Important Dates May 9- Practical I & Notebooks Due: Herbarium assignment: - Study your notebook - most algae you've already seen current name: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/californiaseaweeds.html
- know your phycologist terms current order: http://www.algaebase.org/ - bring your MAC - microscope section University of California, Santa Cruz - matching section ALGAE OF Chlorophyta, Cladophorales - 2 unknowns Name Acrosiphonia coalita (Ruprect) R.F. Scagel, D.J . - turn in notebooks & MAC to TA at start of lab Garbary, L.Golden & M.J.Hawkes - labs 1-5 graded Location Davenport Landing , Santa Cruz, California - 3 hours Habitat found in low intertidal, growing on rocks - AM lab starts at 9 AM!!! Collected by your name Date April 19, 2014 No. 1
Identified by your name Date April 19, 2014 May 12- next Monday Presentation Paper Due
May 28- Presentation Question Due Heterokontophyta Incertae sedis 1 Phaeostrophion irregulare Setchell & N.L. Gardner
DOMAIN Groups (Kingdom) Division: Rhodophyta 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae) 2.Archae “Algae” 3.Eukaryotes 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates
2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, heterokonyophyta
3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids
4. Excavates- unicellular flagellates
5. Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses
6. Amoebozoans- slimemolds
7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion
8. Choanoflagellates - unicellular
3 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs 4
1 Photosynthetic organisms on earth Division Rhodophyta > 6,500 species total 3.45 bya = Cyanobacteria appear and introduce photosynthesis 98% marine - most speciose of the macroalgae 1.5 bya = first Eukaryotes appeared (nuclear envelope and ER thought to come from invagination of plasma membrane) Location S. Australia N. Atlantic CA 0.9 bya = first multicellular algae (Rhodophyta - Red algae) Red 800 (70%) 589 (50%) 459 (69%) Brown 231 324 137 Green 123 258 72 800 mya = earliest Chlorophyta (Green algae) 1154 1171 668
400-500 mya = plants on land – derived from Charophyceae
250 mya = earliest Heterokontophyta (Brown algae)
100 mya = earliest seagrasses (angiosperms)
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Rhodophyta Characteristics Biogeography/distribution 1) Pigments: chl a carotenoids: • Found at all latitudes phycobilins:
• Temperate / Tropical 2) Chloroplast structure: highest # of spp (outnumber browns and greens) • envelope: layers • thylakoids: single, no stacks • Polar
relatively few species – browns and greens dominate lots of crustose coralline reds, to 200 m 3) Storage product: s • Size distribution tropical = mostly small filamentous plants (except calcareous forms) 4) Flagella: n temperate = larger fleshy species
5) Mitosis: 7 8
2 Algal taxonomy Phycobilisome structure: Hierarchical system of classification:
Level: suffix: example: Domain Eukaryote Group Plantae Division -phyta Rhodophyta Class -phyceae Florideophyceae Subclass -phycidae Rhodymeniophycidae Order -ales Rhodymeniales Family -aceae Rhodymeniaceae Genus Rhodymenia species pacifica
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Pigments
Structure of Phycobilisome on phycoerythrin + thylakoid membrane protein
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3 …vs. other divisions: pigments imbedded within the Rhodophyta Pigments thylakoid membrane
Reds respond to changing light conditions by:
1. Changing the number/density of phycobilisomes
2. Changing the # of molecules of pigment in each antennae
…what is this called?
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Pigments Experiment: Pigments Experiment: - same species of red algae - same species of red algae Buoy - place on rope at 3 depths Buoy - place on rope at 3 depths
PC
PE
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4 Rhodophyta Morphology of Cell Walls Human Uses of Rhodophyta
• Food Two Main Components: • nori (Porphyra) 1. Cellulose microfibrils • 1949 life cycle completed – advanced cultivation techniques Function: structural support
2. Phycocolliods- Mucilaginous polysaccarides • Phycocolliods = dervived from mucilagenous polysaccharides of cell surrounds the microfibrills walls •Thickeners a. agar (agarose) •Stabilizers b. carageenan •Gels Function: elasticity; flexibility; prevent
desiccation; and osmoregulation (ion exchange) •Two important phycocolliods: • Carageenan (toothpaste, cosmetics, chocolate milk, ice cream, (“carageenan” after Irish county where Chondrus crispus is found) dessert gels, pet foods), found in Chondrus, Gigartina, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus •Agar (food gel, pharmaceutical capsules, medium for culturing microorganisms, gel electrophoresis) , found in Gelidium, 17 Gracelaria, Pterocladia, and Ahnfeltia 18
Rhodophyta Cell Characteristics: Cell characteristics large cells due to: Uninucleate Multinucleate Uninucleate Apical cell: non-polyploid polyploid 1. Multinucleate = one cell has multiple nuclei non- polyploid # of nuclei correlated to the number of plastids (replication, mitosis, no cytokinesis)
2. Polyploidy- repeated genome duplication buffer against mutation of essential genes Derived Uninucleate Multinucleate Uninucleate Multinucleate Multinucleate (Endoreduplication = replication, no mitotic non- polyploid nuclear division) cells: non- polyploid non- polyploid polyploid non- polyploid
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5 Cell characteristics Flagella? NO- lack of flagella has led to
Uninucleate TRIPHASIC LIFE HISTORY non- polyploid Uninucleate, polyploid
Apical cell: • Spores – no flagella
• Gametes – no flagella
• “spermatia” = unflagellated male gamete; no free movement Derived cells: Multinucleate, Uninucleate Multinucleate non- polyploid polyploid non- polyploid
Mazzaella, • Passive dispersal by water Examples: Microcladia Callithamnion, Polysiphonia Chondracanthus
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Pit plugs Pit plugs - structural support between cells - structural support between cells
Old name: “pit connections”
• Protinaceous plugs between cells • Secondary pit plugs • Primary pit plugs formed between non-related formed during cytokinesis between 2 daughter cells within a filament cells within and individual among filaments or between individuals (parasites) • Not a real connection – unlike browns, not for transport
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6 Polysiphonous – composed of tiers of vertically elongated Rhodophyta Morphology cells, transversely arranged, the lateral cells around a central axis (siphon) -Unicellular- solitary non motile cells central filament surrounded by 4 or more pericentral cells
MAC Key: Cells in a regular transverse series - Filamentous- chain of cells
-Parenchymatous- undifferentiated, isodiometric cells generated by a meristem
- Pseudoparenchymatous- form of thallus composed of interwoven continuous filaments
25 Polysiphonia 26
Morphology Growth
Cortication – elaboration of polysiphonous condition where pericentral cells continue to proliferate Reds often display growth through cell elongation
Cell repair by cell fusion New growth = not florescent
Partial Cortication 27 28
7 Uniaxial Growth- one longitudinal central filament forming the Heterotrichous Growth axis
– filamentous growth in 2 directions, results in thallus composed of both prostrate + erect components
= cell division
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Multiaxial Growth- several longitudinal medullary filaments, each derived from an apical cell Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species
Eight classes Focus on 3 classes: 1. Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species 2.Class: Bangiophyceae-158 species 3.Class: Florideophyceae- 6,199 species
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8 Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 1. Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Order: Porphyridales Order: Porphyridales Genus: Porphyridium • Unicellular
• “a little round thing”
• Soil, Arial habitats, Fresh water, Brackish, Marine
•Surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath
• Large stellate chloroplast
• Reproduction by cell division, release of vegetative cells or by endospores
Genus: Porphyridium, Rufusia 33 34
Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 1.Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species 2.Class: Bangiophyceae-158 species Order: Porphyridales Order: Bangiales Genus: Rufusia - “simple” reds - unicells, filaments, parenchymatous blades Found only in sloth hair - marine, terrestrial, freshwater - uninucleate -one stellate chloroplast per cell - pit plugs rare; if present, only primary, and in 2N stage - biphasic life history
9 Genus: Bangia Genus: Pyropia (Porphyra) 1N gametophyte: parenchymatous blade monostromatic or distromatic • Unbranched uniseriate filament in early development; later becomes multiseriate; 2N sporophyte: rhiziodial extensions of lower cells “conchocelis” stage discovered in 1949 by Kathleen •2N conchocelis stage like Porphyra Drew Baker REVOLUTION •Asexual reproduction by monospores microscopic filament lives on/in mollusk shells • Pit plugs present in conchocelis stage perennial but not in gametophyte
•Inhabits upper intertidal splash zone on • Haplodiplontic life history rocks – rarely epiphytic • Saxicolous or epiphytic • Harvested for nori 373 38 7
Algal Life Histories :Terminology Division: Rhodophyta- 2.Class: Bangiophyceae- Spermatium, spermatia (pl) = a non motile cell that Order: Bangiales functions as a male gamete
Carpogonium = female gamete
Conchocelis stage= 2N filamentous stage; lives in/on CaCo3 shells of mollusks
Conchospore = 1 N spore produced by 2N conchocelis stage
fertilization Monospore= asexual spore that develops into the same phase as the parent
Asexual vs. Sexual: gametophyte switches from monospores to gametes; triggered by daylength (fall = shorter days = sex)
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10 Life History of Bangaliales ex Pyropia Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species HaplodiplonticLi fe Alternation Cycle o f ofth Generations:e Bangial es organism having a 3.Class: Florideophycidae-6199 species separate multicellularHaplo-diplont ic diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage e.g. Porphyra gardneri - advanced reds
syngamy - always multicellular: filaments or psuedoparenchymatous -marine, freshwater
spermatium -almost always multinucleate carpogonium 2N carpospores -many discoid chloroplasts
microfilamentous 2N conchocelis stage -primary and secondary pit plugs 1N meiosis occurs in gametophytic conchosporangium plantlet macrothalli - triphasic life history
1N conchospore monospore
monospore 41 42
Triphasic Life History 1N gametophytes 2N carposporophyte on 1N female gametophyte
1) Gametophyte: haploid, 1N multicellular releases gametes Multiple 2N carpospores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments 2) Carposporophyte: all 2N material on the female gametophyte where the 2N zygote is cloned to form the carpospores mitosis 1N releases carpospores
2N 3) Tetrasporophyte: diploid, 2N multicellular Carpogonium on a releases tetraspores carpogonial branch 1N 2N carpospores
1N
meiosis growth
1N tetraspores 2N
43 2N tetrasporophyte44
11 Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology
Female Gametophyte-hapliod, 1n, multicellular produces gametes Male gametophyte - Polysiphonia
Carpogonial branch (cb)= filamentous branch on which the carpogonium are formed Carpogonium (cp) =female gamete Trichogyne = extension of egg to which spermatium attaches
Male Gametophyte-hapliod, 1n, multicellular release gametes
Spermatangial branch = filamentous branch Female gametophyte - Polysiphonia which holds the spermatangia Spermatangium, Spermatangia-male reproductive structure that produce spermatia Trichoblast = usually a uniseriate filament of cells (with little Spermatia= male gamete 45 pigmentation) that either remains sterile or can undergo division to 46 form either spermatangia or carpogonium.
1N gametophytes 2N carposporophyte Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology on 1N female gametophyte Carposporophyte = diploid, multicellular, one of the 2N generations; develops from Multiple 2N carpospores the fusion of the carpogonium & spermatium (all 2N material on the female produced through mitosis in gametophyte); this is where the 2N zygote is cloned to form the carpospores gominoblast filaments Pericarp = 1N vegetative tissue that surrounds the carposporophyte mitosis 1N Cystocarp = pericarp (1N) + carposporophyte (2N). Carposprorangia = reproductive structures that produce carpospores 2N Gonimoblast = 2N filaments bearing carposporangia in the carposporophyte Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch 1N 2N carpospores Carpospore = dipliod (2n) spore formed by mitosis by the carposprophyte
1N
meiosis growth 2N 1N tetraspores 2N 1N 2N tetrasporophyte47 48
12 1N gametophytes 2N carposporophyte Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology on 1N female gametophyte Tetrasporophyte = diploid, multicellular, one of the 2n generations; develops from Multiple 2N carpospores germinating carpospore & release tetraspores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments Tetrasporangium = 2N cell which undergoes meiosis to form 4 tetraspores mitosis 1N Tetraspore = haploid (N) spore formed by meiosis by the tetrasporophyte
2N Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch 1N 2N carpospores types of tetraspore arrangement within the tetrasporangia (four 1N spores)
1N
meiosis growth
1N tetraspores 2N Cruciate Zonate Tetrahedral (two views) 2N tetrasporophyte49 50
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