DOCSLIB.ORG

A Joint Venture to a Joint Venture to Document Our Leaders Before They

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Joint Venture to a Joint Venture to Document Our Leaders Before They A joint venture to A joint venture to document our leaders before they are forgotten. H istoy u bukhosi eenvkl Ubukhosi neenkokeli rectory of Eastern Cape Black leaders, from c. 1700 to 1990 David R Owen Albany Museum - Grahamstown Directory of Eastern Cape Black Leaders 1 Adi Ubukhosi neenkokeli Table of Contents Foreword 5 Preface 7 The Albany Museum's 'New History' Series 9 Introduction to the directory 11 How to use this book 13 Acknowledgements 15 Timeline 17 Biographical directory 23 General historical directory 8-2 Reading List 9"5 4t3 Photo Credits 9-6 q Le Directory of Eastern Cape Black Leaders 3 Design and Layout: Harold Gess Cover design Sheila Coutouvidis Ubokosi neenkokeli: A dictionary of Eastern Cape Black Leaders, from c. 1700 to 1990 Cover photograph: Albertina Sizulu courtesy Times Media Ltd Printed by: Cadar ©1994 Trustees of the Albany Museum Somerset Street, Grahamstown, 6140 New History Series Two ISBN 0-9583206- 3-2 4 Ubukhosi neenkokeli FOREWORD The separation of the different sections of our people from one another, and the selective demonizing and deification of some of their leaders to the growing mind of our children have been an unfortunate and painful reality of our life in this land. Going along with this has been a school history that has been intensely Euro-centric and pro-colonialist, leading to a total ignorance about royalty and leadership within our people. This has caused a deep wound. This book achieves the rare objective of healing that wound in a presentation that blends together the supreme qualities of being concise as it is precise. The work commends itself as a successful attempt at linked studies of the total history of our people, through a linked study of the royalty and leadership that they have generated, which can only be beneficial in bridging the gap of understanding between the known leadership and the royalty and leadership of yester-year. This work will be a valuable source of reference for many years to come on the subject. RA'YMOND M MHLABA BISHO July 1994 Directory of Eastern Cape Black Leaders 6 Ubukhosi neenkokeli Preface For the last 100 years at least, the majority of South Africans have been forced to grow up in a world where they were kept largely ignorant of each other. In more recent times apartheid forced people to live in an artificially separated environment where people might meet in the Work place or commercially, only to return to entirely separate domestic and social spheres. The result has been the development of totally different worlds. On 2 February 1990, FW De Klerk the then State President, unbanned the various political and revolutionary movements long silenced through legislation, states of emergency and countless other measures. Thus people began appearing on the television and in newspapers, that many people new nothing about. I was then Head of the History Division at the Albany Museum in Grahamstown. Wouter Holleman, the Deputy Director, suggested that I compile a directory of biographical sketches of these 'new' actors on the public political stage. As work progressed, itbecame evident that the grossly biased history syllabi used in South African schools had also left most people ignorant about the earlier history of the black peoples of this region, e.g. people did not know why there was a Transkei and a Ciskei. There was therefore a need to address this problem as well - hence the timeline directory begins with the Iron Age and ends at 1990. Some people suggest that it be brought up to 1994. This has not been done for the following reasons. First, I believe that the situation at 1990 needs to be recorded. What was deemed necessary to know at that specific time is in itself part of the evidence of our past. Second, the New History Series is meant to stimulate a process. There is never a last word on any subject. Many different approaches provide important glimpses which make up our history. It is hoped that this book will therefore stimulate another on the same subject but with a different emphasis. Third, the situation in South Africa is in such a state of flux that any attempt to bring the information up to the present is doomed to failure. People's positions are constantly changing. Some time will have to elapse before the situation in South Africa settles down to the point where people will hold positions for enough time to record their progress accurately. The compiler and publisher regret the violence that ravishes South Africa and hope that this information will go some way to promoting understanding and therefore peace. In addition to the loss of prominent people like Chris Hani, we also mourn the many thousands important though little known people who have died in this process. David R Owen Jeffreys Bay, South Africa, 1994 Directory of Eastern Cape Black Leaders 7 8 Ubukhosi neenkokeli The Albany Museum's 'New History Series' One of the many problems facing South Africans is that the apartheid system so long practised in the country has forced people to live apart. As a result few people understand and value histories and cultures of the many other peoples living here. It is also true that many people do not understand the reality of their own heritage. This ignorance stems from the belief that a people can live in isolation, without any other culture influencing their own. The Eastern Cape is a microcosm of South African society. It was here that the different cultures of this country first came into real contact with each other: Khoisan and Black, Black and White. Itwas here that conflict between the groups erupted, and it was here also where peaceful interaction between the different peoples took place and where attitudes were formed, evaluated and reformed. Until fairly recently South African history has tended to over-emphasise the role of White people in society. The study of Black South Africans was left to anthropologists and archaeologists and they were studied as separate and isolated entities. In the 1960s and 1970s historians began to understand that the study of people in isolation tended to distort the history. Such bias led to the glorification of one group and its heroes at the expense of others. The reality was contact and interaction between all the peoples of the region. And so the study of the total history of South Africa provides a more balanced, fair and more realistic picture of what life was like in the past. The Albany Museum's New History series has been designed to provide an introduction to the linked histories of all of the people of the eastern Cape. The authors and editors hope that these books will help people find out more about their own and other's histories. A basis of understanding will better equip us to negotiate an equitable future for all South Africans and to live together in peace. Directory of Eastern Cape Black Leaders 10 Ubukhosi neenkokeli Introduction to the Directory The people included in this dictionary have been selected from the earliest known history of amaXhosa to 1990. However, because so many of them have until fairly recently been banned or silenced in some way by the South African government the general public knows little about them. This relative lack of information has made it difficult to compile this dictionary. Furthermore, the apartheid system in general and the migrant labour system and forced removals in particular have successfully alienated people from their roots. The purpose of this dictionary is to provide basic information about some of the Black people who have made a major contribution to South African society and who hail from the eastern Cape. Many of these people are part of the fabric of amaXhosa. However, neither the list nor the information about the people is complete. Readers are consequently invited to submit information about people already listed or names and information about people not listed to be considered for inclusion in future editions. A special form and an address is provided at the end of the dictionary. The reason why people of Xhosa origins have been chosen is a practical one. The Albany Museum is situated in the Eastern Cape and has a responsibility first and foremost to the people of this region. Because the majority of the people living here are of Xhosa origin we have decided to examine Xhosa leadership in this book. The finest works on the history of amaXhosa are those of JB Peires: The House of Phalo and The Dead Will Arise. These two books provide a refreshingly new perspective and understanding of the history of the Eastern Cape by giving us glimpses into Xhosa history from a Xhosa perspective. In addition to this they provide scholars of the history of this region with a compass whereby they can navigate their way through the sometimes difficult terrain of Xhosa historical sources. They are vital works because they reinforce an important move by many professional historians away from the belief that the results of historical research lead to the discovery of 'truth'. Peires suggests in his preface to The House of Phalo: Just as no two people visiting a foreign country will form exactly the same opinion of it, so each person who approaches the past finds different aspects of it significant. No history book can recreate the past as it actually was: it can only record the impressions of a particular observer, and what an observer sees depends to a considerable extent on what sort of person he is. Directory of Eastern Cape Black Leaders 11 While it may be thought that the writing of biographical sketches would be easier than trying to recreate the past of entire communities, the inclusion in this dictionary some of the earliest known Xhosa leaders has produced many of the same problems associated with a study of the 'distant' past.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Look at the Coloured Community
    NOT FOR PUBLICATION INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS JCB-10- A Look at the 16 Dan Pienaaz Road Coloued Commun_ ty Duzban, Nat al Republic of South Africa June 1st, 1962 Ir. Richard Nolte Institute of Current World Affairs 66 ladison Avenue New York 17, Iew York Dear ir. Nolte: There are many interesting parallels between the South African Coloured people and the Nnerican Negro. Each is a group today only because colour singles them out for dis- crimination. They each have developed a culture that has little in common with that of the tribal African. And perhaps their most striking s iw.ilarity'lies in their mutual desire for full cit.zenship in their respective countries. However, while the position of the Negro ]as improved considerably in the last fifteen years the opposite has been true in South Africa. e Coloured population has not yet reached tle toint where they have a strong group consciousness, nor do they have the hope of a national government implementing a consti- tution in which their rights are fully guaranteed. They lack what ot-er South African racial groups have and that is a distinct cultural identity of their own. Their culture is that of the White South African, especially the Afrikaner. Even the Cape Malays, who with trei: loslem faith are about the most 'foreign' of the Coloureds, speak Afrikaans. Because there is so little difference in culture, light skins have made possible easy entry into the hite community. One social worker estimates that in recent years 25,000 have left the Cape to establish White identities in the Transvaal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between the Missionaries of the Cape
    THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MISSIONARIES OF THE CAPE EASTERN FRONTIER AND THE COLONIAL AUTHORITIES IN THE ERA OF SIR GEORGE GREY, 1854 - 1861. Constance Gail Weldon Pietermaritzburg, December 1984* Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Historical Studies, University of Natal, 1984. CONTENTS Page Abstract i List of Abbreviations vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Sir George Grey and his ’civili­ zing mission’ 16 Chapter 3 The missionaries and Grey 1854-6 55 Chapter 4 The Cattle Killing 1856/7 99 Chanter 5 The Aftermath of the Cattle Killing (till 1860s) 137 Chapter 6 Conclusion 174 Appendix A Principal mission stations on the frontier 227 Appendix B Wesleyan Methodist and Church of Scotland Missionaries 228 Appendix C List of magistrates and chiefs 229 Appendix D Biographical Notes 230 Select Bibliography 233 List of photographs and maps Between pages 1. Sir George Grey - Governor 15/16 2. Map showing Cape eastern frontier and principal military posts 32/33 3. Map showing the principal frontier mission stations 54/55 4. Photographs showing Lovedale trade departments 78/79 5. Map showing British Kaffraria and principal chiefs 98/99 6. Sir George Grey - 'Romantic Imperialist' 143/144 7. Sir George Grey - civilian 225/226 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge with thanks the financial assistance rendered by the Human Sciences Research Council towards the costs of this research. Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not to be regarded as those of the Human Sciences Research Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird-Lore of the Eastern Cape Province
    BIRD-LORE OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE BY REV. ROBERT GODFREY, M.A. " Bantu Studies " Monograph Series, No. 2 JOHANNESBURG WITWATERSRAND UNIVERSITY PRESS 1941 598 . 29687 GOD BIRD-LORE OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE BIRD-LORE OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE BY REV. ROBERT GODFREY, M.A. " Bantu Studies" Monograph .Series, No. 2 JOHANNESBURG WITWATERSRAND UNIVERSITY PRESS 1941 TO THE MEMORY OF JOHN HENDERSON SOGA AN ARDENT FELLOW-NATURALIST AND GENEROUS CO-WORKER THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. Published with the aid of a grant from the Inter-f University Committee for African Studies and Research. PREFACE My interest in bird-lore began in my own home in Scotland, and was fostered by the opportunities that came to me in my wanderings about my native land. On my arrival in South Africa in 19117, it was further quickened by the prospect of gathering much new material in a propitious field. My first fellow-workers in the fascinating study of Native bird-lore were the daughters of my predecessor at Pirie, Dr. Bryce Ross, and his grandson Mr. Join% Ross. In addition, a little arm y of school-boys gathered birds for me, supplying the Native names, as far as they knew them, for the specimens the y brought. In 1910, after lecturing at St. Matthew's on our local birds, I was made adjudicator in an essay-competition on the subject, and through these essays had my knowledge considerably extended. My further experience, at Somerville and Blythswood, and my growing correspondence, enabled me to add steadily to my material ; and in 1929 came a great opportunit y for unifying my results.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Hum 2005 Alexander A.Pdf
    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Commercial Diplomacy, Cultural Encounter and Slave Resistance: Episodes from Three VOC Slave Trading Voyages from the Cape to ~adagascar,1760-1780 Andrew Alexander ALXAND003 A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Historical Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Cape Town Town 2005 Cape of This work has not been previously submitted in whole. or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in. this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed. and has been cited and referenced.University Signature: ~ Date: Contents Acknowledgements II Abstract 111 Introduction L Negotiation, Trade and the Rituals of Encounter: Generalised Patterns and Concrete Examples 14 II. De Zon and De Neptunus: The Predicaments of Cultural Misunderstanding and Personal Conflict 64 III. The lVfeermin and De Zan: Understanding the Impulses that have Shaped Shipboard Slave Uprisings 119 Town Conclusion 162 References Cape 164 of University Acknowledgements I would like to thank the National Research Foundation (NRF) for their provision of financial assistance that has made the completion of this dissertation possible. Town Cape of University II Abstract The intention of this dissertation is to fill a gap in a rich and yet under-represented aspect ofIndian Ocean slave history.
    [Show full text]
  • Anc Today Voice of the African National Congress
    ANC TODAY VOICE OF THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 14 – 20 May 2021 Conversations with the President South Africa waging a struggle that puts global solidarity to the test n By President Cyril Ramaphosa WENTY years ago, South In response, representatives of massive opposition by govern- Africa was the site of vic- the pharmaceutical industry sued ment and civil society. tory in a lawsuit that pitted our government, arguing that such public good against private a move violated the Trade-Relat- As a country, we stood on princi- Tprofit. ed Aspects of Intellectual Property ple, arguing that access to life-sav- Rights (TRIPS). This is a compre- ing medication was fundamental- At the time, we were in the grip hensive multilateral agreement on ly a matter of human rights. The of the HIV/Aids pandemic, and intellectual property. case affirmed the power of trans- sought to enforce a law allowing national social solidarity. Sev- us to import and manufacture The case, dubbed ‘Big Pharma eral developing countries soon affordable generic antiretroviral vs Mandela’, drew widespread followed our lead. This included medication to treat people with international attention. The law- implementing an interpretation of HIV and save lives. suit was dropped in 2001 after the World Trade Organization’s Closing remarks by We are embracing Dear Mr President ANC President to the the future! Beware of the 12 NEC meeting wedge-driver: 4 10 Unite for Duma Nokwe 2 ANC Today CONVERSATIONS WITH THE PRESIDENT (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Re- ernment announced its support should be viewed as a global pub- lated Aspects of Intellectual Prop- for the proposal, which will give lic good.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandela at Wits University, South Africa, 1943–19491
    UCLA Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies Title “The Black Man in the White Man’s Court”: Mandela at Wits University, South Africa, 1943-1949 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3284d08q Journal Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 39(2) ISSN 0041-5715 Author Ramoupi, Neo Lekgotla Laga Publication Date 2016 DOI 10.5070/F7392031110 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California “The Black Man in the White Man’s Court”: Mandela at Wits University, South Africa, 1943–19491 Neo Lekgotla laga Ramoupi* Figure 1: Nelson Mandela on the roof of Kholvad House in 1953. © Herb Shore, courtesy of Ahmed Kathrada Foundation. * Acknowledgements: I sincerely express gratitude to my former colleague at Robben Island Museum, Dr. Anthea Josias, who at the time was working for Nelson Mandela Foundation for introducing me to the Mandela Foundation and its Director of Archives and Dialogues, Mr. Verne Harris. Both gave me the op- portunity to meet Madiba in person. I am grateful to Ms. Carol Crosley [Carol. [email protected]], Registrar, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, for granting me permission to use archival material from the Wits Archives on the premise that copyright is acknowledged in this publication. I appreciate the kindness from Ms. Elizabeth Nakai Mariam [Elizabeth.Marima@ wits.ac.za ], the Archivist at Wits for liaising with the Wits Registrar for granting usage permission. I am also thankful to The Nelson Mandela Foundation, espe- cially Ms. Sahm Venter [[email protected]] and Ms. Lucia Raadschel- ders, Senior Researcher and Photograph Archivist, respectively, at the Mandela Centre of Memory for bringing to my attention the Wits Archive documents and for giving me access to their sources, including the interview, “Madiba in conver- sation with Richard Stengel, 16 March 1993.” While visiting their offices on 6 Ja- nuary 2016 (The Nelson Mandela Foundation, www.nelsonmandela.org/.).
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Amabhele
    A Short History of AmaBhele As a clan, amaBhele have a long and vast history, which links them to other various Nguni language-speaking groups who are understood to have once lived in the central African region many centuries ago before they set on a long southward migration until they eventually settled along the east coast of what is now known as South Africa. This discussion serves as a short summary of this vast history. The main emphasis is on the period from the late 1700s and early-to-mid- 1800s when the clan was divided (or got separated) into numerous sections thereafter; and highlights how they were differently affected by the course of history from that period. As is customary with other Nguni clans, amaBhele got their clan name from one particular ‘Bhele’ who lived approximately four centuries ago. Not much information is known about ‘Bhele’ himself - except that the members of “Bhele’s” family later became known as amaBhele, and that they later grew and expanded to become a large clan. It is to the same ‘Bhele’ that abakwaNtshangase (distinct from Ntshangase/Mgazi), abakwaKhuboni and abakwaShabangu, respectively, also trace their descent. The circumstances around which these three above-mentioned sections separated from their parent clan, amaBhele, are not known. It is probably that there are other surnames that also historically derived from amaBhele (or ‘Bhele’). But for the purposes of this brief summary only these three are mentioned at this point because information concerning them is easy to verify and trace through a careful analysis of the information obtained from traditional African oral history pending a more in-depth inquiry.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Document
    1 Annual Report 2012/13 Contents OVERVIEW OF AMATOLA WATER Vision, Mission, Values and Legislative Mandate 20 Year Strategy PERFORMANCE REVIEW AT A GLANCE Chairman’s Report Chief Executive’s Report Performance Review REVIEW OF OPERATIONS Financial Sustainability Optimizing Operational Efficiencies Infrastructure Stability and Resilience Water Resources Adequacy Product Quality Leadership and Employee Development Stakeholder Management and Support Customer Satisfaction and Collaboration Community and Environmental Sustainability GOVERNANCE ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANNEXURES Vision Values To be the dominant Bulk Water Service Provider in We are inspired by an unwavering commitment the Eastern Cape. to serve our stakeholders through the consistent demonstration of: Mission • Excellence Amatola Water provides sustainable bulk, quality, • Integrity and clean water to Water Service Authorities • Accountability enhancing equitable access of water services to all. • Responsibility Legislative Mandate Amatola Water was established as a water board in 1998 in terms of the Water Services Act (Act 108 of 1997). As mandated by Section 29 of the Water Services Act, Amatola Water’'s primary function is the provision of bulk water supply services of both potable and untreated water, as well as that of waste water treatment and other related services for public benefit. In addition, as stipulated under the provisions of Section 30 of the Water Services Act, the organisation also offers services in operation and maintenance of water treatment works and dams. Other key impact services include management services, project implementation, concessions and advisory services. In terms of the Public Finance Management Act (Act 1 of 1999, as ammended by Act 29 of 1999), the organisation is a Schedule 3(B) National Government Business Enterprise, Amatola Water 20 Year Strategy The year under review saw the utility developing a new strategic direction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Non-Whites in the South African Defence Force by Cmdt C.J
    Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 16, Nr 2, 1986. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za The Role of Non-Whites in the South African Defence Force by Cmdt C.J. N6thling* assisted by Mrs L. 5teyn* The early period for Blacks, Coloureds and Indians were non- existent. It was, however, inevitable that they As long ago as 1700, when the Cape of Good would be resuscitated when war came in 1939. Hope was still a small settlement ruled by the Dutch East India Company, Coloureds were As war establishment tables from this period subject to the same military duties as Euro- indicate, Non-Whites served as separate units in peans. non-combatant roles such as drivers, stretcher- bearers and batmen. However, in some cases It was, however, a foreign war that caused the the official non-combatant edifice could not be establishment of the first Pandour regiment in maintained especially as South Africa's shortage 1781. They comprised a force under white offi- of manpower became more acute. This under- cers that fought against the British prior to the lined the need for better utilization of Non-Whites occupation of the Cape in 1795. Between the in posts listed on the establishment tables of years 1795-1803 the British employed white units and a number of Non-Whites were Coloured soldiers; they became known as the subsequently attached to combat units and they Cape Corps after the second British occupation rendered active service, inter alia in an anti-air- in 1806. During the first period of British rule craft role.
    [Show full text]
  • Sechaba, Vol. 1, No. 5
    Sechaba, Vol. 1, No. 5 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org/. Page 1 of 22 Alternative title Sechaba Author/Creator African National Congress (ANC) Contributor Nkosi, Mandla Publisher African National Congress (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) Date 1967-05 Resource type Journals (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1967 Source Digital Imaging South Africa (DISA) Rights By kind permission of the African National Congress (ANC). Format extent 20 page(s) (length/size) Page 2 of 22 ;(0%( 141CO31of the African of South Africah~`4_ Page 3 of 22 THEY ARE NOT AFRAIDPen Portraits of Freedom FightersWILTON MKWAYIBorn into a peasant family in Middlesdrift in the Eastern Cape, Wilton had little opportunity for education.
    [Show full text]
  • Apartheid Revolutionary Poem-Songs. the Cases of Roger Lucey and Mzwakhe Mbuli
    Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Lingue e Letterature Europee, Americane e Postcoloniali Apartheid Revolutionary Poem-Songs. The Cases of Roger Lucey and Mzwakhe Mbuli Relatore Ch. Prof. Marco Fazzini Correlatore Ch. Prof. Alessandro Scarsella Laureanda Irene Pozzobon Matricola 828267 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 ABSTRACT When a system of segregation tries to oppress individuals and peoples, struggle becomes an important part in order to have social and civil rights back. Revolutionary poem-songs are to be considered as part of that struggle. This dissertation aims at offering an overview on how South African poet-songwriters, in particular the white Roger Lucey and the black Mzwakhe Mbuli, composed poem-songs to fight against apartheid. A secondary purpose of this study is to show how, despite the different ethnicities of these poet-songwriters, similar themes are to be found in their literary works. In order to investigate this topic deeply, an interview with Roger Lucey was recorded and transcribed in September 2014. This work will first take into consideration poem-songs as part of a broader topic called ‘oral literature’. Secondly, it will focus on what revolutionary poem-songs are and it will report examples of poem-songs from the South African apartheid regime (1950s to 1990s). Its third part will explore both the personal and musical background of the two songwriters. Part four, then, will thematically analyse Roger Lucey and Mzwakhe Mbuli’s lyrics composed in that particular moment of history. Finally, an epilogue will show how the two songwriters’ perspectives have evolved in the post-apartheid era.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Millard Ja.Pdf
    A STUDY OF THE PERCEIVED CAUSES OF SCHISM IN SOME ETHIOPIAN-TYPE CHURCHES IN THE CAPE AND TRANSVAAL, 1884-1925 by JOAN ANNE MILLARD submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject CHURCH HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROFESSOR GJ PILLAY JUNE 1995 ***************** I declare that A study of the perceived causes of some Ethiopian­ type churches in the Cape and Transvaal 1884-1925 is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Joan A Millard SUMMARY During the period 1884-1925 Ethiopian-type schisms from mission churches occurred for a number of reasons. Generalisations of these reasons have been made by numerous authors. By generalising the causes of schism the particular reasons why each independent church 1eader 1eft the mission church are ignored. The thesis shows how each schism was due to unique circumstances in the mission church as well as to factors, for example, the personal feelings of the independent church leader. In each case there was a point of no return when the founder of the independent church no longer felt he could accept the status quo. There were two government commissions that investigated the independent or "separatist" churches during these years - the South African Native Affairs Commission of 1903-1905 and the 1925 South African Native Affairs Commission which investigated the "Separatist Churches". The testimony of the white government officials and missionaries and the black church leaders has been compared with the findings in the reports.
    [Show full text]