used in producing the hydrogen are: The first step in the process is to remove sulfur compounds from the feedstock because sulfur deactivates the catalysts used in subsequent steps. Sulfur removal requires catalytic hydrogenation to convert sulfur compounds in the feedstocks to gaseous hydrogen sulfide: H2 + RSH → RH + H2S(gas) The gaseous hydrogen sulfide -
Project RAND Publication: RA-15022
, , ,-.. ,'. --. - ~.-~~ UNCLASSIFIED (rA) AERODYNAMICS, GAS DYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS OF A SATELLITE ROCKET RA-15022 February 1, 1947 UNCLASSI FI ED DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY, INC. == DECLASSIFIED lAW E012958 BY EO Review Team DATE &' - ) r; --- :J-cJl r} This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Act, SO U.S.C., 31 and 32, as amended. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law. SECRET TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...... , ......................................................... v SUMMARy .........................................................................vii LIST OF SyMBOLS ............................................................... ix I. AERODYNAMICS .............................................................. I A. Drag ....................................................................... l 1. The Drag Forces Exerted on a Supersonic Rocket ......................... 1 2. Approximations Used in the Drag Analysis ............................... 4 3. Methods Employed in Evaluating the Drag ................................ 6 4. The Optimum Shape for a Satellite Rocket ......... , ..................... 8 5. Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Superaerodynamics) ............................. 20 B. Aerodynamics of Stability and Control. .. , ..............•.... : ............. 20 L Control Manent ..................................... '............ , ...... 21 2. Body Moment .......................................................... -
Gas Phase Reaction Kinetics of Neutral Oxygen Species
National Bureau ot Standards Library, £01 Admin. Bldg. FEB 3 1969 A11102 mbQQb NSRDS-NBS 20 All 1021 46006 /NSflOS-MI? N6S-.UB-CW NBS PUBLICATIONS Gas Phase Reaction Kinetics Of Neutral Oxygen Species U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS National Standard Reference Data Series National Bureau of Standards National Standard Reference Data System, Plan of Operation, NSRDS-NBS 1 — 15 cents* Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uni-univalent Electrolytes, NSRDS-NBS 2 — 45 cents* Selected Tables of Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and Multiplet Tables — Si II, Si III, Si IV, NSRDS-NBS 3, Section 1 — 35 cents* Selected Tables of Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and Multiplet Tables — Si I, NSRDS-NBS 3, Section 2 — 20 cents* Atomic Transition Probabilities, Volume I, Hydrogen Through Neon, NSRDS-NBS 4 — $2.50* The Band Spectrum of Carbon Monoxide, NSRDS-NBS 5 — 70 cents* Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Part 1, NSRDS-NBS 6 — 40 cents* High Temperature Properties and Decomposition of Inorganic Salts, Part 1, Sulfates, NSRDS-NBS 7-35 cents* Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8 — 11.00* Tables of Bimolecular Gas Reactions, NSRDS-NBS 9 — $2.00* Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, NSRDS- NBS 10-40 cents* Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Part 2, NSRDS-NBS 11 — 30 cents* Tables for the Rigid Asymmetric Rotor: Transformation Coefficient for Symmetric to Asymmetric Bases and Expectation Values of P§, P|, and Pf, NSRDS-NBS 12 — 60 cents* Hydrogenation -
Gas Kinetics Introduction
Gas Kinetics Introduction • Most deposition techniques rely on gas flow in a vacuum. • We need a model for understanding; – the speed and energy of the gas molecules as a function of temperature and pressure, – how these molecules interact with each other and their surroundings, – and how mass, heat and momentum is transported by these molecules. The Size of a Molecule (a very rough calculation) • Take water (liquid H2 O) as an example. • Oxygen has 8 protons and 8 neutrons for a total of 16 nucleons and Hydrogen has 1 proton. So water has 16+1+1=18 nucleons −24 m≈PN1 m . ≈ 66 × 10g −23 m18HO= mN 2 = . 99 × g 10 2 d HO2 N1= m 3 = . 35 ×22 molecules 10 / g HO2 HO2 ρ 1= .g 00 cm3 / HO2 1 V = 2= . 99 × −23 10cm 3 molecule / HO2 ρ N HOHO2 2 3 d=2 ×3 V5 . = 64− ×8 10cm HO2 4 HO2 The Distance Between Molecules in a Gas • Now take water vapor (gaseous H2 O). ρ 0= . 8 ×g 10−3 cm3 / HO2 1 −20 3 l V = 3= . 73 × 10cm molecule / HO2 HO2 ρ N HOHO2 2 l=3 V3 . = 34 ×−7 10cm HO2 HO2 l≈ 6 d HO2 HO2 Molecular Velocities • Basic assumptions: – We’ll assume an ideal gas where the gas molecules interact elastically (collisions are similar to the collisions of hard billiard balls). – The distance between molecules are large compared to their sizes. – There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the molecules and each molecule moves independently of the others. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution • Under these assumptions, the molecules of a gas have velocities that are distributed according to: 1 dn M ⎛ Mv2 ⎞ where f is the fractional number of 2 ⎜ ⎟ molecules, v is the velocity, M is the f() v= =4πv exp⎜− ⎟ molecular weight, T is the temperature n dv 2πRT ⎝ 2RT ⎠ and R is the universal gas constant. -
History of the Chemical Industry, 1750 to 1930
History of the Chemical Industry 1750 to 1930 – an Outline Copyright: David J M Rowe, University of York (1998) Introduction The aim of this survey is to sketch the history of the chemical industry (mainly in Britain), for the period 1750 to 1930, and its relationship with contemporary political, social, and scientific developments; much detail will inevitably be omitted for brevity. It will be argued that the development of the chemical industry arose largely in response to contemporary social needs; and that whereas the development gained much from scientific discoveries, problems encountered in industry also provided fertile ground for scientific enquiry. It is often supposed that pure science is a necessary precursor of technological development but a study of history reveals many cases in which scientific understanding of technology lags behind the technology, sometimes by a long way. Political Background Some major events: • American War of Independence 1775-1783 • French Revolution and Napoleonic Period Revolution 1789, First Empire (Napoleon I) 1804-1815 • American Civil War 1861-1865 • Unification of Italy; completed 1870 • Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 • Unification of Germany; foundation of German Empire 1871 • First World War 1914-1918 • Second World War 1939-1945 Emergence of Britain as the dominant world economic power between the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) and the First World War, but rise of Germany as a strong economy after 1871. Emergence of the USA as a powerful economy towards the end of the 19th century, to become -
Mathematical Modeling of the Shockless Explosion Combustion
Dissertation Mathematical Modeling of the Shockless Explosion Combustion Phillip Berndt im August 2016 eingereicht am Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik Freie Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Erstgutachter & Betreuer: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rupert Klein Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Oliver Paschereit Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr. rer.nat. Volker John Tag der Disputation: 02. Dezember 2016 Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The Shockless Explosion Combustion . .4 1.2. The Reactive Euler Equations of Fluid Dynamics . .7 1.2.1. The One-Dimensional Reactive Euler Equations . .8 1.2.2. Ignition Delay Time and Excitation Time . 11 1.2.3. Lagrangian Picture . 13 1.2.4. Quasi One-Dimensional Flow . 16 2. Fuel Requirements and Blend Selection 19 2.1. Model Reduction for SEC Fuels . 20 2.2. Model for Idealized SEC Fuels . 24 2.2.1. Single-Stage Model . 25 2.2.2. Two-Stage Extension . 27 2.3. Fuel Selection for the Atmospheric SEC Test Rig . 29 2.4. Numerical Methods for the Simulation of Chemical Kinetics . 32 2.5. Intermediate Conclusion . 35 3. Numerical Methods for Multi-Species Gaseous Flow 37 3.1. Solution of the Riemann Problem for Ideal Gases . 38 3.1.1. Linearization of the Equations . 38 3.1.2. Primitive Form of the Equations . 39 3.1.3. Riemann Invariants . 40 3.1.4. Solution Strategy . 42 3.2. The HLLE Solver in Multi-Species Simulations . 43 3.2.1. Positivity . 44 3.2.2. Pressure Oscillations at Contact Discontinuities . 46 3.2.3. A Note on Larrouturou’s Positivity Correction . 49 3.3. -
On Ionospheric Aerodynamics*
Prog. Aerospace Sei. 1975. Vo}. 16, No. 3. pp. 273-297. Pergamon Press. Printed in Great Britain ON IONOSPHERIC AERODYNAMICS* V. C. LIU The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Summary--This paper presents theoretical methods to determine the gas dynamic and the electrostatic effects due to the interaction caused by a rapidly moving body in the ionosphere. The principles of the methods are derived from the kinetic theory of collision-free plasma. It is shown that the collective behavior of the collision-free plasma makes it possible to use the fluid approach to treat the problems of ionospheric aerodynamics. Various solutions to the system of fluid and field equations that have direct bearing on the ionospheric aerodynamics are presented and discussed. Physical significances of the mathematical results are stressed. Some outstanding unsolved problems in ionospheric aerodynamics are elaborated and discussed. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND UNITS (EM) l. INTRODUCTION All symbols are defined in the text. Only those that are repeatedly used are listed here. In the description of The advent of space flight which entails the electromagnetic fields Gaussian cgs units are adopted interaction between a rapidly moving, electrically throughout. These symbols are compiled in a separate charged body, e.g. a spacecraft, and a tenuous group with their corresponding quantities in rationalized ionized gas, e.g. the terrestrial ionosphere or the inks units with conversion factors listed in tandem. interplanetary gas, brings the aerodynamicists to GROUP A (electromagnetic) bear with a new aspect of aerodynamics--the ionospheric aerodynamics.t This interdisciplinary Gaussian Quantity mks science which combines gas dynamics with elec- B magnetic induction (47r/p.o)'r-B H magnetic field (4 ~-p.o)'nH tromagnetic fields poses some distinctive traits of c speed of light (~ot~o)-''~ its own even though it shares the basic principles of E electric field (4rr¢o)'r~E plasma physics with studies on electrical discharges 4, electric potential (4,n.eo)'1:~ and nuclear fusion.