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Division: Rhodophyta 1.Bacteria- Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae) 2.Archae “Algae” 3.Eukaryotes 1

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Division: Rhodophyta 1.Bacteria- Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae) 2.Archae “Algae” 3.Eukaryotes 1 Important Dates Herbarium assignment: May 9- Practical I & Notebooks Due: - Study your notebook current name: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/californiaseaweeds.html - most algae you've already seen - know your phycologist terms current order: http://www.algaebase.org/ - bring your MAC - microscope section University of California, Santa Cruz - matching section ALGAE OF Chlorophyta, Cladophorales - 2 unknowns Name Acrosiphonia coalita (Ruprect) R.F. Scagel, D.J . - turn in notebooks & MAC to TA at start of lab Garbary, L.Golden & M.J.Hawkes - labs 1-5 graded Location Davenport Landing , Santa Cruz, California - 3 hours Habitat found in low intertidal, growing on rocks - AM lab starts at 9 AM!!! Collected by your name Date April 19, 2014 No. 1 Identified by your name Date April 19, 2014 May 12- next Monday Presentation Paper Due May 28- Presentation Question Due Heterokontophyta Incertae sedis 1 Phaeostrophion irregulare Setchell & N.L. Gardner DOMAIN Groups (Kingdom) Division: Rhodophyta 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae) 2.Archae “Algae” 3.Eukaryotes 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates 2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, heterokonyophyta 3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids 4. Excavates- unicellular flagellates 5. Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses 6. Amoebozoans- slimemolds 7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion 8. Choanoflagellates - unicellular 3 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs 4 1 Photosynthetic organisms on earth Division Rhodophyta > 6,500 species total 3.45 bya = Cyanobacteria appear and introduce photosynthesis 98% marine - most speciose of the macroalgae 1.5 bya = first Eukaryotes appeared (nuclear envelope and ER thought to come from invagination of plasma membrane) Location S. Australia N. Atlantic CA 0.9 bya = first multicellular algae (Rhodophyta - Red algae) Red 800 (70%) 589 (50%) 459 (69%) Brown 231 324 137 Green 123 258 72 800 mya = earliest Chlorophyta (Green algae) 1154 1171 668 400-500 mya = plants on land – derived from Charophyceae 250 mya = earliest Heterokontophyta (Brown algae) 100 mya = earliest seagrasses (angiosperms) 5 6 Rhodophyta Characteristics Biogeography/distribution 1) Pigments: chl a carotenoids: • Found at all latitudes phycobilins: • Temperate / Tropical 2) Chloroplast structure: highest # of spp (outnumber browns and greens) • envelope: layers • thylakoids: single, no stacks • Polar relatively few species – browns and greens dominate lots of crustose coralline reds, to 200 m 3) Storage product: s • Size distribution tropical = mostly small filamentous plants (except calcareous forms) 4) Flagella: n temperate = larger fleshy species 5) Mitosis: 7 8 2 Algal taxonomy Phycobilisome structure: Hierarchical system of classification: Level: suffix: example: Domain Eukaryote Group Plantae Division -phyta Rhodophyta Class -phyceae Florideophyceae Subclass -phycidae Rhodymeniophycidae Order -ales Rhodymeniales Family -aceae Rhodymeniaceae Genus Rhodymenia species pacifica 9 10 Pigments Structure of Phycobilisome on phycoerythrin + thylakoid membrane protein 11 12 3 …vs. other divisions: pigments imbedded within the Rhodophyta Pigments thylakoid membrane Reds respond to changing light conditions by: 1. Changing the number/density of phycobilisomes 2. Changing the # of molecules of pigment in each antennae …what is this called? 13 14 Pigments Experiment: Pigments Experiment: - same species of red algae - same species of red algae Buoy - place on rope at 3 depths Buoy - place on rope at 3 depths PC PE 15 16 4 Rhodophyta Morphology of Cell Walls Human Uses of Rhodophyta • Food Two Main Components: • nori (Porphyra) 1. Cellulose microfibrils • 1949 life cycle completed – advanced cultivation techniques Function: structural support 2. Phycocolliods- Mucilaginous polysaccarides • Phycocolliods = dervived from mucilagenous polysaccharides of cell walls surrounds the microfibrills •Thickeners a. agar (agarose) •Stabilizers b. carageenan •Gels Function: elasticity; flexibility; prevent desiccation; and osmoregulation (ion exchange) •Two important phycocolliods: • Carageenan (toothpaste, cosmetics, chocolate milk, ice cream, (“carageenan” after Irish county where Chondrus crispus is found) dessert gels, pet foods), found in Chondrus, Gigartina, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus •Agar (food gel, pharmaceutical capsules, medium for culturing microorganisms, gel electrophoresis) , found in Gelidium, 17 Gracelaria, Pterocladia, and Ahnfeltia 18 Rhodophyta Cell Characteristics: Cell characteristics large cells due to: Uninucleate Multinucleate Uninucleate Apical cell: non-polyploid polyploid 1. Multinucleate = one cell has multiple nuclei non- polyploid # of nuclei correlated to the number of plastids (replication, mitosis, no cytokinesis) 2. Polyploidy- repeated genome duplication buffer against mutation of essential genes Derived Uninucleate Multinucleate Uninucleate Multinucleate Multinucleate (Endoreduplication = replication, no mitotic non- polyploid cells: non- polyploid non- polyploid polyploid non- polyploid nuclear division) 19 20 5 Cell characteristics Flagella? NO- lack of flagella has led to Uninucleate TRIPHASIC LIFE HISTORY non- polyploid Uninucleate, polyploid Apical cell: • Spores – no flagella • Gametes – no flagella • “spermatia” = unflagellated male gamete; no free movement Derived cells: Multinucleate, Uninucleate Multinucleate non- polyploid polyploid non- polyploid Mazzaella, Microcladia • Passive dispersal by water Examples: Callithamnion, Polysiphonia Chondracanthus 21 22 Pit plugs Pit plugs - structural support between cells - structural support between cells Old name: “pit connections” • Protinaceous plugs between cells • Secondary pit plugs • Primary pit plugs formed between non-related formed during cytokinesis between 2 daughter cells within a filament cells within and individual among filaments or between individuals (parasites) • Not a real connection – unlike browns, not for transport 23 24 6 Polysiphonous – composed of tiers of vertically elongated Rhodophyta Morphology cells, transversely arranged, the lateral cells around a central axis (siphon) -Unicellular- solitary non motile cells central filament surrounded by 4 or more pericentral cells MAC Key: Cells in a regular transverse series - Filamentous- chain of cells -Parenchymatous- undifferentiated, isodiometric cells generated by a meristem - Pseudoparenchymatous- form of thallus composed of interwoven continuous filaments 25 Polysiphonia 26 Morphology Growth Cortication – elaboration of polysiphonous condition where pericentral cells continue to proliferate Reds often display growth through cell elongation Cell repair by cell fusion New growth = not florescent Partial Cortication 27 28 7 Uniaxial Growth- one longitudinal central filament forming the Heterotrichous Growth axis – filamentous growth in 2 directions, results in thallus composed of both prostrate + erect components = cell division 29 30 Multiaxial Growth- several longitudinal medullary filaments, each derived from an apical cell Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species Eight classes Focus on 3 classes: 1. Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species 2.Class: Bangiophyceae-158 species 3.Class: Florideophyceae- 6,199 species 31 32 8 Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 1. Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Order: Porphyridales Order: Porphyridales Genus: Porphyridium • Unicellular • “a little round thing” • Soil, Arial habitats, Fresh water, Brackish, Marine •Surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath • Large stellate chloroplast • Reproduction by cell division, release of vegetative cells or by endospores Genus: Porphyridium, Rufusia 33 34 Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 1.Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species 2.Class: Bangiophyceae-158 species Order: Porphyridales Order: Bangiales Genus: Rufusia - “simple” reds - unicells, filaments, parenchymatous blades Found only in sloth hair - marine, terrestrial, freshwater - uninucleate -one stellate chloroplast per cell - pit plugs rare; if present, only primary, and in 2N stage - biphasic life history Genus: Bangia & Pyropia 35 36 9 Genus: Bangia Genus: Pyropia (Porphyra) 1N gametophyte: parenchymatous blade monostromatic or distromatic • Unbranched uniseriate filament in early development; later becomes multiseriate; 2N sporophyte: rhiziodial extensions of lower cells “conchocelis” stage discovered in 1949 by Kathleen •2N conchocelis stage like Porphyra Drew Baker REVOLUTION •Asexual reproduction by monospores microscopic filament lives on/in mollusk shells • Pit plugs present in conchocelis stage perennial but not in gametophyte •Inhabits upper intertidal splash zone on • Haplodiplontic life history rocks – rarely epiphytic • Saxicolous or epiphytic • Harvested for nori 373 38 7 Algal Life Histories :Terminology Division: Rhodophyta- 2.Class: Bangiophyceae- Spermatium, spermatia (pl) = a non motile cell that Order: Bangiales functions as a male gamete Carpogonium = female gamete Conchocelis stage= 2N filamentous stage; lives in/on CaCo3 shells of mollusks Conchospore = 1 N spore produced by 2N conchocelis stage fertilization Monospore= asexual spore that develops into the same phase as the parent Asexual vs. Sexual: gametophyte switches from monospores to gametes; triggered by daylength (fall = shorter days = sex) 39 40 10 Life History of Bangaliales ex Pyropia Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species HaplodiplonticLi feAlternation Cycle o f ofth Generations:e Bangial esorganism having a 3.Class: Florideophycidae-6199
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